la dissertation def

•  LANGUE FRANÇAISE
•  DICTIONNAIRES BILINGUES
•  TRADUCTEUR
•  CONJUGATEUR
•  ENCYCLOPÉDIE
•  CUISINE
•  FORUM
•  JEUX
•  LIVRES
• Suivez nous:    
• EN ES DE IT
• DÉFINITIONS

 dissertation

nom féminin

(bas latin dissertatio, -onis )

• 1.  Autrefois, mémoire sur un problème d'érudition, de doctrine, sur une question savante.
• 2.  Exercice scolaire de composition écrite, consistant dans la discussion d'un sujet de littérature, d'histoire ou de philosophie.

Synonymes :

bavardage - discours - laïus (familier) - palabre - tartine (familier)

Mots proches

À DÉCOUVRIR DANS L'ENCYCLOPÉDIE

• délinquance juvénile.
• embarrure . [MÉDECINE]
• géologie. [DOSSIER] .
• hernie de la paroi abdominale . [MÉDECINE]
• Jeux Olympiques de la Grèce antique .
• locomoteur (appareil). [MÉDECINE]
• Mao Zedong .
• morse . [FAUNE]
• orang-outan . [FAUNE]
• Première Guerre mondiale .
• santé. [DOSSIER] .
• tigre . [FAUNE]
• Weber . Max Weber .

VOIR LA TRADUCTION

Lequel de ces mots contient un « m » ?

• une bo…bonne

• Morphologie
• Lexicographie
• Concordance

• DISSERTATION , subst. fém.

© 2012 - CNRTL 44, avenue de la Libération BP 30687 54063 Nancy Cedex - France Tél. : +33 3 83 96 21 76 - Fax : +33 3 83 97 24 56

dissertation

Définition de dissertation ​​​ votre navigateur ne prend pas en charge audio. nom féminin, synonymes de dissertation nom féminin.

composition , essai , étude , mémoire , traité

Phrases avec le mot dissertation

Dictionnaire universel de furetière (1690), définition ancienne de dissertation s. f..

Testez-vous en répondant à ces trois questions.

01 86 76 13 95

(Appel gratuit)

Cours : La dissertation

La dissertation

Introduction :

La dissertation est redoutée car c’est une épreuve nouvelle pour un élève de classe de première. Si elle est réputée difficile, c’est surtout à cause de ce caractère inédit. Or, il faut savoir que lorsqu’elle est bien traitée, la dissertation permet d’accéder aux meilleures notes de l’examen.

Voici la définition officielle de l’exercice, tel qu’il est préconisé par les organisateurs de l’examen : « La dissertation consiste à conduire une réflexion personnelle et argumentée à partir d’une problématique littéraire issue du programme de français. Pour développer son argumentation, le candidat s’appuie sur les textes dont il dispose, sur les objets d’étude de la classe de première, ainsi que sur ses lectures et sa culture personnelle. »

En ce dernier point réside la principale difficulté de l’exercice : le correcteur attend une certaine culture, ainsi qu’une parfaite connaissance du programme de première.

Premier temps : l’analyse du sujet

Les sujets de dissertation sont très variés, ils peuvent être longs ou assez courts. Il peut s’agir de citations ou de sujets créés pour l’occasion. Ils peuvent sembler évasifs, ou au contraire trop restrictifs. Quoiqu’il en soit, la première étape est d’analyser le sujet.

Tout d’abord, il faut repérer les mots-clés du sujet. Ils représenteront la charpente de la dissertation et guideront le raisonnement. C’est dès le début de l’épreuve qu’il faut se fixer un cap cohérent, au risque de faire un hors-sujet. Il faut s’interroger non seulement sur le sens que possèdent ces mots dans le contexte du sujet, mais également sur celui qu’ils possèdent hors de ce contexte. Il faut tout de suite étudier l’ambiguïté des mots et leur polysémie, pour pouvoir les saisir dans leur intégralité, et en jouer dans la dissertation.

Si le sujet est une citation, il faut s’assurer de bien la comprendre. La lire de nombreuses fois, et là encore, surligner les mots importants. Certaines citations sont d’ailleurs tellement longues qu’elles semblent fournir sur un plateau le plan de votre devoir, en exprimant de multiples idées qu’il faudra éclaircir et expliquer, dans chacune des parties.

Enfin, tous les sujets sont accompagnés de consignes qu’il faut suivre à la lettre : elles fournissent souvent des indices très précis sur la démarche attendue. Elles vont même parfois jusqu’à sous-entendre un plan possible de dissertation.

Il faut savoir aussi que tous les sujets ne sont pas rédigés sous la forme d’une question. Si tel n’est pas le cas, il faut reformuler la problématique après l’avoir cernée, que ce soit sous la forme d’une question directe ou indirecte. Gardez à l’esprit que la dissertation toute entière est une tentative de réponse à la question.

Deuxième temps : la recherche d’idées

L’analyse du sujet a normalement déjà pris un bon quart d’heure, même pour une petite question. Au bout de quelques minutes, vous aurez trouvé plusieurs pistes possibles pour répondre à la question. Sauf qu’en l’état, ces idées ne valent rien. Il faut les appuyer d’une ou plusieurs citations.

Si peu d’idées vous viennent, pensez au corpus, il pourra vous fournir quelques pistes et sera de toute façon la source de beaucoup de vos citations. Dites-vous bien que ces textes ont été choisis justement pour cela.

Le premier endroit où vous puiserez des citations est donc le corpus. Le deuxième réservoir d’exemples est constitué par les textes étudiés pendant l’année de première. Il ne s’agit évidemment pas de les apprendre tous par cœur, mais juste de savoir réexpliquer une idée avec vos propres mots, et de l’attribuer à un auteur en particulier.

Un exemple : expliquez ce qu’est le pari de Pascal sans le citer mot pour mot mais en donnant son nom. Si l’explication est bonne, et que le concept est attribué au bon auteur, le correcteur saura apprécier la culture.

Le dernier vivier d’exemples susceptibles d’être utilisés se trouve dans votre culture personnelle. Là, le champ est très large : on ne parle pas nécessairement que de romans, ni même simplement de livres mais aussi de musique, de spectacles, de cinéma, de peinture…

Troisième temps : l’élaboration du plan

À ce stade, il ne devrait plus vous rester que deux heures environ. Il est temps de dégager un plan du brouillon. Deux types de plans sont possibles :

• le plan analytique répond à une question ouverte. Regardez la problématique. Si elle est formée sur un modèle du genre : « Pourquoi, selon vous… ? » ou encore « Quelle image les artistes du … ont d’eux-mêmes ? », il s’agit d’une interrogation ouverte qui attend une réponse précise. Dans ce cas, le devoir devra exposer une seule thèse. Et chaque partie correspondra à un argument étayant cette thèse. Il faut donc trouver plusieurs arguments allant dans le sens de cette thèse.
• le plan dialectique répond lui à une question fermée. Par exemple : « Le théâtre est-il fait pour être lu ou représenté ? » ou encore « Le combat des philosophes du … vous parait-il encore d’actualité ? » Dans ce cas, le devoir devra examiner deux aspects opposés du problème, c’est-à-dire peser le pour et le contre. Chaque partie du devoir va donc développer une thèse différente. Les paragraphes constituant ces parties vont, eux, correspondre aux arguments étayant ces thèses.

Le plan dialectique ne consiste pas à prouver une chose puis son contraire : il faut réussir à exprimer une pensée suffisamment nuancée pour ne pas se contredire. C’est là toute la difficulté de l’exercice. Concernant la troisième partie, respecter l’adage connu « thèse – antithèse – synthèse » est inutile car la synthèse se fait dans la conclusion et non avant. L’idéal est de trouver une troisième partie qui « botte en touche », c’est-à-dire qui permette de dépasser l’opposition.

Une fois le plan déterminé, il faudra construire des parties argumentatives qui développent les thèses et les arguments, en les appuyant, rappelez-vous, sur des exemples précis. Il faut également systématiquement commenter ces exemples. C’est dans ces commentaires que l’expression libre est la plus conseillée. Mais tout ceci se fera au moment de la rédaction, car au brouillon, il faut vous contenter du plan. Rédigez votre plan sur une feuille de brouillon à part. Chaque partie sera composée idéalement de trois sous-parties. Symbolisez-les par des tirets et notez-y les exemples dont vous allez vous servir.

Les titres de vos parties ne doivent pas apparaitre sur votre copie.

Quatrième et dernier temps : la rédaction au propre

Il faut commencer le devoir par une belle introduction, constituée d’un seul paragraphe mais de plusieurs étapes :

• une mise en contexte qui introduit le thème ;
• la citation (si le sujet en comporte une) ;
• la problématique ;
• l’annonce du plan.

N’oubliez pas que chaque paragraphe doit commencer par une phrase introductive, qui annonce l’idée sur le point d’être traitée. Cette idée sera traitée, justement, sur la base d’exemples précis, de citations exactes. Et enfin, le paragraphe devra se terminer par une phrase conclusive, prouvant l’aboutissement du raisonnement. Il est également de bon ton de relier les différentes parties entre elles par des phrases de transition afin de fluidifier la lecture du texte, ce qui est plus agréable pour le correcteur. N’oubliez pas de revenir à la ligne et de marquer un alinéa entre chaque paragraphe, ainsi que de sauter carrément une ligne entre chaque grande partie.

Enfin, la conclusion devra résumer en un seul paragraphe les résultats de la réflexion, mais aussi prendre clairement position si le sujet vous y invite (et c’est souvent le cas). Enfin, il faudra vous s’efforcer d’élargir la problématique, pourquoi pas par le biais d’une citation si elle est judicieusement choisie. Mais évitez par contre de terminer par une question, le plus souvent sans intérêt ou même complètement hors-sujet.

• L’orthographe et la syntaxe doivent être particulièrement soignés.
• La dissertation est une réflexion personnelle, mais n’employez surtout pas la première personne du singulier. Votre implication dans ce que vous écrivez ne doit pas être perçue par le correcteur. Employez des tournures impersonnelles.
• Employez des guillemets lorsque vous citez un passage du corpus. En français, les guillemets sont « et », les guillemets anglais " et " ne sont utilisés que si l’on a besoin de mettre des guillemets dans un passage déjà entre guillemets. Si vous voulez couper une citation que vous jugez trop longue, symbolisez les mots manquants par […].
• Soulignez les titres d’œuvre lorsque vous serez amené à les écrire.
• Pensez à garder environ dix minutes en fin d’épreuve pour vous relire.

Conclusion :

Attention au trop fréquent hors-sujet : même si vous avez l’impression d’avoir compris d’emblée ce que l’on attend de vous, ne vous lancez pas dans l’exercice sans avoir rigoureusement identifié et analysé les mots-clés du sujet ET de l’énoncé. Dans cet exercice, le respect des consignes permet d’atteindre de bonnes notes. Parce que la dissertation est un exercice délicat, la choisir vous apportera les faveurs des correcteurs et les plus hautes notes en cas de réussite. Si vous désirez la tenter au baccalauréat de français, exercez-vous à plusieurs reprises durant votre année de première.

Évitez les fautes dans vos écrits académiques

Évitez le plagiat gratuitement, faire une bibliographie gratuitement.

• Dissertation

Introduction de dissertation

Publié le 28 novembre 2018 par Justine Debret . Mis à jour le 7 décembre 2020.

Table des matières

Les parties d’une introduction de dissertation, 1. l’amorce de l’introduction d’une dissertation, 2. l’énoncé du sujet de l’introduction d’une dissertation, 3. la définition des termes et reformulation du sujet dans l’introduction d’une dissertation, 4. la problématique de l’introduction d’une dissertation, 5. l’annonce du plan dans l’introduction d’une dissertation, exemple complet d’introduction de dissertation, présentation gratuite.

L’introduction d’une dissertation permet de poser le sujet et d’exposer le problème auquel vous allez répondre dans le développement.

L’introduction d’une dissertation ne doit pas être trop longue (10 à 15 lignes) et est censée s’adresser à un lecteur qui ignore le sujet.

Elle doit comporter :

• une phrase d’accroche  (amorce) ;
• l’énoncé du sujet ;
• la définition termes et reformulation du sujet ;
• une problématique ;
• l’annonce du plan.

Corriger des documents en 5 minutes

Trouvez rapidement et facilement les fautes d'orthographe, de grammaire et de ponctuation dans vos textes.

• Correction d'un document en 5 minutes
• Appliquer les modifications en 1 clic
• Corriger des documents pendant 30 jours

Essayez le correcteur IA

L’amorce ou entrée en matière se doit d’être originale et de susciter l’intérêt du lecteur. Vous pouvez utiliser un fait marquant, des statistiques, une citation ou un ouvrage.

Évitez absolument les amorces du type : « De tous le temps, les hommes se sont intéressés à… ».

Sujet  : Etre libre, est-ce faire ce que l’on veut ?

« Tous les Hommes naissent et demeurent libres et égaux », voici ce que promet la Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen française établie en 1789, ainsi que la Constitution française de la Vème République de 1958.

Dans l’introduction de la dissertation, il faut bien évidemment introduire le sujet de la dissertation. S’il est constitué d’une citation, la citation doit figurer dans l’introduction avec le nom de l’auteur.

Ainsi, la « liberté » semble être une vertu naturelle et innée que l’être humain est en droit de posséder dès sa naissance. Etre « libre » signifierait « faire tout ce que l’on veut ». Toutefois, comme dans tout texte juridique, ce droit accordé à l’Homme n’est valable que si certains devoirs imposés sont respectés. La « liberté » est donc entourée de normes et de lois qui la définissent au sein d’une société démocratique.

Définir les termes du sujet permet d’expliciter le sens que l’on donne aux mots du sujet. Fournir des définitions précises vous permettra de définir un angle d’attaque particulier, car les mots peuvent avoir plusieurs définitions. Choisir une définition par terme du sujet vous permet d’éviter les malentendus.

On définit communément un être « libre » comme ayant le pouvoir de faire ce qu’il veut, d’agir ou non, et de n’être captif d’aucun devoir moral ou juridique. On peut donc lier la « liberté » à la seule « volonté » du sujet. Cette « volonté » pouvant être décrite comme le fait de « désirer » ou celui de « décider rationnellement » une chose. Toutefois, le « désir » peut sembler posséder un caractère coercitif qui rendrait toute liberté humaine impossible à atteindre.

Combien de fautes dans votre document ?

Nos correcteurs corrigent en moyenne 150 fautes pour 1 000 mots . Vous vous demandez ce qui sera corrigé exactement ? Déplacez le curseur de gauche à droite !

Faites corriger votre document

Poser le problème est une étape essentielle, car la problématique régit l’ensemble de la dissertation. Le développement de la dissertation doit permettre de répondre à la problématique énoncée en introduction. Il s’agit de formuler le problème initial.

Il est donc nécessaire de se demander si l’Homme est un être libre capable de faire des choix rationnels ou s’il est esclave de lui-même et de ses désirs ?

Annoncer le plan permet de donner au lecteur un aperçu de la structure du document. Le plan de votre développement est jugé dès l’introduction et le lecteur peut immédiatement détecter le hors-sujet. Faites donc attention à bien définir le plan de votre dissertation.

Pour répondre à cette question, il est tout d’abord nécessaire de s’interroger sur l’Homme en tant qu’individu considéré comme libre et doté de raison. Puis, il convient d’étudier l’Homme comme un être prisonnier qui subit la contrainte et l’obligation que lui impose sa personne ainsi que l’environnement qui l’entoure.

Voici un exemple complet d’introduction de dissertation avec les différentes parties que doit contenir une introduction.

Conseil… Faites relire et corriger votre dissertation avant de la rendre. Les fautes sont très pénalisées !

« Tous les Hommes naissent et demeurent libres et égaux », voici ce que promet la Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen française établie en 1789, ainsi que la Constitution française de la Vème République de 1958. Ainsi, la « liberté » semble être une vertu naturelle et innée que l’être humain est en droit de posséder dès sa naissance. Etre « libre » signifierait « faire tout ce que l’on veut ». Toutefois, comme dans tout texte juridique, ce droit accordé à l’Homme n’est valable que si certains devoirs imposés sont respectés. La « liberté » est donc entourée de normes et de lois qui la définissent au sein d’une société démocratique. On définit communément un être « libre » comme ayant le pouvoir de faire ce qu’il veut, d’agir ou non, et de n’être captif d’aucun devoir moral ou juridique. On peut donc lier la « liberté » à la seule « volonté » du sujet. Cette « volonté » pouvant être décrite comme le fait de « désirer » ou celui de « décider rationnellement » une chose. Toutefois, le « désir » peut sembler posséder un caractère coercitif qui rendrait toute liberté humaine impossible à atteindre. Il est donc nécessaire de se demander si l’Homme est un être libre capable de faire des choix rationnels ou s’il est esclave de lui-même et de ses désirs ? Pour répondre à cette question, il est tout d’abord nécessaire de s’interroger sur l’Homme en tant qu’individu considéré comme libre et doté de raison. Puis, il convient d’étudier l’Homme comme un être prisonnier qui subit la contrainte et l’obligation que lui impose sa personne ainsi que l’environnement qui l’entoure.

Voici une présentation que vous pouvez utiliser pour vos révisions ou lors de vos cours, afin d’expliquer la méthodologie de rédaction d’une introduction de dissertation.

Sur Google Slides En version PowerPoint

Citer cet article de Scribbr

Si vous souhaitez citer cette source, vous pouvez la copier/coller ou cliquer sur le bouton “Citez cet article” pour l’ajouter automatiquement à notre Générateur de sources gratuit.

Debret, J. (2020, 07 décembre). Introduction de dissertation. Scribbr. Consulté le 20 mars 2024, de https://www.scribbr.fr/dissertation-fr/introduction-dissertation/

Cet article est-il utile ?

Justine Debret

D'autres étudiants ont aussi consulté..., conclusion d’une dissertation : comment la rédiger , plan de dissertation.

The Dissertation: Writing in French

Dissertation is a very specific way to write what we call a “paper.” In France, this style is used in academics and the professional world alike.

The Necessities

• Personal reaction: Be sincere, though not informal.
• Use examples to affirm your point. Using examples limits verbiage, generalities, and banalities.
• Be clear and coherent : A good paper should resemble a mathematical proof more than a lyrical flood of words. Be understandable and operate by the Law of Occam’s Razor (the simplest explanation tends to be the best one.)
• Outline : Getting your ideas on paper is harder than coming up with them in the first place. In order to convey your ideas effectively to the reader, outline!

The Schema of a Dissertation

In order to write a dissertation, you need a problem or problématique. Situate that problem within your topic or subject. Do not begin to write without these ideas in mind.

Introduction

• The introduction must rapidly situate and introduce the problem. Cite briefly.
• Give an idea of the movement of the paper, but do not announce each step of your work.
• Define key words.
• Attract the reader!  

The Body 

Separated into parts and paragraphs, where each part is a main point in the problem and each paragraph is one idea or one aspect of an idea.

• Thesis – often the predominant point of view (the most common analysis)
• Synthesis: Establish some nuanced truth in between the two arguments or overcome of the initial contradiction by bringing in additional information.
• “Problem-Cause-Solution” Plan: Introduce and define a problem, pinpoint its causes, and propose a solution.
• Separate your argument into parts (in this case, two: benefits and pleasures)
• Order your arguments within each part
• first element of comparison (one point of view on an issue, for example)
• second element of comparison (an opposing point of view)
• Meditation on the facts presented in the first two parts
• Explanation of the formula (definition, par ex.)
• Commentary on the formula, for example, expansion of a definition, comments on appropriateness

The Conclusion

A conclusion must be written in the spirit of synthesis and with logical rigor. Coming to the end of an argument, a conclusion must be concise and strong. If desired, it can situate the results or thesis a more general sense.

(Desalmand, Paul and Tort, Patrick. Du plan à la dissertation. Paris : 1977) 

Mailing Address

Pomona College 333 N. College Way Claremont , CA 91711

Get in touch

Give back to pomona.

Part of   The Claremont Colleges

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, automatically generate references for free.

• Knowledge Base
• Dissertation

What Is a Dissertation? | 5 Essential Questions to Get Started

Published on 26 March 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 5 May 2022.

A dissertation is a large research project undertaken at the end of a degree. It involves in-depth consideration of a problem or question chosen by the student. It is usually the largest (and final) piece of written work produced during a degree.

The length and structure of a dissertation vary widely depending on the level and field of study. However, there are some key questions that can help you understand the requirements and get started on your dissertation project.

Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text

Be assured that you'll submit flawless writing. Upload your document to correct all your mistakes.

Table of contents

When and why do you have to write a dissertation, who will supervise your dissertation, what type of research will you do, how should your dissertation be structured, what formatting and referencing rules do you have to follow, frequently asked questions about dissertations.

A dissertation, sometimes called a thesis, comes at the end of an undergraduate or postgraduate degree. It is a larger project than the other essays you’ve written, requiring a higher word count and a greater depth of research.

You’ll generally work on your dissertation during the final year of your degree, over a longer period than you would take for a standard essay . For example, the dissertation might be your main focus for the last six months of your degree.

Why is the dissertation important?

The dissertation is a test of your capacity for independent research. You are given a lot of autonomy in writing your dissertation: you come up with your own ideas, conduct your own research, and write and structure the text by yourself.

This means that it is an important preparation for your future, whether you continue in academia or not: it teaches you to manage your own time, generate original ideas, and work independently.

The only proofreading tool specialized in correcting academic writing

The academic proofreading tool has been trained on 1000s of academic texts and by native English editors. Making it the most accurate and reliable proofreading tool for students.

Correct my document today

During the planning and writing of your dissertation, you’ll work with a supervisor from your department. The supervisor’s job is to give you feedback and advice throughout the process.

The dissertation supervisor is often assigned by the department, but you might be allowed to indicate preferences or approach potential supervisors. If so, try to pick someone who is familiar with your chosen topic, whom you get along with on a personal level, and whose feedback you’ve found useful in the past.

How will your supervisor help you?

Your supervisor is there to guide you through the dissertation project, but you’re still working independently. They can give feedback on your ideas, but not come up with ideas for you.

You may need to take the initiative to request an initial meeting with your supervisor. Then you can plan out your future meetings and set reasonable deadlines for things like completion of data collection, a structure outline, a first chapter, a first draft, and so on.

Make sure to prepare in advance for your meetings. Formulate your ideas as fully as you can, and determine where exactly you’re having difficulties so you can ask your supervisor for specific advice.

Your approach to your dissertation will vary depending on your field of study. The first thing to consider is whether you will do empirical research , which involves collecting original data, or non-empirical research , which involves analysing sources.

Empirical dissertations (sciences)

An empirical dissertation focuses on collecting and analysing original data. You’ll usually write this type of dissertation if you are studying a subject in the sciences or social sciences.

• What are airline workers’ attitudes towards the challenges posed for their industry by climate change?
• How effective is cognitive behavioural therapy in treating depression in young adults?
• What are the short-term health effects of switching from smoking cigarettes to e-cigarettes?

There are many different empirical research methods you can use to answer these questions – for example, experiments , observations, surveys , and interviews.

When doing empirical research, you need to consider things like the variables you will investigate, the reliability and validity of your measurements, and your sampling method . The aim is to produce robust, reproducible scientific knowledge.

Non-empirical dissertations (arts and humanities)

A non-empirical dissertation works with existing research or other texts, presenting original analysis, critique and argumentation, but no original data. This approach is typical of arts and humanities subjects.

• What attitudes did commentators in the British press take towards the French Revolution in 1789–1792?
• How do the themes of gender and inheritance intersect in Shakespeare’s Macbeth ?
• How did Plato’s Republic and Thomas More’s Utopia influence nineteenth century utopian socialist thought?

The first steps in this type of dissertation are to decide on your topic and begin collecting your primary and secondary sources .

Primary sources are the direct objects of your research. They give you first-hand evidence about your subject. Examples of primary sources include novels, artworks and historical documents.

Secondary sources provide information that informs your analysis. They describe, interpret, or evaluate information from primary sources. For example, you might consider previous analyses of the novel or author you are working on, or theoretical texts that you plan to apply to your primary sources.

Dissertations are divided into chapters and sections. Empirical dissertations usually follow a standard structure, while non-empirical dissertations are more flexible.

Structure of an empirical dissertation

Empirical dissertations generally include these chapters:

• Introduction : An explanation of your topic and the research question(s) you want to answer.
• Literature review : A survey and evaluation of previous research on your topic.
• Methodology : An explanation of how you collected and analysed your data.
• Results : A brief description of what you found.
• Discussion : Interpretation of what these results reveal.
• Conclusion : Answers to your research question(s) and summary of what your findings contribute to knowledge in your field.

Sometimes the order or naming of chapters might be slightly different, but all of the above information must be included in order to produce thorough, valid scientific research.

Other dissertation structures

If your dissertation doesn’t involve data collection, your structure is more flexible. You can think of it like an extended essay – the text should be logically organised in a way that serves your argument:

• Introduction: An explanation of your topic and the question(s) you want to answer.
• Main body: The development of your analysis, usually divided into 2–4 chapters.
• Conclusion: Answers to your research question(s) and summary of what your analysis contributes to knowledge in your field.

The chapters of the main body can be organised around different themes, time periods, or texts. Below you can see some example structures for dissertations in different subjects.

• Political philosophy

This example, on the topic of the British press’s coverage of the French Revolution, shows how you might structure each chapter around a specific theme.

This example, on the topic of Plato’s and More’s influences on utopian socialist thought, shows a different approach to dividing the chapters by theme.

This example, a master’s dissertation on the topic of how writers respond to persecution, shows how you can also use section headings within each chapter. Each of the three chapters deals with a specific text, while the sections are organised thematically.

Like other academic texts, it’s important that your dissertation follows the formatting guidelines set out by your university. You can lose marks unnecessarily over mistakes, so it’s worth taking the time to get all these elements right.

Formatting guidelines concern things like:

• line spacing
• page numbers
• punctuation
• title pages
• presentation of tables and figures

If you’re unsure about the formatting requirements, check with your supervisor or department. You can lose marks unnecessarily over mistakes, so it’s worth taking the time to get all these elements right.

How will you reference your sources?

Referencing means properly listing the sources you cite and refer to in your dissertation, so that the reader can find them. This avoids plagiarism by acknowledging where you’ve used the work of others.

Keep track of everything you read as you prepare your dissertation. The key information to note down for a reference is:

• The publication date
• Page numbers for the parts you refer to (especially when using direct quotes)

Different referencing styles each have their own specific rules for how to reference. The most commonly used styles in UK universities are listed below.

You can use the free APA Reference Generator to automatically create and store your references.

APA Reference Generator

The words ‘ dissertation ’ and ‘thesis’ both refer to a large written research project undertaken to complete a degree, but they are used differently depending on the country:

• In the UK, you write a dissertation at the end of a bachelor’s or master’s degree, and you write a thesis to complete a PhD.
• In the US, it’s the other way around: you may write a thesis at the end of a bachelor’s or master’s degree, and you write a dissertation to complete a PhD.

The main difference is in terms of scale – a dissertation is usually much longer than the other essays you complete during your degree.

Another key difference is that you are given much more independence when working on a dissertation. You choose your own dissertation topic , and you have to conduct the research and write the dissertation yourself (with some assistance from your supervisor).

Dissertation word counts vary widely across different fields, institutions, and levels of education:

• An undergraduate dissertation is typically 8,000–15,000 words
• A master’s dissertation is typically 12,000–50,000 words
• A PhD thesis is typically book-length: 70,000–100,000 words

However, none of these are strict guidelines – your word count may be lower or higher than the numbers stated here. Always check the guidelines provided by your university to determine how long your own dissertation should be.

At the bachelor’s and master’s levels, the dissertation is usually the main focus of your final year. You might work on it (alongside other classes) for the entirety of the final year, or for the last six months. This includes formulating an idea, doing the research, and writing up.

A PhD thesis takes a longer time, as the thesis is the main focus of the degree. A PhD thesis might be being formulated and worked on for the whole four years of the degree program. The writing process alone can take around 18 months.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, May 05). What Is a Dissertation? | 5 Essential Questions to Get Started. Scribbr. Retrieved 20 March 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/thesis-dissertation/what-is-a-dissertation/

Is this article helpful?

Jack Caulfield

Other students also liked, how to choose a dissertation topic | 8 steps to follow, how to write a dissertation proposal | a step-by-step guide, what is a literature review | guide, template, & examples.

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

• Knowledge Base
• Dissertation
• What Is a Thesis? | Ultimate Guide & Examples

What Is a Thesis? | Ultimate Guide & Examples

Published on September 14, 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on November 21, 2023.

A thesis is a type of research paper based on your original research. It is usually submitted as the final step of a master’s program or a capstone to a bachelor’s degree.

Writing a thesis can be a daunting experience. Other than a dissertation , it is one of the longest pieces of writing students typically complete. It relies on your ability to conduct research from start to finish: choosing a relevant topic , crafting a proposal , designing your research , collecting data , developing a robust analysis, drawing strong conclusions , and writing concisely .

Thesis template

You can also download our full thesis template in the format of your choice below. Our template includes a ready-made table of contents , as well as guidance for what each chapter should include. It’s easy to make it your own, and can help you get started.

Download Word template Download Google Docs template

Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text

Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes

Table of contents

Thesis vs. thesis statement, how to structure a thesis, acknowledgements or preface, list of figures and tables, list of abbreviations, introduction, literature review, methodology, reference list, proofreading and editing, defending your thesis, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about theses.

You may have heard the word thesis as a standalone term or as a component of academic writing called a thesis statement . Keep in mind that these are two very different things.

• A thesis statement is a very common component of an essay, particularly in the humanities. It usually comprises 1 or 2 sentences in the introduction of your essay , and should clearly and concisely summarize the central points of your academic essay .
• A thesis is a long-form piece of academic writing, often taking more than a full semester to complete. It is generally a degree requirement for Master’s programs, and is also sometimes required to complete a bachelor’s degree in liberal arts colleges.
• In the US, a dissertation is generally written as a final step toward obtaining a PhD.
• In other countries (particularly the UK), a dissertation is generally written at the bachelor’s or master’s level.

Here's why students love Scribbr's proofreading services

Discover proofreading & editing

The final structure of your thesis depends on a variety of components, such as:

• Your discipline
• Your theoretical approach

Humanities theses are often structured more like a longer-form essay . Just like in an essay, you build an argument to support a central thesis.

In both hard and social sciences, theses typically include an introduction , literature review , methodology section ,  results section , discussion section , and conclusion section . These are each presented in their own dedicated section or chapter. In some cases, you might want to add an appendix .

Thesis examples

We’ve compiled a short list of thesis examples to help you get started.

• Example thesis #1:   “Abolition, Africans, and Abstraction: the Influence of the ‘Noble Savage’ on British and French Antislavery Thought, 1787-1807” by Suchait Kahlon.
• Example thesis #2: “’A Starving Man Helping Another Starving Man’: UNRRA, India, and the Genesis of Global Relief, 1943-1947″ by Julian Saint Reiman.

The very first page of your thesis contains all necessary identifying information, including:

• Your full title
• Your full name
• Your department
• Your institution and degree program
• Your submission date.

Sometimes the title page also includes your student ID, the name of your supervisor, or the university’s logo. Check out your university’s guidelines if you’re not sure.

Read more about title pages

The acknowledgements section is usually optional. Its main point is to allow you to thank everyone who helped you in your thesis journey, such as supervisors, friends, or family. You can also choose to write a preface , but it’s typically one or the other, not both.

Read more about acknowledgements Read more about prefaces

The only proofreading tool specialized in correcting academic writing - try for free!

The academic proofreading tool has been trained on 1000s of academic texts and by native English editors. Making it the most accurate and reliable proofreading tool for students.

Try for free

An abstract is a short summary of your thesis. Usually a maximum of 300 words long, it’s should include brief descriptions of your research objectives , methods, results, and conclusions. Though it may seem short, it introduces your work to your audience, serving as a first impression of your thesis.

Read more about abstracts

A table of contents lists all of your sections, plus their corresponding page numbers and subheadings if you have them. This helps your reader seamlessly navigate your document.

Your table of contents should include all the major parts of your thesis. In particular, don’t forget the the appendices. If you used heading styles, it’s easy to generate an automatic table Microsoft Word.

Read more about tables of contents

While not mandatory, if you used a lot of tables and/or figures, it’s nice to include a list of them to help guide your reader. It’s also easy to generate one of these in Word: just use the “Insert Caption” feature.

Read more about lists of figures and tables

If you have used a lot of industry- or field-specific abbreviations in your thesis, you should include them in an alphabetized list of abbreviations . This way, your readers can easily look up any meanings they aren’t familiar with.

Read more about lists of abbreviations

Relatedly, if you find yourself using a lot of very specialized or field-specific terms that may not be familiar to your reader, consider including a glossary . Alphabetize the terms you want to include with a brief definition.

Read more about glossaries

An introduction sets up the topic, purpose, and relevance of your thesis, as well as expectations for your reader. This should:

• Ground your research topic , sharing any background information your reader may need
• Define the scope of your work
• Introduce any existing research on your topic, situating your work within a broader problem or debate
• State your research question(s)
• Outline (briefly) how the remainder of your work will proceed

In other words, your introduction should clearly and concisely show your reader the “what, why, and how” of your research.

Read more about introductions

A literature review helps you gain a robust understanding of any extant academic work on your topic, encompassing:

• Selecting relevant sources
• Determining the credibility of your sources
• Critically evaluating each of your sources
• Drawing connections between sources, including any themes, patterns, conflicts, or gaps

A literature review is not merely a summary of existing work. Rather, your literature review should ultimately lead to a clear justification for your own research, perhaps via:

• Addressing a gap in the literature
• Building on existing knowledge to draw new conclusions
• Exploring a new theoretical or methodological approach
• Introducing a new solution to an unresolved problem
• Definitively advocating for one side of a theoretical debate

Read more about literature reviews

Theoretical framework

Your literature review can often form the basis for your theoretical framework, but these are not the same thing. A theoretical framework defines and analyzes the concepts and theories that your research hinges on.

Read more about theoretical frameworks

Your methodology chapter shows your reader how you conducted your research. It should be written clearly and methodically, easily allowing your reader to critically assess the credibility of your argument. Furthermore, your methods section should convince your reader that your method was the best way to answer your research question.

A methodology section should generally include:

• Your overall approach ( quantitative vs. qualitative )
• Your research methods (e.g., a longitudinal study )
• Your data collection methods (e.g., interviews or a controlled experiment
• Any tools or materials you used (e.g., computer software)
• The data analysis methods you chose (e.g., statistical analysis , discourse analysis )
• A strong, but not defensive justification of your methods

Read more about methodology sections

Your results section should highlight what your methodology discovered. These two sections work in tandem, but shouldn’t repeat each other. While your results section can include hypotheses or themes, don’t include any speculation or new arguments here.

Your results section should:

• State each (relevant) result with any (relevant) descriptive statistics (e.g., mean , standard deviation ) and inferential statistics (e.g., test statistics , p values )
• Explain how each result relates to the research question
• Determine whether the hypothesis was supported

Additional data (like raw numbers or interview transcripts ) can be included as an appendix . You can include tables and figures, but only if they help the reader better understand your results.

Read more about results sections

Your discussion section is where you can interpret your results in detail. Did they meet your expectations? How well do they fit within the framework that you built? You can refer back to any relevant source material to situate your results within your field, but leave most of that analysis in your literature review.

For any unexpected results, offer explanations or alternative interpretations of your data.

Read more about discussion sections

Your thesis conclusion should concisely answer your main research question. It should leave your reader with an ultra-clear understanding of your central argument, and emphasize what your research specifically has contributed to your field.

Why does your research matter? What recommendations for future research do you have? Lastly, wrap up your work with any concluding remarks.

Read more about conclusions

In order to avoid plagiarism , don’t forget to include a full reference list at the end of your thesis, citing the sources that you used. Choose one citation style and follow it consistently throughout your thesis, taking note of the formatting requirements of each style.

Which style you choose is often set by your department or your field, but common styles include MLA , Chicago , and APA.

Create APA citations Create MLA citations

In order to stay clear and concise, your thesis should include the most essential information needed to answer your research question. However, chances are you have many contributing documents, like interview transcripts or survey questions . These can be added as appendices , to save space in the main body.

Read more about appendices

Once you’re done writing, the next part of your editing process begins. Leave plenty of time for proofreading and editing prior to submission. Nothing looks worse than grammar mistakes or sloppy spelling errors!

Consider using a professional thesis editing service or grammar checker to make sure your final project is perfect.

Once you’ve submitted your final product, it’s common practice to have a thesis defense, an oral component of your finished work. This is scheduled by your advisor or committee, and usually entails a presentation and Q&A session.

After your defense , your committee will meet to determine if you deserve any departmental honors or accolades. However, keep in mind that defenses are usually just a formality. If there are any serious issues with your work, these should be resolved with your advisor way before a defense.

If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or research bias, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

Research bias

• Survivorship bias
• Self-serving bias
• Availability heuristic
• Halo effect
• Hindsight bias
• Deep learning
• Generative AI
• Machine learning
• Reinforcement learning
• Supervised vs. unsupervised learning

 (AI) Tools

• Grammar Checker
• Paraphrasing Tool
• Text Summarizer
• AI Detector
• Plagiarism Checker
• Citation Generator

The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn’t take up more than 5–7% of your overall word count.

If you only used a few abbreviations in your thesis or dissertation , you don’t necessarily need to include a list of abbreviations .

If your abbreviations are numerous, or if you think they won’t be known to your audience, it’s never a bad idea to add one. They can also improve readability, minimizing confusion about abbreviations unfamiliar to your reader.

When you mention different chapters within your text, it’s considered best to use Roman numerals for most citation styles. However, the most important thing here is to remain consistent whenever using numbers in your dissertation .

A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical first steps in your writing process. It helps you to lay out and organize your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding what kind of research you’d like to undertake.

Generally, an outline contains information on the different sections included in your thesis or dissertation , such as:

• Your anticipated title
• Your abstract
• Your chapters (sometimes subdivided into further topics like literature review , research methods , avenues for future research, etc.)

A thesis is typically written by students finishing up a bachelor’s or Master’s degree. Some educational institutions, particularly in the liberal arts, have mandatory theses, but they are often not mandatory to graduate from bachelor’s degrees. It is more common for a thesis to be a graduation requirement from a Master’s degree.

Even if not mandatory, you may want to consider writing a thesis if you:

• Plan to attend graduate school soon
• Have a particular topic you’d like to study more in-depth
• Are considering a career in research
• Would like a capstone experience to tie up your academic experience

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

George, T. (2023, November 21). What Is a Thesis? | Ultimate Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved March 20, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/thesis/

Is this article helpful?

Tegan George

Other students also liked, dissertation & thesis outline | example & free templates, writing strong research questions | criteria & examples, 10 research question examples to guide your research project, "i thought ai proofreading was useless but..".

I've been using Scribbr for years now and I know it's a service that won't disappoint. It does a good job spotting mistakes”

• More from M-W
• To save this word, you'll need to log in. Log In

dissertation

Definition of dissertation

Examples of dissertation in a sentence.

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'dissertation.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

1651, in the meaning defined above

Dictionary Entries Near dissertation

dissertative

Cite this Entry

“Dissertation.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dissertation. Accessed 21 Mar. 2024.

Kids Definition

Kids definition of dissertation, more from merriam-webster on dissertation.

Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for dissertation

Nglish: Translation of dissertation for Spanish Speakers

Britannica English: Translation of dissertation for Arabic Speakers

Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free!

Can you solve 4 words at once?

Word of the day.

See Definitions and Examples »

Get Word of the Day daily email!

Popular in Grammar & Usage

8 grammar terms you used to know, but forgot, homophones, homographs, and homonyms, commonly misspelled words, how to use em dashes (—), en dashes (–) , and hyphens (-), absent letters that are heard anyway, popular in wordplay, the words of the week - mar. 15, 9 superb owl words, 'gaslighting,' 'woke,' 'democracy,' and other top lookups, 10 words for lesser-known games and sports, your favorite band is in the dictionary, games & quizzes.

• Dictionaries home
• American English
• Collocations
• German-English
• Grammar home
• Practical English Usage
• Learn & Practise Grammar (Beta)
• Word Lists home
• My Word Lists
• Recent additions
• Resources home
• Text Checker

Definition of dissertation noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

• dissertation
• He wrote his Master's dissertation on rats.
• Students can either do a dissertation or take part in a practical project.
• hall of residence
• Candidates are required to present a dissertation of between 8 000 and 12 000 words.
• She is writing her dissertation on the history of the Knights Templar.
• dissertation on

Definitions on the go

Look up any word in the dictionary offline, anytime, anywhere with the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary app.

Strange Glow Over Moscow Skies Triggers Panic as Explosions Reported

B right flashes lit up the night sky in southern Moscow in the early hours of Thursday morning, new footage appears to show, following reports of an explosion at an electrical substation on the outskirts of the city.

Video snippets circulating on Russian-language Telegram channels show a series of flashes on the horizon of a cloudy night sky, momentarily turning the sky a number of different colors. In a clip shared by Russian outlet MSK1.ru, smoke can be seen rising from a building during the flashes lighting up the scene.

Newsweek was unable to independently verify the details of the video clips, including when and where it was filmed. The Russian Ministry of Emergency situations has been contacted via email.

Several Russian Telegram accounts said early on Thursday that residents of southern Moscow reported an explosion and a fire breaking out at an electrical substation in the Leninsky district, southeast of central Moscow.

Local authorities in the Leninsky district told Russian outlet RBC that the explosion had happened in the village of Molokovo. "All vital facilities are operating as normal," Leninsky district officials told the outlet.

The incident at the substation in Molokovo took place just before 2 a.m. local time, MSK1.ru reported.

Messages published by the ASTRA Telegram account, run by independent Russian journalists, appear to show residents close to the substation panicking as they question the bright flashes in the sky. One local resident describes seeing the bright light before losing access to electricity, with another calling the incident a "nightmare."

More than 10 villages and towns in the southeast of Moscow lost access to electricity, the ASTRA Telegram account also reported. The town of Lytkarino to the southeast of Moscow, lost electricity, wrote the eastern European-based independent outlet, Meduza.

Outages were reported in the southern Domodedovo area of the city, according to another Russian outlet, as well as power failures in western Moscow. Electricity was then restored to the areas, the Strana.ua outlet reported.

The cause of the reported explosion is not known. A Telegram account aggregating news for the Lytkarino area described the incident as "an ordinary accident at a substation."

The MSK1.ru outlet quoted a local resident who speculated that a drone may have been responsible for the explosion, but no other Russian source reported this as a possible cause.

Ukraine has repeatedly targeted Moscow with long-range aerial drones in recent months, including a dramatic wave of strikes in late May.

On Sunday, Moscow Mayor Sergei Sobyanin said the region's air defense systems had intercepted an aerial drone over the city of Elektrostal, to the east of Moscow. No damage or casualties were reported, he said.

The previous day, Russian air defenses detected and shot down another drone flying over the Bogorodsky district, northeast of central Moscow, Sobyanin said.

There is currently no evidence that an aerial drone was responsible for the reported overnight explosion at the electrical substation in southern Moscow.

Related Articles

• Russian Soldier Bashes Drone With Shovel After Detonation Failure: Video
• Russia Headed for Disappointment in Battles Along Dnieper River: UK
• Ukraine's Military Receives Good News From Multiple NATO Allies

Start your unlimited Newsweek trial

Fantasy Baseball

Talking sleepers: The definition, the approach, and players — like Liover Peguero — to target

So, what happened here is a little bit different than what you’re used to seeing here at The Athletic — or with any fantasy site, really.

As you’ve noticed throughout spring training, we’ve been doing co-authored stories based on assignments from our editors.

My pal John Laghezza and I were assigned to talk about some sleepers — hitting sleepers, specifically — so I reached out to him about our approach to the article.

In what was supposed to be a simple email to set up the logistics, the email turned out to be a thread back and forth between the two of us, spilling our approaches to sleepers, the term sleeper in general, and some various wrestlers from back in the day (the latter is part of our regular conversations, for what it’s worth).

Advertisement

So John and I said, “Screw it, let’s do something different.” Instead of the block of sleepers that you’ll see in traditional sleeper articles, we are, instead, going to use our email communication back and forth as the article so that you can get a behind-the-curtain look at our process for tackling not only these articles, but our approaches in tackling sleepers.

Sit back, put on an old-school Coliseum Video WWF PPV, and enjoy!

michael.wat******@***.com

What’s going on, man? Hope the family and all are well.

I was excited when Nando assigned us this column. I think it’s a cool tag-team idea (who would we be? The Power of Pain? The Steiners?).

I’ll be honest, though. When I saw the topic was top sleepers, I did sigh a bit. I mean, what is a sleeper? It meant more before, but now, it’s just, like, an SEO-driven term, no?

A sleeper in a 12-teamer is different from a sleeper in an NFBC league vs. a home league, ya know?

I have some guys in mind for this, but I wanted to get your thoughts a bit on how you approach this topic, and how we can make this column stand out for the readers.

Let’s chat soon, man!

lagh*******@***.com

Everyone’s doing so great, Michael, thanks. We’re all enjoying the weather, you can almost feel the energy building up to a crescendo… sometimes I swear we’re solar-powered. Mornings here in sunny south Brooklyn smell of dew, which can only mean one thing my friend — opening day is right around the corner. Of course, as a fellow old-school WWF guy and (way) outside-the-box thinker, we were simpatico from the jump. My brain immediately raced to the all-time great tag teams, though I was always partial to Demolition (maybe Nando can play Mr. Fuji — LOL). Alright, enough musings on the squared circle, let’s get this train back on the tracks.

I hear you loud and clear, trying to be the first to crack the code on some unknown sleeper in today’s age of information feels impossible. Like you said, what’s a sleeper anyway? It used to be a player no one ever heard of, and since fantasy research started so much later, it widely remained that way. I think if we’re going to land our finisher, come home with the belts, and impact the readers, we need to define our terms.

To me, league size comes first and foremost due to replacement rate — I’m willing to take bigger swings more frequently in smaller leagues where production on the wire is plentiful. For NFBC leagues where skills rarely fall too far, not only are sleepers tougher to identify, but also harder to implement. It’s not much of a value if we’re overpaying for it. That said, the biggest mistake by home leaguers happens when they try to outsmart the room and take those 15-team sleepers in a 12-team draft.

Before I forget, I was also wondering what you thought about saving sleepers for certain categories or positions? What do you think, Michael? Any chance we come up with an actual original idea for a sleeper article?

I think we can, John. I think Mr. Nando Di Fuji would agree with us, too. I mean, what’s the immediate reaction when you see someone post a sleeper on X/Twitter or in an article? It’s the jobbers saying, “Ha! He’s not a sleeper. I have him in 14 of my 30-team leagues.” Like, OK. We get it, but that’s why it’s so hard to identify one. It’s all league and format dependent. Some people don’t know who Wyatt Langford is, and in a 10-team league, his value is different.

So it’s about applying some type of weighted metric or a data point that you can apply to their ROI as a way to call them a sleeper. You said it, but that late sleeper we love in NFBC drafts shouldn’t be going in your standard 12-team home league. It’s a waste of a draft spot and draft capital – even if he hits.

I think there’s something there to saving sleepers for categories or positions, instead of players overall, and reciting off stats that we’ve found to back it up. Sleepers are players who can help you in specific categories or positions where their projected value and numbers outweigh their adjusted ADP by a specific amount.

But what is that amount, and how can it be adjusted per each league size or format? I think that’s the key, John.

Am I off here?

I may not be known to whack my colleagues with a cane like Mr. DiFuji but I do have a little bit of The Devious One in me — I start fantasy baseball drafts by Thanksgiving. Each offseason is so different though — success is about malleability. Especially considering the changing rules and how it impacted speed, I’ve wound up relying more on positions than categories. Free agency, trades, waivers, drafts, and minor-league promotions all create ripple effects in the playing time continuum. The best way to frame my personal definition of a sleeper is a relatively disregarded player who shapes my earlier decisions based on position scarcity. Every year, which position that is changes, so it’s repetition that builds drafting muscle memory. Then, in the words of the inimitable Gorilla Monsoon, you need to tap into intestinal fortitude to execute the move.

This year, there happen to be tons of comparable shortstops and first basemen I like, some going substantially later than others. We’re talking +500 picks in some cases! Check this out, Michael… Ha-Seong Kim has a March ADP of 88 with a Steamer600 projection of .248 BA, 71 R, 64 RBI, 16 HR, 24 SB, while Pirates projected starter Liover Peguero has a March ADP of 595 (!) with an eerily similar outlook — .247 BA, 68 R, 66 RBI, 16 HR, 18 SB. Or how about Christian Walker with a 91 ADP and a .255 BA, 78 R, 89 RBI, 27 HR, 5 SB per 600 PA projection up against Anthony Rizzo at pick 245  with a .248 BA, 77 R, 84 RBI, 27 HR, 5 SB projection? They’re nearly identical! Knowing I can fall back on a handful of sleepers really helps me better evaluate opportunity cost in the early rounds.

Have you found anything similar regarding SS and 1B? Perhaps at another position?

Oh, listen here, Mean Gene, I absolutely love that! I don’t do any actual drafts that early (you are all absolute lunatics and I love it), but I do begin my research around that time each year. I wish we were associates a decade or so ago, John. I used to run these things that I called  — get this — Too Early Mock Drafts. Genius, right? It was done on an email chain (LOL) with different writers just as a way to develop #content and set the market early.

I put some of my early findings out on the always kind X/Twitter in January to identify some gaps in value that I found.

Which catcher do you prefer? Steamer Projections A. .272 AVG, 20 HR, 89 R, 72 RBI, 3 SBs, NFBC ADP (Jan.) 48 B. .273 AVG, 24 HR, 85 R, 80 RBI, 5 SBs, NFBC ADP (Jan.) 71 C. .270 AVG, 18 HR, 61 R, 68 RBI, 3 SBs, NFBC ADP (Jan.) 163 #FantasyBaseball — Pitch Mr. Perfect (@MichaelWaterloo) January 18, 2024

Which 1B do you prefer? Steamer Projections A. .259 AVG, 29 HR, 85 R, 88 RBI, 2 SBs, NFBC ADP (Jan.) 99 B. .263 AVG, 26 HR, 82 R, 81 RBI, 1 SBs, NFBC ADP (Jan.) 227 C. .258 AVG, 23 HR, 81 R, 78 RBI, 1 SBs, NFBC ADP (Jan.) 286 #FantasyBaseball — Pitch Mr. Perfect (@MichaelWaterloo) January 18, 2024

Which SS do you prefer? Steamer Projections A. .246 AVG, 21 HR, 66 R, 86 RBI, 30 SBs, NFBC ADP (Jan.) 23 B. .251 AVG, 25 HR, 84 R, 68 RBI, 21 SBs, NFBC ADP (Jan.) 76 C. .233 AVG, 21 HR, 74 R, 78 RBI, 22 SBs, NFBC ADP (Jan.) 171 #FantasyBaseball — Pitch Mr. Perfect (@MichaelWaterloo) January 18, 2024

We’ve been around the block, John, so we get how this works. It’s obviously listing a stud, a starting option, and then someone going later who can provide similar production based on projections.

So I’m with you in identifying shortstop and first base as two positions where there are players who can provide similar value and numbers later. I think the keyword here is value, no?

Rizzo and Peguero are great calls! People don’t care about our fantasy leagues, but I acquired a few shares of Peguero this offseason in deeper dynasty leagues because there is something there. Hell, you probably don’t care either, but it felt good to say it.

The answers to my SS and 1B poll, by the way, were Elly De La Cruz , Oneil Cruz (so long to that sweet, sweet ADP), and Trevor Story , and then Triston Casas , Andrew Vaughn , and Josh Bell .

But then, you have the catchers. And don’t get me wrong, Laghezza, I am not Jimmy Hart out here hyping up catchers and telling you to draft one early. Nah, man. I wait until the last round to take mine in a one-catcher league (which is what all leagues should be — maybe we should pitch something like a Fantasy Showdown to Nando Di Fuji and “The Nature Boy” Brandon Funston where two writers go head to head on various topics such as one- or two-catcher leagues? Remind me to email them about this). The catchers listed here were Adley Rutschman , William Contreras , and Keibert Ruiz . That value that you early-drafting sickos were able to get on Ruiz was just the chef’s kiss.

So is there an exact like value you put on the positions then that’s quantifiable where you tier them or rank them by where you should take them, or do you just include that in with your draft prep and adjust as the draft goes on, keeping it in mind? I’ve also noticed neither one of us has mentioned a pitcher yet haha. We should probably touch on the approach to them, too, to serve the readers.

I really do love hashing this stuff out with other fantasy sharps — I feel much better about presenting sleepers in an impactful way. I’m not so sure my approach is granular enough to call it quantifiable, although that does sound pretty smart. To me, it’s more about beginning with a subjective assessment of the positional landscape and then applying my world-famous pragmatism — before battle-testing the heck out of my theories.

Funny you should mention catchers. First off, I think there are as many fantasy-viable backstops as ever, so home-leaguers can, and should, wait on a catch in a 1-C format. Second is one of my favorite projection-based tricks for finding my favorite sleeper… you’re going to love this. Projection systems generally use 450 PAs for catchers, baking shared playing time into their calculus. However, certain situations can arise where the universal DH gets a player closer to 600 PA, which tremendously affects expectations. This year, Logan O’Hoppe projects for a pretty respectable .252 BA, 58 R, 64 RBI, 22 HR, 3 SB line as the 12th catcher off the board. That’s before considering how bad the Angels are — he could easily take over regular DH duties when not behind the dish. Add 25-33% across the board to that 5×5 line and you’ve got yourself a windfall profit from the back of the draft.

You know me, Michael… once I start talking, I can’t stop. And we still have a deadline to make! Before I turn this into my usual dissertation, my pitching process is simple enough. Find swing-and-miss ability late and roll the dice. I’ll give you a perfect example. Of all the starters in MLB last year, only 14 (!) had more than one individual pitch with a +30% Whiff rate… and the Angel’s Chase Silseth is in that bucket at a +350 ADP. I especially like that the slider and split-finger are effective against different-handed hitters, so he’s got a legitimate out-pitch regardless of the batter.

That’s entirely enough from me… ring the bell.

Haha, this is fantastic. You know what, John? I have an idea. Let me email Nando and Brandon.

The Waterloo/Laghezza Consensus Sleeper Lineup

Get all-access to exclusive stories.

Subscribe to The Athletic for in-depth coverage of your favorite players, teams, leagues and clubs. Try a week on us.

• Cambridge Dictionary +Plus

Meaning of dissertation in English

Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio

• boilerplate
• composition
• essay question
• peer review

dissertation | American Dictionary

Examples of dissertation, translations of dissertation.

Get a quick, free translation!

Word of the Day

a person who entertains with puppets

Paying attention and listening intently: talking about concentration

Learn more with +Plus

• Recent and Recommended {{#preferredDictionaries}} {{name}} {{/preferredDictionaries}}
• Definitions Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English English Learner’s Dictionary Essential British English Essential American English
• Grammar and thesaurus Usage explanations of natural written and spoken English Grammar Thesaurus
• Pronunciation British and American pronunciations with audio English Pronunciation
• English–Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Simplified)–English
• English–Chinese (Traditional) Chinese (Traditional)–English
• English–Dutch Dutch–English
• English–French French–English
• English–German German–English
• English–Indonesian Indonesian–English
• English–Italian Italian–English
• English–Japanese Japanese–English
• English–Norwegian Norwegian–English
• English–Polish Polish–English
• English–Portuguese Portuguese–English
• English–Spanish Spanish–English
• English–Swedish Swedish–English
• Dictionary +Plus Word Lists
• English    Noun
• American    Noun
• Translations
• All translations

Add dissertation to one of your lists below, or create a new one.

{{message}}

Something went wrong.

There was a problem sending your report.

The largest country in the world at 17,075,400 square kilometres (or 6,592,800 sq mi), Russia has accumulated quite an impressive reputation. Covering more than an eight of the Earth's land area, 142 million people live there making it the ninth largest nation by population . Still known for its impressive days as the expansive Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Russia was the world's first and largest constitutionally socialist state. A recognized superpower, the USSR was known for its excellence in both arts and science winning many awards in both fields.

Russia changed drastically after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, but it continues to be a powerful and important nation. It has one of the world's fastest growing economies and the world's eight largest GDP by nominal GDP. Russia is also one of the five countries which officially recognized nuclear weapons states. In conjunction with this title, Russia is also a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, the G8, APEC and the SCO, and is a leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

A European city in a country that lies over a vast part of Asia, Moscow holds one-tenth of all Russian residents . The city is located in the western region of Russia and is the capital and epicentre of political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation happenings. "Muscovites" , as residents are known, tend to be cultured and worldly. This may be due to the many scientific, educational, and artistic institutions that are based here. An intoxicating mix of the exotic and the familiar, it is the largest city in Europe with the Moscow metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world.

The city is situated on the banks of the Moskva River which flows through much of central Russia. Moscow is actually located in a basin for the Volga, Oka, Klyazma, and Moscow rivers. The city of Moscow is 994 sq. km with 49 bridges spanning the rivers and canals that criss-cross the city.

Forests are another part of Moscow's make-up. They coveer over a third of the territory in the region. A variety of animals like elk, wild boar, deer, foxes, weasels, lynx, martens, and birds make their home here.

Located in the UTC+3 time zone , Moscow has a humid continental climate. The summers tend to be warm and humid and the winters are long, cold, and hard. High temperatures occur during the warm months of June, July and August at about 23 °C (73 °F). Heat waves sometimes grip the city anywhere between May to September with temperatures spiking up to 30 °C (86 °F). Winters are harshly chilly with temperatures dropping to approximately 9 °C (15.8 °F). There is consistent snow cover for 3 to 5 months a year, usually from November to March.

Update 10/07/2009

Recommended Partners

Keep more of your money when transferring funds overseas.

If you want to move money abroad, from Russia or to Russia for example, Fexco provides efficient and secure global bank to bank transfers and bespoke payment solutions for both business and personal clients.

Fexco provides a secure international money transfer service online or by telephone with bank beating fx rates and low fees. Specialises in high-value transfers.

Main characteristics

Fexco will help you to keep your overseas money transfer costs to a minimum.

Get an online quote today

When you are ready to make your transfer, John and his team will be available to help you with better rates and an unrivalled service to make sure your funds are delivered securely and speedily.

• What courses for adults can you find abroad?
• How should I tip in restaurants in Europe?
• Schengen Area: Do I need a visa?
• Where is it safe to live/travel as a homosexual?
• What are the most expensive cities to live in?

Download the full digital PDF expat guide in Moscow

• See in one single booklet all the articles for a city guide for expatriates.
• Enjoy full colour photos to illustrate each section.
• Additionnal maps: Region, City view, Neighborhood, Street view.

• Moscow: Looking for a Job in Moscow
• Moscow: EasyExpat.com is looking for networkers/helpers for...
• Moscow: EasyExpat.com recherche des animateurs pour notre...
• Moscow: New à Moscou
• Moscow: Weekend in Moscow: what to do?
• Forums : Moscow  

• Find more expat blogs with BlogExpat

• Classifieds in Moscow
• Post a free ad

• Find a job in Moscow

- My Life Abroad - A selection of expat stories

"A fun compulsive read!" J. Matcham, Amazon

"I strongly advise people ready to live abroad to read this book!" Patrice, Amazon

• Advertising
• Privacy Policy

Stay connected

Expat Network