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College Essay Tips for Software Engineering Programs

This article was written based on the information and opinions presented by Hale Jaeger in a CollegeVine livestream. You can watch the full livestream for more info.

What’s Covered:

“why this . . .” essays for software engineering, writing your essay.

For many college applications, you’ll write essays in addition to the Common App personal statement . These prompts will often ask you about what you’re planning on pursuing at the college. This article will give you practical advice for explaining your interest in software engineering. 

Many supplemental essay prompts are quite common, such as “ Why this major? ” and “ Why this school? ” If you’re sure about pursuing software engineering and know which college you want to kick off your career at, you should already know the answers to these questions. 

Certain schools have strong software engineering and computer science programs. If this is the case for your chosen college, it should be easy for you to say that you can identify with their program. You can add that you’re excited to use the specific resources there and how they will help you reach your goal of becoming a software engineer.

When talking about your major, bring up what attracts you to the field. Your eventual salary and career prospects are incentives, but you want to explain what specifically about the study of computer science and engineering makes you excited. Why do you like to learn about it? Maybe you’re fascinated by the inner workings of technology. Perhaps you’re interested in how specific tools on certain websites work. It’s also possible that you want to improve user experience and innovate existing software.

These reasons are a bit less shallow than money. They also get to the heart of why you want to pursue software engineering: you like to build things and solve problems. 

From Abstract to Specific

In general, when writing your essays, you should work on funneling these types of ideas about your major from the abstract to the specific. You can open with a particular anecdote or story to catch the reader’s attention, of course, but try to start with high-level interests. Fundamental things like identifying the inner workings of a website can lead to more niche topics.

Personal Experiences

When writing your essays, make sure you touch on any personal experiences that can help show why this subject is your passion. It can all add to the personal narrative that you’ve been building in your entire application and help make the admissions officers understand you better.

If you had an experience with technology that fascinated you, drew you into the subject, and made you want to learn more, then include that. Be sure to add the important details so the reader can get a good sense of the scene. Another way to go is if you had the opposite experience: you encountered a frustrating piece of technology and were desperate to figure out how to get it working. You realized that you wanted to go into the field to improve software and make people’s lives easier. You can try writing about your interests that way. 

Another way to write your essay is to back up an explanation of your passions with a personal story that will make your essay compelling. Try to draw on an anecdote, and if possible, explain what you’ve accomplished after your initial interest was sparked. 

How did you get involved in coding? If you found technology that was glitching all the time or something that excited you, did this inspire you to figure out how it all worked? Write about how you’ve developed your skills in coding and science and how much you’ve learned about good systems and malfunctioning systems. Then, write about what you want to accomplish and innovate in the field.

Plans for the Future

When you’ve discussed the past and present, you can begin to probe the future. For the sake of narrative, try to include how you’ve grown and what your ultimate ambitions are. If you’re not sure exactly what branch of software engineering you want to go into, that’s fine. You can name a few options, such as game design or mobile design, or you can just talk about how you want to build things and make better technology to improve people’s lives. 

When you’re talking about personal things, you should aim to be specific. Draw on stories when you can, and be honest about what interests you about this subject and what you want to do in the field. This is your chance to explore why you’re looking to go into software engineering, so you should come away from these essays feeling much more confident about your planned course of study.

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Essays on programming I think about a lot

Every so often I read an essay that I end up thinking about, and citing in conversation, over and over again.

Here’s my index of all the ones of those I can remember! I’ll try to keep it up to date as I think of more.

There's a lot in here! If you'd like, I can email you one essay per week, so you have more time to digest each one:

Nelson Elhage, Computers can be understood . The attitude embodied in this essay is one of the things that has made the biggest difference to my effectiveness as an engineer:

I approach software with a deep-seated belief that computers and software systems can be understood. … In some ways, this belief feels radical today. Modern software and hardware systems contain almost unimaginable complexity amongst many distinct layers, each building atop each other. … In the face of this complexity, it’s easy to assume that there’s just too much to learn, and to adopt the mental shorthand that the systems we work with are best treated as black boxes, not to be understood in any detail. I argue against that approach. You will never understand every detail of the implementation of every level on that stack; but you can understand all of them to some level of abstraction, and any specific layer to essentially any depth necessary for any purpose.

Dan McKinley, Choose Boring Technology . When people ask me how we make technical decisions at Wave, I send them this essay. It’s probably saved me more heartbreak and regret than any other:

Let’s say every company gets about three innovation tokens. You can spend these however you want, but the supply is fixed for a long while. You might get a few more after you achieve a certain level of stability and maturity, but the general tendency is to overestimate the contents of your wallet. Clearly this model is approximate, but I think it helps. If you choose to write your website in NodeJS, you just spent one of your innovation tokens. If you choose to use MongoDB, you just spent one of your innovation tokens. If you choose to use service discovery tech that’s existed for a year or less, you just spent one of your innovation tokens. If you choose to write your own database, oh god, you’re in trouble.

Sandy Metz, The Wrong Abstraction . This essay convinced me that “don’t repeat yourself” (DRY) isn’t a good motto. It’s okay advice, but as Metz points out, if you don’t choose the right interface boundaries when DRYing up, the resulting abstraction can quickly become unmaintainable:

Time passes. A new requirement appears for which the current abstraction is almost perfect. Programmer B gets tasked to implement this requirement. Programmer B feels honor-bound to retain the existing abstraction, but since isn’t exactly the same for every case, they alter the code to take a parameter…. … Loop until code becomes incomprehensible. You appear in the story about here, and your life takes a dramatic turn for the worse.

Patrick McKenzie, Falsehoods Programmers Believe About Names . When programming, it’s helpful to think in terms of “invariants,” i.e., properties that we assume will always be true. I think of this essay as the ultimate reminder that reality has no invariants :

People’s names are assigned at birth. OK, maybe not at birth, but at least pretty close to birth. Alright, alright, within a year or so of birth. Five years? You’re kidding me, right?

Thomas Ptacek, The Hiring Post . This essay inspired me to put a lot of effort into Wave’s work-sample interview, and the payoff was huge—we hired a much stronger team, much more quickly, than I expected to be able to. It’s also a good reminder that most things that most people do make no sense:

Nothing in Alex’s background offered a hint that this would happen. He had Walter White’s resume, but Heisenberg’s aptitude. None of us saw it coming. My name is Thomas Ptacek and I endorse this terrible pun. Alex was the one who nonced. A few years ago, Matasano couldn’t have hired Alex, because we relied on interviews and resumes to hire. Then we made some changes, and became a machine that spotted and recruited people like Alex: line of business .NET developers at insurance companies who pulled Rails core CVEs out of their first hour looking at the code. Sysadmins who hardware-reversed assembly firmware for phone chipsets. Epiphany: the talent is out there, but you can’t find it on a resume. Our field selects engineers using a process that is worse than reading chicken entrails. Like interviews, poultry intestine has little to tell you about whether to hire someone. But they’re a more pleasant eating experience than a lunch interview.

Gergely Orosz, The Product-Minded Engineer . I send this essay to coworkers all the time—it describes extremely well what traits will help you succeed as an engineer at a startup:

Proactive with product ideas/opinions • Interest in the business, user behavior and data on this • Curiosity and a keen interest in “why?” • Strong communicators and great relationships with non-engineers • Offering product/engineering tradeoffs upfront • Pragmatic handling of edge cases • Quick product validation cycles • End-to-end product feature ownership • Strong product instincts through repeated cycles of learning

tef, Write code that is easy to delete, not easy to extend . The Wrong Abstraction argues that reusable code, unless carefully designed, becomes unmaintainable. tef takes the logical next step: design for disposability, not maintainability. This essay gave me lots of useful mental models for evaluating software designs.

If we see ‘lines of code’ as ‘lines spent’, then when we delete lines of code, we are lowering the cost of maintenance. Instead of building re-usable software, we should try to build disposable software.

Business logic is code characterised by a never ending series of edge cases and quick and dirty hacks. This is fine. I am ok with this. Other styles like ‘game code’, or ‘founder code’ are the same thing: cutting corners to save a considerable amount of time. The reason? Sometimes it’s easier to delete one big mistake than try to delete 18 smaller interleaved mistakes. A lot of programming is exploratory, and it’s quicker to get it wrong a few times and iterate than think to get it right first time.

tef also wrote a follow-up, Repeat yourself, do more than one thing, and rewrite everything , that he thinks makes the same points more clearly—though I prefer the original because “easy to delete” is a unifying principle that made the essay hang together really well.

Joel Spolsky, The Law of Leaky Abstractions . Old, but still extremely influential—“where and how does this abstraction leak” is one of the main lenses I use to evaluate designs:

Back to TCP. Earlier for the sake of simplicity I told a little fib, and some of you have steam coming out of your ears by now because this fib is driving you crazy. I said that TCP guarantees that your message will arrive. It doesn’t, actually. If your pet snake has chewed through the network cable leading to your computer, and no IP packets can get through, then TCP can’t do anything about it and your message doesn’t arrive. If you were curt with the system administrators in your company and they punished you by plugging you into an overloaded hub, only some of your IP packets will get through, and TCP will work, but everything will be really slow. This is what I call a leaky abstraction. TCP attempts to provide a complete abstraction of an underlying unreliable network, but sometimes, the network leaks through the abstraction and you feel the things that the abstraction can’t quite protect you from. This is but one example of what I’ve dubbed the Law of Leaky Abstractions: All non-trivial abstractions, to some degree, are leaky. Abstractions fail. Sometimes a little, sometimes a lot. There’s leakage. Things go wrong. It happens all over the place when you have abstractions. Here are some examples.

Reflections on software performance by Nelson Elhage, the only author of two different essays in this list! Nelson’s ideas helped crystallize my philosophy of tool design, and contributed to my views on impatience .

It’s probably fairly intuitive that users prefer faster software, and will have a better experience performing a given task if the tools are faster rather than slower. What is perhaps less apparent is that having faster tools changes how users use a tool or perform a task. Users almost always have multiple strategies available to pursue a goal — including deciding to work on something else entirely — and they will choose to use faster tools more and more frequently. Fast tools don’t just allow users to accomplish tasks faster; they allow users to accomplish entirely new types of tasks, in entirely new ways. I’ve seen this phenomenon clearly while working on both Sorbet and Livegrep…

Brandur Leach’s series on using databases to ensure correct edge-case behavior: Building Robust Systems with ACID and Constraints , Using Atomic Transactions to Power an Idempotent API , Transactionally Staged Job Drains in Postgres , Implementing Stripe-like Idempotency Keys in Postgres .

Normally, article titles ending with “in [technology]” are a bad sign, but not so for Brandur’s. Even if you’ve never used Postgres, the examples showing how to lean on relational databases to enforce correctness will be revelatory.

I want to convince you that ACID databases are one of the most important tools in existence for ensuring maintainability and data correctness in big production systems. Lets start by digging into each of their namesake guarantees.

There’s a surprising symmetry between an HTTP request and a database’s transaction. Just like the transaction, an HTTP request is a transactional unit of work – it’s got a clear beginning, end, and result. The client generally expects a request to execute atomically and will behave as if it will (although that of course varies based on implementation). Here we’ll look at an example service to see how HTTP requests and transactions apply nicely to one another.

In APIs idempotency is a powerful concept. An idempotent endpoint is one that can be called any number of times while guaranteeing that the side effects will occur only once. In a messy world where clients and servers that may occasionally crash or have their connections drop partway through a request, it’s a huge help in making systems more robust to failure. Clients that are uncertain whether a request succeeded or failed can simply keep retrying it until they get a definitive response.

Jeff Hodges, Notes on Distributed Systems for Young Bloods . An amazing set of guardrails for doing reasonable things with distributed systems (and note that, though you might be able to get away with ignoring it for a while, any app that uses the network is a distributed system). Many points would individually qualify for this list if they were their own article—I reread it periodically and always notice new advice that I should have paid more attention to.

Distributed systems are different because they fail often • Implement backpressure throughout your system • Find ways to be partially available • Use percentiles, not averages • Learn to estimate your capacity • Feature flags are how infrastructure is rolled out • Choose id spaces wisely • Writing cached data back to persistent storage is bad • Extract services.

J.H. Saltzer, D.P. Reed and D.D. Clark, End-to-End Arguments in System Design . Another classic. The end-to-end principle has helped me make a lot of designs much simpler.

This paper presents a design principle that helps guide placement of functions among the modules of a distributed computer system. The principle, called the end-to-end argument, suggests that functions placed at low levels of a system may be redundant or of little value when compared with the cost of providing them at that low level. Examples discussed in the paper include bit error recovery, security using encryption, duplicate message suppression, recovery from system crashes, and delivery acknowledgement. Low level mechanisms to support these functions are justified only as performance enhancements.

Bret Victor, Inventing on Principle :

I’ve spent a lot of time over the years making creative tools, using creative tools, thinking about them a lot, and here’s something I’ve come to believe: Creators need an immediate connection to what they’re creating.

I can’t really excerpt any of the actual demos, which are the good part. Instead I’ll just endorse it: this talk dramatically, and productively, raised my bar for what I think programming tools (and tools in general) can be. Watch it and be amazed.

Post the essays you keep returning to in the comments!

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10x (engineer, context) pairs

What i’ve been doing instead of writing, my favorite essays of life advice.

format comments in markdown .

Quite a few of these are on my list, here’s some others that I keep returning to every so often:

• https://www.stilldrinking.org/programming-sucks
• https://medium.com/@nicolopigna/this-is-not-the-dry-you-are-looking-for-a316ed3f445f
• https://sysadvent.blogspot.com/2019/12/day-21-being-kind-to-3am-you.html
• https://jeffknupp.com/blog/2014/05/30/you-need-to-start-a-whizbang-project-immediately/

Great list! Some essays I end up returning to are:

• https://www.destroyallsoftware.com/compendium/software-structure?share_key=6fb5f711cae5a4e6
• https://caseymuratori.com/blog_0015

These are conference talks on youtube, not blog posts, but here’s a few of the ones I often end up sending to collaborators as addenda to discussions:

Don Reinertsen - Second Generation Lean Product Development Flow

Joshua Bloch

The Language of the System - Rich Hickey

Some posts:

https://speakerdeck.com/vjeux/react-css-in-js - diagnosis of problems with CSS (not because of React)

https://zachholman.com/talk/firing-people

Especially for fault-tolerant systems, “why restart helps” really opened my eyes:

• https://ferd.ca/the-zen-of-erlang.html

Oh, I forgot: http://web.mit.edu/2.75/resources/random/How%20Complex%20Systems%20Fail.pdf

Oldie but a goodie:

https://www.developerdotstar.com/mag/articles/reeves_design_main.html

+1 for that one

This is a great list. If i could make one addition it would have to be Rich Hickey’s “simple made easy”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oytL881p-nQ

I was once working with a newly formed (4 person) team on a large and complex project under a tight deadline. For a while we weren’t seeing eye to eye on many of the key decisions we made. Watching and reflecting on this talk gave us a shared aim and, perhaps even more importantly, a shared language for making choices that would reduce the complexity of our system. It is a gift that keeps on giving.

Another one that belongs on this list: https://www.kitchensoap.com/2012/10/25/on-being-a-senior-engineer/

A couple of my favorites:

• https://nedbatchelder.com/text/deleting-code.html
• https://www.joelonsoftware.com/2002/01/23/rub-a-dub-dub/

Out of the Tar Pit. https://github.com/papers-we-love/papers-we-love/blob/master/design/out-of-the-tar-pit.pdf

I’d like to nominate another of Nelson Elhage’s posts:

• https://blog.nelhage.com/2016/03/design-for-testability

This has had more direct influence on my day-to-day code writing than anything else. (Also, his other writing on testing is great.)

As another commenter mentioned conference talks, Bryan Cantrill on debugging is important—it meshes well with Nelson’s Computer can be understood . ( https://www.slideshare.net/bcantrill/debugging-microservices-in-production )

A fave of mine: Clojure: Programming with Hand Tools https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShEez0JkOFw

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System Software

System software refers to the low-level software that manages and controls a computer’s hardware and provides basic services to higher-level software. There are two main types of software: systems software and application software. Systems software includes the programs that are dedicated to managing the computer itself, such as the operating system, file management utilities, and disk operating system (or DOS). 

What is System Software?

System software is software that provides a platform for other software. Some examples can be operating systems , antivirus software , disk formatting software, computer language translators, etc. These are commonly prepared by computer manufacturers. This software consists of programs written in low-level languages, used to interact with the hardware at a very basic level. System software serves as the interface between the hardware and the end users. 

System software refers to the collection of programs and software components that enable a computer or computing device to function properly. It acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer hardware, allowing the user to interact with the hardware and use various applications and programs. Some common types of system software include operating systems (such as Windows, macOS, or Linux), device drivers , utility programs, programming languages, and system libraries.

Operating systems are the most important type of system software, as they provide the foundational framework for all other software and applications to run on the computer. They manage computer resources, such as memory and processing power, and provide a user interface for users to interact with the system. Device drivers are another important type of system software, as they allow the operating system to communicate with hardware devices such as printers, scanners , and graphics cards . Utility programs provide additional functionality to the operating system, such as disk defragmentation , virus scanning, and file compression.

Examples of System Software

System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer’s hardware and application programs and examples of system software include operating systems (OS) (like macOS, Linux, Android, and Microsoft Windows), game engines, search engines(like google,Bing,Yahoo!), industrial automation, computational science software, and (SaS)software as a service applications.

• Operating systems (OS): Windows, Linux, macOS, etc.
• Device drivers: software that enables the communication between hardware and OS.
• Firmware : pre-installed low-level software that controls a device’s basic functions.
• Utility software: tools for system maintenance and optimization.
• Boot loaders : software that initializes the OS during startup.

Why use  System Software?

Here are some reasons why system software is necessary:

• Hardware Communication: System software serves as an interface between the hardware and software components of a computer, enabling them to communicate and work together.
• Resource Management: System software manages computer resources such as memory, CPU usage, and storage, optimizing their utilization and ensuring that the system operates efficiently.
• Security: System software provides security measures such as firewalls, antivirus software, and encryption, protecting the system and its data from malware, viruses, and other security threats.
• User Interface: System software provides a user interface that allows users to interact with the computer or computing device and perform various tasks.
• Application Support: System software supports the installation and running of applications and software on the system.
• Customization: System software allows for customization of the system settings and configuration, giving users greater control over their computing environment.

Features of System Software 

The most important features of system software are as below.

• Memory Management: operating system perform memory management . The OS keeps track of the primary memory and allocates the memory when a process requests it. 
• Processor Management: OS performs process management . Allocates the main memory (RAM) to a process and de-allocates it when it is no longer required. 
• File Management: Operating system perform file management . Allocates and de-allocates the resources and decides who gets the resources. 
• Security: Prevents unauthorized access to programs and data using passwords. 
• Error-detecting Aids: Production of dumps, traces, error messages, and other debugging and error-detecting methods. 
• Scheduling: The OS schedules the process through its scheduling algorithms . 

Types of System Software

1. Operating System

An operating system (OS) is a type of system software that manages a computer’s hardware and software resources. It provides common services for computer programs. An OS acts as a link between the software and the hardware. It controls and keeps a record of the execution of all other programs that are present in the computer, including application programs and other system software.

Important Tasks Performed by the Operating System

The main functions of operating systems are as follow:

• Resource Management:  The operating system manages and allocates memory, CPU time, and other hardware resources among the various programs and processes running on the computer.
• Process Management:  The operating system is responsible for starting, stopping, and managing processes and programs. It also controls the scheduling of processes and allocates resources to them.
• Memory Management:  The operating system manages the computer’s primary memory and provides mechanisms for optimizing memory usage.
• Security:  The operating system provides a secure environment for the user, applications, and data by implementing security policies and mechanisms such as access controls and encryption.
• File Management:  The operating system is responsible for organizing and managing the file system, including the creation, deletion, and manipulation of files and directories.
• Device Management:  The operating system manages input/output devices such as printers, keyboards, mice, and displays. It provides the necessary drivers and interfaces to enable communication between the devices and the computer.

For more, refer to  Functions of Operating System .

2. Programming Language Translator

Programming language translators are programs that translate code written in one programming language into another programming language. below are examples of programming language translator.

• Compiler: A compiler is a software that translates the code written in one language to some other language without changing the meaning of the program. The compiler is also said to make the target code efficient and optimized in terms of time and space.  A compiler performs almost all of the following operations during compilation pre-processing, lexical analysis , parsing, semantic analysis (syntax-directed translation), conversion of input programs to an intermediate representation, code optimization , and code generation . Examples of compilers may include gcc(C compiler), g++ (C++ Compiler ), javac (Java Compiler), etc. 
• Interpreter: An interpreter is a computer program that directly executes, i.e. it performs instructions written in a programming or scripting language . Interpreters do not require the program to be previously compiled into a machine language program. An interpreter translates high-level instructions into an intermediate form, which is then executed.  Interpreters are fast as it does not need to go through the compilation stage during which machine instructions are generated. The interpreter continuously translates the program until the first error is met. If an error comes it stops executing. Hence debugging is easy. Examples may include Ruby , Python , PHP, etc. 
• Assembler: An assembler is a program that converts the assembly language into machine code. It takes the basic commands and operations and converts them into binary code specific to a type of processor.  Assemblers produce executable code that is similar to compilers. However, assemblers are more simplistic since they only convert low-level code (assembly language) to machine code. Since each assembly language is designed for a specific processor, assembling a program is performed using a simple one-to-one mapping from assembly code to machine code. On the other hand, compilers must convert generic high-level source code into machine code for a specific processor. 

3. Device Drivers

Device drivers are a class of system software that minimizes the need for system troubleshooting. Internally, the operating system communicates with hardware elements. Device drivers make it simple to manage and regulate this communication.

To operate the hardware components, the operating system comes with a variety of device drivers. The majority of device drivers, including those for a mouse, keyboard, etc., are pre-installed in the computer system by the businesses that make computers.

4. Firmware

These are the operational programs installed on computer motherboards that assist the operating system in distinguishing between Flash, ROM , EPROM , and memory chips. However, managing and controlling all of a device’s actions is the main purpose of any firmware software . For initial installation, it makes use of non-volatile chips.

There are mainly two main types of firmware chips:

• BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) chip .
• UEFI (Unified Extended Firmware Interface) chips .

5. Utility Software

System Software and application software interact through utility software . A third-party product called utility software is created to lessen maintenance problems and find computer system defects. It is included with your computer’s operating system.

Listed below are some particular attributes of utility software:

• Users benefit from protection from threats and infections.
• WinRAR and WinZip are programs that aid in reducing disk size.
• It assists with disk partitioning and functions as a windows disk management service.
• It makes it easier for users to back up old data and improves system security.
• It operates as a disk defragmenter to organize the dispersed files on the drive.
• It aids in the recovery of lost data.

Uses of System Software

Here are some common uses of system software:

• Operating systems: An operating system is a type of system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. Operating systems are used in a wide variety of applications, from personal computers to servers, supercomputers , and embedded systems .
• Device drivers: Device drivers are a type of system software that allow operating systems to communicate with hardware devices such as printers, scanners, and graphics cards. Without device drivers, operating systems would not be able to interact with hardware devices, making them useless.
• Firmware: Firmware is a type of system software that provides low-level control over hardware devices such as BIOS firmware, firmware for embedded systems, and firmware for network devices such as routers and switches.
• System utilities: System utilities are a type of system software that performs routine maintenance tasks such as disk cleanup, defragmentation, antivirus scanning, and system backups. These utilities help ensure that the computer system is running efficiently and securely.
• Programming tools: Programming tools are a type of system software that is used by developers to create, debug, and optimize software applications. These tools include compilers, debuggers, integrated development environments (IDEs) , and performance analysis tools.

Issues in System Software

• Compatibility Issues: System software may not be compatible with certain hardware components, which can cause errors or crashes.
• Security Issues: System software may contain vulnerabilities that can be exploited by hackers or malware to gain unauthorized access to the system or steal sensitive data.
• Performance Issues: System software may not be optimized for the hardware or may be resource-intensive, which can cause the system to slow down or freeze.
• Update Issues: System software updates may contain bugs or compatibility issues that can cause problems with the system or other software components.
• Licensing Issues: Some system software may require licensing or activation , which can cause problems if the license expires or if there are licensing errors.
• User Interface Issues: The user interface of system software may not be intuitive or may be difficult to use, which can affect the user experience.

Advantages of System Software

• Resource management : System software manages and allocates resources such as memory, CPU , and input/output devices to different programs.
• Improved performance: System software optimizes the performance of the computer and reduces the workload on the user.
• Security : System software provides security features such as firewalls , anti-virus protection, and access controls to protect the computer from malicious attacks.
• Compatibility: System software ensures compatibility between different hardware and software components, making it easier for users to work with a wide range of devices and software.
• Ease of use: System software provides a user-friendly interface and graphical environment, making it easier for users to interact with and control the computer.
• Reliability: System software helps ensure the stability and reliability of the computer, reducing the risk of crashes and malfunctions.
• Increased functionality: System software provides a range of tools and utilities for performing various tasks, increasing the functionality and versatility of the computer.

Disadvantages of System Software

• Complexity : System software can be complex and difficult to understand, especially for non-technical users.
• Cost : Some system software, such as operating systems and security software, can be expensive.
• System Overhead: The use of system software can result in increased system overhead, which can slow down the performance of the computer and reduce its efficiency.
• Vulnerability : System software, especially the operating system, can be vulnerable to security threats and viruses , which can compromise the security and stability of the computer.
• Upgrades : Upgrading to a newer version of system software can be time-consuming and may cause compatibility issues with existing software and hardware.
• Limited Customizability : Some system software may have limited options for customization, making it difficult for users to personalize their computing experience.
• Dependency : Other software programs and devices may depend on the system software, making it difficult to replace or upgrade without disrupting other systems.

Difference between System Software and Application Software

Here are the main difference points between software and application software

System Software – FAQs

1. how operating systems communicate with hardware devices.

operating systems communicate with hardware devices with the help of device drivers. Device driver is a type of system software.

2. What is the use of system software in resource management?

System software manages computer resources such as memory, CPU usage, and storage, optimizing their utilization and ensuring that the system operates efficiently.

3. What are examples of system software?

System software includes multiple applications, like utilities, operating systems, compilers and debuggers, that lie at a level of functionality like the computer hardware.

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Essay on Software as a Service

The characteristics and goals of systems are crucial in supporting companies in making better and more informed decisions. Plans entail not only the use of computers, but also the integration of data, people, and technology. As a result, data, people, hardware, software, and telecommunications are all characteristics of systems. First and foremost, data must be entered into information systems in order to be regulated and processed (Deelman, 2009). After data is processed, it becomes information, which is then output to the system’s final user. Information is generated from a variety of internal and external sources. If the data entered is incorrect, the outcome will be misleading to the end user. Second, the system should include people because data collection and processing require the use of people, especially when the data is useful to the organization for specialized services. To get the most out of its data system, staff training and skills in conjunction with systems are required.

Thirdly, hardware should be included in every system. Hardware refers to the physical components that make a computer system work. It consists of a central processing unit, power supply, ventilation fans, motherboard, cameras, and graphic card that work within a laptop or computer. The hardware that the information technology structure utilizes must be able to handle the software that the organization requires as well as execute a large amount of data and information processing (Oinas-Kukkonen, 2009). In addition, the hardware should be up to date to allow for proper data storage, collection, and utilization.

Fourth, an organization must assimilate software in order for a system to perform well. Organizational and employee software must have features and roles that allow them to produce and consume data generated by the organization. As a result, the software should include components that allow employees to do their jobs more efficiently, such as processing data, creating reports, and evaluating data. Finally, data generated by various departments in the organization must be transmitted around the company because it will be used for varied purposes. As a result, telecommunication in any business must be productive in order for the data transmitted to arrive at the correct destination after processing.

A system serves a variety of functions, including storage, feedback, and processing. First and foremost, information should be stored in a meticulous manner. To avoid the loss of any critical data due to human error, frequent backups and multiple summaries should be performed. Furthermore, these backups should be spread out geographically to avoid major disasters like as flooding or fire (Kukkonen, 2002). Second, processing is the foundation for converting information into data. Summing up the quantity of things sold by the company by a variable, such as warehousing sites or items, as well as time and date, is a simple process. Calculations and assumptions about missing data would be part of a complicated procedure to derive information from the existing data.

Finally, the feedback loop, also known as the control loop, is another function of a system that is often the output of processed data. When a system continuously repeats the same processes, the output of the last loop might have an impact on the input of subsequent information into the loop. For example, suppose a corporation wants to buy stock from a supplier when it reaches 100. In a loop, the system will check the stock level every hour. When the stock level is above 100, the circle continues indefinitely until the stock level falls below 100, at which point the instruction is executed and fresh stores are ordered.

The system as a service is gaining popularity, and it is having a beneficial impact on the organization due to its information security and commercial performance. When selecting SaaS solutions, the organization should look for a system that prioritizes security, has solid security features, and can integrate apps. As a result, additional features and services from other SaaS solutions are listed below.

To begin, accounting software refers to application software that documents and processes actions inside functional modules such as accounts receivable, journals, accounts payable, and payroll (Pop, 2016). FreshBooks, Xero, and Stripe are the three main options available. FreshBooks is a well-known invoicing and cash flow management service. They are mostly used by small firms to swiftly balance their books. They also provide expenditure auditing, professional invoicing, time tracking, and payment reports. As a result, Xero is another accounting software product. It aids in the maintenance of accurate and up-to-date accounts. Small businesses use Xero, which, like FreshBooks, allows users to connect their bank accounts and import bank statements. It also allows for the creation of reports and payments ahead of time. Finally, there’s Stripe, which is an online payment system for online retail. They offer lower processing fees for credit cards.

customer success, which is deeply established in SaaS enterprises, is now recognized by every organization. The KPIs listed below, on the other hand, can help non-SaaS businesses achieve client success. To begin, customer service metrics and how a customer is treated are critical in the customer journey. It is vital to have a system for addressing issues and tracking trends. As a result, it will provide insight into the customer experience, allowing for the prevention of problems and the focus on critical tasks such as backlog volume, customer satisfaction, and resolution time. Finally, the amount of time CSMs spend with each customer is critical. How long does it take for them to respond to customers? These types of queries will aid the organization in identifying flaws and correcting them by updating the procedure. As a result, client success will be achieved since the customer service representatives will work tirelessly.

Deelman, E., Gannon, D., Shields, M., & Taylor, I. (2009). Workflows and e-Science: An overview of workflow system features and capabilities.  Future generation computer systems ,  25 (5), 528-540.

Oinas-Kukkonen, H., & Harjumaa, M. (2009). Persuasive systems design: Key issues, process model, and system features.  Communications of the Association for Information Systems ,  24 (1), 28.

Kukkonen, J. P., Holmqvist, T., Ammoun, S., & Åkerman, K. E. (2002). Functions of the orexinergic/hypocretinergic system.  American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology ,  283 (6), C1567-C1591.

Pop, D. (2016). Machine learning and cloud computing: Survey of distributed and saas solutions.  arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.08767 .

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The conference was founded in 1987 and is now a multi-track interdisciplinary annual meeting that includes invited talks, demonstrations, symposia, and oral and poster presentations of refereed papers. Along with the conference is a professional exposition focusing on machine learning in practice, a series of tutorials, and topical workshops that provide a less formal setting for the exchange of ideas.

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New software enables blind and low-vision users to create interactive, accessible charts

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A growing number of tools enable users to make online data representations, like charts, that are accessible for people who are blind or have low vision. However, most tools require an existing visual chart that can then be converted into an accessible format.

This creates barriers that prevent blind and low-vision users from building their own custom data representations, and it can limit their ability to explore and analyze important information.

A team of researchers from MIT and University College London (UCL) wants to change the way people think about accessible data representations.

They created a software system called Umwelt (which means “environment” in German) that can enable blind and low-vision users to build customized, multimodal data representations without needing an initial visual chart.

Umwelt, an authoring environment designed for screen-reader users, incorporates an editor that allows someone to upload a dataset and create a customized representation, such as a scatterplot, that can include three modalities: visualization, textual description, and sonification. Sonification involves converting data into nonspeech audio.

The system, which can represent a variety of data types, includes a viewer that enables a blind or low-vision user to interactively explore a data representation, seamlessly switching between each modality to interact with data in a different way.

The researchers conducted a study with five expert screen-reader users who found Umwelt to be useful and easy to learn. In addition to offering an interface that empowered them to create data representations — something they said was sorely lacking — the users said Umwelt could facilitate communication between people who rely on different senses.

“We have to remember that blind and low-vision people aren’t isolated. They exist in these contexts where they want to talk to other people about data,” says Jonathan Zong, an electrical engineering and computer science (EECS) graduate student and lead author of a paper introducing Umwelt . “I am hopeful that Umwelt helps shift the way that researchers think about accessible data analysis. Enabling the full participation of blind and low-vision people in data analysis involves seeing visualization as just one piece of this bigger, multisensory puzzle.”

Joining Zong on the paper are fellow EECS graduate students Isabella Pedraza Pineros and Mengzhu “Katie” Chen; Daniel Hajas, a UCL researcher who works with the Global Disability Innovation Hub; and senior author Arvind Satyanarayan, associate professor of computer science at MIT who leads the Visualization Group in the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. The paper will be presented at the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing.

De-centering visualization

The researchers previously developed interactive interfaces that provide a richer experience for screen reader users as they explore accessible data representations . Through that work, they realized most tools for creating such representations involve converting existing visual charts.

Aiming to decenter visual representations in data analysis, Zong and Hajas, who lost his sight at age 16, began co-designing Umwelt more than a year ago.

At the outset, they realized they would need to rethink how to represent the same data using visual, auditory, and textual forms.

“We had to put a common denominator behind the three modalities. By creating this new language for representations, and making the output and input accessible, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts,” says Hajas.

To build Umwelt, they first considered what is unique about the way people use each sense.

For instance, a sighted user can see the overall pattern of a scatterplot and, at the same time, move their eyes to focus on different data points. But for someone listening to a sonification, the experience is linear since data are converted into tones that must be played back one at a time.

“If you are only thinking about directly translating visual features into nonvisual features, then you miss out on the unique strengths and weaknesses of each modality,” Zong adds.

They designed Umwelt to offer flexibility, enabling a user to switch between modalities easily when one would better suit their task at a given time.

To use the editor, one uploads a dataset to Umwelt, which employs heuristics to automatically creates default representations in each modality.

If the dataset contains stock prices for companies, Umwelt might generate a multiseries line chart, a textual structure that groups data by ticker symbol and date, and a sonification that uses tone length to represent the price for each date, arranged by ticker symbol.

The default heuristics are intended to help the user get started.

“In any kind of creative tool, you have a blank-slate effect where it is hard to know how to begin. That is compounded in a multimodal tool because you have to specify things in three different representations,” Zong says.

The editor links interactions across modalities, so if a user changes the textual description, that information is adjusted in the corresponding sonification. Someone could utilize the editor to build a multimodal representation, switch to the viewer for an initial exploration, then return to the editor to make adjustments.

Helping users communicate about data

To test Umwelt, they created a diverse set of multimodal representations, from scatterplots to multiview charts, to ensure the system could effectively represent different data types. Then they put the tool in the hands of five expert screen reader users.

Study participants mostly found Umwelt to be useful for creating, exploring, and discussing data representations. One user said Umwelt was like an “enabler” that decreased the time it took them to analyze data. The users agreed that Umwelt could help them communicate about data more easily with sighted colleagues.

“What stands out about Umwelt is its core philosophy of de-emphasizing the visual in favor of a balanced, multisensory data experience. Often, nonvisual data representations are relegated to the status of secondary considerations, mere add-ons to their visual counterparts. However, visualization is merely one aspect of data representation. I appreciate their efforts in shifting this perception and embracing a more inclusive approach to data science,” says JooYoung Seo, an assistant professor in the School of Information Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champagne, who was not involved with this work.

Moving forward, the researchers plan to create an open-source version of Umwelt that others can build upon. They also want to integrate tactile sensing into the software system as an additional modality, enabling the use of tools like refreshable tactile graphics displays.

“In addition to its impact on end users, I am hoping that Umwelt can be a platform for asking scientific questions around how people use and perceive multimodal representations, and how we can improve the design beyond this initial step,” says Zong.

This work was supported, in part, by the National Science Foundation and the MIT Morningside Academy for Design Fellowship.

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Improving accessibility of online graphics for blind users

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Tesla is pushing a free one-month trial of its FSD Beta driver-assistance software to US customers

Tesla is about to start giving every customer in the U.S. a one-month trial of its $12,000 driver-assistance system, which it calls Full Self-Driving Beta, provided they have a car with the compatible hardware. The company is also reportedly mandating, at CEO Elon Musk’s request, that prospective buyers are given a demo of the software before they purchase a new Tesla.

The full-court press to promote FSD Beta software, an upgraded version of the Autopilot system that comes standard in all Tesla vehicles, is happening at an interesting moment for the company. It’s the end of the first quarter of 2024, and Tesla usually pulls out all the stops — including having executives help deliver cars to customers — to meet or beat its sales goals. Tempting customers with a new incentive could be one way to help boost sales, although it could backfire if prospective customers are turned off by Tesla adding extra steps to its usually streamlined buying process.

It’s also just a few weeks before Tesla goes to trial in a civil lawsuit brought by the family of Walter Huang, who died in a 2018 crash while using Autopilot. Huang was distracted at the time — investigators ultimately discovered that he had been playing a mobile game just before the crash — but the lawsuit centers around how Tesla represented Autopilot’s capabilities, and whether it did enough to prevent drivers from misusing it. (The NTSB investigation into the crash, which wrapped in February 2020, determined that Tesla did not , though it is only able to issue safety recommendations.)

The decision to temporarily increase access to the FSD Beta software comes as Tesla has been rolling out a new “V12” version of the software that ditches the previous code in favor of a system that runs entirely on neural networks. Many of Tesla’s most ardent supporters have praised the new version, as well as some of its employees and executives, including policy head Rohan Patel, who posted on X that he feels “fully comfy telling my family to try out FSD anywhere.”

But not everyone has had a smooth experience with the software.

By expanding access to FSD Beta beyond the few hundred thousand or so customers who’ve already paid the $12,000 price tag (or, if they ponied up a few years ago before the price cut, $15,000), Tesla will get access to more video data that it can train its neural nets against. But it also means the software could wind up in the hands of significantly more people who may not pay as close attention to the company’s instructions that drivers need to supervise the software at all times, and be ready to take over if something goes wrong.

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Apple Readying In-Box iPhone Software Update System for Retail Stores

Apple is set to roll out a new system that allows retail store staff to wirelessly update the software on iPhones prior to sale, without having to take them out of their packaging.

Gurman first reported on the wireless system in October , describing it as a "proprietary pad-like device" on which retail store staff can place a sealed ‌iPhone‌ box. The system wirelessly turns on the iPhone inside, updates its software to the latest version available, and then powers it off.

Apple developed "Presto" as a way to avoid selling iPhones in retail stores with outdated software. For example, the iPhone 15 series shipped with iOS 17, but Apple subsequently released iOS 17.0.1 before the devices launched. The point update was required to fix an issue that prevented the transfer of data directly from another iPhone during the initial setup process.

That meant new iPhone 15 owners had to update the devices themselves as part of the setup process, or manually via the Settings app under General → Software Update if they opted to set up the device as new and transfer data later. Following the rollout of "Presto," such a scenario will be avoidable, making the setup process more straightforward for end users.

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Gurman first reported on the wireless system in October, describing it as a "proprietary pad-like device" on which retail store staff can place a sealed ‌iPhone‌ box . The system wirelessly turns on the iPhone inside, updates its software to the latest version available, and then powers it off.

So they can turn a phone on from a distance. While a great idea for updates, I definitely wonder what dangers this ability opens up.

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AMD Software: Adrenalin Edition 24.3.1 Release Notes

Fixed issues.

During Microsoft Teams meetings, the camera may intermittently display looped footage on some AMD Products, such as the AMD Ryzen™ 5 PRO 6650U Processor.  

GPU Acceleration may be missing/greyed out in Adobe Premiere Pro on some hybrid graphics systems. 

Known Issues

Shader caching may fail for Windows usernames containing accented characters. 

Important Notes

For users who previously installed an AMD Software insider preview driver, running AMD Cleanup Utility is recommended before installing this driver.  

Package Contents

AMD Software: Adrenalin Edition 24.3.1 Driver Version 23.19.12 for Windows® 10 and Windows® 11 (Windows Driver Store Version 31.0.21912.14). 

The AMD Software: Adrenalin Edition 24.3.1 installation package can be downloaded from the following link:

By clicking the Download button, you are confirming that you have read and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions of the  End User License Agreement  (“EULA”).  If you do not agree to the terms and conditions of these licenses, you do not have a license to any of the AMD software provided by this download.

• AMD Software: Adrenalin Edition 24.3.1 Driver for Windows® 10 & Windows® 11 64-bit

Installing AMD Software: Adrenalin Edition

For detailed instructions on how to correctly uninstall or install AMD Software: Adrenalin Edition, please refer to the following support resources:

• How-To Uninstall AMD Software on a Windows® Based System
• How-To Install AMD Software on a Windows® Based System

NOTE : This driver is not intended for use on AMD Radeon products running in Apple Boot Camp platforms. Users of these platforms should contact their system manufacturer for driver support. When installing AMD Software: Adrenalin Edition 24.3.1 Driver for the Windows® operating system, the user must be logged on as Administrator, or have Administrator rights to complete the installation of AMD Software: Adrenalin Edition 24.3.1 Driver. 

Radeon Product Compatibility

AMD Software: Adrenalin Edition 24.3.1 is compatible with the following AMD Radeon products.

Mobility Radeon™ Product Compatibility

AMD Software: Adrenalin Edition 24.3.1 is a notebook reference graphics driver with limited support for system vendor specific features. 

​​​​AMD Processors with Radeon Graphics Product Compatibility

Important note for laptop and all-in-one (aio) pcs .

AMD recommends OEM-provided drivers which are customized and validated for their system-specific features and optimizations. If you experience issues using the AMD Software: Adrenalin Edition driver package downloaded from AMD.com, please install the OEM-provided drivers for full support and compatibility. AMD Software: Adrenalin Edition does not include support for handheld gaming devices.  Users should check with the OEM for device specific drivers.

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Compatible operating systems.

AMD Software: Adrenalin Edition 24.3.1 is designed to support the following Microsoft® Windows® platforms. Operating System support may vary depending on your specific AMD Radeon product.

• Windows 11 version 21H2 and later
• Windows 10 64-bit version 1809 and later

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