critical response essay on social media

Social Media Essay: A Full Guide

In an era where a single tweet can spark a global conversation and an Instagram post can redefine trends, it's fascinating to note that the average person spends approximately 2 hours and 31 minutes per day on social media platforms. That's more than 900 hours a year devoted to scrolling, liking, and sharing in the vast digital landscape. As we find ourselves deeply intertwined in the fabric of online communities, the significance of understanding and articulating the dynamics of social media through the written word, particularly in an essay on social media, becomes increasingly apparent. So, why embark on the journey of crafting an essay on this ubiquitous aspect of modern life? Join us as we unravel the layers of social media's impact, explore its nuances, and discover the art of conveying these insights through the written form.

Short Description

In this article, we'll explore how to write an essay on social media and the purpose behind these narratives while also delving into a myriad of engaging topics. From the heartbeat of online connections to the rhythm of effective storytelling, we'll guide you organically through the process, sharing insights on structure, approach, and the creative essence that makes each essay unique. And if you're seeking assistance, pondering - ' I wish I could find someone to write my essay ,' we'll also furnish example essays to empower you to tackle such tasks independently.

Why Write a Social Media Essay

In a world buzzing with hashtags, filters, and the constant hum of notifications, the idea of sitting down to craft an essay about social media might seem as out of place as a cassette tape in a streaming era. Yet, there's something oddly therapeutic, almost rebellious, about pausing in the midst of 280-character wisdom to delve deeper into the why behind our digital existence.

So, what is social media essay, and what's the purpose of writing it? Well, it's more than just an exercise in intellectual curiosity. It's a personal journey, a reflective pause in the ceaseless scroll. While writing the essay, we gain the power to articulate the intangible, to breathe life into the pixels that dance across our screens. It's an opportunity to make sense of the chaos, to find meaning in the memes, and perhaps, in the process, to uncover a bit more about ourselves in this digital wilderness.

Let's face it - our online lives are a fast-paced carousel of memes, viral challenges, and carefully curated selfies. So, why bother wrestling with words and paragraphs in a world where brevity is king? The answer lies in the art of unraveling the digital tapestry that envelops us.

There's a magic in articulating the dance between the profound and the mundane that occurs within the confines of our screens. An essay becomes a lens, focusing our attention on the subtleties of social media dynamics – the inside jokes that become global phenomena, the ripple effect of a well-timed retweet, and the silent conversations unfolding in the comment sections.

6 Key Tips for Crafting a Social Media Essay

Now that we've set sail into the realm of essays on the digital landscape, it's only fair to equip ourselves with a few trusty tools for the journey. Think of these tips as your compass, helping you navigate the sometimes choppy, often unpredictable waters of crafting an essay on social media.

• Embrace Your Authentic Voice: Just like your favorite Instagram filter can't hide the real you, your essay should reflect your genuine thoughts and feelings. Don't be afraid to let your unique voice shine through – whether it's witty, contemplative, or a delightful blend of both.
• Dive into the Details: Social media isn't just about the grand gestures; it's the small, often unnoticed details that weave the most compelling narratives. Explore the minutiae of your online experiences – the peculiar hashtags, the quirky bios, and the unexpected connections that leave a lasting imprint.
• Craft Your Hashtag Haiku: Much like poetry, brevity can be your ally in social media essays. Think of hashtags as haikus – succinct, impactful, and capable of conveying a universe of meaning in just a few characters. Choose them wisely.
• Engage with the Comments Section: The comments section is the lively pub where digital conversations unfold. Dive in, clink glasses, and engage with the diverse perspectives swirling around. It's in these interactions that the real magic happens – where ideas collide, evolve, and sometimes, transform.
• Navigate the Memescape: Memes are the folklore of the digital age, carrying tales of humor, irony, and cultural resonance. Don't shy away from exploring the memescape in your essay. Unravel the layers, decipher the symbolism, and appreciate the humor that often holds up a mirror to society.
• Be Mindful of the Clickbait Pitfalls: While clickbait might be the flashy neon sign on the digital highway, it's essential to tread carefully. Ensure your essay isn't just a sensational headline but a thoughtful exploration that goes beyond the surface.

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Social Media Essay Structure

In the age of viral tweets and digital conversations, tackling the essay format is more than just stringing words together—it's about creating a roadmap. As we navigate this landscape of likes and retweets, understanding the structural foundations becomes key. So, let's cut through the noise and explore the practical aspects of how to write a social media essay that mirrors the rhythm of our online experiences.

Form an Outline

Now that we've acknowledged the importance of structure in your essay, the next step is to build a solid roadmap. Think of it like planning a road trip; you wouldn't hit the highway without a map or GPS, right? Similarly, creating an outline for your essay gives you a clear direction and ensures your thoughts flow smoothly.

So, whether you decide to order an essay online or tackle it yourself, here's a simple way to go about it:

Introduction (Where You Start):

• Briefly introduce the topic.
• State your social media essay thesis or main idea.
• Example: 'Let's begin by introducing the impact of social media on modern communication, focusing on its role in shaping opinions and fostering connections.'

Body Paragraphs (The Journey):

• Each paragraph should cover a specific social media essay argument and point.
• Use examples or evidence to support your ideas.
• Example: 'The first aspect we'll explore is how social media amplifies voices. For instance, hashtags like #ClimateAction mobilize a global audience around environmental issues.'

Transitions (Smooth Turns):

• Guide your readers from one point to the next.
• Ensure a logical flow between paragraphs.
• Example: 'Having discussed the amplification of voices, let's now shift our focus to the influence of social media in spreading information.'

Counter Arguments (Addressing Detours):

• Acknowledge different perspectives.
• Counter Arguments with evidence or reasoning.
• Example: 'While social media can be a powerful tool for connectivity, critics argue that it also contributes to the spread of misinformation. Let's explore this counterargument and analyze its validity.'

Conclusion (The Destination):

• Summarize your main points.
• Restate your thesis and leave a lasting impression.
• Example: 'In conclusion, social media serves as both a bridge and a battleground of ideas. Understanding its nuances is crucial in navigating this digital landscape.'

Creating an outline for your essay not only streamlines the writing process but also ensures your readers embark on a clear and organized journey through your insights on social media. If you're exploring more options, you might even want to buy thesis for more convenience.

Make a Social Media Essay Introduction

Begin your introduction by presenting a concise overview of the key theme or topic you're addressing. Clearly state the main purpose or argument of your essay, giving readers a roadmap for what to expect. Integrate social media essay hooks like a relevant statistic, quote, or provocative question to capture attention.

For instance, if your essay is about the impact of social media on personal relationships, you might start by mentioning a statistic on the percentage of couples who met online.

Social Media Essay Body Paragraph

Structure each social media essay body paragraph around a specific aspect of your chosen topic. Start with a clear topic sentence that encapsulates the main idea of the paragraph. Provide concrete examples, data, or case studies to support your points and strengthen your argument. Maintain a logical flow between paragraphs by using effective transitions.

If your essay focuses on the positive effects of social media on business marketing, dedicate a paragraph to showcasing successful campaigns and how they leveraged different platforms.

Social Media Essay Conclusion

In your conclusion, succinctly recap the main points discussed in the body paragraphs. Reinforce your thesis statement and emphasize its broader implications. Rather than introducing new information, use the conclusion to leave a lasting impression on your readers. Consider prompting further thought or suggesting practical applications of your findings.

For instance, if your essay examined the impact of social media on political discourse, conclude by encouraging readers to critically evaluate the information they encounter online and actively engage in constructive conversations.

Proofread and Revise

In the process of writing social media essay, proofreading and revising are indispensable steps that can significantly enhance the overall quality of your work. Begin by meticulously checking for grammatical errors, ensuring that your sentences are clear and concise. Pay attention to the flow of your ideas, confirming that each paragraph seamlessly transitions into the next.

During the proofreading phase, keep an eye out for any inconsistencies in tone or style. This is an opportunity to refine your language and ensure that it aligns with the intended voice of your essay. Look for repetitive phrases or unnecessary words that might detract from the clarity of your message.

As you revise, consider the effectiveness of your hook. Does it still resonate as strongly as you intended? Can it be tweaked to better captivate your audience? A compelling hook sets the tone for your entire essay, so invest time in perfecting this crucial element.

Furthermore, don't hesitate to seek feedback from peers or mentors. Another perspective can provide valuable insights into areas that may need improvement. Fresh eyes often catch nuances that the writer might overlook. Alternatively, you might also explore the option to buy coursework for additional support.

Social Media Essay Topics

In the vast realm of social media, where every like and share contributes to the digital narrative, choosing the right essay topic becomes a crucial compass for exploration. Let's explore thought-provoking topics that not only capture attention but also invite insightful discussions on the intricacies of our interconnected world.

Impact on Society:

• The Role of Social Media in Redefining Friendship and Social Bonds
• How Has TikTok Influenced Global Pop Culture Trends?
• The Impact of Social Media on Political Polarization
• Social Media and Mental Health: Exploring the Connection
• The Evolution of Language on Social Media Platforms
• Examining the Influence of Social Media on Body Image
• Fake News and Its Proliferation on Social Media
• Social Media and the Rise of Influencer Marketing
• The Intersection of Social Media and Dating Apps
• Has Social Media Narrowed or Expanded Cultural Perspectives?
• The Role of Social Media in Fostering Global Communities
• The Influence of Social Media on Consumer Behavior
• Analyzing the Impact of Social Media on News Consumption
• The Rise of 'Cancel Culture' on Social Media Platforms
• Social Media and Its Role in Spreading Disinformation
• The Impact of Social Media on Language and Communication Skills
• Social Media and its Influence on Political Movements
• The Relationship Between Social Media Use and Sleep Patterns
• Social Media and the Accessibility of Educational Resources
• The Cultural Significance of Memes on Social Media

Individual and Identity:

• The Impact of Social Media Addiction on Personal Relationships and Intimacy
• Self-Expression and Authenticity on Social Networking Sites
• Social Media and Its Influence on Teenage Identity Formation
• The Role of Social Media in Shaping Beauty Standards
• Navigating Online Dating and Relationships in the Social Media Age
• The Impact of Social Media on Parenting Styles
• Social Media and Its Influence on Body Positivity Movements
• The Perception of Success: Social Media's Role in Achievement Culture
• Social Media and the Construction of Online Persona vs. Real Self
• Social Media and Its Influence on Lifestyle Choices
• The Role of Social Media in Shaping Career Aspirations
• The Intersection of Mental Health Narratives and Social Media
• The Impact of Social Media on Self-Esteem and Well-Being
• How Social Media Influences Gender Identity and Expression
• Exploring the Concept of Digital Detox in the Social Media Era
• The Role of Social Media in Shaping Cultural Identity
• The Connection Between Social Media and Impulse Buying
• Social Media and Its Influence on Dietary Choices
• Balancing Privacy and Self-Disclosure on Social Media
• The Impact of Social Media on Friendships Over Time

Digital Activism and Advocacy:

• The Effectiveness of Hashtag Movements in Promoting Social Change
• Social Media and Its Role in Amplifying Underrepresented Voices
• The Impact of Social Media on Global Environmental Activism
• Online Activism: The Evolution from Clicktivism to Concrete Action
• The Role of Social Media in Advancing LGBTQ+ Rights
• Social Media and Its Impact on Anti-Racism Movements
• Analyzing the Challenges of Digital Advocacy in Authoritarian Regimes
• Social Media and the Global Fight Against Cyberbullying
• The Intersection of Social Media and Mental Health Advocacy
• Examining the Role of Social Media in Humanitarian Campaigns
• Crowdsourcing for Change: How Social Media Fuels Fundraising
• The Challenges of Digital Activism in the Age of Information Overload
• Social Media and Its Impact on Disability Advocacy
• The Role of Social Media in Combating Gender-Based Violence
• Online Petitions and Their Influence on Policy Change
• Exploring the Intersection of Social Media and Animal Rights Activism
• The Impact of Social Media on Indigenous Rights Advocacy
• Digital Advocacy and Its Role in Healthcare Reform
• Social Media's Influence on Youth Activism
• Navigating Challenges in Allyship on Social Media Platforms

Privacy and Ethics:

• The Implications of Facial Recognition Technology on Social Media
• Social Media Platforms and the Ethics of User Data Collection
• The Role of Social Media in Combating Deepfakes
• Balancing Freedom of Speech and Moderation on Social Media
• Social Media and the Challenges of Regulating Disinformation
• Ethical Considerations in Targeted Advertising on Social Media
• The Impact of Social Media Algorithms on User Behavior
• Social Media and the Right to Privacy: Where to Draw the Line?
• The Influence of Social Media on Political Manipulation and Propaganda
• Data Security Concerns in the Era of Social Media
• The Ethics of Social Media Influencer Marketing
• Social Media and Its Role in Combating Cyberbullying
• The Impact of Social Media on Juror Bias in Legal Cases
• Exploring the Ethics of Incorporating Social Media Usage in Hiring Decisions by Employers
• Social Media and Its Role in Combating Hate Speech
• Balancing Personalization with Privacy in Social Media Websites
• The Influence of Social Media on Public Perceptions of Law Enforcement
• Social Media and the Challenges of Content Moderation
• Addressing Online Harassment: Ethical Considerations for Platforms
• The Responsibility of Social Media Platforms in Protecting User Privacy

Future Trends and Innovations:

• The Future of Social Media: Emerging Platforms and Trends
• The Role of Augmented Reality (AR) in Shaping the Future of Social Media
• Virtual Reality (VR) and Its Potential Impact on Social Media Engagement
• The Rise of NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) and Social Media
• Social Media and the Evolution of Live Streaming Culture
• The Impact of Voice Search and Voice Assistants on Social Media
• Social Commerce: The Future of E-Commerce Through Social Media
• Exploring the Influence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on Social Media
• The Role of Blockchain Technology in Enhancing Social Media Security
• Social Media and the Integration of Virtual Influencers
• The Future of Social Media Content: Short-Form vs. Long-Form
• The Influence of User-Generated Content on Future Social Media Trends
• Social Media and the Adoption of 5G Technology
• The Potential of Gamification in Shaping Social Media Engagement
• The Impact of Social Media on the Future of Work and Remote Collaboration
• Exploring the Relationship Between Social Media and Mental Health Apps
• The Influence of User Privacy Concerns on Future Social Media Developments
• Social Media and the Role of Ephemeral Content in Communication
• The Intersection of Social Media and Virtual Events
• Predicting the Next Wave of Social Media Influencer Trends

If these topics piqued your interest, you'll likely find persuasive essay topics equally fascinating! Dive into our article for a variety of options that might just spark your curiosity and inspire your next writing venture.

Social Media Essay Example

Crafting a standout essay isn't just about the words; it's about weaving a narrative that grabs your reader's attention. Before we say our goodbyes, why not take a peek at our sample essays? Our seasoned writers poured their expertise into creating persuasive pieces, offering you insights into both how to write an essay on social media and the kind of polished language that can elevate your own writing.

Wrapping Up

As our college essay service experts conclude this article, we've journeyed through the emotional complexities, societal reflections, and transformative potentials embedded in our digital narratives. An essay on social media is a portal into the intricate dance of our online lives, urging introspection, empathy, and an awareness of diverse stories. Let your essays authentically reflect, sparking conversations that enrich our collective experience in this ever-evolving digital realm.

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Home — Essay Samples — Sociology — Sociology of Media and Communication — Social Media

Argumentative Essays About Social Media

This is a comprehensive resource to help you find the perfect social media essay topic. Whether you're navigating the complexities of digital communication, exploring the impact of social media on society, or examining its effects on personal identity, the right topic can transform your essay into a captivating and insightful exploration. Remember, selecting a topic that resonates with your personal interests and academic goals not only makes the writing process more enjoyable but also enriches your learning experience. Let's dive into a world of creativity and critical thinking!

Essay Types and Topics

Below, you'll find a curated list of essay topics organized by type. Each section includes diverse topics that touch on technology, society, personal growth, and academic interests, along with introduction and conclusion paragraph examples to get you started.

Argumentative Essays

Introduction Example: "In the digital age, social media platforms have become central to our daily interactions and self-perception, particularly among teenagers. This essay explores the impact of social media on teen self-esteem, arguing that while it offers a space for expression and connection, it also presents significant challenges to self-image. "

Conclusion Example: "Having delved into the complex relationship between social media and teen self-esteem, it is clear that the digital landscape holds profound effects on individual self-perception. This essay reaffirms the thesis that social media can both uplift and undermine teen self-esteem, calling for a balanced approach to digital engagement."

Introduction Example: "As political landscapes evolve, social media has emerged as a powerful tool for political mobilization and engagement. This essay investigates the role of social media in shaping political movements, positing that it significantly enhances communication and organizational capabilities, yet raises questions about information authenticity. "

Conclusion Example: "Through examining the dual facets of social media in political mobilization, the essay concludes that while social media is a pivotal tool for engagement, it necessitates critical scrutiny of information to ensure a well-informed public discourse."

Compare and Contrast Essays

Introduction Example: "In the competitive realm of digital marketing, Instagram and Twitter stand out as leading platforms for brand promotion. This essay compares and contrasts their effectiveness, revealing that each platform caters to unique marketing strengths due to its specific user engagement and content dissemination strategies. "

Conclusion Example: "The comparative analysis of Instagram and Twitter highlights distinct advantages for brands, with Instagram excelling in visual storytelling and Twitter in real-time engagement, underscoring the importance of strategic platform selection in digital marketing."

Descriptive Essays

Introduction Example: "Today's social media landscape is a vibrant tapestry of platforms, each contributing to the digital era's social fabric. This essay describes the characteristics and cultural significance of current social media trends, illustrating that they reflect and shape our societal values and interactions. "

Conclusion Example: "In portraying the dynamic and diverse nature of today's social media landscape, this essay underscores its role in molding contemporary cultural and social paradigms, inviting readers to reflect on their digital footprints."

Persuasive Essays

Introduction Example: "In an era where digital presence is ubiquitous, fostering positive social media habits is essential for mental and emotional well-being. This essay advocates for mindful social media use, arguing that intentional engagement can enhance our life experiences rather than detract from them. "

Conclusion Example: "This essay has championed the cause for positive social media habits, reinforcing the thesis that through mindful engagement, individuals can navigate the digital world in a way that promotes personal growth and well-being."

Narrative Essays

Introduction Example: "Embarking on a personal journey with social media has been both enlightening and challenging. This narrative essay delves into my experiences, highlighting how social media has influenced my perception of self and community. "

Conclusion Example: "Reflecting on my social media journey, this essay concludes that while it has significantly shaped my interactions and self-view, it has also offered invaluable lessons on connectivity and self-awareness, affirming the nuanced role of digital platforms in our lives."

Engagement and Creativity

As you explore these topics, remember to approach your essay with an open mind and creative spirit. The purpose of academic writing is not just to inform but to engage and provoke thought. Use this opportunity to delve deep into your topic, analyze different perspectives, and articulate your own insights.

Educational Value

Each essay type offers unique learning outcomes. Argumentative essays enhance your analytical thinking and ability to construct well-founded arguments. Compare and contrast essays develop your skills in identifying similarities and differences. Descriptive essays improve your ability to paint vivid pictures through words, while persuasive essays refine your ability to influence and convince. Finally, narrative essays offer a platform for personal expression and storytelling. Embrace these opportunities to grow academically and personally.

Some Easy Argumentative Essay Topics on Social Media

• The Impact of Social Media: Advantages and Disadvantages
• Is Social Media Enhancing or Eroding Our Real-Life Social Skills?
• Should There Be Stricter Regulations on Social Media Content to Protect Youth?
• Social Media's Role in Relationships: Communication Enhancer or Barrier
• Does Social Media Contribute to Political Polarization?
• The Role of Social Media in Shaping Perceptions of Divorce
• The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health: Benefit or Harm?
• Can Social Media Be Considered a Reliable Source of News and Information?
• Is Social Media Responsible for the Rise in Cyberbullying?
• Impact of Social Media on Mental Health
• Does Social Media Promote Narcissism and Self-Centered Behaviors?
• The Role of Social Media in Business Marketing: Is It Indispensable?

The Ethical and Health Implications of Social Media

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Social Media is Harmful to Society

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Pros and Cons of Social Media: Social Networking

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Social Media Cons and Prons: Evaluating Its Advantages and Disadvantage

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Social media refers to dynamic online platforms that enable individuals to actively engage in the generation and dissemination of various forms of content, including information, ideas, and personal interests. These interactive digital channels foster virtual communities and networks, allowing users to connect, communicate, and express themselves. By harnessing the power of technology, social media platforms provide a space for individuals to share and exchange content, fostering connections and facilitating the flow of information in an increasingly digital world.

In a peculiar manner, the inception of social media can be traced back to May 24, 1844, when a sequence of electronic dots and dashes was manually tapped on a telegraph machine. Although the origins of digital communication have deep historical roots, most contemporary narratives regarding the modern beginnings of the internet and social media often point to the emergence of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) in 1969. The year 1987 witnessed the establishment of the direct precursor to today's internet, as the National Science Foundation introduced the more robust and expansive NSFNET, a nationwide digital network. A significant milestone occurred in 1997 when Six Degrees, the first genuine social media platform, was launched.

Mark Zuckerberg is a notable figure in the realm of social media as the co-founder and CEO of Facebook. Zuckerberg played a pivotal role in transforming Facebook from a small networking platform for college students into a global social media giant with billions of users. His innovative ideas and strategic decisions have reshaped the way people connect and share information online, making him one of the most influential individuals in the digital age. Jack Dorsey is recognized as one of the key pioneers of social media, notably for co-founding Twitter. Dorsey's creation revolutionized online communication by introducing the concept of microblogging, allowing users to share short messages in real-time. Twitter quickly gained popularity, becoming a powerful platform for news dissemination, public conversations, and social movements. Dorsey's entrepreneurial spirit and vision have contributed significantly to the evolution of social media and its impact on society. Sheryl Sandberg is a prominent figure in the social media landscape, known for her influential role as the Chief Operating Officer (COO) of Facebook.Sandberg played a crucial part in scaling and monetizing Facebook's operations, transforming it into a global advertising powerhouse. She is also recognized for her advocacy of women's empowerment and leadership in the tech industry, inspiring countless individuals and promoting diversity and inclusion within the social media sphere. Sandberg's contributions have left an indelible mark on the growth and development of social media platforms worldwide.

Social Networking Sites: Facebook, LinkedIn, and MySpace. Microblogging Platforms: Twitter. Media Sharing Networks: Instagram, YouTube, and Snapchat. Discussion Forums and Community-Based Platforms: Reddit and Quora. Blogging Platforms: WordPress and Blogger. Social Bookmarking and Content Curation Platforms: Pinterest and Flipboard. Messaging Apps: WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, and WeChat.

Facebook (2004), Reddit (2005), Twitter (2006), Instagram (2010), Pinterest (2010), Snapchat (2011), TikTok (2016)

1. Increased Connectivity 2. Information Sharing and Awareness 3. Networking and Professional Opportunities 4. Creativity and Self-Expression 5. Supportive Communities and Causes

1. Privacy Concerns 2. Cyberbullying and Online Harassment 3. Information Overload and Misinformation 4. Time and Productivity Drain 5. Comparison and Self-Esteem Issues

The topic of social media holds significant importance for students as it plays a prominent role in their lives, both academically and socially. Social media platforms provide students with opportunities to connect, collaborate, and share knowledge with peers, expanding their learning networks beyond the confines of the classroom. It facilitates communication and access to educational resources, allowing students to stay updated on academic trends and research. Additionally, social media enhances digital literacy and prepares students for the realities of the digital age. However, it is crucial for students to develop critical thinking skills to navigate the potential pitfalls of social media, such as misinformation and online safety, ensuring a responsible and balanced use of these platforms.

The topic of social media is worthy of being explored in an essay due to its profound impact on various aspects of society. Writing an essay on social media allows for an in-depth examination of its influence on communication, relationships, information sharing, and societal dynamics. It offers an opportunity to analyze the advantages and disadvantages, exploring topics such as privacy, online identities, social activism, and the role of social media in shaping cultural norms. Additionally, studying social media enables a critical evaluation of its effects on mental health, politics, and business. By delving into this subject, one can gain a comprehensive understanding of the complex and ever-evolving digital landscape we inhabit.

1. Social media users spend an average of 2 hours and 25 minutes per day on social networking platforms. This amounts to over 7 years of an individual's lifetime spent on social media, highlighting its significant presence in our daily lives. 2. Instagram has over 1 billion monthly active users, with more than 500 million of them using the platform on a daily basis. 3. YouTube has over 2 billion logged-in monthly active users. On average, users spend over 1 billion hours watching YouTube videos every day, emphasizing the platform's extensive reach and the power of video content. 4. Social media has become a major news source, with 48% of people getting their news from social media platforms. This shift in news consumption highlights the role of social media in shaping public opinion and disseminating information in real-time. 5. Influencer marketing has grown exponentially, with 63% of marketers planning to increase their influencer marketing budget in the coming year. This showcases the effectiveness of influencers in reaching and engaging with target audiences, and the value brands place on leveraging social media personalities to promote their products or services.

1. Schober, M. F., Pasek, J., Guggenheim, L., Lampe, C., & Conrad, F. G. (2016). Social media analyses for social measurement. Public opinion quarterly, 80(1), 180-211. (https://academic.oup.com/poq/article-abstract/80/1/180/2593846) 2. Appel, G., Grewal, L., Hadi, R., & Stephen, A. T. (2020). The future of social media in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing science, 48(1), 79-95. (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11747-019-00695-1?error=cookies_not_support) 3. Aichner, T., Grünfelder, M., Maurer, O., & Jegeni, D. (2021). Twenty-five years of social media: a review of social media applications and definitions from 1994 to 2019. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking, 24(4), 215-222. (https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/cyber.2020.0134) 4. Ruths, D., & Pfeffer, J. (2014). Social media for large studies of behavior. Science, 346(6213), 1063-1064. (https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.346.6213.1063) 5. Hou, Y., Xiong, D., Jiang, T., Song, L., & Wang, Q. (2019). Social media addiction: Its impact, mediation, and intervention. Cyberpsychology: Journal of psychosocial research on cyberspace, 13(1). (https://cyberpsychology.eu/article/view/11562) 6. Auxier, B., & Anderson, M. (2021). Social media use in 2021. Pew Research Center, 1, 1-4. (https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/04/PI_2021.04.07_Social-Media-Use_FINAL.pdf) 7. Al-Samarraie, H., Bello, K. A., Alzahrani, A. I., Smith, A. P., & Emele, C. (2021). Young users' social media addiction: causes, consequences and preventions. Information Technology & People, 35(7), 2314-2343. (https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ITP-11-2020-0753/full/html) 8. Bhargava, V. R., & Velasquez, M. (2021). Ethics of the attention economy: The problem of social media addiction. Business Ethics Quarterly, 31(3), 321-359. (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-ethics-quarterly/article/ethics-of-the-attention-economy-the-problem-of-social-mediaaddiction/1CC67609A12E9A912BB8A291FDFFE799)

Relevant topics

• Media Analysis
• Effects of Social Media
• Discourse Community
• American Identity
• Cultural Appropriation
• Sociological Imagination
• Social Justice
• Sex, Gender and Sexuality

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Feb 15, 2023

6 Example Essays on Social Media | Advantages, Effects, and Outlines

Got an essay assignment about the effects of social media we got you covered check out our examples and outlines below.

Social media has become one of our society's most prominent ways of communication and information sharing in a very short time. It has changed how we communicate and has given us a platform to express our views and opinions and connect with others. It keeps us informed about the world around us. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn have brought individuals from all over the world together, breaking down geographical borders and fostering a genuinely global community.

However, social media comes with its difficulties. With the rise of misinformation, cyberbullying, and privacy problems, it's critical to utilize these platforms properly and be aware of the risks. Students in the academic world are frequently assigned essays about the impact of social media on numerous elements of our lives, such as relationships, politics, and culture. These essays necessitate a thorough comprehension of the subject matter, critical thinking, and the ability to synthesize and convey information clearly and succinctly.

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We will provide various examples of social media essays so you may get a feel for the genre.

6 Examples of Social Media Essays

Here are 6 examples of Social Media Essays:

The Impact of Social Media on Relationships and Communication

Introduction:.

The way we share information and build relationships has evolved as a direct result of the prevalence of social media in our daily lives. The influence of social media on interpersonal connections and conversation is a hot topic. Although social media has many positive effects, such as bringing people together regardless of physical proximity and making communication quicker and more accessible, it also has a dark side that can affect interpersonal connections and dialogue.

Positive Effects:

Connecting People Across Distances

One of social media's most significant benefits is its ability to connect individuals across long distances. People can use social media platforms to interact and stay in touch with friends and family far away. People can now maintain intimate relationships with those they care about, even when physically separated.

Improved Communication Speed and Efficiency

Additionally, the proliferation of social media sites has accelerated and simplified communication. Thanks to instant messaging, users can have short, timely conversations rather than lengthy ones via email. Furthermore, social media facilitates group communication, such as with classmates or employees, by providing a unified forum for such activities.

Negative Effects:

Decreased Face-to-Face Communication

The decline in in-person interaction is one of social media's most pernicious consequences on interpersonal connections and dialogue. People's reliance on digital communication over in-person contact has increased along with the popularity of social media. Face-to-face interaction has suffered as a result, which has adverse effects on interpersonal relationships and the development of social skills.

Decreased Emotional Intimacy

Another adverse effect of social media on relationships and communication is decreased emotional intimacy. Digital communication lacks the nonverbal cues and facial expressions critical in building emotional connections with others. This can make it more difficult for people to develop close and meaningful relationships, leading to increased loneliness and isolation.

Increased Conflict and Miscommunication

Finally, social media can also lead to increased conflict and miscommunication. The anonymity and distance provided by digital communication can lead to misunderstandings and hurtful comments that might not have been made face-to-face. Additionally, social media can provide a platform for cyberbullying , which can have severe consequences for the victim's mental health and well-being.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the impact of social media on relationships and communication is a complex issue with both positive and negative effects. While social media platforms offer many benefits, such as connecting people across distances and enabling faster and more accessible communication, they also have a dark side that can negatively affect relationships and communication. It is up to individuals to use social media responsibly and to prioritize in-person communication in their relationships and interactions with others.

The Role of Social Media in the Spread of Misinformation and Fake News

Social media has revolutionized the way information is shared and disseminated. However, the ease and speed at which data can be spread on social media also make it a powerful tool for spreading misinformation and fake news. Misinformation and fake news can seriously affect public opinion, influence political decisions, and even cause harm to individuals and communities.

The Pervasiveness of Misinformation and Fake News on Social Media

Misinformation and fake news are prevalent on social media platforms, where they can spread quickly and reach a large audience. This is partly due to the way social media algorithms work, which prioritizes content likely to generate engagement, such as sensational or controversial stories. As a result, false information can spread rapidly and be widely shared before it is fact-checked or debunked.

The Influence of Social Media on Public Opinion

Social media can significantly impact public opinion, as people are likelier to believe the information they see shared by their friends and followers. This can lead to a self-reinforcing cycle, where misinformation and fake news are spread and reinforced, even in the face of evidence to the contrary.

The Challenge of Correcting Misinformation and Fake News

Correcting misinformation and fake news on social media can be a challenging task. This is partly due to the speed at which false information can spread and the difficulty of reaching the same audience exposed to the wrong information in the first place. Additionally, some individuals may be resistant to accepting correction, primarily if the incorrect information supports their beliefs or biases.

In conclusion, the function of social media in disseminating misinformation and fake news is complex and urgent. While social media has revolutionized the sharing of information, it has also made it simpler for false information to propagate and be widely believed. Individuals must be accountable for the information they share and consume, and social media firms must take measures to prevent the spread of disinformation and fake news on their platforms.

The Effects of Social Media on Mental Health and Well-Being

Social media has become an integral part of modern life, with billions of people around the world using platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter to stay connected with others and access information. However, while social media has many benefits, it can also negatively affect mental health and well-being.

Comparison and Low Self-Esteem

One of the key ways that social media can affect mental health is by promoting feelings of comparison and low self-esteem. People often present a curated version of their lives on social media, highlighting their successes and hiding their struggles. This can lead others to compare themselves unfavorably, leading to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem.

Cyberbullying and Online Harassment

Another way that social media can negatively impact mental health is through cyberbullying and online harassment. Social media provides a platform for anonymous individuals to harass and abuse others, leading to feelings of anxiety, fear, and depression.

Social Isolation

Despite its name, social media can also contribute to feelings of isolation. At the same time, people may have many online friends but need more meaningful in-person connections and support. This can lead to feelings of loneliness and depression.

Addiction and Overuse

Finally, social media can be addictive, leading to overuse and negatively impacting mental health and well-being. People may spend hours each day scrolling through their feeds, neglecting other important areas of their lives, such as work, family, and self-care.

In sum, social media has positive and negative consequences on one's psychological and emotional well-being. Realizing this, and taking measures like reducing one's social media use, reaching out to loved ones for help, and prioritizing one's well-being, are crucial. In addition, it's vital that social media giants take ownership of their platforms and actively encourage excellent mental health and well-being.

The Use of Social Media in Political Activism and Social Movements

Social media has recently become increasingly crucial in political action and social movements. Platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram have given people new ways to express themselves, organize protests, and raise awareness about social and political issues.

Raising Awareness and Mobilizing Action

One of the most important uses of social media in political activity and social movements has been to raise awareness about important issues and mobilize action. Hashtags such as #MeToo and #BlackLivesMatter, for example, have brought attention to sexual harassment and racial injustice, respectively. Similarly, social media has been used to organize protests and other political actions, allowing people to band together and express themselves on a bigger scale.

Connecting with like-minded individuals

A second method in that social media has been utilized in political activity and social movements is to unite like-minded individuals. Through social media, individuals can join online groups, share knowledge and resources, and work with others to accomplish shared objectives. This has been especially significant for geographically scattered individuals or those without access to traditional means of political organizing.

Challenges and Limitations

As a vehicle for political action and social movements, social media has faced many obstacles and restrictions despite its many advantages. For instance, the propagation of misinformation and fake news on social media can impede attempts to disseminate accurate and reliable information. In addition, social media corporations have been condemned for censorship and insufficient protection of user rights.

In conclusion, social media has emerged as a potent instrument for political activism and social movements, giving voice to previously unheard communities and galvanizing support for change. Social media presents many opportunities for communication and collaboration. Still, users and institutions must be conscious of the risks and limitations of these tools to promote their responsible and productive usage.

The Potential Privacy Concerns Raised by Social Media Use and Data Collection Practices

With billions of users each day on sites like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, social media has ingrained itself into every aspect of our lives. While these platforms offer a straightforward method to communicate with others and exchange information, they also raise significant concerns over data collecting and privacy. This article will examine the possible privacy issues posed by social media use and data-gathering techniques.

Data Collection and Sharing

The gathering and sharing of personal data are significant privacy issues brought up by social media use. Social networking sites gather user data, including details about their relationships, hobbies, and routines. This information is made available to third-party businesses for various uses, such as marketing and advertising. This can lead to serious concerns about who has access to and uses our personal information.

Lack of Control Over Personal Information

The absence of user control over personal information is a significant privacy issue brought up by social media usage. Social media makes it challenging to limit who has access to and how data is utilized once it has been posted. Sensitive information may end up being extensively disseminated and may be used maliciously as a result.

Personalized Marketing

Social media companies utilize the information they gather about users to target them with adverts relevant to their interests and usage patterns. Although this could be useful, it might also cause consumers to worry about their privacy since they might feel that their personal information is being used without their permission. Furthermore, there are issues with the integrity of the data being used to target users and the possibility of prejudice based on individual traits.

Government Surveillance

Using social media might spark worries about government surveillance. There are significant concerns regarding privacy and free expression when governments in some nations utilize social media platforms to follow and monitor residents.

In conclusion, social media use raises significant concerns regarding data collecting and privacy. While these platforms make it easy to interact with people and exchange information, they also gather a lot of personal information, which raises questions about who may access it and how it will be used. Users should be aware of these privacy issues and take precautions to safeguard their personal information, such as exercising caution when choosing what details to disclose on social media and keeping their information sharing with other firms to a minimum.

The Ethical and Privacy Concerns Surrounding Social Media Use And Data Collection

Our use of social media to communicate with loved ones, acquire information, and even conduct business has become a crucial part of our everyday lives. The extensive use of social media does, however, raise some ethical and privacy issues that must be resolved. The influence of social media use and data collecting on user rights, the accountability of social media businesses, and the need for improved regulation are all topics that will be covered in this article.

Effect on Individual Privacy:

Social networking sites gather tons of personal data from their users, including delicate information like search history, location data, and even health data. Each user's detailed profile may be created with this data and sold to advertising or used for other reasons. Concerns regarding the privacy of personal information might arise because social media businesses can use this data to target users with customized adverts.

Additionally, individuals might need to know how much their personal information is being gathered and exploited. Data breaches or the unauthorized sharing of personal information with other parties may result in instances where sensitive information is exposed. Users should be aware of the privacy rules of social media firms and take precautions to secure their data.

Responsibility of Social Media Companies:

Social media firms should ensure that they responsibly and ethically gather and use user information. This entails establishing strong security measures to safeguard sensitive information and ensuring users are informed of what information is being collected and how it is used.

Many social media businesses, nevertheless, have come under fire for not upholding these obligations. For instance, the Cambridge Analytica incident highlighted how Facebook users' personal information was exploited for political objectives without their knowledge. This demonstrates the necessity of social media corporations being held responsible for their deeds and ensuring that they are safeguarding the security and privacy of their users.

Better Regulation Is Needed

There is a need for tighter regulation in this field, given the effect, social media has on individual privacy as well as the obligations of social media firms. The creation of laws and regulations that ensure social media companies are gathering and using user information ethically and responsibly, as well as making sure users are aware of their rights and have the ability to control the information that is being collected about them, are all part of this.

Additionally, legislation should ensure that social media businesses are held responsible for their behavior, for example, by levying fines for data breaches or the unauthorized use of personal data. This will provide social media businesses with a significant incentive to prioritize their users' privacy and security and ensure they are upholding their obligations.

In conclusion, social media has fundamentally changed how we engage and communicate with one another, but this increased convenience also raises several ethical and privacy issues. Essential concerns that need to be addressed include the effect of social media on individual privacy, the accountability of social media businesses, and the requirement for greater regulation to safeguard user rights. We can make everyone's online experience safer and more secure by looking more closely at these issues.

In conclusion, social media is a complex and multifaceted topic that has recently captured the world's attention. With its ever-growing influence on our lives, it's no surprise that it has become a popular subject for students to explore in their writing. Whether you are writing an argumentative essay on the impact of social media on privacy, a persuasive essay on the role of social media in politics, or a descriptive essay on the changes social media has brought to the way we communicate, there are countless angles to approach this subject.

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How to Write a Critical Response Essay With Examples and Tips

16 January 2024

last updated

A critical response essay is an important type of academic essay, which instructors employ to gauge the students’ ability to read critically and express their opinions. Firstly, this guide begins with a detailed definition of a critical essay and an extensive walkthrough of source analysis. Next, the manual on how to write a critical response essay breaks down the writing process into the pre-writing, writing, and post-writing stages and discusses each stage in extensive detail. Finally, the manual provides practical examples of an outline and a critical response essay, which implement the writing strategies and guidelines of critical response writing. After the examples, there is a brief overview of documentation styles. Hence, students need to learn how to write a perfect critical response essay to follow its criteria.

Definition of a Critical Response Essay

A critical response essay presents a reader’s reaction to the content of an article or any other piece of writing and the author’s strategy for achieving his or her intended purpose. Basically, a critical response to a piece of text demands an analysis, interpretation, and synthesis of a reading. Moreover, these operations allow readers to develop a position concerning the extent to which an author of a text creates a desired effect on the audience that an author establishes implicitly or explicitly at the beginning of a text. Mostly, students assume that a critical response revolves around the identification of flaws, but this aspect only represents one dimension of a critical response. In turn, a critical response essay should identify both the strengths and weaknesses of a text and present them without exaggeration of their significance in a text.

Source Analysis

1. Questions That Guide Source Analysis

Writers engage in textual analysis through critical reading. Hence, students undertake critical reading to answer three primary questions:

• What does the author say or show unequivocally?
• What does the author not say or show outright but implies intentionally or unintentionally in the text?
• What do I think about responses to the previous two questions?

Readers should strive to comprehensively answer these questions with the context and scope of a critical response essay. Basically, the need for objectivity is necessary to ensure that the student’s analysis does not contain any biases through unwarranted or incorrect comparisons. Nonetheless, the author’s pre-existing knowledge concerning the topic of a critical response essay is crucial in facilitating the process of critical reading. In turn, the generation of answers to three guiding questions occurs concurrently throughout the close reading of an assigned text or other essay topics .

2. Techniques of Critical Reading

Previewing, reading, and summarizing are the main methods of critical reading. Basically, previewing a text allows readers to develop some familiarity with the content of a critical response essay, which they gain through exposure to content cues, publication facts, important statements, and authors’ backgrounds. In this case, readers may take notes of questions that emerge in their minds and possible biases related to prior knowledge. Then, reading has two distinct stages: first reading and rereading and annotating. Also, students read an assigned text at an appropriate speed for the first time with minimal notetaking. After that, learners reread a text to identify core and supporting ideas, key terms, and connections or implied links between ideas while making detailed notes. Lastly, writers summarize their readings into the main points by using their own words to extract the meaning and deconstruct critical response essays into meaningful parts.

3. Creating a Critical Response

Up to this point, source analysis is a blanket term that represents the entire process of developing a critical response. Mainly, the creation of a critical response essay involves analysis, interpretation, and synthesis, which occur as distinct activities. In this case, students analyze their readings by breaking down texts into elements with distilled meanings and obvious links to a thesis statement . During analysis, writers may develop minor guiding questions under first and second guiding questions, which are discipline-specific. Then, learners focus on interpretations of elements to determine their significance to an assigned text as a whole, possible meanings, and assumptions under which they may exist. Finally, authors of critical response essays create connections through the lens of relevant pre-existing knowledge, which represents a version of the element’s interconnection that they perceive to be an accurate depiction of a text.

Writing Steps of a Critical Response Essay

Step 1: pre-writing, a. analysis of writing situation.

Purpose. Before a student begins writing a critical response essay, he or she must identify the main reason for communication to the audience by using a formal essay format. Basically, the primary purposes of writing a critical response essay are explanation and persuasion. In this case, it is not uncommon for two purposes to overlap while writing a critical response essay. However, one of the purposes is usually dominant, which implies that it plays a dominant role in the wording, evidence selection, and perspective on a topic. In turn, students should establish their purposes in the early stages of the writing process because the purpose has a significant effect on the essay writing approach.

Audience. Students should establish a good understanding of the audience’s expectations, characteristics, attitudes, and knowledge in anticipation of the writing process. Basically, learning the audience’s expectations enables authors to meet the organizational demands, ‘burden of proof,’ and styling requirements. In college writing, it is the norm for all essays to attain academic writing standards. Then, the interaction between characteristics and attitudes forces authors to identify a suitable voice, which is appreciative of the beliefs and values of the audience. Lastly, writers must consider the level of knowledge of the audience while writing a critical response essay because it has a direct impact on the context, clarity, and readability of a paper. Consequently, a critical response essay for classmates is quite different from a paper that an author presents to a multi-disciplinary audience.

Define a topic. Topic selection is a critical aspect of the prewriting stage. Ideally, assignment instructions play a crucial role in topic selection, especially in higher education institutions. For example, when writing a critical response essay, instructors may choose to provide students with a specific article or general instructions to guide learners in the selection of relevant reading sources. Also, students may not have opportunities for independent topic selection in former circumstances. However, by considering the latter assignment conditions, learners may need to identify a narrow topic to use in article selection. Moreover, students should take adequate time to do preliminary research, which gives them a ‘feel’ of the topic, for example, 19th-century literature. Next, writers narrow down the scope of the topic based on their knowledge and interests, for example, short stories by black female writers from the 19 th century.

B. Research and Documentation

Find sources. Once a student has a topic, he or she can start the process of identifying an appropriate article. Basically, choosing a good source for writing a critical response essay occurs is much easier when aided with search tools on the web or university repository. In this case, learners select keywords or other unique qualities of an article and develop a search filter. Moreover, authors review abstracts or forewords of credible sources to determine their suitability based on their content. Besides content, other factors constrain the article selection process: the word count for a critical response essay and a turnaround time. In turn, if an assignment has a fixed length of 500 words and a turnaround time of one week, it is not practical to select a 200-page source despite content suitability.

Content selection. The process of selecting appropriate content from academic sources relies heavily on the purpose of a critical response essay. Basically, students must select evidence that they will include in a paper to support their claims in each paragraph. However, writers tend to let a source speak through the use of extensive quotations or summaries, which dilutes a synthesis aspect of a critical response essay. Instead, learners should take a significant portion of time to identify evidence from reliable sources , which are relevant to the purpose of an essay. Also, a student who is writing a critical analysis essay to disagree with one or more arguments will select different pieces of evidence as compared to a person who is writing to analyze the overall effectiveness of the work.

Annotated bibliography. An annotated bibliography is vital to the development of a critical response essay because it enables authors to document useful information that they encounter during research. During research and documentation stages for a critical response essay, annotated bibliographies contain the main sources for a critical analysis essay and other sources that contribute to the knowledge base of an author, even though these sources will not appear in reference lists. Mostly, a critical response essay has only one source. However, an annotated bibliography contains summaries of other sources, which may inform the author’s critical response through the development of a deep understanding of a topic. In turn, an annotated bibliography is quite useful when an individual is writing a critical response to an article on an unfamiliar topic.

Step 2: Writing a Critical Response Essay

A. organization..

Thesis . A thesis statement sentence is a crucial component of a critical response essay because it presents the student’s purpose, argument, and the conclusion that he or she draws from the textual evidence. Also, the thesis statement is the response to the thesis question, which an author creates from assignment instructions. After completing the research stage, students can develop a tentative thesis statement to act as a starting point for the writing stage. Usually, tentative thesis statements undergo numerous revisions during the writing stage, which is a consequence of the refinement of the main idea during the drafting.

Weigh the evidence. Based on the tentative thesis, an author evaluates the relative importance of collected pieces of textual evidence to the central idea. Basically, students should distinguish between general and specific ideas to ascertain that there exists a logical sequence of presentation, which the audience can readily grasp. Firstly, for writing a critical response essay, learners should identify general ideas and establish specific connections that exist between each general idea and specific details, which support a central claim. Secondly, writers should consider some implications of ideas as they conduct a sorting process and remove evidence that does not fit. Moreover, students fill ‘holes’ that are present due to the lack of adequate supporting evidence to conclude this stage.

Create an outline. An essay outline is a final product of weighing the significance of the evidence in the context of the working thesis statement. In particular, a formal outline is a preferred form of essay structure for a critical response essay because it allows for detailed documentation of ideas while maintaining a clear map of connections. During the formation of an outline, students use a systematic scheme of indentation and labeling all the parts of an outline structure. In turn, this arrangement ensures that elements that play the same role are readily discernible at a glance, for example, primary essay divisions, secondary divisions, principle supporting points, and specific details.

Drafting. The drafting step involves the conversion of the one-sentence ideas in an outline format into complete paragraphs and, eventually, a critical response essay. In this case, there is no fixed approach to writing the first draft. Moreover, students should follow a technique that they find effective in overcoming the challenge of starting to write a critical response essay. Nonetheless, it is good practice to start writing paragraphs that authors believe are more straightforward to include regardless of specific positions that they hold on an outline. In turn, learners should strive to write freely and be open to new ideas despite the use of an outline. During drafting, the conveyance of meaning is much more important than the correctness of the draft.

Step 3: Post-Writing

Individual revision. An individual revision process focuses on the rethinking and rewriting of a critical response essay to improve the meaning and structure of a paper. Essentially, students try to review their papers from a perspective of readers to ensure that the level of detail, relationship and arrangement of paragraphs, and the contribution of the minor ideas to the thesis statement attain the desired effect. In this case, the use of a checklist improves the effectiveness of individual revision. Moreover, a checklist contains 12 main evaluation categories: assignment, purpose, audience and voice, genre, thesis, organization, development, unity, coherence, title, introduction, and conclusion.

Collaborative revision. Collaborative revision is a revision strategy that covers subconscious oversight that occurs during individual revision. During an individual revision of a critical response essay, authors rely on self-criticism, which is rarely 100% effective because writers hold a bias that their works are of high quality. Therefore, subjecting an individual’s work to peer review allows students to collect critique from an actual reader who may notice problems that an author may easily overlook. In turn, learners may provide peer reviewers with a checklist to simplify the revision process.

Editing . The editing step requires authors to examine the style, clarity, and correctness of a critical response essay. In particular, students review their papers to ascertain their conformance with the guidelines of formal essay writing and the English language. Moreover, sentence fragments, subject-verb agreement, dangling modifiers, incorrect use of punctuation, vague pronoun references, and parallelism are common grammar issues that learners eliminate during editing. Then, writers confirm that their critical response essays adhere to referencing style guidelines for citation and formatting, such as the inclusion of a title page, appropriate in-text citation, and proper styling of bibliographic information in the reference list. In turn, students must proofread a critical response essay repeatedly until they find all errors because such mistakes may divert the audience’s attention from the content of a paper.

Sample Outline Template for a Critical Response Essay

I. Introduction

A. Summary of an article. B. Thesis statement.

A. First body paragraph

• The idea for the first paragraph.
• Evidence for the first point from an article.
• Interpretation of the evidence.

B. Second body paragraph

• The idea for the second paragraph.
• Evidence for the second point from an article.

C. Third body paragraph

• The idea for the third paragraph.
• Evidence for the third point from an article.

III. Conclusion

A. Summary of three points that form a body section. B. Closing remarks.

Uniqueness of a Critical Response Essay Outline

The presence of a summary in the introduction and an interpretation for each piece of evidence are defining features of a critical response essay. Typically, the introduction, being one of 5 parts of an essay , does not contain a succinct summary of a source that an author uses in body paragraphs. In this case, the incorporation of a summary in the introduction paragraph provides the audience with specific information concerning the target article of a critical response. Specifically, a critical response essay differs from other response papers because it emphasizes the provision of reasonable judgments of a text rather than the testing and defense of one’s judgments. In turn, authors of a critical response essay do not provide evaluation for their judgments, which implies that critical responses may be different but correct if a specific interpretation is reasonable to the audience.

Expanding an Outline Format Into a Critical Response Essay

1. introduction.

The introductory paragraph in a critical response essay consists of two primary sections: a summary of an article and a thesis statement. Firstly, a summary of an article consists of the text’s central argument and the purpose of the presentation of the argument. Basically, students should strive to distill the main idea and purpose of the text into a few sentences because the length of the introduction is approximately 10% of the essay’s word count. Then, a summary provides the audience with adequate background information concerning an article, which forms a foundation for announcing the student’s primary idea. In this case, writers may include an additional sentence between a summary and a thesis statement to establish a smooth flow in the opening paragraph. However, learners should not quote thesis and purpose statements because it results in a fragmented introduction, which is unappealing to readers and ineffective.

• All body paragraphs have in a critical response essay four main elements: the writer’s idea, meaningful evidence from a reading text, interpretation of the evidence, and a concluding statement.

A. Writer’s Idea

The writer’s idea for a paragraph appears in the first sentence of a paragraph, which is a topic sentence. For example, if students know how to write a topic sentence , they present readers with a complete and distinct idea that proves or supports a thesis statement. In this case, authors should carefully word their topic sentences to ensure that there is no unnecessary generalization or spillovers of ideas from other paragraphs. Notably, all the topic sentences in the body of a critical response essay share a logical relationship that allows the audience to easily follow the development of the central idea of a paper.

B. Evidence

Students should provide evidence that supports the idea that they propose in the topic sentence. Basically, the evidence for all body paragraphs is the product of critical reading of an article, which allows writers to identify meaningful portions of a text. During the presentation of evidence, learners should ascertain that the contextual meaning of paraphrases or quotations is not lost because such a strategy will harm interpretations that follow after it. In turn, critical response essays must not contain lengthy or numerous quotations unless the meaning or intended effect of a quotation is not replicable upon paraphrasing.

C. Interpretation.

Interpretation segments of paragraphs allow authors to explain the significance of the evidence to the topic sentence. In a critical response essay, the interpretation is the equivalent of an author revealing the possible assumptions behind a text paraphrase and commenting on whether or not he or she finds them reasonable. Moreover, students make inferences concerning their meaning in the context of the entire narrative and its relation to the paragraph’s idea. In turn, learners should refrain from reading too much into a piece of evidence because it may result in false or unreasonable inferences.

D. Concluding Sentence

The concluding statement is the final sentence of any paragraph. In this case, the primary role of the concluding sentence is to emphasize the link between the topic sentence, evidence, interpretation, and the essay’s central idea. Also, the concluding statement should not contain an in-text citation because it does not introduce new evidence to support the topic sentence. Therefore, authors use concluding sentences to maintain the unity between body paragraphs and a critical response essay in its entirety.

3. Conclusion

The conclusion comprises of three core elements: a restatement of a thesis statement, a summary of the main points that authors present in body paragraphs, and closing remarks. In particular, the first statement of the conclusion draws the attention of the audience to the central idea, which an author proposes in a thesis statement. Then, students review the main points of a critical response essay to demonstrate that written arguments in body paragraphs adequately support a thesis statement. Moreover, writers should summarize the main points of a paper in the same order that they appear in the main part to guarantee that logical pattern in the body is readily discernible in summary. Finally, learners make their closing remarks, which creates a sense of wholesomeness in a critical response essay or ties a paper to a larger relevant discourse.

Example of Writing a Critical Response Essay

Topic: American Capitalism: The New Face of Slavery

I. Sample Introduction of a Critical Response Essay

Capitalism is a dominant characteristic of the American economy. In this case, Matthew Desmond’s article “In Order to Understand the Brutality of American Capitalism, You Have to Start on the Plantation” discusses the role of slavery in shaping contemporary business practices. Specifically, the author attempts to convince the audience that the brutality of American capitalism originates from slavery. In turn, Desmond lays a strong but simple foundation for his argument, which ensures that the audience can conceptualize the link between plantation slavery and contemporary American capitalistic practices.

II. Example of a Body in a Critical Response Essay

A. example of the first body paragraph: american capitalism.

Early in the article, Desmond informs readers of the high variability in the manifestation of capitalism in societies, which creates the impression that American capitalism is a choice. For example, Desmond (2019) argues that the brutality of American capitalism is simply one of the possible outcomes of a society built on capitalistic principles because other societies implement the same principles in a manner that is liberating, protective, and democratic. Moreover, Desmond begins his argument by eliminating a popular presumption that exploitation and oppression are unavoidable outcomes of capitalism. In turn, this strategic move to establish this fact is in the introductory section of the article because it invites the audience to rethink the meaning of capitalism. Furthermore, its plants doubt regarding the ‘true’ meaning of capitalism outside the context of American society.

B. Example of the Second Body Paragraph: American Capitalism: Slavery and American’s Economic Growth

After establishing that the perception of capitalism through the lens of American society has some bias, Desmond proceeds to provide detailed evidence to explain the attempt to camouflage the obvious link between slavery and America’s economic growth. For instance, Desmond (2019) notes the role of Alfred Chandler’s book, The Visible Hand, and Caitlin Rosenthal’s book, Accounting for Slavery, in breaking the link between management practices in plantations and modern corporations by suggesting that the current business practices are a consequence of the 19th-century railroad industry. In this case, Desmond uses this evidence to make a logical appeal to the audience, which makes his argument more convincing because he explains the reason behind the exclusion of slavery in the discourse on modern industry. As a result, Desmond dismisses one of the main counterarguments against his central argument, which increases his persuasive power.

C. Example of the Third Body Paragraph: Input vs. Output Dynamic

Desmond emphasizes the link between slavery and American capitalism to readers by using the simple input vs. output dynamic throughout the article. For example, Desmond (2019) compares the Plantation Record and Account Book to the heavy digital surveillance techniques in modern workplaces because they collect data, which the employers use to maximize productivity while minimizing inputs. In particular, the comparison reveals that employers did not stop the practice of reducing laborers into units of production with fixed productivity thresholds. Moreover, the constant repetition of the theme of low input and high output dominates the body paragraphs, which makes it nearly impossible for readers to lose sight of the link between slavery and business practices under American capitalism. In turn, the simplification of the underlying logic in Desmond’s argument ensures its clarity to the audience.

III. Sample Conclusion of a Critical Response Essay

Desmond carefully plans the presentation of his argument to the audience, which allows readers to follow the ideas easily. In particular, the author starts with a call for readers to set aside any presumptions concerning capitalism and its origin. Then, Desmond provides the audience with an alternative narrative with support from seminal texts in slavery and economics. On the whole, Desmond manages to convince the audience that the American capitalistic society is merely a replica rather than an aberration of slavery.

Citing Sources in a Critical Response Essay

A critical response essay contains specific thoughts of the article’s author and direct words of the text’s author. In this case, students must conduct proper documentation to ensure that readers of critical response essays can distinguish between these two types of ‘voices.’ Moreover, documentation prevents incidents of plagiarism. Usually, instructors mention a referencing technique that students should use in writing a critical response essay. However, if assignment instructions do not identify a specific documentation style, writers should use a referencing technique that is acceptable for scholarly writing in their disciplines.

In-text citation:

• Parenthetical: (Desmond, 2019).
• Narrative: Desmond (2019).
• Desmond, M. (2019, August 12). In order to understand the brutality of American capitalism, you have to start on the plantation . New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/slavery-capitalism.html
• Parenthetical: (Desmond par. 1).
• Narrative: Desmond argues . . . (par. 1).

Works Cited:

• Desmond, Matthew. “In Order to Understand the Brutality of American Capitalism, You Have to Start on the Plantation.” New York Times , 14 Aug. 2019, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/slavery-capitalism.html.

3. Harvard Referencing

• Parenthetical: (Desmond 2019).

Reference List:

• Desmond, M 2019, In order to understand the brutality of American capitalism, you have to start on the plantation . Available from: <https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/slavery-capitalism.html>. [27 August 2020].

4. Chicago/Turabian

In-text citation (footnote):

• 1. Matthew Desmond, “In Order to Understand the Brutality of American Capitalism, You Have to Start on the Plantation,” New York Times, August 14, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/slavery-capitalism.html.

Bibliography:

• Desmond, Matthew. “In Order to Understand the Brutality of American Capitalism, You Have to Start on the Plantation.” New York Times. August 14, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/slavery-capitalism.html.

Final Provisions on a Critical Response Essay

• Critical reading is a precursor for writing an effective critical response essay.
• Students must conduct adequate research on a topic to develop a proper understanding of a theme, even if only one article appears on the reference list.
• Notetaking or annotation is a good practice that aids students in extracting meaning from an article.
• Writers should plan for all activities in the writing process to ascertain that they have adequate time to move through all the stages.
• An outline is an organizational tool, which learners must use to establish the sequence of ideas in a critical response essay.
• The purpose of a critical response essay has a significant impact on the selection of evidence and the arrangement of body paragraphs.
• Students should prioritize revision and editing, which represent opportunities to refine the content of an essay and remove mechanical issues.
• Collaborative and individual revision are equally important because they play different roles in the writing of a critical response essay.
• Evidence selection is dependent on the purpose and thesis statement of a critical response essay.

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An Essay About Social Media: Definition, Outline and Examples

An essay about social media is a piece of writing that explores social media’s impact, influence, and consequences on various aspects of society, such as communication, relationships, politics, mental health, culture, and more.

The essay can take on different forms, such as an argumentative essay , a cause-and-effect essay, a critical analysis, or an exploratory essay.

A good essay about social media aims to provide a well-researched and thought-provoking examination of the topic and to help readers better understand the complex nature of social media and its role in our lives.

The essay may address questions such as:

• How has social media changed communication?
• What are the positive and negative effects of social media on mental health?
• How has social media impacted politics and public opinion?
• What is the future of social media, and how will it continue to shape our lives?

Why do college students write essays about social media

College students may write an essay about social media for several reasons:

• To fulfill an assignment: Many professors assign social media essays as part of a communication, media studies course, or sociology. Writing an essay on social media helps students understand the topic more deeply and grasp its impact on society.
• To demonstrate critical thinking skills: Writing an essay about social media requires students to analyze the topic and form an informed opinion critically. It provides an opportunity for students to demonstrate their critical thinking skills and shows that they can evaluate complex ideas and arguments.
• To develop research skills: Writing an essay about social media requires students to conduct thorough research and gather information from credible sources. This helps students develop important research skills and evaluate the reliability and relevance of different sources.
• To express personal views and opinions: Writing an essay about social media allows students to express their views and opinions on the topic. This can be a great opportunity for students to showcase their creativity and thoughtfulness and share their insights.
• To prepare for future careers: Social media is a rapidly growing field, and many careers in marketing, advertising, public relations, journalism, and other fields require a deep understanding of the role of social media in society. Writing an essay on social media can help students prepare for these careers by better understanding the topic and its impact on the world around them.

How to write an essay about social media

Step 1: Choose a Topic Before you start writing your essay, you must choose a topic you are interested in and clearly understand. This could be a specific aspect of social media, such as its impact on mental health, or a more general overview of the pros and cons of social media.

Step 2: Research To write an effective essay about social media, gather information and data on your topic from various sources, such as books, articles, websites, and interviews. Make sure to take notes and organize your research to make it easier to reference later.

Step 3: Create an Outline An outline is a roadmap for your essay about social media and will help you organize your thoughts and ideas. A standard essay outline includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.

Step 4: Write the Introduction In the introduction of your essay about social media, provide background information on social media and introduce your thesis statement. A thesis statement is a sentence that states your argument and sets the direction of your essay.

Step 5: Write the Body Paragraphs The body paragraphs are the main part of your essay, where you will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of social media, its impact on society, and other relevant topics. Each body paragraph should have a topic sentence, supporting evidence, and a conclusion.

Step 6: Write the Conclusion The conclusion should summarize your main points and restate your thesis. It should also provide a final thought or call to action, encouraging the reader to think critically about social media and its impact on society.

Step 7: Edit and Revise Once you have completed your first draft, take some time to revise and edit your essay. Check for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors, and ensure your ideas are well-organized and presented.

Step 8: Proofread Proofread your essay one last time to catch any mistakes you may have missed in the previous steps. This will help to ensure that your essay is well-written and error-free.

Essay about social media: outline example

I. Introduction

Definition of social media A brief history of social media Importance of social media in today’s world II. Advantages of social media

Connectivity and communication Access to information Improved marketing and advertising Increased global exposure and reach Ability to participate in social movements and activism III. Disadvantages of social media

Cyberbullying and online harassment Addiction and decreased productivity Spread of misinformation and fake news Decreased privacy and security Impacts on mental health and self-esteem IV. Social media and its impact on society

Influence on politics and elections Changes in the way we interact and communicate Increase in consumerism and materialism Impact on journalism and news media Effects on personal relationships and communication skills V. Conclusion

Recap of the advantages and disadvantages of social media Final thoughts on the role and impact of social media in society Call to action for the responsible and mindful use of social media

Example 1: Short social media essay

Social media is a term that refers to the various platforms and websites that allow individuals to communicate, share information and content, and connect with others on the internet. With the rise of social media, the way people communicate, interact and consume information has dramatically changed. Overall, Social media has changed the way we communicate, access information, and interact with others, but its impact on society is both positive and negative, highlighting the need for responsible and mindful use. One of the most significant advantages of social media is the ease of connectivity and communication. Social media has brought people from all over the world together, making it possible to form online communities and interact with others who share similar interests (Lin et al., 2021). This has been especially beneficial for individuals who live in isolated areas or have mobility issues, as social media provides a way to stay connected and engaged with others. In addition, social media has provided unprecedented access to information. The internet has become a vast library of knowledge available to anyone with an internet connection. With the help of social media, people can access the latest news, events, and trends from around the world and learn about various topics and issues from diverse perspectives. However, social media also has its negative aspects. One of the most significant drawbacks is the spread of misinformation and fake news. The ease of creating and sharing content online has led to an increase in misleading information, which can have far-reaching consequences, particularly in politics and public opinion (Kuss & Griffiths, 2017). Additionally, social media can be addictive and can negatively impact productivity, as people spend hours browsing and scrolling through their feeds. Social media has also had a significant impact on the way we interact with one another. The anonymity provided by the internet has led to an increase in online harassment and cyberbullying, which can be particularly damaging to young people’s mental health ()Lin et al., 2021; Kuss & Grifffiths, 2017). Moreover, social media has decreased privacy and security, as personal information can be easily shared and spread online. In conclusion, social media has been both a blessing and a curse for society. On the one hand, it has revolutionized how people communicate, providing a platform for global connectivity and access to information. On the other hand, it has also led to an increase in misinformation, cyberbullying, and privacy concerns. As social media continues to evolve, it is important to find a balance between its benefits and drawbacks and to use it responsibly and mindfully. References

• Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3), 311.
• Lin, L. Y., Sidani, J. E., Shensa, A., Radovic, A., Miller, E., Colditz, J. B., Hoffman, B. L., Giles, L. M., & Primack, B. A. (2021). Association between social media use and depression among US young adults. Depression and Anxiety, 33(4), 323–331.

P.S: Click here if you need help with your social media essay 

Example 2: 1000 + words Essay About Social Media

Social media has become an integral part of our daily lives, connecting us to people and information from around the world. With the rise of platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok, social media has transformed the way we communicate, share information, and consume media (Statista, 2021). This essay, we will explore the advantages and disadvantages of social media, as well as its impact on society. The overaching assertion is that by understanding the complex role that social media plays in our lives, we can begin to use these platforms in a more responsible and mindful way, ensuring that we are maximizing their benefits while minimizing their negative effects. Advantages of social media Connectivity and communication Social media has made access to information easier and more convenient than ever before. News, entertainment, and educational content are readily available through social media platforms, providing users with a wide range of perspectives and viewpoints. Social media has also made it easier for individuals to access information that would have previously been difficult to find or obtain (Gershon, 2019). For example, people can now easily find information about medical conditions, research studies, and government policies, all of which can be used to make informed decisions about their health, education, and politics. Improved marketing and advertising Social media has revolutionized the way companies market their products and services, enabling them to reach a wider audience and target specific demographics. Social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram have sophisticated advertising algorithms that allow companies to target users based on their interests, location, and behavior (Gershon, 2019). This has made advertising more effective and efficient, resulting in higher engagement and conversion rates. Social media has also enabled small businesses and entrepreneurs to reach customers without the need for expensive marketing campaigns, making it easier to compete with larger corporations. Increased global exposure and reach Social media has given individuals and organizations global exposure, allowing them to reach audiences they would not have been able to reach otherwise. Social media platforms like Twitter and Instagram have been used by celebrities and public figures to build their brands and reach a wider audience (Pew Research Center, 2021). Social media has also been used by activists and social movements to raise awareness about issues and mobilize support across the globe. For example, the #MeToo movement, which started as a hashtag on social media, has become a global movement that has led to significant changes in the way society views sexual harassment and assault. Ability to participate in social movements and activism Social media has given individuals the power to participate in social and political movements, making it easier for people to voice their opinions and take action on issues they care about (Mesch, 2018). Social media has been used to organize protests, raise awareness about issues, and mobilize support for causes. It has also given marginalized groups a platform to share their experiences and perspectives, enabling them to demand change and hold those in power accountable. Disadvantages of social media Cyberbullying and online harassment While social media has many benefits, it also has several disadvantages. One of the most significant drawbacks is cyberbullying and online harassment. Social media platforms have become breeding grounds for bullying and harassment, with individuals using anonymity to attack and intimidate others. This can have severe consequences for the victim, including depression, anxiety, and in extreme cases, suicide (Mesch ,2018). Cyberbullying has become a significant concern, with one study finding that 59% of U.S. teens have experienced some form of online harassment (Pew Reserach , 2021). Addiction and decreased productivity Social media can be highly addictive, with users spending hours scrolling through their feeds and engaging with content. This addiction can have detrimental effects on productivity, with individuals spending less time on work or other important activities. Studies have shown that social media addiction can lead to a decrease in academic performance, work productivity, and overall well-being. Spread of misinformation and fake news Another disadvantage of social media is the spread of misinformation and fake news. With the ease of sharing content on social media, it has become easy for false information to be disseminated to a wide audience quickly. This can have severe consequences, as false information can influence people’s beliefs and behaviors, leading to harmful outcomes. The spread of fake news has been a significant concern, with social media companies facing criticism for not doing enough to combat it. Decreased privacy and security Social media has also led to a decrease in privacy and security, with users’ personal information often being collected and shared without their consent. Social media platforms collect vast amounts of data about their users, including their location, interests, and online behavior. This information can be used for targeted advertising, but it can also be used for nefarious purposes, such as identity theft or cyber attacks. Impacts on mental health and self-esteem Social media has been linked to several negative impacts on mental health and self-esteem. Studies have shown that excessive social media use can lead to feelings of anxiety, depression, and loneliness. Social media has also been linked to negative body image and low self-esteem, with individuals comparing themselves to unrealistic and idealized images presented on social media platforms (Pew Research Center, 2021). Social media and its impact on society Influence on politics and elections Social media has had a significant impact on politics and elections, with candidates and parties using social media to reach and engage with voters. Social media has enabled political campaigns to reach a wider audience, mobilize support, and fundraise (Tufekci, 2018). Social media has also been used to spread propaganda and false information, leading to concerns about its impact on the democratic process. Changes in the way we interact and communicate Social media has transformed the way we interact and communicate with others, with many individuals relying on social media platforms as their primary means of communication. Social media has enabled individuals to connect with people across the globe, but it has also led to a decrease in face-to-face interactions. This can have significant consequences, as face-to-face interactions are crucial for building strong relationships and developing social skills. Increase in consumerism and materialism Social media has contributed to an increase in consumerism and materialism, with individuals being exposed to a constant stream of advertisements and product promotions. Social media platforms have become virtual marketplaces, with individuals being bombarded with messages that encourage them to buy more and consume more. Impact on journalism and news media Social media has also had a significant impact on journalism and news media, with many individuals turning to social media platforms for their news and information. While social media has enabled citizen journalism and given a platform to marginalized voices, it has also led to the spread of misinformation and fake news. Social media has also led to a decrease in traditional news media outlets, with many newspapers and TV stations struggling to compete with social media platforms (Tandoc et al., 2018). Effects on personal relationships and communication skills Finally, social media has had significant effects on personal relationships and communication skills. While social media has enabled individuals to connect with people across the globe, it has also led to a decrease in the quality of interpersonal relationships (Pew Research Center, 2021). Many individuals rely on social media for their social interactions, leading to a decrease in face-to-face interactions and the development of social skills. Additionally, social media has enabled individuals to present a curated and idealized version of themselves, leading to a lack of authenticity and trust in personal relationships. Conclusion In conclusion, social media has become an integral part of our lives, with many individuals relying on social media platforms for communication, information, and entertainment. While social media has many advantages, it also has several significant disadvantages, including cyberbullying, addiction, spread of misinformation, decreased privacy, and negative impacts on mental health and self-esteem. Social media has also had a significant impact on society, influencing politics and elections, changing the way we interact and communicate, contributing to consumerism and materialism, and affecting journalism and news media. As we continue to navigate the complex world of social media, it is crucial to be mindful and responsible in our use of these platforms, ensuring that we are using them to their fullest potential while minimizing the negative impacts. By doing so, we can continue to enjoy the benefits of social media while mitigating its negative effects. References  Statista. (2021). Number of social media users worldwide from 2010 to 2026 (in billions). https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-worldwide-social-network-users/ Pew Research Center. (2021). Social media fact sheet. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/social-media/ Tufekci, Z. (2018). Twitter and tear gas: The power and fragility of networked protest. Yale University Press. Mesch, G. S. (2018). Social media and social support. In J. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (pp. 28–33). Elsevier. Tandoc, E. C., Jr., Lim, Z. W., & Ling, R. (2018). Defining “fake news.” Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137–153. Gershon, I. (2019). Media ideologies: A comparative study of Russian and US journalism. Cambridge University Press.

Social media essay topic ideas

• Why social media has changed the way we communicate
• A critical analysis of the impact of social media on mental health
• How social media has affected politics and public opinion
• Where social media has made the biggest impact on society
• An examination of the benefits and drawbacks of social media
• The role of social media in the spread of misinformation
• How social media has changed the advertising industry
• The impact of social media on privacy and security
• Why social media can be addictive and what can be done to mitigate its negative effects
• An exploration of the use of social media in education and learning.
• The influence of social media on relationships and personal connections
• How social media has impacted the job market and employment opportunities
• The role of social media in promoting cultural exchange and understanding
• An analysis of the influence of social media on popular culture
• The impact of social media on traditional forms of media, such as television and print
• The potential of social media for social activism and social change
• How social media has changed the way we consume and share information
• The impact of social media on the way we perceive and experience events
• The role of social media in shaping the future of technology and communication
• An examination of the ethical considerations surrounding social media and its use.
• The influence of social media on fashion and beauty trends
• How social media has impacted the way we perceive and experience travel
• An analysis of the impact of social media on professional sports and athletics
• The influence of social media on the music industry and artist promotions
• The role of social media in fostering online communities and relationships
• How social media has changed the way we access and consume news
• An examination of the impact of social media on the way we shop and make purchasing decisions
• The influence of social media on the way we view and engage with art and creativity
• The impact of social media on personal branding and self-promotion
• An exploration of the use of social media in crisis management and emergency response.

Essays about social media additional tips

• Start with a strong thesis statement that clearly states your argument.
• Use reputable sources for your research and reference them properly in your essay.
• Avoid using overly technical language or overly casual language.
• Use specific examples to support your argument and make your essay more relatable.
• Be mindful of the tone of your essay and aim for a balanced, neutral perspective.
• Avoid making broad generalizations and instead focus on specific, well-supported claims.
• Consider both social media’s positive and negative aspects and provide a nuanced perspective.
• Use clear, concise, and well-structured sentences and paragraphs to make your essay easy to read and understand.
• Use a variety of sentence structures and avoid repeating the same sentence structure repeatedly.
• End your essay with a strong conclusion summarizing your main points and providing a final thought or calls to action.

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A Step-by-Step Guide to Writing a Critical Response Essay

Students have to write different types of essays all the time. However, they face many problems when it comes to writing a critical response essay. Why is it so hard to manage? What are the main components of it? We will answer all these questions in our complete guide to help you learn how you can write this type of essays quickly and easily.

What Is a Critical Response Essay?

First things first – let’s find out what a critical response essay is and what components it includes.

It is an assignment that is based on your analytical skills. It implies the understanding of the primary source, such as literary work, movie or painting (its problematic, content, and significance), and the ability to perform critical thinking and reflect your opinion on the given subject.

The aim of critical response essay is to get familiarised with the subject, form your opinion (the agreement or disagreement with the author), reveal the problematic of the piece and support your claims with evidence from the primary source.

For example, your task might be to analyze the social structure in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.

How Is It Different From Other Essay Types?

Every essay you write has a very similar structure that consists of an introduction, the main body, and the conclusion. While this type is not an exception and is quite similar to an analytical essay , it still has differences. One of those is the fact that it contains two parts. The first part includes a quick summary of the analyzed work. The second part is a critique – a response to the author’s opinion, facts, examples, etc.

What Should You Pay Attention To?

Before we dive into the guide and the steps of crafting your critical essay, let’s take a look at some of the most common pitfalls that often occur during the writing process of a piece like this.

Not knowing what you are writing about.

This makes no sense, right? So, be sure to read the piece that your topic is based on and make sure you understand what it is about.

Not understanding what your task is.

Be attentive to the task and make sure you understand what is required from you. You would be surprised if you knew how many essays are written without even touching the main question or problematic.

Being in a hurry.

A lot of students start working on their essays at the very last moment and do it in haste. You can avoid a lot of mistakes if you are attentive, focused, and organized. If you have too little time to write a strong response essay yourself, you can always get the assistance of a professional writing service. This will help you to be on time with your assignment without sacrificing its quality.

And now let’s begin your journey of writing an essay.

Step 1. Examine the Primary Source

Before starting actually writing your critical essay, you need to get acquainted with the subject of your analysis. It might be an article, a book or any other type of text. Sometimes, this task is given for pieces of art, such as a painting or a movie.

So, the first step would be to gain as much information about the subject as possible. You might also search for some reviews or research papers on the subject. Be sure to examine the primary source thoroughly and read the complete text if it is a piece of writing.

Advice: make notes while you are working with your primary source. Highlight the main points that will build a basis for your analysis and which you can use to form your opinion on. Notes will also help you to structure your essay.

• Did you read the whole text or examined your primary source thoroughly?
• Did you find information on the topic of your assignment?
• Did you write down the key points that you are going to use for your essay?

Step 2. Analyze the Source and Your Notes

After you finished with your primary source, try to analyze and summarize all of your findings. Identify the problematic of the piece and find the appropriate notes that you have made to structure your future essay.

Formulate your opinion – are you agree or disagree with the author? Can you support your statements with evidence?

• Did you examine all the notes you have?
• Did you form your opinion on the subject?
• Did you find the arguments to support your main point?
• Did you succeed to define the strengths and weaknesses of the work?

Step 3. Write Your Essay

After you have all of the needed materials next to you, you can start working on the text of your essay.

• First of all, write a critical response essay rough draft.
• Reread your draft and make your edits.
• Proofread and edit your final version.
• Check for plagiarism, grammatical and punctuation errors.
• Write a Works Cited page or bibliography page (if required).

Now, we will look at each part of your essay in detail. Keep in mind that you have to follow the guidelines provided by your teacher or professor. Some critical response essay examples will come in handy at this step.

How to Write a Critical Response Introduction

Your introduction is the part where you have to provide your thesis statement. Once you have your opinion and your thoughts organized, it’s pretty easy to make them transform into a statement that all your essay will be built on. Express your agreement or disagreement with the author.

For example, your thesis statement might be:

“Romeo and Juliet” by Shakespeare is a masterpiece that raises the problem of social inequality and classes differentiation which aggravates the drama culmination.

Advice: make sure you have evidence to support your thesis statement later in the text. Make your introduction in the form of a brief summary of the text and your statement. You need to introduce your reader to the topic and express your opinion on it.

• Did you embed your thesis statement?
• Is your thesis statement complete and suitable for the topic?
• Can you support your thesis statement with evidence?
• Did you summarize the analyzed subject?
• Did you start your introduction with a catchy sentence – a powerful statement, fact, quote or intriguing content?
• Did you include a transition sentence at the end of your introduction?

How to Write Critical Response Paragraphs

Explain each of your main points in separate body paragraphs. Structure your text so that the most strong statement with the following supporting evidence is placed first. Afterward, explain your other points and provide examples and evidence from the original text.

Remember that each of your statements should support your main idea – your thesis statement. Provide a claim at the beginning of the paragraph and then develop your idea in the following text. Support each of your claims with at least one quote from the primary source.

For example:

To distinguish the division between classes and express the contribution of each social class Shakespeare used different literary methods. For example, when a person from a lower class speaks, Shakespeare uses prose:

NURSE I saw the wound, I saw it with mine eyes (God save the mark!) here on his manly breast— A piteous corse, a bloody piteous corse, Pale, pale as ashes, all bedaubed in blood, All in gore blood. I swoonèd at the sight. (3.2.58-62)

At the same time upper-class characters speak in rhymed verse:

MONTAGUE But I can give thee more, For I will raise her statue in pure gold, That while Verona by that name is known, There shall no figure at such rate be set As that of true and faithful Juliet. (5.3.309-313)

• Did you support your thesis statement with claims?
• Do your claims appeal to critical response questions?
• Did you provide evidence for each claim?

How to Write Critical Response Conclusion

The best way to conclude your essay is to restate your thesis statement in different phrasing. Summarize all of your findings and repeat your opinion on the subject. A one- or two-paragraph conclusion is usually enough if not requested more.

We’ve also prepared some critical response essay topics for you:

• Explain the changes of the character throughout the novel: Frodo from Lord of the Rings /Dorian Gray from The Picture of Dorian Gray .
• Examine a setting and the atmosphere in the novel Gone with the Wind/Jane Eyre .
• Investigate the cultural or historical background in Romeo and Juliet/Macbeth .
• Describe the impact of the supporting character: Horatio in Hamlet /Renfield in Dracula .
• Describe the genre of the work and its influence on the mood of the piece: To Build a Fire/ For Whom the Bell Tolls.

This was our step-by-step guide to writing your perfect critical response essay. We hope our tips will be useful to you!

Related posts

How to Write a Critical Response Essay: Step-by-Step Guide

Graduating without sharpening your critical thinking skills can be detrimental to your future career goals. To spare you the trouble, college teachers assign critical response tasks to prepare learners for making rational decisions.

Critical response papers also help professors assess the knowledge of each student on a relevant topic. They expect learners to conduct an in-depth analysis of each source and present their opinions based on the information they managed to retrieve.

This article aims to help students who have no idea how to write critical response essays. It offers insight into academic structuring, formatting, and editing rules. Here is our step-by-step recipe for writing a critical response essay.

What Is a Critical Response Essay?

The critical response essay displays the writer’s reaction to a written work. By elaborating on the content of a book, article, or play, you should discuss the author’s style and strategy for achieving the intended purpose. Ideally, the paper requires you to conduct a rhetorical analysis, interpret the text, and synthesize findings.

Instead of sharing somebody else’s solution on the subject matter, here you present your argumentation. Unlike a descriptive essay, this paper should demonstrate your strong expository skills. Often, a custom writing service can prove helpful if you find your evaluation essay time-consuming. Offering a value judgment about a specific topic takes time to acquire.

Another thing you should consider is not just focusing on the flaws. Though this is not a comparison and contrast essay, you must also reveal the strengths and present them without exaggeration. What matters is to develop your perspective on the work and how it affects the readership through implicit and explicit writing means.

Besides assessing your ability to develop coherent argumentation, professors will also grade your paper composition skills. They want to ensure you can critically reflect on various literature pieces. Hence, it’s essential to learn to analyze your topic thoroughly. This way, you gain a deep understanding and can organize a meaningful text.

Critical Response Essay & Other Essay Types

Standard essays contain three main segments: introduction, main body, and conclusion. But any other aspect beyond this vague outline differs depending on the assigned type. And while your critical response resembles an opinion essay since it expresses your viewpoint, you must distinguish it from other kinds.

For example, let’s consider a classification essay or a process essay. The first only lists the features of a particular object or several concepts to group them into categories. The second explains how something happens in chronological order and lists the phases of a concrete process. Hence, these variants are purely objective and lack personal reflection.

A narrative essay is more descriptive, with a focal point to tell a story. Furthermore, there’s the definition essay, an expository writing that provides information about a specific term. The writer, while showcasing their personal interpretation, must avoid criticism of the matter. Professional personal statement writers can provide assistance in creating the best essay that reflects the writer’s individual opinion.

Finally, though you can find some resemblances with an argumentative paper, critical responses comprise two parts. First, you quickly make an analytical summary of the original work and then offer a critique of the author’s writing. When drafting, it’s advisable to refrain from an informal essay format.

What Is the Structure of a Critical Response Essay?

The critical essay will have a typical structure consisting of five paragraphs. It is the most effective and easiest to follow. Here’s a brief demonstration of what you should include in each segment.

Introduction

The introductory paragraph reveals your main argument related to the analysis. You should also briefly summarize the piece to acquaint the reader with the text. The purpose of the introduction is to give context and show how you interpreted the literary work.

These paragraphs discuss the main themes in the book or article. In them, ensure you provide comments on the context, style, and layout. Moreover, include as many quotations from the first-hand text or other sources to support your interpretation.

However, finding memorable quotes and evidence in the original book can be challenging. If you have difficulties drafting a body paragraph, write your essay online with the help of a custom writing platform. These experts will help you show how you reached your conclusions.

This paragraph restates all your earlier points and how they make sense. Hence, try to bind all your comments together in an easily digestible way for your readers. The ultimate purpose is to help the audience understand your logic and unify the essay’s central idea with your interpretations.

Writing Steps of a Critical Response Essay

If you wonder how to write a critical response, remember that it takes time and proper planning. You will have to address multiple data, draft ideas, and rewrite your essay fast and efficiently. Follow the methods below to organize better and get a high grade without putting too much pressure on your shoulders.

1. Pick a Topic

Professors usually choose the topic and help you grasp the focus of the research. Yet, in some cases, you might be able to select a theme you like. When deciding, ensure the book can provide several arguments, concepts, or phenomena to review. You should also consider if there’s enough available data for analysis.

2. Research and Gather Information

This assignment means you cannot base your argumentation on personal beliefs and preferences. Instead, you must be flexible and accept different opinions from acknowledged scholarly sources. Moreover, ensure you have a reliable basis for your comments.

In short, avoid questionable resources and be accurate when referencing. Finding a single article claiming the concept or idea is correct and undisputable isn’t enough. You must read and consult various sources and conduct a meticulous examination.

3. Prepare the Outline

Define your claim or thesis statement and think of a “catch” sentence that will attract the reader’s attention. You must also consider titling an essay and giving background data and facts. At this stage, it’s also recommendable to establish the number of body segments. This step will help you get a more precise writing plan you will later reinforce with examples and evidence.

4. Start Rough Drafting

When writing your first draft, consider dedicating each section to a distinct argument or supporting evidence that proves your point. Cite and give credit as appropriate and ensure your text flows seamlessly and logically. Also, anticipate objections from opponents by including statements grounding your criticism.

5. Revise and Edit

Typically, your rough draft will require polishing. The best approach is to sleep on it to reevaluate its quality in detail. Check the relevance of your thesis statement and argumentation and ensure your work is free of spelling and grammatical mistakes. Also, your sentences should be concise and straight to the point, without irrelevant facts or fillers.

The Dos and Don’ts in Critical Response Essay Writing

Check your work against the following dos and don’ts for a perfect written piece.

• Pick an intriguing title.
• Cite each source, including quotations and theoretical information.
• Connect sentences by using transition words for an essay like “First,” “Second,” “Moreover,” or “Last” for a good flow.
• Start writing in advance because last-minute works suffer from poor argumentation and grammar.
• Each paragraph must contain an analysis of a different aspect.
• Use active verbs and dynamic nouns.
• Ask a friend or classmate to proofread your work and give constructive comments.
• Check the plagiarism level to ensure it’s free of copied content.
• Don’t exceed the specified word limit.
• Follow professional formatting guidelines.
• Your summary must be short and not introduce new information.
• Avoid clichés and overusing idioms.
• Add the cited bibliography at the end.

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Covering a Pandemic: Critical Media Analysis Essay

An overview of media analysis history and its relevance.

Modern technologies that spawned the culture of virtual spaces, remote communication, and social media also form a new type of world perception. In this new manner of seeing, the medium of communication or the media intermediary determines the meaning and direction of the transmitted information (Alvermann and Hagood, 2000). A lot of work over the past decades has been devoted to the study of media analysis, which has led to the formation of a new area of knowledge, concepts, and categories. The domain of media analysis may be considered a relatively new repercussion of the processes mentioned above, which makes the impulse to investigate this field inevitable (Alvermann and Hagood, 2000). As information is often associated with power and media is a contemporary quintessence of information or its absence, deconstructing media content has become a battlefield for the right to know. The essay strives to analyse the overarching significance of media analysis and its particular role in investigating how the pandemic is covered in news outlets.

In the occidental culture, the affirmation of postmodernist interpretation of truth has activated a new era for media. This interpretation on the surface allows each individual to have their realities and denies the existence of the universal one (Sim, 2019). Common nowadays perception of life as a game, the call to abandon the search for meaning, and put own opinions above evidence contributed to the modern state of media and the acute need for media analysis (Sim, 2019). Some researchers view this field as a branch of Critical Theory, an area of knowledge aimed at identifying the methods in which media content is used to affect the power balance in society (Deutscher and Lafont, 2017). Even though the extensive development of the field began rather recently, its first manifestations can be traced to the middle of the nineteenth century, when the first media monitoring canter was founded in London by a newsagent named Romeike (Kaulback, 2016). The further growth of media analysis manifested itself in the transition from individual analysts to agencies, corporations, and governments who also perform the media analysis nowadays (Kaulback, 2016).

Defying media analysis is crucial to ensure the unity of understanding of the issue. General opinions regarding the interpretation of what media analysis means seem somewhat equivalent and conforming. From this perspective, media analysis may be defined as a critical examination of the content, form, and context of a piece of media (Berger, 2017, p 311). Another definition states that critical media analysis means thinking critically about the impact of media on the distribution of power in society, nature and agendas of media powers and social knowledge (Stocchetti and Kukkonen, 2011). “Media” in these definitions refers to both the form and content which it communicates. After overviewing several definitions, the key elements present in them all are inspection, content, and effects produced. The main difference found between the definitions is their precision and the number of components included in them. In this way, it may be stated that certain unanimity is present in the way in which media analysis is defined.

The importance of media analysis may appear evident as it is somewhat understandable that it is aimed at revealing the strategies and tools intended to manipulate public opinion and, thus influence the socio-political situation in a country. According to Hua et al., (2018), media analysis is one of the constituents of the broader notion of media literacy, which in the contemporary world, is an essential competency for content consumers. It appears common for researchers to underline the value of media literacy which is partially sustained by media analysis not only for the professionals in the sphere but also for the general audience (Van Deursen, 2017). Hua et al. (2018, p. 371) state that “as an audience, it is not complete acceptance of information, but a process of “processing” information, from selective acceptance to information judgment to information adoption and information dissemination”. Hence, media analysis and media literacy are two interrelated processes, where the first one leads to the acquisition of the second. The practice of critical evaluation of media by the general public is an outcome that showcases the importance of media analysis.

The media’s toolkit that it uses to form public opinions is not overwhelmingly extensive and consists mainly of strategies that emerged in ancient rhetoric – framing is one of these techniques (Potapenko, 2016). It strives to stimulate specific interpretations and dim others through the usage of “frames”, which consist of rhetoric elements and specific vocabulary choices (Berger, 2017, p. 211). Recognising framing is an essential skill since the technique is often used to influence the public’s policy priorities. Fridkin et al. demonstrate the value of media analysis by investigating how the method is applied in depicting race and police brutality. The researchers (2017, p. 3399) emphasise that “two‑thirds of Facebook users (66%) and almost six of 10 Twitter users (59%) get some news from these cites”. In this way, media shapes the public’s attitude, who tend to receive information from social networks, towards a variety of issues making its analysis for a number of researchers a way to uncover and thus challenge social injustice.

The power that media professionals possess in the social construction of reality leads to a responsibility that could potentially be overlooked. The perceived authority of a media outlet in a society reflects the value of knowledge and the importance of its representation in a specific piece of media (Stocchetti and Kukkonen, 2011). Thus, it is argued that media in this age of information becomes a form of human existence, a moderator of perception, and thinking (Berger, 2017, p. 17). The importance of media analysis stems from the position it occupies in contemporary cultures.

Social media have become new agents of influence for the modern audience, with significant potential. The informative content of social media appears to be a unique form of unregulated, spontaneous and, in some way, amateur (moderated by the activity of Internet users themselves) information flow, and therefore examining this activity is a diagnostic of public opinion on significant aspects of public reality (Berger, 2017, p. 106). In this way, the stance among researchers investigating this area on the level and nature of the importance of media analysis is unanimous in underlining the role that it carries in assisting in reality construction and enhancing media literacy, and conscientiousness.

The role of social media in society, what degree of neutrality it should strive to obtain, and what political and societal systems should be supported by it are the questions that preoccupy media researchers. Stocchetti and Kukkonen (2011, p. 122) argue that “the critical enquiry into this deeper dimension of media power – that of constructing reality – is difficult because conceptual tools for this analysis, for example, the concept of power itself, are part of this construction”. Critical media analysis can create the conditions for the formation of a safe cultural space in which the general information order will be determined concerning the balance of interests of the individuals and society. Media analysis professionals should be able to exercise their information rights and freedoms.

“We were so close”: Three potential COVID-19 vaccines had funding cut)” Critical Analysis

“We were so close”: Three potential COVID-19 vaccines had funding cut)” by Liam Mannix is an example of how media shapes our perception of global politics, which can be demonstrated by the application of discourse analysis and framing. The approach aims to analyse mainly the statements made within the institutional framework and endowed with a historical, social, intellectual connotation, for instance, texts are studied taking into account the conditions of their formation and extralinguistic factors (Berger, 2017, p. 295). The general methodological principle of the approach lies in its interdisciplinarity (Berger, 2017, p. 296). Discourse analysis represents a critical attitude to knowledge about the world, examining the relationship between learning, social processes, and social behaviour. The method may help to determine the conditionality of how the issue of vaccine funding is presented in the article within the current socio‑political context. Taking into consideration the heated debates that unravelled around the topic, and the political implications that taking a stance entails, the delivery of ideas in the article could reveal a specific media bias.

The presenting bias in “We were so close”: Three potential COVID-19 vaccines had funding cut)” is somewhat noticeable, as the coverage in the article is slanted in favour of Professor Petrovsky, a scientist involved in vaccine development. The report covers an accident that took place in 2010 since the vaccine that was developed at that time could potentially serve as a basis for a new vaccine that could help in the prevention of COVID-19 spreading. The story is almost entirely presented from the point of view of the medical personnel, who testifies against a US government agency that reduced Australian laboratory funding (Mannix, 2020). The lack of commentaries from the opposing side of the clash is reasoned by the agency not responding to requests for comments. The incorporation of multiple sides of a conflict or varying and even opposing views on a problem is an integral factor that contributes to comprehensive and sophisticated media coverage. The article revolves mainly around one perspective, and it is understandable as the author chooses the perspective with which it is easier for the audience to empathise.

The presenting bias can be linked to mainstream bias, which is expressed by the tendency to adhere to the general direction in media coverage and avoid the inclusion of controversial topics or opinions into the news corpus. Elejalde, Ferres, and Herder (2018, p. 28) highlight that “for individuals as well as for society as a whole it is important to recognise and understand media bias that is shaped through underlying general political or socio-economic orientations”. Thus, uncovering biases in media, especially in times of a pandemic, which became an unavoidable topic for media outlets, may be not straightforward. “We were so close”: Three potential COVID-19 vaccines had funding cut)” covers a question that seems omnipresent and to state that the article suffers from mainstream bias solely on this ground is unfair. It may be noted that the text suffers from mainstream bias, because of the angle from which it covers the topic. The author seems to take a widely accepted stance, and points of view that could be considered out of favour are absent from the report.

Certain parts of “We were so close”: Three potential COVID-19 vaccines had funding cut)” focus on what could happen rather than on what is happening. For instance, Professor Petrovsky (2020, para. 10) claims that “if these vaccine trials had gone ahead – and they looked good – we would have felt in much better shape now”. This proneness to concentrate on what might occur given certain conditions signals the presence of speculative content bias. It should be noted that the source of the bias is not the author, but the interviewees. However, the author (2020, para. 2) introduces his article by stating, that “had those trials gone ahead in 2010, a vaccine for the deadly pandemic might be available right now “. Vigorous discussions around the pandemic make specific speculative topics look tempting – these circumstances enhance the value of journalistic integrity and standards.

The author of the article, Liam Mannix, is The Age and Sydney Morning Herald’s science reporter, who has been following the deployment of the pandemic since its beginning and concentrated thematically on the field before that. The author’s experience in covering similar issues renders him an adequate candidate to report on vaccine development. Even though the situation presented by Mannix is displeasing, the general COVID-19 vaccine development landscape seems extensive and spread across and funded by numerous courtiers (Lurie et al., 2020). It is claimed that the effort in response to the pandemic is unprecedented in terms of scale and speed (Tung et al., 2020). Presenting ideas transparently and straightforwardly is one of the principal characteristics of unbiased media and is a competence that professionals gain through practice. Despite the desired objectiveness and perceived professionalism, it is not uncommon for an article to concentrate exclusively on specific ideas, trying to sell them. As the article under consideration seems to revolve around one point of view, its message could be considered by some political one; the opinion on the topic is pre-made rather than evolved in the process.

The way the story in “We were so close”: Three potential COVID-19 vaccines had funding cut)” is told drives the reader to identify with the professionals interviewed, since the reader’s interest is directly engaged. The problem the article undertakes to cover enhances the sense of complicity and emotional involvement between the audience, the journalist, and the interviewee forming a sort of coalition against a distinct third party. The perspective of the people attached to the fund cutting seems to be excluded not deliberately but as a result of their unwillingness to comment. The viewpoint of the US National Institutes of Health, who provided Professor Petrovsky with funding in 2004, is indispensable to form an overarching vision (Mannix, 2020). As a result of the absence of multiple perspectives, the depiction of the events in the article may be considered fragmentary. The objectiveness of the report could be enhanced by the inclusion of alternate points of view.

The use of emotive language in news coverage, particularly, in regards to sensitive and heated topics, the category to which the COVID-19 pandemic belongs, is a method aimed to make readers react emotionally. The vocabulary choices present in “We were so close”: Three potential COVID-19 vaccines had funding cut)” are principally neutral with a few exceptions that can be found in the speech of the interviewees. The text is constructed on the testimonies given by several researchers who underwent funding cuts and the author’s remarks that provide context and direct the flow of information. Moreover, Mannix abstains from the usage of symbolic literary devices, such as metaphors, the absence of which warrants the text a higher degree of neutrality and appeal to logic.

The avoidance of emotive language ensures the degree of balance and objectivity present in the text. Even though the arguments are mainly provided by one side which results in a lack of broader context, the author manages to render the article convincing, by including data-driven reasoning and professional opinions. The memorability of the article lies in the tone of despair and impression of lost opportunities that it creates – even with minimal usage of emotive language the author manages to involve readers’ sentiments. The sense of reality is achieved through the incorporation of factual information and the acuteness of the issue covered. In this way, the message transmitted by the text appears to be clear enough to prevent the emergence of utterly dissimilar interpretations, despite the different ways the audience perceives information and cultural backgrounds.

The critical value of the media era is communication, the constant transfer of emotions, ideas, images that fill the modern human experience. In the process of virtual communication, media acts not only as an intermediary but also as a full participant in the communication process. The current socio‑political state of the world heightens the need for media analysis and criticism, as it is capable of defusing the manipulation and bias directed at constructing alternative visions of the situation.

Reference List

• Alvermann, D. E., & Hagood, M. C. (2000) “Critical media literacy: Research, theory, and practice in “New Times”. The Journal of Educational Research , 93 (3), 193–205.
• Berger, A. A. (2017) Media analysis techniques, 6th edn. SAGE Publications.
• Deutscher, P. and Lafont, C. (2017) Critical theory in critical times: Transforming the global political and economic order . Columbia University Press.
• Elejalde, E., Ferres, L., & Herder, E. (2018) “On the nature of real and perceived bias in the mainstream media”, PLOS ONE , 13 (3), pp. 1–28.
• Fridkin, K., Wintersieck, A., Courey, J., & Thompson, J. (2017) “Race and police brutality: The importance of media framing”, International Journal of Communication , 11, pp. 3394–3414.
• Hua, X., Li, K., Tan, Z., & Zhou, J. (2018) “Analysis of importance of new media literacy”, Proceedings of the 2018 8th International Conference on Social science and Education Research , pp. 370-373.
• Kaulback, M. A brief history of media monitoring (and analysis) (2016)
• Lurie, N., Saville, M., Hatchett, R., & Halton, J. (2020) “Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed”, The New England Journal of Medicine , pp. 1–5.
• Mannix, L. “We were so close”: Three potential COVID-19 vaccines had funding cut) (2020)
• Potapenko, S. (2016) “Rethinking Pathos: Media Rhetoric of Needs”, Vytauto Didžiojo Universitetas , 66, pp. 155-166.
• Sim S. (2019) “Postmodern relativism: Jean-François Lyotard versus Jacques Derrida”. Post‑Truth, Scepticism & Power , pp. 97-123.
• Stocchetti, M. and Kukkonen, K. (2011) Critical media analysis: An introduction for media professionals . Peter Lang.
• Tung, L., Andreadakis, Z., Román, R., Tollefsen, S., Saville, M. & Mayhew, S. (2020) “The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape “, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery , 19, pp. 305–306.
• Van Deursen, A. J. A. M. (2017) “Digital divide: Impact of media literacy”, The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects , pp. 1–8.
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2022, February 18). Covering a Pandemic: Critical Media Analysis. https://ivypanda.com/essays/covering-a-pandemic-critical-media-analysis/

"Covering a Pandemic: Critical Media Analysis." IvyPanda , 18 Feb. 2022, ivypanda.com/essays/covering-a-pandemic-critical-media-analysis/.

IvyPanda . (2022) 'Covering a Pandemic: Critical Media Analysis'. 18 February.

IvyPanda . 2022. "Covering a Pandemic: Critical Media Analysis." February 18, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/covering-a-pandemic-critical-media-analysis/.

1. IvyPanda . "Covering a Pandemic: Critical Media Analysis." February 18, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/covering-a-pandemic-critical-media-analysis/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Covering a Pandemic: Critical Media Analysis." February 18, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/covering-a-pandemic-critical-media-analysis/.

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1.1 "Reading" to Understand and Respond

Learning outcomes.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

• Identify genre elements and determine how conventions are shaped by audience, purpose, language, culture, and expectation.
• Articulate the importance of inquiry, learning, critical thinking, and communicating in varying rhetorical and cultural contexts.
• Identify relationships between ideas, patterns of organization, and interplay between verbal and nonverbal elements in a diverse range of texts.

To read and write well means to read and write critically. What are you saying that’s new, different, insightful, or edgy? In fact, a major goal of most college curricula is to train students to be critical readers, writers, and thinkers so that they carry those habits into the real and virtual worlds beyond campus borders. What, you may ask, does it mean to be critical? How does being a critical reader, writer, and thinker differ from being an ordinary reader, writer, and thinker? Being critical in reading means knowing how to analyze distinctions, interpretations, and conclusions. Being critical in writing means making distinctions, developing interpretations, and drawing conclusions that stand up to thoughtful scrutiny by others. Becoming a critical thinker, then, means learning to exercise reason and judgment whenever you encounter the language of others or generate language yourself. Beginning with social media and then moving into the world of academia, this chapter explores strategies for helping you become a more accomplished critical reader and emphasizes the close thinking relationship between critical reading and critical writing.

Rhetoric and the Rhetorical Situation

To begin to read, write, and think critically, it is helpful to look at something familiar such as social media and the way it is used. Interactions on social media, as in all types of conversation, present rhetorical situations that form the basis of communication. In the most basic terms, a rhetorical situation has two elements: agents and conditions. Agents are the originators (initiators) and the audience of the communication. The originator may have a real audience or an anticipated audience. A real audience is made up of people the originator may know personally or know of. For example, if you are the originator, your real audience could be a group of your peers to whom you present your ideas in class. Or it could be a person to whom you send a text message. You know the members of the class and know something about them. Similarly, you know the person to whom you send the text. An anticipated audience is one you hope to reach or one you expect will engage with your communication. When you post on social media platforms, for instance, your audience is probably anticipated. While you might have followers, you may not know them personally, but you anticipate who they are and how they might react.

The conditions of a rhetorical situation refer to the genre, purpose, stance, context, and culture. The genre , or medium, is the mode in which you communicate. You may speak persuasively in class, or you may send a text message; both are genres. The purpose is your reason or reasons for the communication. For example, if you are presenting to your class, your purpose might be to do well and get a good grade, but it also might be to inform or to persuade your classmates. Likewise, you might want to gain attention by posting something on social media that connects to other people’s thoughts and feelings. The third condition is the stance , which is your take, or viewpoint, as presented in the communication. Your stance may be that college loans should be forgiven, or it may be that college loans should be repaid in full. The context is the setting of the rhetorical situation. Some examples might be a communication taking place during a global pandemic or during a Black Lives Matter protest. The context affects the ways in which a particular social, political, or economic situation influences the process of communication. The final element is culture , which refers to groups of people who share commonalities. When communicating, you make assumptions about the cultural traits of your audience, perhaps expecting that they will agree with you regarding certain values or beliefs. For example, if you are communicating with an American audience, you may assume a positive value for democracy or a dislike of foreign interference. Conversely, you also may communicate with people whose cultural views are at odds or in conflict with your own: for example, a man who publicly advocates outdated gender views might have trouble communicating culturally with a younger female audience. The ways in which you choose to communicate to those within and those outside of your culture are likely to differ as you craft a stance within a given context for a particular purpose and audience.

As you work through a deeper understanding of rhetoric within a rhetorical situation, remember a few key points. When you read, write, and think critically or rhetorically, you try to figure out why a message is being communicated in a certain way. Reading language rhetorically means figuring out why and how it works or fails to work in achieving its communicative purpose. Writing rhetorically means being conscious of the ways in which you construct a message within a clearly defined rhetorical situation. Thinking rhetorically means considering the possibilities of meaning as conveyed through language and image. By putting these concepts together, you will come to understand how these elements work in concert with each other and affect your interactions with the world.

Social Media Savvy

Social media is an important part of modern life, and many people maintain multiple social media accounts. These applications can educate and help you connect to others. However, every post you make on any social media platform leaves a digital footprint—the sum of your online behavior. These footprints might reflect on you positively or negatively. On one hand, if you repost a baby goat jumping around a barnyard, you and others may laugh and no harm is done. On the other hand, if you are upset or angry and post something nasty about someone, the target can be harmed through cyberbullying and your online reputation tarnished. It is important to understand that the footprint you leave may never go away and may cause trouble for you down the road.

Negative footprints could hurt your credibility regarding future admissions to programs or future employment. Comedian Kevin Hart (b. 1979), for example, lost a job hosting the Academy Awards when some of his negative posts resurfaced, even after he rescinded them and acknowledged the problem. Right or wrong, social media leaves a trail for others to find. In other words, what are you showing others about your talents and skills through your social media presence? The point is that with its wonder and power, social media should be treated responsibly and with an awareness of its longevity. One way to better judge what you might post would be to consider the rhetorical situation so that you can anticipate an audience reaction based on genre, purpose, stance, context, and cultural awareness.

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How social media crisis response and social interaction is helping people recover from Covid-19: an empirical investigation

Umar ali bukar.

1 Department of Software Engineering and Information System, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, 43400 Malaysia

3 Computer Science Unit, Department of Mathematical Science, Faculty of Science, Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria

Marzanah A. Jabar

Fatimah sidi.

2 Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, 43400 Malaysia

RNH Binti Nor

Salfarina abdullah, iskandar ishak.

Community resilience following a crisis has become essential to avoid panic. In contrast, social media usage has been practical to improve public resilience. However, the impacts of social media crisis response and social interaction have not been fully addressed. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of social media crisis communication on public resilience. The study data were collected through an online medium, and the final responses consist of 393 observations, mainly of Malaysians who have experienced Covid-19 isolation, quarantine, or lockdown. The assessments of the reflective measurement models based on path analysis in PLS-SEM are reliable and valid. The Cronbach’s alpha, rho_A, composite reliability, and discriminant validity revealed acceptable values. PLS prediction algorithm was run to assess the model’s predictive power, and the findings show that the predictive relevance is satisfactory. Furthermore, the IPMA was applied to evaluate the model’s usefulness, which compares the level of the variables from the performance scale mean value against the importance level. The result shows that all the variables are useful and reveal good performance. Thus, crisis management and communication activities should pay more attention to these variables for effective social media crisis communication. Thus, the study offers theoretical and practical implications in the field of social media-based crisis communication and crisis informatics.

Introduction

The function of social media is pivotal to the crisis communication literature [ 2 ], seen as extending crisis communication by allowing dialogue between the public and authorities [ 36 , 53 ], sometimes summarised under the termed ’crisis informatics’ [ 48 ]. Social media is effective in helping the victims of crisis and is widely used as an information source [ 18 ]. Crisis management and communication are increasingly being challenged by the impact of social media as a forum for crisis communication. The concept of social media usage in crisis informatics literature views stakeholders’ crisis response as an expanded social system [ 49 ] which encourages public and crisis management authorities to engage in knowledge sharing of crisis-related information [ 35 ]. Similarly, the crisis management and communication authorities are tasked with evaluating the public responses to increase a sense of resilient community [ 43 ]. Social networking sites bring the public into groups, creating a social forum to discuss crisis events [ 29 ] which could add pressure to the management stakeholders. This paves the way for new questions, including how and to what purpose should crisis management embark on social media usage to participate in social interaction as inter-media dialog and how neutral crisis management voices may stay neutral or positive on social media [ 5 ].

Whereas the emergence of Coronavirus (Covid-19) has exposed people to digital interaction via social media platforms, physical interaction has been difficult and challenging due to the nature of the virus spread. The condition deteriorates as experts and authorities encourage and force residents to reduce movement for several weeks to contain the spread of the virus. Public resilience to avoid panicking as a result of the crisis has become even further critical. While social media provides the environment where people communicate, help the affected citizens, and as information source [ 18 ]. Despite its importance, the literature review has identified. Reference [ 41 ] as the only study that investigated how social media usage could improve community resilience after a crisis. Besides, social networking sites have created more concerns on the ability of the public to scrutinize information and potential relationship building through social media interaction. Thus, this study intends to add to the literature on resilience building through social media usage and social media-based crisis communication. Hence, this study addressed the research question; what is the impact of social media crisis communication on the ability of the people to recover from a crisis? Consequently, the main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of social media crisis response and social interaction on public resilience. Thus, the study is presented as follows; section II discussed the theoretical framework and hypothesis, section III discussed the research methods, section IV presents the results and analysis, and section V presents the discussion of the study and then the conclusion.

Theoretical model and hypothesis

According to [ 3 ], the situational crisis communication theory (SCCT) is the most prevalent. It focuses on reputation building, whereas the social-mediated crisis communication (SMCC) theory examined the impact of social media users on crisis communication, which is used to increase organizational reputation. Although there are numerous models that emphasise public resilience [ 41 , 59 , 64 ], and stakeholder relationships [ 4 , 10 , 24 , 40 ]. For instance, the model by [ 41 ] demonstrates how social media can enhance hotel resilience. Additionally, [ 3 ] reported that a study conducted by [ 64 ] concluded that traditional models are incapable of providing the optimal solution for social media crisis communication. However, [ 38 ] insisted that two models which integrate social media and may be able to provide reputation building, resilience, and an understanding of complexity: the networked crisis communication model (NCC) and the social media crisis communication model (SMCC). The majority of these models are static, oblivious to the dynamic of social media. While the SMCC attempted to address the dynamism of social media, the model focuses primarily on the types of public engagement in crisis response. Traditionally, integrated crisis mapping (ICM) has placed a premium on comprehending the full spectrum of public emotions [ 34 ]. The dynamic STREMII model was introduced solely to address social media crisis management. A study based on the ICM outlines a general approach and directions for developing a crisis communication and management model and a direct method for more effectively responding to public emotional reactions during a crisis [ 32 ]. Additionally, the interactive crisis communication model (ICCM) is the first model to provide an integrated strategy toolkit for social media crisis communication by synthesizing SCCT and CCS into five primary crisis responses. The social media crisis management matrix and framework (SMCMF) [ 64 ] emphasizes emotions, accountability, and response strategy, whereas STREMII emphasizes a systematic approach to dynamically responding to a crisis. Despite their importance, the studies have not examined the potential impact of social media crisis communication on people’s ability to recover quickly and effectively from crises. The Fig. ​ Fig.1 1 presented the conceptual model and research hypothesis, the bold and dotted lines indicates direct relationship and indirect relationship, respectively.

Hypothesize conceptual model

Situational crisis communication theory (SCCT)

Situational crisis communication theory (SCCT) was developed in 1995, refined, and renamed in 2002 [ 8 ]. The SCCT was motivated by the absence of a model to connects crisis to crisis response strategies (what crisis communicators say and do during a crisis) and crisis situations. The SCCT connects crisis and crisis response strategies and crisis types through the lens of attribution theory. Through crisis response, individuals seek to comprehend why a crisis event occurred. The work by [ 8 ] highlighted the importance of attributions, stating that they influence how people feel and react to an event. According to SCCT, crises are adverse events that cause people to judge the crisis management authorities, and a timely response safeguards the crisis management reputations [ 7 ]. The digital environment, mainly social media platforms, enables individuals to challenge crisis management [ 8 ] due to public engagement in crisis response via social media, which also aids in the recovery process. On social media, the crisis has an impact on how crisis response is formed and led. Thus, crisis response and social media interaction are used to address the situation when the crisis occurs. This demonstrated the effectiveness of crisis response and social media interaction in assisting people recovering from a crisis. Thus, the research framework (Fig. ​ (Fig.1) 1 ) indicates that crisis significantly affects resilience, social media interaction, and crisis response, as the following hypothesis suggests.

• Hypothesis 1 (H1): Crisis has a significant impact on crisis response.
• Hypothesis 2 (H2): Crisis has a significant impact on the crisis.
• Hypothesis 3 (H3): Crisis has a significant impact on social media interaction.

Additionally, crisis response refers to the response of stakeholders (both public and management) to a crisis. This is discussed in the social-mediated crisis communication model (SMCC), which focuses on the types of public, the sources of information, and the information format. The crisis response enables stakeholders to create content that expresses their views on/about the crisis or the entity managing it. Understanding the full range of public emotions enhances the effectiveness of crisis response strategies [ 38 , 59 , 64 ], all of which have an effect on the public’s ability to recover. The crisis management literature frequently refers to three stages of crisis management as para-crisis, crisis, and post-crisis [ 4 , 9 , 38 , 61 ]. As is the case with crisis responses, the nature of the para-crisis is considered to determine the para-crisis response that will most effectively mitigate the crisis risk [ 8 ]. Thus, crisis response has an effect on resilience and social media interaction. Hence, the crisis-resilience relationship is mediated by crisis response and social media interaction. Therefore, this study implies that crisis response acts as a mediator between crisis and social interaction, as well as between crisis and resilience, as described in the hypothesis below.

• Hypothesis 4 (H4): Crisis response has a significant impact on resilience.
• Hypothesis 5 (H5): Crisis response has a significant impact on social media interaction.
• Hypothesis 7 (H7): The relationship between crisis and resilience is mediated by crisis response.
• Hypothesis 8 (H8): The relationship between crisis and social media interaction is mediated by crisis response.

Interactive crisis communication model (ICCM)

The interactive crisis communication model (ICCM), introduced by [ 4 ], is relatively new in the crisis communication literature, which is base on SCCT, SMCC, and traditional crisis communication strategies (CCS). The ICCM is built for social media, demonstrating and representing the total interaction of stakeholders in a digital environment. Since everyone participates in crisis response, the model reaffirms the SMCC classification of public engagement and interactions. The ICCM demonstrates the importance of social interaction by demonstrating its capacity to provide one of the four gratifications identified in the uses and gratification theory (UGT) [ 37 , 66 ]. The entire ICCM is referred to as an interactive model, as it illustrates the fundamental elements of crisis management’s interaction with the public. Similarly, the interaction is a fundamental component of the STREMII model [ 59 ]. The ICCM demonstrates why social interaction is critical in social media crisis response. According to the ICCM model, since social media is an object or environment that enables groups and individuals to collaborate, the content can take the form of text, visual, audio, or a combination of these, which referred to as the interaction’s content [ 4 , 38 , 41 , 59 ]. The contents are from two sources: crisis management and public response. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of social interaction on resilience. Thus, this study implies that there is a relationship between social media interaction and resilience. As demonstrated in the hypothesis below, social media interaction serves as a mediator between crisis and resilience and crisis response and resilience.

• Hypothesis 6 (H6): Social media interaction has a significant impact on resilience.
• Hypothesis 9 (H9): The relationship between crisis and resilience is mediated by social media interaction.
• Hypothesis 10 (H10): The relationship between crisis response and resilience is mediated by social media interaction.

Social media disaster resilience (SMDR) model

The social-mediated disaster resilience (SMDR) model was introduced by [ 41 ], who demonstrated how social media usage is integrated into resilience building and discusses its potential for increasing hotel resilience. The study links resilience and disaster management literature using the revised 3Rs (robustness, rapidity, and redundancy) resilience model. Then, discussed social media as a robust technology to be used in crisis [ 68 ], to increase the speed of communication and information distribution (rapidity) [ 11 , 30 ], and to redistribute the targeted information to a larger crowd via crowdsourcing (redundancy). In general, there is enough literature on how social media detects and document disasters [ 48 ], send and receive assistance [ 63 ], spread warnings [ 50 ], and solicit donations and volunteerism [ 50 , 63 ]. Thus, the robustness of social media has enabled the public to participate in crisis communication discussions, establishing them as vital resources [ 31 ]. Additionally, the information can be quickly and widely distributed via social media crisis response and social interaction. While resistance is the first ideal outcome following a crisis, robustness, rapidity, and redundancy (3Rs) are critical for increasing resilience to the adverse effects of a crisis or disaster [ 41 ]. Hence, it is essential to investigate the impact of crisis management efforts since their role is to strengthen relationships and improves the community’s resilience [ 38 , 41 ]. Accordingly, crisis response and social media interaction mediates the crisis-resilience relationship as the following hypothesis suggest.

Resilience is the ability to mentally or emotionally cope with crises or to return to pre-crisis status quickly. Public resilience is important to understand the impact of crisis management (organization) effort in the advent of the crisis. Crisis management action is aimed to improve relationships and increase community resilience [ 38 , 41 ]. The conceptual model (Fig. ​ (Fig.1) 1 ) indicates that crisis, crisis response, and social media interaction has a significant impact on the ability of people to recover from the crisis.

• Hypothesis 11 (H11): The relationship between crisis and resilience is mediated by crisis response and social media interaction.

Research method

Preliminary test.

The questionnaire items were developed from the existing literature on crisis communication and the use of social media for crisis response. The items were revised to form the research instrument as an expert evaluation document for content validation. The expert evaluation form contains a detailed discussion of each construct with their corresponding items used in this research. Experts in crisis communication and information systems were used for expert validation in the first and second-round processes. The validity of the items was examined in each round, and 34 items passed the requirement of content validity index (CVI) and modified kappa statistics used to compute the agreement between the experts [ 44 , 45 , 67 ]. The result of the expert validation and items used for the pilot test and subsequent study are presented in appendix A and B. Consequently, 32 responses were received during the pilot test to examine the instrument’s reliability in the early phase of the study on the 5 point Likert scale. After the pilot test, the items were adapted and designed to form the final instrument use for the data collection.

Data collection

This study investigates the impact of social media-based crisis communication on the ability of people to recover from the crisis quickly, in this case, referred to as public resilience. Specifically, the research focuses to empirically examine how crisis, crisis response, and social media interaction affect public resilience. Therefore, the research aims are to allow the public affected by the crisis to express their views on social media-based crisis responses, engagement, and communication. Thus, this study provides a prospect to investigate the impact of crisis communication by the crisis management authorities and the public as stakeholders affected by the crisis. The study is conducted in Malaysia and the Covid-19 pandemic was used as an example of a crisis that impacted public resilience. The research applied a simple random sampling technique due to its unbiased feature that allows the probability of each member of the population to be selected and its simplicity [ 17 ]. Moreover, the study is cross-sectional, and the sample size was calculated by using G*Power statistics, and 119 were found as the minimum sample required for the study [ 13 , 14 ]. All the measurement items are reflective and are measured on a 5 point Likert scale. The survey was conducted online through Google Form that resulted in 396 responses from people who regularly used social media during the crisis. A total of 3 responses were excluded due to the straight line issue [ 42 ]. The final responses consist of 393 observations which primarily consist of Malaysians between 21 and 40 years who have experienced Covid-19 lockdown and are observing social distancing rules either to avoid the crowded area, self-isolate or quarantine. Most of the respondents used social media during the Covid-19 movement control order (MCO) to engage virtually with friends and relatives and received updates from crisis management and communication authorities. The consent for voluntary participation was clearly stated in the questionnaire that offers the freedom for the participants to participate or not. The questionnaire was posted on Malaysian university’s Facebook pages and WhatsApp groups periodically between 06/07/2020 to 20th/11/2020.

Data analysis

The study used Excel to store the data during the entire stages of the research, SPSS 26.0 was used in the preliminary stage for early reliability checking, and SmartPLS 3 was adopted to analyze the data in the final stage of the research. Specifically, the researchers utilized SPSS 26.0 to examine the pilot test data to evaluate the Cronbach’s alpha, reliability of the instruments, model fit, and mediation before the final data collection. The SmartPLS 3 was used to perform confirmatory composite analysis (CCA) to test the reliability and validity of the variables, test the hypotheses, and determine the structural model [ 20 , 21 , 27 , 55 ]. Moreover, the PLS Predict algorithms were used to check the predictive power of the proposed model [ 12 , 57 ], and IPMA was utilized to check the managerial usefulness of the construct under investigation [ 51 ].

Results and findings

Response rate.

The demographics information and response rate are presented in Table ​ Table1. 1 . A total of three hundred and ninety-six (396) responses were received and recorded as valid data. The data was administered and collected in Malaysia, and the participants were expected to be residing in Malaysia during the data collection period. The demographic variables include gender, age, level of education, country of residency, social media usage, and the social media currently in use. The distribution of the gender was at 52.5% female and 46.5% male. The sample indicates an identical distribution of the gender variable. The age variables show that most of the participants are between 18 and 24 years (48.7%), followed by 25 and 34 years (27.8%). The postgraduate (41.4%) and undergraduate (44.9%) dominated the level of education variable. In addition, the sample has more participants residing in Malaysia (73.5%) than any other country, followed by Nigeria (15.9%). Ninety-nine percent (99%) of the participants are using social media. The analysis of the social media usage frequency indicates that WhatsApp (98.2%) and Facebook (82.1%) are the most used social media by the respondent, followed by Instagram (72.7%), Twitter (57.1%), and SnapChat (23.7%). The participants also indicated using other social media platforms such as Skype (15.4%), WeChat (12.6%), and Quora (11.1%). The breakdown of the demographics characteristics can be seen in Table ​ Table1, 1 , respectively.

Demographic characteristics of the sample

Analysis of measurement models

All the measurement models are reflective. According to the literature, there must be a correlation between the items of reflective measurement models and the values of outer loading, emphasizing that they should be significant [ 22 ]. Therefore, the measurement models were evaluated based on the guidelines of reflective measurement [ 6 , 22 , 26 ]. The reliability and the validity of the constructs are analyzed. Thus, the evaluation of the measurement models revealed that the factor loading of all the measures is above the threshold for acceptance. The results of the reflective measures are shown in Table ​ Table2, 2 , and the discriminant validity is shown in Table ​ Table3. 3 . However, some items, CRI1, CRI2, CRE5, CRE6, SMI1, SMI2, SMI5, RES1, RES2, RES3, RES9, RES12, RES13, RES14, and RES15, were not considered in the analysis due to either low loading values ( < 0.7 ) or its impact to their corresponding constructs to achieve a higher average variance extracted (AVE) values for convergent validity [ 21 , 27 ]. The result indicates that the measures are reliable and valid. Specifically, all the Cronbach’s alpha, coefficients rho A, and composite reliability have values above 0.7 [ 21 , 26 ] and the discriminant validity based on the recommendation of [ 25 ] is supported both from Fornell-Larcker Criterion and the heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations (HTMT). Specifically, the assessment of HTMT indicated that the values are significant, which are below 0.85 [ 16 ] suggesting that the discriminant validity exists in the measures.

Reliability of the measurement models

Discriminant validity

Therefore, based on the findings presented in Tables ​ Tables2 2 and ​ and3, 3 , all the models’ indicators (measurement items) have higher loading corresponding to their constructs than any other loading of other constructs under investigation. Therefore, the findings of this study meet the evaluation criteria of cross-loading. In addition, these findings provide enough evidence to conclude that the reliability and convergent validity of the measurement models are adequate.

Analysis of the structural models

The assessment of the structural model was done by explaining the predictive power of the constructs through R 2 value, path coefficient β - v a l u e s , and the predictive relevance of the model. The proposed model (Fig. ​ (Fig.2; 2 ; Table ​ Table4) 4 ) shows that there is a 37.8% explanatory power for resilience with R 2 = 0.378 . Moreover, the results indicates that the relationship between crisis and resilience is positive and significant ( β = 0.127 , t - v a l u e = 9.619 ; p = . 000 ), establishing support for H1. In addition, a positive and significant results is obtained for the relationship between crisis and crisis response ( β = 0.439 , t - v a l u e = 2.450 ; p = . 014 ), establishing support for H2. In addition the relationship between crisis and social media interaction is significant ( β = 0.197 , t - v a l u e = 3.986 ; p = . 000 ), establishing support for H3. Similarly, there is a significant relationship between crisis response and resilience ( β = 0.254 , t - v a l u e = 3.799 ; p = . 000 ) and between crisis response and social media interaction ( β = 0.434 , t - v a l u e = 8.276 ; p = . 000 ), establishing support for H4 and H5 respectively. Moreover, the results also indicates a significant relationship between social media interaction and resilience ( β = 0.369 , t - v a l u e = 7.168 ; p = . 000 ), establishing support for H6.

Paths coefficient of the structural model

Proposed model for social media crisis communication for building public resilience

Furthermore, the mediation results were obtained on whether the social media interaction and crisis response acted as mediators between the corresponding constructs. Bias-Corrected and Accelerated (BCa) Bootstrap was recommended by various studies as the best method for the detecting mediating effects [ 23 , 46 , 58 , 60 ]. In addition, [ 60 ] added that a minimum of 10,000 bootstrap samples offers a powerful approach to better assess the statistical inference of the model. Thus, the mediation effects were assessed based on BCa bootstrap with 10,000 samples. The bootstrapping results (Table ​ (Table5) 5 ) indicated that the relationship between crisis and resilience is mediated by crisis response ( β = 0.111 , t - v a l u e = 3.494 ; p = . 000 ), establishing support for H7, and likewise there is an indirect effect between crisis and social media interaction ( β = 0.190 , t - v a l u e = 6.468 ; p = . 000 ), establishing support for H8. Moreover, the mediating effects of social media interaction is significant between crisis and resilience ( β = 0.073 , t - v a l u e = 3.455 ; p = . 001 ), and crisis response and resilience ( β = 0.160 , t - v a l u e = 5.645 ; p = . 000 ), establishing support for H9 and H10 respectively. In addition, crisis response and social media interaction acted as mediators between crisis and resilience ( β = 0.070 , t - v a l u e = 4.952 ; p = . 000 ), establishing support for H11. Based on the results obtained, all the direct and indirect effect are significant at t - v a l u e s > 1.96 and p - v a l u e < 0.05 , as presented in Table ​ Table6 6 .

Mediation of the Structural Model

Hypothesis assessment of the direct and indirect effects

Analysis of the predictive power of the models

The model’s predictive power was evaluated by applying the procedure of PLSpredict based on recommendations from previous studies [ 12 , 57 ]. According to the literature, the constructs measurement models must meet the relevant quality standards before initiating the PLSpredict model [ 16 , 22 , 25 , 57 ]. In this study, the reflective measurement models exhibit satisfactory reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Thus, the PLS prediction algorithm (PLSpredict) was initiated to assess the predictive relevance of the PLS-SEM model and the naïve benchmark model (linear model; LM) by comparing root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and Q predict 2 values (Table ​ (Table7; 7 ; Fig. ​ Fig.3). 3 ). The results interpretation guidelines suggested that Q predict 2 was examined at the initial stage, and the value must outperform the naïve benchmark model before assessing RMSE and MAE [ 12 ]. Based on the result obtained, the Q predict 2 > 0 are primarily positive, and both the RMSE and MAE are mostly negative values. That is, the errors of the proposed model are smaller than the linear model. Hence, the PLS-SEM predictions (the measurement and the structural models) outperform the LM benchmark, establishing a medium predictive power.

Procedure for assessing the predictive relevance of the model [ 57 ]

Result of PLSpredict showing predictive power of the model

Model usefulness

The usefulness of the model was assessed through Importance-Performance Map Analysis (IPMA) (Figs. ​ (Figs.4, 4 , ​ ,5) 5 ) [ 51 , 52 ]. This also helps the researchers understand the influence of the constructs and indicators and the significance of improving crisis management and communication decisions and efforts during the crisis. The performance is shown on the x -axis, and the importance is on the y -axis.

IPMA for model’s constructs

IPMA for model’s indicators

The IPMA analysis allows the researchers to examine the critical indicators of public resilience [ 22 , 51 ]. Moreover, the IPMA compares the construct indicator level from the performance scale mean value against the importance of the indicators (i.e., total effects). From the result obtained, social media interaction (SMI) has a performance of 82.2%, but its importance is slightly below crisis and crisis response constructs. This indicates that the crisis management and communication authorities should be giving much importance to social media interaction. Second, the crisis has a performance of 78.5%, while the crisis response construct is the lowest-performing construct at 76.0%.

Additionally, the resulting IPMA for the constructs and indicators is divided into four parts; “useful”, “important”, “performance”, and “not useful” equivalent to keep up, do better, education and no change [ 28 , 52 ]; (Figs. ​ (Figs.4, 4 , ​ ,5). 5 ). The study in [ 52 ] reiterates that the partition of the graph quadrants is dependent on the performance and importance of the mean values [ 51 ]. The constructs and indicators that are found in the “useful” quadrant are essentially important and reveal good performance. Thus, any activity should be the focus on maintaining the constructs and indicators at the useful quadrant. The “performance” quadrant emphasized the need for attention since they portray high performance but low importance. The constructs and indicators that appeared in the “important” section of the quadrant are averagely above both importance and less performance.

In contrast, those found in the “not useful” quadrant indicate low performance and importance levels. In this study, none of the constructs or indicators have appeared in the “important,” “performance,” and “not useful” of the graph (Figs. ​ (Figs.4, 4 , ​ ,5) 5 ) section. Overall, the result indicates that all the constructs and indicators are useful for improving crisis management, communication, and future research endeavors.

Social media crisis communication is becoming a factor in today’s crisis management, especially now that the citizens are part of the crisis communication matrix [ 1 , 33 , 47 , 48 ]. This study aimed to investigate the impact of social media crisis communication on public resilience by adapting constructs from SCCT, ICCM, STREMII, and SMDR. Resilience is the ability of people to recover from a crisis quickly and effectively. In addition, the study examines the usefulness of crisis, crisis response, social media interaction, and resilience to improve crisis communication and management. The research employed PLS-SEM to study the relationship between these variables to improve the adoption of social media-based crisis response and communication worldwide. In this Chapter, the empirical result based on the PLS-SEM assessment of the quantitative data used to validate and verify the proposed model was presented and discussed.

The discussions and developments surrounding social media potentials to improve the stakeholder’s relationship and building community resilience during or after crisis called for an empirical investigation of this research. As the central aspect of this work, the study proposed a social media crisis communication and resilience model that offer the basics to determine effective social media-based crisis communication and management. Particular importance in this section is based on the results and findings achieved from the evaluation of the structural model. According to the findings, all the research hypotheses were supported. This indicated that the public ability to recover from a crisis could be improved through social media-based crisis communication by meaningful engagement in crisis response and social interaction on social media. To be more specific, the result revealed that crisis response and social media interaction had the higher significant result ( p -value = 0.000), as against crisis which was also significant at p -value = 0.014.

Accordingly, the path coefficient results established that social media crisis response and social interaction were the most significant public resilience predictors. Furthermore, the evaluation of the predictive power supports the path coefficient result by revealing that the overall predictive power of the proposed model is medium. However, the findings from IPMA suggest that the crisis construct is the crucial construct on resilience and weak concerning the performance effect on the model. These findings contribute to a new perspective about social media-based crisis communication literature, which previous studies have not investigated. Overall, the findings of this study provide highlights concerning the critical importance of social media-based crisis communication for effective crisis communication and management. Hence, crisis management organizations and stakeholders aiming for effective social media crisis communication for resilience building should consider enabling or improving social media crisis response and social interaction in their disaster or crisis management plans.

Besides, the analyses of the indicators’ usefulness on the people’s ability to recover from crisis revealed significant results across the independent variables. The IPMA investigates the usefulness of the constructs and indicators to prioritize which features require greater attention. The IPMA results indicate the most performing constructs or indicators as well as the most important. The findings revealed that the crisis is specifically essential in explaining resilience. This construct relates to social media engagement and crisis responses. In addition, social media interaction and crisis response are essential. The social media interaction relates to communication, situational awareness, and knowledge sharing, while the crisis response relates to public response, knowledge, information, and expression. An improvement of the effectiveness of the constructs translates to the immediate improvement of crisis communication and management. Hence, the proposed model constructs are relevant for crisis management action, suggesting a hierarchy of important features to represent social media-based crisis communication knowledge, including social media interaction, crisis response, and crisis, in this order. Crisis management authorities should focus on these aspects to achieve significant improvement to the crisis management investments.

Subsequently, the findings of this study have strengthened the studies of [ 4 , 41 , 59 ] whose conceptualizations of social media-based crisis communication model emphasized the importance of crisis response and social interaction through social media usage for effective crisis communication. These studies have provided the basis for the model proposed in this study. Although, few studies investigated the impact of interactions of various stakeholders involved in crisis communication on social media [ 10 , 24 , 40 ] which focused on the identification of actors involved in the issue arena, knowledge exploration of stakeholders relationships, and crisis communication content. None of the studies has investigated the conceptualized variables concerning the overall view of social media crisis communication and resilience building, and no empirical confirmation to validate their findings. Reasonably, this study may respond that indeed, the objective of crisis informatics is to understand the interaction between stakeholders involved in crisis communication [ 62 ]. Thus, this study provides a prospect to advance the use of social media for crisis communication by crisis management authorities and the public as stakeholders affected by the crisis.

Implications

Theoretical implications.

The study used quantitative data to investigate the impact of social media crisis communication on community resilience. The report included an in-depth analysis that extended existing theories and vital new insights about the relationships between crisis, crisis response, social interaction, and resilience. The current study offered further information by presenting evidence that the lack of response on social media could lessen community resilience. Since the impact of social media crisis communication on people’s ability to recover from a crisis has not been adequately addressed, which prompted this study. Therefore, a research framework through the lens of SCCT, ICCM, STREMII, and SMDR is introduced to assess the impact of the crisis, crisis response, and social media interaction on resilience. Notably, the framework was validated using structural equation modeling (SEM), prediction models, and the IPMA procedure. Hence, the study adds knowledge and understanding about the SCCT, the ICCM, the STREMII, and the SMDR.

Firstly, the SCCT promotes that a crisis’s history, origin, and responsibility as a victim, whether accidental or preventable, is crucial. The information is shared on social media through crisis response and social media interaction to help stakeholders deal with the situation. Crisis response and social media contacts are beneficial in assisting people to recover from the crises. The crisis is the initiator that encourages stakeholders to engage in crisis response, while social media serves as the medium for communication. Thus, the SCCT appears to have applicability in the social media environment for crisis communication. However, the theory does not appear to allow for the full potential of social media. Therefore, this study answers the call to investigate further and expand SCCT to include the social media context.

Secondly, the crisis and crisis response are the variables impacting stakeholder’s formation on social media. According to [ 15 ], the unmet challenge of modeling qualitative and quantitative data to understand how interaction, leadership, and social structure are represented in electronic trace data is reflected in the formation of stakeholder groups on social media. Further, the ICCM reflects the online environments in which stakeholders interact on social media as a socio-technical interaction resulting from crisis responses. The crisis responders form groups and interact, mediating constant and significant associations and influencing peers. In crisis response, the ICCM stressed the need for cooperation amongst stakeholders. Third, the use of social media for strengthening hotel resilience has been demonstrated in the SMDR model. As a result, this study adds to existing literature to explain the relationship between crisis, social media interactions, crisis response, and community resilience.

Moreover, previous research suggests that crisis management stakeholders use social media during a crisis to provide status updates and respond to public stakeholder’s messages. The ICCM model demonstrated the significance of the interactive concept of social media crisis communication, as well as discuss the type of public stakeholders involve in social media crisis communication [ 1 , 33 ]. Further, the STREMII model pointed out social media’s dynamic nature, which covers information provision, ideas, questions, and entertaining messages. These researches focused and emphasized the interactive and dynamic features of social media; their research is the recent beginning point for understanding what types of stakeholders respond to a social media crisis. As a result, this study examines the relationship between crisis, crisis response, and social interaction to understand how this information is helping people to recover from the crisis.

Reflecting on the primary lessons learned from this research, crisis managers should be concerned that organizations may not understand crisis communication in a social media context. Given the rapid development and adoption of social media by organizations and stakeholders, there is a need for much more research in this field. Social media has distinct characteristics that make it appealing for crisis management and communication stakeholders to use for crisis communication. A few of these characteristics include reaching a large audience, being interactive, and allowing crisis managers to respond to stakeholder’s messages. However, social media has made crisis communication more complicated since it allows publics stakeholders to co-create crisis messages and observe crisis managers’ responses to the crisis [ 38 , 53 ]. In addition, public stakeholders expect crisis managers to promptly communicate about emergencies using social media [ 19 ]. This study shows the importance of social media interaction and crisis response to advance crisis communication efforts in the future.

Additionally, crisis management stakeholders must address crisis information as it evolves due to the dynamic features of a pandemic crisis, as the STREMII model insisted. In addition, the public responses, along with the pandemics crisis, change with time as well. Since crises progress from pre-crisis, during the crisis, and post-crisis, which shape public perceptions of risk and resilience. During Covid-19, there are multiple phases of outbreaks and messaging that need to be adjusted regularly to engage the public, reduce fear, and support ongoing preparedness and response. It is critical to prepare and respond to public audience demands and directly address sources of fear, anxiety, and misinformation to generate straightforward, clear, and suitable messages for effective communication. Monitoring social media communication channels is crucial, which is the concept of ICCM and STREMII models. Knowing what information is being communicated via social interaction might assist crisis management stakeholders in being proactive in discussing mitigation techniques and demonstrating empathy. This may not be possible without understanding the link between crisis response and social interaction with resilience building. As a result of Covid-19, the public outrage is strong, with major uncertainty about risk perception and the need for mitigation techniques [ 39 ]. Crisis managers must understand the significant impact of crisis response and social interaction on people’s ability to recover from the crisis. In addition, this will help crisis management get prepared and allocate adequate resource to advance social media crisis communication for effective crisis management in reducing risk and saving lives.

Practical implications

Because of the advent of social media usage in crisis informatics literature, both industry and academia are paying close attention to crisis communication on social media. The public can use social media to generate content and quickly distribute it to their friends and followers, who can then share it with their own friends and followers. But despite the growing relevance of social media in crisis communication, there are enough argument to suggest that crisis management organizations do not entirely understand how to use social media to communicate during a crisis [ 33 , 53 ]. Therefore, the lack of understanding may lead to ineffective crisis handling, jeopardizing the crisis management effort. By examining the impact of crisis response and social interaction, this study raises crisis management awareness and contributes to academic and management understandings on the subject. Moreover, this study emphasized the notion of crisis communication based on genuine and real-time public behaviors. To respond correctly and help citizens recover effectively, crisis managers must strengthen their monitoring of negative public opinion on social media and determine the attitudes and behaviors of the public [ 65 ].

The long-term impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is uncertain, but it is undoubtedly going to stay longer than expected [ 54 ]. One of the primary and immediate effects of the pandemic is how it has shaken the public relationship. Movements restrictions resulting from physical distance caused by the pandemic make people stressfully know that their well-being depends on their associates. Social engagement probably affects individuals’ ability to adapt during the pandemic. Yet, the physical distancing measures uncover and adjust the nature of the public relations, which causes depression that affects the immune systems. However, social engagement could bring about an irresistible infection by the virus. The pandemic has not just seriously hindered the capacity of individuals to be in actual close relationships with different people; it has severely impeded the extreme human needs for contact, discouraging and containing any other physical showcasing of affection and connection. The explosion of electronically-mediated interaction, primarily via social media, has helped people recover from the crisis in recent decades. This study promotes social media interaction and crisis response to maintain quality relationships and deep interpersonal connections.

Most significantly, the guideline of public activity under the pandemic has profoundly affected the experience of life. During the Covid-19, individuals have not been able to partake in the social lifestyle, including births, birthday events, engagement, graduations, marriages, and retirements. On the other hand, there have been numerous technology-based instances where such events can be conducted virtually, mainly through video-calling, text, and messages. Hence this study responds to the demand for more research to explore the need to investigate the short and long-time outcomes of decreasing, denying, or modifying the shared experience of fundamental life-course changes. Furthermore, the crisis and physical distancing can have immediate and long-term impacts on youngsters’ relationships. Children are incredibly delicate to changes in their surroundings; however, they cannot wholly comprehend the situation. When isolation started, there was incredible discomfort about the infection entering and spreading through the families and households battled with how to show affection physically securely. During the lockdown, families are less stressed because they restrict contact with the rest of the world, only in essentials and those needing medical attention or visiting hospitals. Interestingly, social media activities have helped dramatically in these circumstances to manage physical distancing more effectively. Thus, this study shows future crisis managers can effectively use social media to help the affected citizens in such situations.

Moreover, at the point when schools are shut down, youngsters and teenagers cannot interact face to face with companions. Peer gatherings and fellowships are essential to identities exploration, especially for teenagers. They additionally crave enormous groups, a dense populace, and mobility. Social media allowed friendship continuity and engagement through social media interaction. However, lockdowns and school closures rendered further confinement among youngsters who are socially affected in different ways. Similarly, despite the availability of other platforms to reduce the impact of restricted movement of people, there were still questions concerning the publics’ emotions, needs for fulfillment, and survival of relationships. Hence, this study has shown the significance of social media crisis communication to establish the foundation for effective crisis communication to address these questions. In addition, the pandemic eliminated numerous people from their working environments and, most importantly, their social networks, compelling them to team up and sustain associations remotely and distantly. Similarly, more work at home can colonize everyday life [ 56 ]. Working at home can also enable a surge in stress via instant accessibility, high requests, care for kids, vulnerable family members, and work confusion. Remarkably, the relationships between the variables examined in this study could help crisis managers reposition their crisis communication strategy more effectively.

Additionally, social media has played a vital role in informing the public during the crisis, influencing public anger and, as a result, public perceptions of risks and mitigation [ 39 ]. Crisis managers, experts, and the general public used social media to convey information to many people quickly. People with social positions or experts such as medical doctors, engineers, etc., play a crucial role as trusted sources of information on social media. They are helping to share new information as it becomes available and responding to individual concerns as they arise, knowing that public perceptions of risk vary widely. Accordingly, individuals sharing ideas and news with like-minded followers on social media can generate an “echo chamber” of media attention, encouraging social interaction as well as community resilience [ 3 ]. Hence, this study is the first to link social media crisis response and social interaction with resilience building and tested their relationship with primary data.

Conclusions

Natural or human-induced crises or disasters have repeatedly exposed peoples to danger despite the growing efforts dedicated to crisis management and communication, especially before the crisis (preparation), mitigation, and recovery. While social media attract people worldwide to engage, interact, and communicate during and after such events. Therefore, a thoughtful knowledge of the main elements contributing to the intentional outcome of social media crisis communication is needed. Despite the existing research on social media crisis communication models toward social media usage and how this improves stakeholders’ relationships or improves community resilience. Thus, it is worthy of pondering how crisis, social media interaction, and crisis response influence people’s ability to recover from crisis easily and quickly, and similarly revealing the indirect impacts of socio-technical interaction and social media-based crisis responses. The study empirically investigates the relationship between social media-based crisis communication elements and their impacts on community resilience. All hypotheses for the direct and indirect relationship are validated, and the results are significant to advance the use of social media in crisis communication and crisis informatics researches.

Limitations

The limitation of this study includes the dissemination of the research instrument toward the direction of people with more probability of using social media. In addition, the participant mostly composed of people from Malaysia; carefully designed research to fully exploit the complexity of the sample may reveal different findings. Moreover, the study does not differentiate between news about deaths and false information. In addition, the survey questionnaire was mainly based on the understanding that it was related to Covid-19 and public health concerns. The answers would be different if the crisis were an earthquake or a flood.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express gratitude for the financial support provided under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) Grant Cost Centre: 5540287.

Appendix A Content validation results

Table ​ Table8Table 8

Research items content validity index and modified kappa statistics

Appendix B Research instrument

B.0.1 Crisis items

• 1-Crisis (Coronavirus aka Covid-19) threatens the social wellbeing of the peoples.
• 2-Crisis makes social or physical interaction with family or friends difficult.
• 3-Crisis makes individuals spend more time on social media.
• 4-Crisis makes individuals collaborate or engage with family or friends on social media.
• 5-Crisis makes individuals interact on social media.
• 6-Crisis makes individuals post, comment, likes, or share information with friends or relatives on social media.

B.0.2 Crisis response items

• 1-What peoples and authorities say on social media influence public engagement and colloboration.
• 2-What individuals say on social media help others to know more about the crisis.
• 3-The information about the crisis sometimes makes peoples want to reply and engaged on media discussion.
• 4-Peoples express their opinions to encourage the authorities to do more.
• 5-Peoples express many different emotions (e.g joy, pain, anger, fair) through posts and comments.
• 6-Warning messages are taken more seriously when the social position of the sender is the same with the receiver.

B.0.3 Social media interaction items

• 1-Publics actively seek information about a crisis on social media.
• 2-Publics actively exchange views about a crisis with others on social media.
• 3-Family or friends can communicate through social media text, voices, or videos during a crisis.
• 4-Individuals can create discussion forums or groups during a crisis.
• 5-Individuals can use social media to conduct conference calls, classes or virtual assignments during a crisis.
• 6-At times of crisis, authorities who give assistance, help, and protection make use of social media to provide strong guidance and information.
• 7-Collaboration and communication between peoples and authorities on social media help in educating the public about the crisis.

B.0.4 Resilience items

• 1-Collaboration and engagement with friends, relatives, and authorities on social media help people cope with stress and confusion.
• 2-Family and friends are used mostly as a trusted source of information on social media.
• 3-The interaction taking place on social media helps individuals adjust their social life as a result of the crisis.
• 4-The interaction taking place on social media helps individuals maintain lasting relationships and friendships during a crisis.
• 5-The interaction taking place on social media helps individuals emphatise with frustrations and misfortunes of a crisis.
• 6-The interaction taking place on social media helps families, friends or peoples assist one another during difficulty.
• 7-The interaction taking place on social media helps peoples to encourage each other and to have faith to overcome the problem.
• 8-Individuals get hope and courage to hear from their friends and relatives through social media engagement.
• 9-Individuals feel good spending time and energy with their family and friends on social media.
• 10-Individuals try to make sense of crisis situation with the help of social media information, engagement or interaction.
• 11-Diverse experiences, skills, and knowledge that others shared on social media give peoples hope and courage.
• 12-Positive post or comments such as people recovering gives hope and courage to others.
• 13-Negative post or comment such as deaths, fake information or failure of authorities creates more confusion and stress.
• 14-During stressful and challenging times, individuals can maintain effective relationships with those affected by the crisis on social media.
• 15-The video about Covid-19 patients on a hospital bed that is posted on social media helps individuals to prepare and protect their and love ones.

Declarations

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Contributor Information

Umar Ali Bukar, Email: moc.liamg@atamlaframu .

Marzanah A. Jabar, Email: ym.ude.mpu@hanazram .

Critical Essay

Critical Essay Topics

Best Critical Essay Topics & Ideas to Choose from

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Published on: Sep 15, 2020

Last updated on: Jan 29, 2024

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Are you struggling to find a critical essay topic that captures your interest and engages your readers?

The process of finding the perfect topic can be overwhelming, especially when the pressure is on to deliver a compelling argument. But fear not! 

In this blog, we have compiled a list of critical essay topics that are sure to get your critical thinking skills flowing. Whether you are interested in literature, sociology, or any other subject, we have a variety of topics for you.

So, let's explore the world of critical essays and find the perfect topic for your next assignment!

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Good Critical Essay Topics

To develop your creative skills, here are some essay topics and ideas to choose from and craft a well-written essay.

Critical Essay Topics for College Students

• Fictional portrayal of mental illness and public perception
• Ethics of artificial intelligence: implications of ai
• Balancing appreciation and exploitation of cultures in fashion.
• Social media's impact on political discourse
• Addressing mental health stigma in society through literature
• Pop culture's role in gender stereotypes
• Climate change and indigenous communities: vulnerability and resilience
• Ethics of genetic engineering: dilemmas in gene editing
• Exploring real-world effects of video games and violence
• Marginalized voices in mainstream media: inclusion and representation

Are you in search of an ultimate guide on critical essays? Check out this guide on critical essays to get comprehensive information and valuable insights!

Critical Essay Topics for High School Students

• The role of social media in shaping teenage behavior and attitudes
• The portrayal of racial and ethnic minorities in film and television
• The impact of technology on modern dating and relationships
• The effects of bullying on mental health and well-being
• The influence of music on youth culture and identity
• The ethics of genetic engineering and its impact on society
• The representation of gender and sexuality in popular media
• The effects of video games on cognitive development and behavior
• The impact of fast food on public health and the environment
• The portrayal of mental illness in young adult literature and media.

Critical Thinking Essay Topics Examples

• The impact of gender roles on career opportunities and income equality in the United States.
• The role of diversity in promoting economic development and social progress.
• The impact of partisan politics on the United States' response to climate change.
• The effects of cultural differences in communication and decision-making processes.
• The ethics of drone warfare and its impact on international relations.
• The role of public education in promoting critical thinking and intellectual development.
• The portrayal of women in advertising and its effects on body image and self-esteem.
• The impact of technology on the job market and employment opportunities for men and women.
• The effects of immigration policy on economic growth and diversity in the United States.
• The point of view of animal rights activists and its impact on the use of animals in scientific research.

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Advanced Critical Thinking Topics 

• The pros and cons of using social media for political activism and social justice movements.
• The ethics of using virtual reality technology in medical training and treatment.
• Writing a critical analysis of the role of satire in modern political discourse.
• An interesting critical analysis of the effects of mindfulness meditation on
• mental health.
• Critique essay topics exploring the impact of globalization on local cultures and economies.
• The effects of violent video games on aggression and empathy in young adults.
• The role of social media in perpetuating stereotypes and biases in society.
• An interesting critical analysis of the effects of music on memory and cognitive function.
• The impact of gender and sexuality on mental health treatment and stigma.
• Critique essay topics exploring the role of art and literature in promoting empathy and social awareness.

Critical Essay Topics about Movies

• The portrayal of mental illness in popular films.
• A critical analysis of the representation of race in Oscar-winning movies.
• The role of music in enhancing the emotional impact of the film. An examination of the themes of love and relationships in romantic comedies.
• A critique of the representation of gender and sexuality in action movies.
• An analysis of the use of symbolism and imagery in a specific film.
• The portrayal of social and political issues in documentary films.
• A comparison of the book and movie versions of a classic story.
• An examination of the use of color and lighting in a specific film.
• A critical analysis of the impact of film adaptations on the literary world.

Critical Essay Topics about Literature

• An analysis of the use of symbolism in a specific literary work.
• A critique of the representation of gender roles in a classic novel.
• The use of foreshadowing and irony in a particular short story.
• A critical analysis of the themes of power and authority in a specific play.
• The portrayal of mental illness in a contemporary novel.
• The role of setting in a particular novel or story.
• An examination of the use of metaphor and simile in a specific poem.
• A comparison of the writing styles of two contemporary authors.
• The representation of race and ethnicity in a specific literary work.
• An analysis of the use of narrative point of view in a particular work.

Critical Essay Topics on Social Issues and Society

• The impact of technology on social interactions and relationships.
• An analysis of the effects of income inequality on health and wellbeing.
• A critique of the representation of women in the media.
• The impact of environmental degradation on human health.
• A critical analysis of the effects of capitalism on global development.
• The role of education in promoting social mobility and reducing poverty.
• An examination of the ethics of using genetic engineering to enhance human traits.
• The effects of mass incarceration on individuals and communities.
• A comparison of the healthcare systems of two different countries.

Critical Essay Topics about Health

• An analysis of the effects of stress on mental and physical health.
• The impact of food additives and preservatives on human health.
• A critique of the representation of mental illness in the media.
• An examination of the ethics of genetic testing and counseling.
• A critical analysis of the effectiveness of vaccination programs.
• The impact of climate change on global health and disease patterns.
• The effects of the pharmaceutical industry on healthcare access and affordability.
• An analysis of the effectiveness of alternative medicine in treating chronic illnesses.
• The impact of social determinants of health on healthcare outcomes.

Critical Essay Topics about Environment

• An analysis of the impact of plastic waste on marine ecosystems.
• The effects of deforestation on biodiversity and ecosystem services.
• A critique of the role of corporations in promoting sustainability and environmental protection.
• An examination of the ethics of animal testing in environmental research.
• The impact of climate change on global food systems and food security.
• A critical analysis of the effectiveness of renewable energy policies and programs.
• The effects of air pollution on human health and environmental quality.
• An analysis of the environmental justice movement and its impact on policy and activism.
• The impact of agricultural practices on soil health and ecosystem resilience.
• A comparison of the environmental policies and practices of two different countries.

Provocative Critical Analysis Essay Topics

• A critical analysis of the effects of mass media on public opinion and political discourse.
• An examination of the ethics of artificial intelligence and its potential impact on society.
• The impact of cultural appropriation on minority cultures and identities.
• A critique of the representation of marginalized communities in popular media.
• An analysis of the effects of political polarization on democratic institutions.
• A critical analysis of the ethics of genetic engineering and its potential consequences.
• The impact of globalization on local economies and cultural identities.
• A comparison of the effectiveness of democracy and authoritarianism in promoting social welfare and prosperity.
• An examination of the ethics of using technology to enhance human intelligence and cognitive abilities.
• The impact of celebrity culture on social norms and values.

Critical Response Essay Topics

• An analysis of the effects of social media on interpersonal communication and relationships.
• The impact of globalization on cultural diversity and identity.
• A critical analysis of the ethics of animal experimentation in medical research.
• An examination of the role of education in promoting social and economic mobility.
• The effects of income inequality on social and political stability.
• A critique of the representation of women in leadership positions in the media and politics.
• An analysis of the effectiveness of restorative justice programs in reducing recidivism rates.
• The impact of gentrification on urban communities and social cohesion.
• A critical analysis of the ethics of capital punishment and its use in the criminal justice system.
• The effects of climate change on global security and conflict.

Personality Critical Essays Topics

Personality is a multifaceted construct that has long been a subject of interest for teachers and students alike. Here are some personality-critical essay topics to inspire your essay.

• The role of personality traits in predicting academic and career success.
• A critical analysis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and its accuracy in assessing personality.
• The impact of childhood experiences on the development of personality.
• A comparison of the Big Five personality traits across cultures.
• An examination of the relationship between personality and mental health.
• A critique of the social construction of gender and its impact on personality development.
• The effects of personality disorders on interpersonal relationships and social functioning.
• An analysis of the impact of cultural values on personality development.
• A critical assessment of the validity of projective tests in measuring personality.
• The relationship between personality and political attitudes and behavior.

Critical Thinking Topics for Presentation

• How technology is changing the way we communicate and interact with others.
• The importance of critical thinking skills in the age of information overload.
• Tips and strategies for becoming a better writer: insights from professional writers.
• The impact of social media on mental health and well-being.
• The role of critical thinking in problem-solving and decision-making.
• Overcoming writer's block: effective techniques for getting started with writing.
• The dangers of fake news and misinformation in the digital age.
• The benefits and drawbacks of using technology in the classroom.
• How to write an effective argumentative essay: tips and tricks from expert writers.
• A critical analysis of the ethics of using artificial intelligence in decision-making processes.

Cultural Criticism Essay Topics

• A critique of social media's impact on culture and society.
• The effects of technology on our understanding of privacy in the digital age.
• A critical analysis of the representation of race and ethnicity in popular culture.
• The commodification of culture and its impact on society.
• The impact of globalization on cultural identity and diversity.
• An examination of the role of gender in shaping cultural norms and values.
• The effects of consumerism on cultural practices and traditions.
• A critical assessment of the portrayal of mental health issues in popular culture.
• The impact of cultural appropriation on marginalized communities.
• An analysis of the relationship between popular culture and political discourse.

Mistakes to Avoid When Writing a Critical Essay

Let's highlight some of the most common pitfalls to avoid when writing a critical essay:

• Failing to understand the assignment requirements.
• Using unsupported opinions instead of evidence to support arguments.
• Ignoring or misinterpreting the author's intended message or purpose.
• Being too subjective or biased in your analysis.
• Focusing too much on summary instead of analysis.
• Using overly complicated or technical language that can confuse the reader.
• Not proofreading and editing for grammar and spelling errors.
• Failing to properly cite sources and giving credit to the authors of the information used.
• Being too repetitive or including irrelevant information that detracts from the main argument.
• Submitting the essay without proper formatting or following the assignment guidelines.

How to Choose a Topic for a Critical Essay

Choosing a topic for a critical essay is challenging, but with a few tips, it can be made much easier. Here are some guidelines to help you select the perfect topic for your critical essay.

• Choose a Topic that Interests You This will make the writing process more enjoyable and engaging. Think about what you are passionate about or what topics you have a lot of knowledge about. You can also consider current events or controversial issues that you have an opinion on.
• Consider the Audience Your topic should appeal to your audience and be relevant to their interests. Consider the age, education level, and background of your audience when selecting a topic. 
• Research the Topic Once you have chosen a topic, do some research. Look for reliable sources such as academic journals, books, and reputable websites. Make sure that the sources you use are current and up-to-date.
• Narrow the Focus It is important to narrow the focus of your essay to make it more manageable. Instead of choosing a broad topic, try to focus on a specific aspect or issue within that topic. 
• Take a Stance A critical essay requires you to take a stance on a topic and support it with evidence. Make sure that your stance is clear and concise. Your thesis statement should reflect your opinion and the main argument of your essay.

In conclusion, choosing a critical essay topic can be a challenging task, but it can also be a rewarding experience. A well-written critical essay can impress your professor and earn you high marks in your course. 

If you're still struggling to decide which topic to choose, get help from our AI essay writer . Enter your shortlisted topics one-by-one and read the essays it generates, and finally choose the topic to you find most interesting. 

Also, if you need a 100% original essay crafted by expert writers, reach out to us at CollegeEssay.org . Our critical essay writing service provides professional assistance with team of experienced writers. 

Contact our essay writing company today and let our professional writers take care of your essay needs!

Barbara P (Literature, Marketing)

Barbara is a highly educated and qualified author with a Ph.D. in public health from an Ivy League university. She has spent a significant amount of time working in the medical field, conducting a thorough study on a variety of health issues. Her work has been published in several major publications.

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NPR defends its journalism after senior editor says it has lost the public's trust

David Folkenflik

NPR is defending its journalism and integrity after a senior editor wrote an essay accusing it of losing the public's trust. Saul Loeb/AFP via Getty Images hide caption

NPR is defending its journalism and integrity after a senior editor wrote an essay accusing it of losing the public's trust.

NPR's top news executive defended its journalism and its commitment to reflecting a diverse array of views on Tuesday after a senior NPR editor wrote a broad critique of how the network has covered some of the most important stories of the age.

"An open-minded spirit no longer exists within NPR, and now, predictably, we don't have an audience that reflects America," writes Uri Berliner.

A strategic emphasis on diversity and inclusion on the basis of race, ethnicity and sexual orientation, promoted by NPR's former CEO, John Lansing, has fed "the absence of viewpoint diversity," Berliner writes.

NPR's chief news executive, Edith Chapin, wrote in a memo to staff Tuesday afternoon that she and the news leadership team strongly reject Berliner's assessment.

"We're proud to stand behind the exceptional work that our desks and shows do to cover a wide range of challenging stories," she wrote. "We believe that inclusion — among our staff, with our sourcing, and in our overall coverage — is critical to telling the nuanced stories of this country and our world."

NPR names tech executive Katherine Maher to lead in turbulent era

She added, "None of our work is above scrutiny or critique. We must have vigorous discussions in the newsroom about how we serve the public as a whole."

A spokesperson for NPR said Chapin, who also serves as the network's chief content officer, would have no further comment.

Praised by NPR's critics

Berliner is a senior editor on NPR's Business Desk. (Disclosure: I, too, am part of the Business Desk, and Berliner has edited many of my past stories. He did not see any version of this article or participate in its preparation before it was posted publicly.)

Berliner's essay , titled "I've Been at NPR for 25 years. Here's How We Lost America's Trust," was published by The Free Press, a website that has welcomed journalists who have concluded that mainstream news outlets have become reflexively liberal.

Berliner writes that as a Subaru-driving, Sarah Lawrence College graduate who "was raised by a lesbian peace activist mother ," he fits the mold of a loyal NPR fan.

Yet Berliner says NPR's news coverage has fallen short on some of the most controversial stories of recent years, from the question of whether former President Donald Trump colluded with Russia in the 2016 election, to the origins of the virus that causes COVID-19, to the significance and provenance of emails leaked from a laptop owned by Hunter Biden weeks before the 2020 election. In addition, he blasted NPR's coverage of the Israel-Hamas conflict.

On each of these stories, Berliner asserts, NPR has suffered from groupthink due to too little diversity of viewpoints in the newsroom.

The essay ricocheted Tuesday around conservative media , with some labeling Berliner a whistleblower . Others picked it up on social media, including Elon Musk, who has lambasted NPR for leaving his social media site, X. (Musk emailed another NPR reporter a link to Berliner's article with a gibe that the reporter was a "quisling" — a World War II reference to someone who collaborates with the enemy.)

When asked for further comment late Tuesday, Berliner declined, saying the essay spoke for itself.

The arguments he raises — and counters — have percolated across U.S. newsrooms in recent years. The #MeToo sexual harassment scandals of 2016 and 2017 forced newsrooms to listen to and heed more junior colleagues. The social justice movement prompted by the killing of George Floyd in 2020 inspired a reckoning in many places. Newsroom leaders often appeared to stand on shaky ground.

Leaders at many newsrooms, including top editors at The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times , lost their jobs. Legendary Washington Post Executive Editor Martin Baron wrote in his memoir that he feared his bonds with the staff were "frayed beyond repair," especially over the degree of self-expression his journalists expected to exert on social media, before he decided to step down in early 2021.

Since then, Baron and others — including leaders of some of these newsrooms — have suggested that the pendulum has swung too far.

Author Interviews

Legendary editor marty baron describes his 'collision of power' with trump and bezos.

New York Times publisher A.G. Sulzberger warned last year against journalists embracing a stance of what he calls "one-side-ism": "where journalists are demonstrating that they're on the side of the righteous."

"I really think that that can create blind spots and echo chambers," he said.

Internal arguments at The Times over the strength of its reporting on accusations that Hamas engaged in sexual assaults as part of a strategy for its Oct. 7 attack on Israel erupted publicly . The paper conducted an investigation to determine the source of a leak over a planned episode of the paper's podcast The Daily on the subject, which months later has not been released. The newsroom guild accused the paper of "targeted interrogation" of journalists of Middle Eastern descent.

Heated pushback in NPR's newsroom

Given Berliner's account of private conversations, several NPR journalists question whether they can now trust him with unguarded assessments about stories in real time. Others express frustration that he had not sought out comment in advance of publication. Berliner acknowledged to me that for this story, he did not seek NPR's approval to publish the piece, nor did he give the network advance notice.

Some of Berliner's NPR colleagues are responding heatedly. Fernando Alfonso, a senior supervising editor for digital news, wrote that he wholeheartedly rejected Berliner's critique of the coverage of the Israel-Hamas conflict, for which NPR's journalists, like their peers, periodically put themselves at risk.

Alfonso also took issue with Berliner's concern over the focus on diversity at NPR.

"As a person of color who has often worked in newsrooms with little to no people who look like me, the efforts NPR has made to diversify its workforce and its sources are unique and appropriate given the news industry's long-standing lack of diversity," Alfonso says. "These efforts should be celebrated and not denigrated as Uri has done."

After this story was first published, Berliner contested Alfonso's characterization, saying his criticism of NPR is about the lack of diversity of viewpoints, not its diversity itself.

"I never criticized NPR's priority of achieving a more diverse workforce in terms of race, ethnicity and sexual orientation. I have not 'denigrated' NPR's newsroom diversity goals," Berliner said. "That's wrong."

Questions of diversity

Under former CEO John Lansing, NPR made increasing diversity, both of its staff and its audience, its "North Star" mission. Berliner says in the essay that NPR failed to consider broader diversity of viewpoint, noting, "In D.C., where NPR is headquartered and many of us live, I found 87 registered Democrats working in editorial positions and zero Republicans."

Berliner cited audience estimates that suggested a concurrent falloff in listening by Republicans. (The number of people listening to NPR broadcasts and terrestrial radio broadly has declined since the start of the pandemic.)

Former NPR vice president for news and ombudsman Jeffrey Dvorkin tweeted , "I know Uri. He's not wrong."

Others questioned Berliner's logic. "This probably gets causality somewhat backward," tweeted Semafor Washington editor Jordan Weissmann . "I'd guess that a lot of NPR listeners who voted for [Mitt] Romney have changed how they identify politically."

Similarly, Nieman Lab founder Joshua Benton suggested the rise of Trump alienated many NPR-appreciating Republicans from the GOP.

In recent years, NPR has greatly enhanced the percentage of people of color in its workforce and its executive ranks. Four out of 10 staffers are people of color; nearly half of NPR's leadership team identifies as Black, Asian or Latino.

"The philosophy is: Do you want to serve all of America and make sure it sounds like all of America, or not?" Lansing, who stepped down last month, says in response to Berliner's piece. "I'd welcome the argument against that."

"On radio, we were really lagging in our representation of an audience that makes us look like what America looks like today," Lansing says. The U.S. looks and sounds a lot different than it did in 1971, when NPR's first show was broadcast, Lansing says.

A network spokesperson says new NPR CEO Katherine Maher supports Chapin and her response to Berliner's critique.

The spokesperson says that Maher "believes that it's a healthy thing for a public service newsroom to engage in rigorous consideration of the needs of our audiences, including where we serve our mission well and where we can serve it better."

Disclosure: This story was reported and written by NPR Media Correspondent David Folkenflik and edited by Deputy Business Editor Emily Kopp and Managing Editor Gerry Holmes. Under NPR's protocol for reporting on itself, no NPR corporate official or news executive reviewed this story before it was posted publicly.

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NPR Editor’s Critical Op-Ed Ignites Debate Over Political Bias in Journalism: ‘This Essay Has It Backwards’

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A scathing op-ed from NPR veteran and current senior business editor Uri Berliner published in The Free Press on Tuesday has intensified debates over whether the publicly funded news organization has adopted a partisan lean in recent years.

In the piece , Berliner details a culture shift at the organization, in which “An open-minded spirit no longer exists within NPR, and now, predictably, we don’t have an audience that reflects America.”

Berliner argued that NPR is plagued with an “absence of viewpoint diversity,” which he considers to be a result of leadership’s emphasis on promoting diversity and inclusion on the basis of race and sexual orientation. He also claims that he found “87 registered Democrats working in editorial positions and zero Republicans.”

NPR editor-in-chief Edith Chapin defended the organization in response to the piece, saying she the leadership team “strongly disagree with Uri’s assessment of the quality of our journalism.”

While Chapin backed the “exceptional work that our desks and shows do to cover a wide range of challenging stories,” she added that “None of our work is above scrutiny or critique. We must have vigorous discussions in the newsroom about how we serve the public as a whole.”

According to NPR media reporter David Folkenflik , several journalists inside the organization question how they can proceed with Berliner as a colleague, with concerns about whether he can be a trusted member of NPR in the aftermath of the op-ed. Additionally, Berliner did not seek NPR’s approval to publish the piece, nor did he seek comment from the organization ahead of time; though he does say in his piece that he sought to raise his concerns with leadership on several occasions.

Meanwhile, outside of the organization, debates regarding the content of Berliner’s piece have sprouted up across social media, with many coming to the defense of the storied NPR institution.

NPR editor complains abt NPR’s lack of “viewpoint diversity,” then reduces millions of listeners to a cliche: “Berliner writes that as a Subaru-driving, Sarah Lawrence Collg graduate ‘raised by a lesbian peace activist mother,’ he fits mold of an NPR fan.” https://t.co/WOXShKvYGu — Paul Farhi (@farhip) April 10, 2024

This is quite a read from a longtime NPR editor. I disagree with pretty much all of it. The network, like all news orgs, has its faults. But most of this is just arguing for more conservative-friendly coverage and lamenting progressive internal policies https://t.co/VxflKU4ohi — Steve Mullis (@stevemullis) April 9, 2024

Some argued that the shift that occurred in political coverage across the media industry was forced on institutions due to the changing nature of the Republican Party since the election of Donald Trump in 2016.

This essay has it backwards: you can't blame NPR for conservatives not listening. You have to ask why conservatives have gone down conspiracy holes (climate change, 2020 election, vaccines) & how on earth mainstream media is supposed to cater to them now? https://t.co/OU1p8QyK8H — Mehdi Hasan (@mehdirhasan) April 10, 2024

Is it possible — just *possible* — that the highly educated who overindex in NPR's audience might have shifted their ideological identity between 2011 and 2023? Did anything happen between those years that might cause some sort of shift in college-educated people? https://t.co/k5V7F5EQ2O — Joshua Benton (@jbenton) April 9, 2024

The core premise of Uri Berliner’s NPR piece in @TheFP is that NPR lost centrist and conservative listeners because it changed its journalism and went woke. What it doesn’t examine is the change that happened among conservatives in the same time frame. https://t.co/6mklvatwcM pic.twitter.com/ccpEQwACgh — Ben Goggin (@BenjaminGoggin) April 10, 2024

Yep. I wondered if NPR actually misreported *any* of those stories. Hindsight is always easy—we know more now than we did then. But at the time? You can only report what you know/can verify at the time. Journalists aren’t fortune tellers. — Paul Farhi (@farhip) April 10, 2024

. @davidfolkenflik is so good, especially when reporting on NPR itself. Also Berliner didn't seek comment from NPR, relied totally on straw men for his arguments, did not engage basic counterfactuals. And ~calls his coworkers affirmative action hires. https://t.co/4RfGikZeMa — Clara Jeffery (@ClaraJeffery) April 10, 2024

Some came to Berliner’s defense, including former NPR vice president for news Jeffrey Dvorkin who vouched for the changes to the organization.

I know Uri. He’s not wrong. https://t.co/9hc8XrNwNi — Jeffrey Dvorkin (@jdvorkin) April 9, 2024

This amply documented indictment of the bias at NPR could apply with equal force to countless other news organizations. https://t.co/zN4IaF0ycZ — Brit Hume (@brithume) April 9, 2024

This is really a must-read piece from NPR senior editor Uri Berliner discussing how NPR morphed from a liberal newsroom with some bias to an organization dominated by activists set on telling readers what to think and refusing to account for mistakes. https://t.co/I5a10uf9v0 — AG (@AGHamilton29) April 9, 2024

Wait wait so you're telling me that NPR's mission to become more diverse made it more homogenous and brittle and narrow? Who could have possibly foreseen this. — Sam Haselby (@samhaselby) April 9, 2024

The post NPR Editor’s Critical Op-Ed Ignites Debate Over Political Bias in Journalism: ‘This Essay Has It Backwards’ appeared first on TheWrap .

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NPR in Turmoil After It Is Accused of Liberal Bias

An essay from an editor at the broadcaster has generated a firestorm of criticism about the network on social media, especially among conservatives.

By Benjamin Mullin and Katie Robertson

NPR is facing both internal tumult and a fusillade of attacks by prominent conservatives this week after a senior editor publicly claimed the broadcaster had allowed liberal bias to affect its coverage, risking its trust with audiences.

Uri Berliner, a senior business editor who has worked at NPR for 25 years, wrote in an essay published Tuesday by The Free Press, a popular Substack publication, that “people at every level of NPR have comfortably coalesced around the progressive worldview.”

Mr. Berliner, a Peabody Award-winning journalist, castigated NPR for what he said was a litany of journalistic missteps around coverage of several major news events, including the origins of Covid-19 and the war in Gaza. He also said the internal culture at NPR had placed race and identity as “paramount in nearly every aspect of the workplace.”

Mr. Berliner’s essay has ignited a firestorm of criticism of NPR on social media, especially among conservatives who have long accused the network of political bias in its reporting. Former President Donald J. Trump took to his social media platform, Truth Social, to argue that NPR’s government funding should be rescinded, an argument he has made in the past.

NPR has forcefully pushed back on Mr. Berliner’s accusations and the criticism.

“We’re proud to stand behind the exceptional work that our desks and shows do to cover a wide range of challenging stories,” Edith Chapin, the organization’s editor in chief, said in an email to staff on Tuesday. “We believe that inclusion — among our staff, with our sourcing, and in our overall coverage — is critical to telling the nuanced stories of this country and our world.” Some other NPR journalists also criticized the essay publicly, including Eric Deggans, its TV critic, who faulted Mr. Berliner for not giving NPR an opportunity to comment on the piece.

In an interview on Thursday, Mr. Berliner expressed no regrets about publishing the essay, saying he loved NPR and hoped to make it better by airing criticisms that have gone unheeded by leaders for years. He called NPR a “national trust” that people rely on for fair reporting and superb storytelling.

“I decided to go out and publish it in hopes that something would change, and that we get a broader conversation going about how the news is covered,” Mr. Berliner said.

He said he had not been disciplined by managers, though he said he had received a note from his supervisor reminding him that NPR requires employees to clear speaking appearances and media requests with standards and media relations. He said he didn’t run his remarks to The New York Times by network spokespeople.

When the hosts of NPR’s biggest shows, including “Morning Edition” and “All Things Considered,” convened on Wednesday afternoon for a long-scheduled meet-and-greet with the network’s new chief executive, Katherine Maher , conversation soon turned to Mr. Berliner’s essay, according to two people with knowledge of the meeting. During the lunch, Ms. Chapin told the hosts that she didn’t want Mr. Berliner to become a “martyr,” the people said.

Mr. Berliner’s essay also sent critical Slack messages whizzing through some of the same employee affinity groups focused on racial and sexual identity that he cited in his essay. In one group, several staff members disputed Mr. Berliner’s points about a lack of ideological diversity and said efforts to recruit more people of color would make NPR’s journalism better.

On Wednesday, staff members from “Morning Edition” convened to discuss the fallout from Mr. Berliner’s essay. During the meeting, an NPR producer took issue with Mr. Berliner’s argument for why NPR’s listenership has fallen off, describing a variety of factors that have contributed to the change.

Mr. Berliner’s remarks prompted vehement pushback from several news executives. Tony Cavin, NPR’s managing editor of standards and practices, said in an interview that he rejected all of Mr. Berliner’s claims of unfairness, adding that his remarks would probably make it harder for NPR journalists to do their jobs.

“The next time one of our people calls up a Republican congressman or something and tries to get an answer from them, they may well say, ‘Oh, I read these stories, you guys aren’t fair, so I’m not going to talk to you,’” Mr. Cavin said.

Some journalists have defended Mr. Berliner’s essay. Jeffrey A. Dvorkin, NPR’s former ombudsman, said Mr. Berliner was “not wrong” on social media. Chuck Holmes, a former managing editor at NPR, called Mr. Berliner’s essay “brave” on Facebook.

Mr. Berliner’s criticism was the latest salvo within NPR, which is no stranger to internal division. In October, Mr. Berliner took part in a lengthy debate over whether NPR should defer to language proposed by the Arab and Middle Eastern Journalists Association while covering the conflict in Gaza.

“We don’t need to rely on an advocacy group’s guidance,” Mr. Berliner wrote, according to a copy of the email exchange viewed by The Times. “Our job is to seek out the facts and report them.” The debate didn’t change NPR’s language guidance, which is made by editors who weren’t part of the discussion. And in a statement on Thursday, the Arab and Middle Eastern Journalists Association said it is a professional association for journalists, not a political advocacy group.

Mr. Berliner’s public criticism has highlighted broader concerns within NPR about the public broadcaster’s mission amid continued financial struggles. Last year, NPR cut 10 percent of its staff and canceled four podcasts, including the popular “Invisibilia,” as it tried to make up for a $30 million budget shortfall. Listeners have drifted away from traditional radio to podcasts, and the advertising market has been unsteady.

In his essay, Mr. Berliner laid some of the blame at the feet of NPR’s former chief executive, John Lansing, who said he was retiring at the end of last year after four years in the role. He was replaced by Ms. Maher, who started on March 25.

During a meeting with employees in her first week, Ms. Maher was asked what she thought about decisions to give a platform to political figures like Ronna McDaniel, the former Republican Party chair whose position as a political analyst at NBC News became untenable after an on-air revolt from hosts who criticized her efforts to undermine the 2020 election.

“I think that this conversation has been one that does not have an easy answer,” Ms. Maher responded.

Benjamin Mullin reports on the major companies behind news and entertainment. Contact Ben securely on Signal at +1 530-961-3223 or email at [email protected] . More about Benjamin Mullin

Katie Robertson covers the media industry for The Times. Email:  [email protected]   More about Katie Robertson

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Senior NPR editor claims public broadcaster lacks ‘viewpoint diversity’

Uri Berliner said in a letter that Americans no longer trusted broadcaster because of its ‘distilled worldview’ and liberal bent

A debate about media bias has broken out at National Public Radio after a longtime employee published a scathing letter accusing the broadcaster of a “distilled worldview of a very small segment of the US population” and “telling people how to think”, prompting an impassioned defense of the station from its editor-in-chief.

In the letter published on Free Press , NPR’s senior business editor Uri Berliner claimed Americans no longer trust NPR – which is partly publicly funded – because of its lack of “viewpoint diversity” and its embrace of diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) initiatives.

Berliner wrote that “an open-minded spirit no longer exists within NPR , and now, predictably, we don’t have an audience that reflects America”. He acknowledged that NPR’s audience had always tilted left, but was now no longer able to make any claim to ideological neutrality.

In the piece on Free Press, a site run by Bari Weiss, a former opinion editor at the New York Times, Berliner noted that in 2011 the public broadcaster’s audience identified as 26% conservative, 23% as middle of the road and 37% liberal. Last year it identified as 11% very or somewhat conservative, 21% as middle of the road, and 67% very or somewhat liberal.

“We weren’t just losing conservatives; we were also losing moderates and traditional liberals,” Berliner wrote, and described a new listener stereotype: “EV-driving, Wordle-playing, tote bag–carrying coastal elite.”

This would not be a problem, he said, if the radio broadcaster was an “openly polemical news outlet serving a niche audience”, but for a public broadcaster, “which purports to consider all things, it’s devastating both for its journalism and its business model”.

“I’ve become a visible wrong-thinker at a place I love,” he wrote.

The letter, which mirrors a recent critique of the New York Times by former editor James Bennet in the Economist and aspects of a recent lecture by the paper’s publisher, AG Sulzberger , has provoked a fierce backlash from NPR editorial staff.

NPR’s editor-in-chief, Edith Chapin, wrote in a memo to staff that she “strongly disagreed” with Berliner’s assessment, stood behind the outlet’s “exceptional work” and said she believed that “inclusion – among our staff, with our sourcing, and in our overall coverage – is critical to telling the nuanced stories of this country and our world”.

Chapin added that the radio broadcasters’ work was not above scrutiny or critique. “We must have vigorous discussions in the newsroom about how we serve the public as a whole, fostering a culture of conversation that breaks down the silos that we sometimes end up retreating to,” she said.

Chapin was appointed editor last year after a period of turbulence at NPR over what it acknowledged were clashes between its news and programming divisions over “priorities, resources and need to innovate”.

“We all aim every day to serve our audience with information and moments of joy that are useful and relevant,” Chapin said at the time.

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Berliner identified the station’s coverage of the Covid-19 lab leak theory, Hunter Biden’s laptop and allegations that Donald Trump colluded with Russia in the 2016 election as all examples of how “politics were blotting out the curiosity and independence that ought to have been driving our work”.

He also identified DEI and use of language advanced by affiliated groups as evidence that “people at every level of NPR have comfortably coalesced around the progressive worldview”. Berliner said that when he brought up his survey of newsroom political voter registration at a 2021 all-staff meeting, showing there were no Republicans, he claimed he was met with “profound indifference”.

“The messages were of the ‘Oh wow, that’s weird’ variety, as if the lopsided tally was a random anomaly rather than a critical failure of our diversity North Star,” he wrote.

Berliner later told the NewsNation host Chris Cuomo that he was not surprised by the negative response he had received from NPR editorial management, saying, “they’re certainly entitled to their perspective.”

But, he added, “I’ve had a lot of support from colleagues, and many of them unexpected, who say they agree with me. Some of them say this confidentially, but I think there’s been a lot of response saying, look, these are things that need to be addressed.”

In her letter to staff, Chapin wrote that NPR’s efforts to expand the diversity of perspectives and subjects now included tracking sources. “We have these internal debates, enforce strong editorial standards, and engage in processes that measure our work precisely because we recognize that nobody has the ‘view from nowhere.’”

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