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[100+] Pharmacy Research Topics For College Students With Free [Thesis Pdf] 2023

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Research Topic For Pharmacy 2023

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Pharmacy Student Research Projects

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ABOUT THE COLLECTION

All PharmD students at the University of Arizona College of Pharmacy must complete a research project as part of their graduation requirements. This repository collection contains the abstracts of these projects, and the full-text of projects that students have opted to make available.

Contact Jennifer Martin , Librarian & Clinical Instructor, Pharmacy Practice and Science, for more information about the student research projects in this collection.

Recent Submissions

Exploring How to Improve Professionalism and Engagement During Zoom Learning

A retrospective study evaluating the effect of hepatic steatosis on paclitaxel tolerability in patients with breast cancer 

Accuracy and Reproducibility of Injections from Prefilled “Code Cart” Syringes Compared to Standard Polypropylene Syringes

Modified Patient Intake Process and its Effectiveness in Timely Access to Patient Data in Endocrinology Telemedicine Visits

The Role of Vaccine Literacy on Vaccination Rates in Maricopa County Health Pods

Assessing community pharmacists’ confidence with and knowledge of veterinary medications

Implementation and Review of Student Led Meds-to-Beds Intervention on Hospital Readmission Rates and Patient Satisfaction in Advanced Heart Failure

Assessing knowledge and integration of updated FDA pregnancy and lactation labeling in practice between rural and urban prescribers and dispensers 

Surveying rural healthcare workers for vaccine awareness and hesitancy

Perceived Mental Health of Student Pharmacists Working in Community Settings During the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Qualitative Analysis at the University of Arizona College of Pharmacy

Do Rural And High Index Of Need Counties Have Different COVID-19Vaccination Rates?

A Pilot Educational Video Series Aimed at Orienting Non-Native English Speakers to the U.S. Pharmacy System

Prophylactic Benzodiazepine Use in Bupropion Overdose

Comparison of Inhaled Epoprostenol and Inhaled Nitric Oxide for COVID-19 Induced ARDS in Critically Ill Adults

A Qualitative Analysis of 2022 Request to Speak Comments

Impact of Student Loan Debt on University of Arizona R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy Alumni

Outcomes of patients with DKA treated with subcutaneous insulin in the emergency department

Identifying the Student Pharmacists’ Perception of Characteristics of a Fulfilling Career

Anticoagulation Quality Assessment and Risk Evaluation in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation (NVAF)

Influenza Vaccination Perceptions Among Pharmacy Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic

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Top five research articles of 2020

Despite the significant challenges this year has posed, The Pharmaceutical Journal  has continued to publish high-quality peer-reviewed research.

Our researchers have made a range of investigations — from evaluating pharmacist interventions using the Simpler tool in Malaysia , to a pharmacist-led virtual thiopurine clinic to support people with inflammatory bowel disease and auto-immune hepatitis, here in the UK.

We have some exciting research coming up in 2021, but in case you missed them the first time around, here are the top five most popular research articles of 2020:

5. Misuse of prescription and over-the-counter drugs to obtain illicit highs: how pharmacists can prevent abuse

Use of prescription and over-the-counter drugs for recreational purposes is increasing, and this perspective article collates the existing literature to provide an in-depth overview of the misuse and diversion of a range of drugs with psychoactive potential, including gabapentinoids, antihistamine drugs and loperamide.

4. Effective detection and management of hypertension through community pharmacy in England

Community pharmacists can play a big role in managing hypertension — from the identification of medication-related problems, to providing lifestyle advice. Despite this, they are not routinely involved in structured hypertension management or screening programmes. So, this review summarises the evidence to recommend the roll-out of a community pharmacy-led hypertension management service.

3. Recent advances in the oral delivery of biologics

Oral administration of medicines is often preferred by patients for its convenience, but, for biologics, the gastrointestinal tract poses challenges for administering in this way. This review discusses the advantages and limitations of several novel drug delivery strategies, and highlights the work to be done to put this technology into clinical practice.

2. Immuno-oncology agents for cancer therapy

Immuno-oncology is a novel treatment that works by conditioning the body’s immune cells to recognise and kill cancer cells — combining this treatment with conventional therapies has led to promising improvements in patient outcomes. This review looks at the range of immuno-oncology agents, and how problems such as their toxicity and high cost can be overcome.

1. Investigational treatments for COVID-19

The emergence of COVID-19 resulted in a global research effort to find effective treatment options to relieve healthcare burdens and, ultimately, save lives. In June 2020, this rapid review summarised the clinical trials and treatment evidence at the time.

Check out The Pharmaceutical Journal’ s   ‘Everything you should know about the coronavirus outbreak’ for the latest on this continually evolving situation.

Find the full catalogue of articles in our research section .

Call for submissions

In 2021, The Pharmaceutical Journal will keep adding to the evidence base with review, perspective and research articles. If you have undertaken research into innovations and initiatives that can improve pharmacy services and administration, the pharmacological management of disease, or advances in drug development, please submit your article for consideration by email to: [email protected]

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Entrustable professional activities: a new approach to supervising trainee pharmacists on clinical placements

Roz Gittins: ‘The longer fitness-to-practise processes take, the longer registrants are left in purgatory’

111 Pharmacy Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on pharmacy, 🌶️ hot pharmacy essay topics, 👍 good pharmacy research topics & essay examples, 💡 simple pharmacy essay ideas, 🎓 most interesting pharmacy research titles.

• Pharmacy as a Professional Field and Its History
• Pharmacy: A Career Pathway
• Pharmaceutical Companies and Utilitarian Ethics
• The Competitiveness of Saudi Pharmaceutical Industry
• CVS Pharmacy’s Strategic Plan of Expansion
• Reverse Logistics in Pharmaceutical Industry: Handling Products Back to the Manufacturer
• Distribution Chain in the Pharmaceutical Industry
• Pharmaceutical Advertising is Propaganda This paper has shown through a discussion that pharmaceutical advertising can be propaganda or informative and helpful to the life of a patient.
• Pharmacology and Influence of Antibiotics Throughout the essay, both the fundamental conceptual concepts of science and the science-based properties of drugs are described.
• Researching Retail Pharmacy Retail pharmacies are on the leading edge of rendering health care services to patients after the pharmacist has filled the consumer’s drug.
• PharmaCARE: Product Safety & Intellectual Property Using the case of PharmaCARE, this paper discusses legal and ethical considerations in marketing and advertising, product safety, and intellectual property.
• Drug Testing in Pharmacology The aim of this paper is to analyze and review drug tests within the population of third-world countries and define whether these trials are ethical.
• Retail and Supply Chain in the Pharmaceutical Industry Retail is the result of work to optimize B2B strategy and logistics. The pharmaceutical industry has become a classic business that increases sales and revenue from customers.
• Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Management: Operational Plan Due to the specificity of its activity, a healthcare organization tends to require a pharmaceutical supplier which provides medicines to be vended in the facility.
• Pfizer Pharmaceutical Company and Its Market Relations The main aim of the Pfizer Company is to make the medicine accessible to all, and it works in this direction.
• Pharmacology: Drug Licensing Opportunity Obtaining a license for a new drug is a very costly and time consuming affair. Any pharmaceutical company would have to weigh all its options before embarking on such a process.
• Database Design Proposal for Pharmaceutical Products Project is crucial for healthcare professionals to realize all the DDIs and avoid prescription errors. The database is useful for hospital managers to control substance use.
• CVS Pharmacy Inc. SWOT Analysis The paper is a SWOT analysis of CVS Company to understand the various factors, both internal and external, that affect its operations and how they could be used.
• Pharmacology Transcribe: Explore More The take away for this teachable explore more is that I want you to remember medications that are on medication list, and what are they for.
• Pharmaceutical Industry: Drug Development Drug development is a lengthy process but rightly so since the result should be playing a curative role and not disease inducer.
• Animal Use in Pharmacology: Negative Effects on Humans and Animals The use of the animal to develop drugs for humans may result in the manufacture of harmful medicines. The substances used to manufacture the drugs have adverse impacts on animals.
• Asthma: Pharmacology and Medicines Management Asthmatic individuals constantly suffer from various degrees of inflammation and constrictions of the smooth muscles of the airways.
• Importance of Compliance Procedures in Pharmacy Compliance procedures have been instituted in the pharmaceutical industry as a measure to foster professionalism in the practice of pharmacy and also to ensure public safety.
• Outsourcing in the Pharmaceutical Industry Technology is the powerful force that now drives the world toward a single converging commonality. No place and nobody is insulated from the alluring attractions of modernity.
• Medical Pharmacology: The Langendorff Experiment The Langendorff experiment aimed at using an ex vivo isolated rat heart preparation to demonstrate the pharmacological effects of two unknown drugs.
• The Environmental Condition of the Global Pharmaceutical Industry Pharmaceutical industry presently undergoes a sluggish growth with the intensification of pricing policies, sluggish growth of prescription drugs.
• Drug Release: Ethical Dilemma in Pharmaceutics A moral issue has emerged as to whether a pharmaceutical company has to release a new drug or not. This drug is thought to be an effective treatment of depression.
• Medical Pharmacology: Noradrenaline Effect on Vascular Rings Noradrenaline is a hormone produced as a catecholamine by the sympathetic neurons from the heart; it is mainly used as a neurotransmitter.
• Pharmacogenetics in Clinical Practice The improvements in the understanding of the effect of genetic differences on interpersonal variability in drug response contributed to the development of pharmacogenetics.
• Comparison of the Pharmacy Laws This paper aims to compare two laws related to the operation of pharmacies – the Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA) and the Texas Pharmacy Act.
• Pharmaceutical Industry: Effective Market Strategy Effective market strategy greatly determines the successful performance of a business. A marketing strategy in the pharmaceutical industry.
• New Pharmaceuticals and Their Path to the Market When a new pharmaceutical is invented, several steps need to be taken to bring it to the market. Effective marketing is preceded by primarily drug development and manufacturing.
• Pharmaceutical Industries: Changes and Challenges Pharmaceutical industries are responsible for the manufacture of drugs. Like any other industry that we know, they aim at making profits.
• Employee Engagement in Pharmacy Services Employee engagement illustrates willingness and desire of employees to give their best and outperform themselves daily, motivated to contribute to organizational success.
• Using Testing as a Learning Tool: Pharmaceutical Education The presentation about medication errors was introduced to new nurses and nursing students at the progressive care unit of the local hospital in Dallas.
• Virginia State Board of Pharmacy vs. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council Representing drug customers, the Virginia Citizens Consumer Council opposed a policy enacted by Virginia state that made it unlawful for pharmacists to promote their drug costs.
• How Pharmaceutical Patents Create a Monopoly A breakdown of reasons why pharmaceutical corporations deserve patent rights, alongside potential negative effects associated with them, form the basis of this paper.
• Flagyl ER: Pharmacological Characteristics Flagyl ER is one of the medications that use metronidazole as an active component for the treatment of bacterial, parasitic, and protozoal infections.
• Metformin in Pharmaceuticals and Medicine Metformin stimulates glycogen formation and improves the transmission capacities of all varieties of membrane glucose carriers by interacting with glycogen synthase.
• Pharmacology Research: Cyclophosphamide The paper discusses Cyclophosphamide. It is a widely used chemotherapeutic prodrug that treats different types of cancer in a wide range of patient populations.
• Cloud Technology Innovation in Pharmaceutical Company Digital technology facilitates the storage of records and access to databases, but with each passing year, using physical hard drives becomes less efficient.
• Fibromyalgia Pharmacological Management Antidepressants and anti-seizure medications can be more effective for fibromyalgia treatment. It is vital to know about the side effects of medications to ensure patients’ safety.
• Why Pharmaceutical Industry Is High-Tech and Knowledge-Intensive Pharmaceuticals is one of the most high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries in the global economy, which is determined by three groups of interrelated factors.
• The Profound Knowledge of Pharmacology The successful absorption of the drug depends on various aspects. The profound knowledge of pharmacology allows for gaining more rapid treatment results.
• Acupuncture vs. Standard Pharmacological Therapy for Migraine Prevention The current paper aims to compare the efficiency of managing migraines by employing acupuncture and pharmacotherapy clinical processes.
• Merck’s Pharmaceutical Company Ethical Dillema The dilemma raised by Merck’s management is defined by two outcomes: the pharmaceutical company invest money in unsound project or have abandoned because of disproportionality.
• Unpatented Pharmaceuticals for American Public The pharmaceutical industry is greatly influenced by the registration of intellectual property rights for a product that has been manufactured.
• Acupuncture vs. Standard Pharmacological Therapy for Migraine Prevention “Systematic Review: Acupuncture vs. Standard Pharmacological Therapy for Migraine Prevention” is a study conducted by Zhang.
• Microeconomics Case Analyses in Pharmacology This paper examines the pharmaceutical industry using the theory and models of industry structure and Pfizer’s make-or-buy decision for developing and producing its COVID vaccine.
• Aspirin: Vascular Pharmacology Aspirin is one of the most used medications worldwide, with its history going back to 1897. It is a plant-based drug made out of salicylic acid.
• Interaction of the Pharmaceuticals with Alcohol Intake It is important to establish the key value of healthy living based on the interaction with the pharmaceuticals and alcohol intake to avoid developing a dependency on the elements
• Advanced Pharmacology: Arthritis Treatment Arthritis is more regular among aging adults, though it can be diagnosed in any other person irrespective of age, including children.
• Marriage and Family Therapy and Pharmacological Treatment The notion of marriage and family counseling presupposes a sophisticated process during which professionals are to adopt an integrative approach to the therapy.
• Major Depressive Disorder: Pharmacological Treatment SSRIs are effective first-line treatment for MDD. This class of medications includes many antidepressants with comparable effectiveness in treating this disorder.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Pharmacological Treatment Approved medications can help treat PTSD symptoms and improve patient outcomes. SSRIs, such as sertraline, have been shown to reduce anxiety and increase concentration.
• Economics for Pharmaceutical Companies The paper discusses pharmaceuticals. They are an industry that is doing well financially due to the patents and exclusive rights they enjoy due to their developments.
• Pharmaceutical Science: Vicodin The aim of report on the drug known as Vicodin to highlight the truth in relation to its position and verify the truth behind claims made in reports such as Herper’s.
• Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals Creating conditions for the safe production of pharmaceuticals is a practice that has evolved significantly due to the introduction of modern approaches to the manufacturing process.
• Pharmacology: Uses of Albuterol and β2-Adrenergic Agonist This paper is aimed at reviewing research articles aimed at studying the use of albuterol and β2 adrenergic receptor agonist and defining the optimal frequency of its usage.
• National Pharmacy Technician Association One of the biggest global certified associations for pharmacy technicians is the National Pharmacy Technicians Association. This association was established in Houston, Texas.
• Accessing the Pharmacy Services: Safe Medication When receiving medication from a pharmacist, it is important to be aware of the extent of the pharmacist’s competency and their knowledge of the subject matter.
• Pharmaceuticals in the U.S.A. Analysis The purpose of the paper is to discuss the accessibility of medications to the population in the USA, their prices.
• Purdue Pharmaceutical Company’s OxyContin Opioid The adverse effects of OxyContin presuppose the development of addiction, deterioration of the overall state, and even death.
• Certification, Licensure, and Registration of Pharmacy Technicians The rules for certification, licensure, and registration of pharmacy technicians will be discussed in terms of the differences among these procedures with a focus on Texas laws.
• Genetics or New Pharmaceutical Article Within the Last Year Copy number variations (CNVs) have more impacts on DNA sequence within the human genome than single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
• Heath Care – Impact on Pharmaceutical Companies The signing of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act will demand that the Pharmaceutical industry align their practices within the guidelines of this legislation.
• Ethics in Medical and Pharmaceutical Industry Ethics in the medical and pharmaceutical industry is a vital component of providing quality services and developing products that will benefit the patients.
• Disease Pathology, Management, and Pharmacological Impact for Tularemia and Hantavirus The purpose of this paper is to describe disease pathology, management, and pharmacological impact for Tularemia and Hantavirus.
• Veteran Pharmaceutical: Cause and Effect Due to the economic crunch being experienced all over America and the whole world at large, there has been a decline in profits for Veteran in the last few months.
• Cialis Production: Pharmaceutical Review The case relates to a firm that is in the process of innovating and launching a new drug with the brand name Cialis in the market. The drug is aimed at treating impotence in men.
• System Approach to Organizational Change: Pharmacy Automation As per the discussion and analysis in the paper, it will be clear that the automation and networking in a pharmacy enables to expand its customer base thus increasing the business.
• The Concept of Pharmacogenetics: Brief Analysis The present paper includes a brief analysis of the concept of pharmacogenetics, that is the study of people’s genetically determined responses to some drugs.
• Pharmacogenetics Characteristics and Development Pharmacogenetics is a relatively young branch of medical science, but it is supposed to have significant potential when it comes to the effectiveness of treatment methods.
• Vapi Pharmaceutical Firms: Strategies for Toxic Waste Disposal Vapi (India) pharmaceutical companies’ strategies on toxic waste products don’t satisfy and comply with laws and legislation on toxic waste management.
• Computerized Provider Order Entry in Pharmacology Computerized provider order entry is an information system that provides a possibility to digitally enter the patient data and chart.
• PharmaCARE: Ethical and Legal Issues The case of PharmaCARE entails a scenario of manipulating the intellectual property rights responsible for safeguarding the production rights of PharmaCARE.
• National Pharmacy: Mobilising Creativity and Innovation This paper is focused on utilising innovation and creativity theoretical models to improve the work environment at the National Pharmacy L.L.C.
• Pharmacy and Policy: Inappropriate Prescription of Drugs It is essential to develop a policy that would enable to reduce the practice of multiple drug prescriptions and eliminate excess financial and health costs associated with it.
• The UK Pharmaceutical Industry: International Business This article will discuss the international business opportunities and risks faced by the pharmaceutical industry in the UK.
• Ranitidine Medication’s Pharmaceutical Analysis Ranitidine has been shown to be an effective treatment for DUs and GUs, GERD, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and pyrosis when used at appropriate dosage levels and frequency.
• Lack of Leadership in Pharmaceutical and Medical Companies This document concentrates on pharmaceutical and medical companies. It describes and expounds the unethical instances that these companies encountered in the course of their activities.
• CVS Company’s Pharmacy Fulfillment Process The current fulfillment process at CVS seems to be overly complicated of the entrepreneurship to function efficiently and make sure that the customers’ needs are met adequately.
• Caffeine Use in Medicine and Pharmacy Caffeine is used is increasingly becoming popular. The authors of the published research article are distinguished researchers in the field of medicine and pharmacy.
• Evidence-Based Pharmacology: Major Depression In this paper, a certain attention to different treatment approaches that can be offered to patients with depression will be paid, including the evaluation of age implications.
• Turing Pharmaceuticals’ Unethical Price Hikes Turing Pharmaceuticals received so much media attention due to an overnight increase in the price of the drug Daraprim from $13.50 per pill to $750.
• Pharmacy Technician Career: Programs That Can Help People to Become a Good Pharmacy Technician It is possible to outline some existing programs which can help a person to become a good Pharmacy Technician in Oklahoma.
• PharmaCare Company Ethical Issues This paper presents a case study of PharmaCare, which is one of those companies that have been victims of ethical issues. It will consider the emerging marketing strategy.
• PharmaCARE Company Analysis: Stakeholders and Practices PharmaCARE is one of the leading pharmaceutical companies in the world, which has made a significant contribution to the development of drugs and treatment of diseases.
• Toxicological Evidence in Forensic Pharmacology Forensic toxicology entails the analysis of stains and drugs found in fluids and solid materials collected from a crime scene. Numerous methods are used in a toxicological analysis.
• Pharmacare Company Ethic and Corporate Responsibility This paper evaluates the ethical and corporate responsibility issues that arise in the scenario presented involving Pharmacare: ethical treatment of employees and whistle blowing.
• Deregulating the Pharmacy Market: The Case of Iceland and Norway
• Margins and Market Shares: Pharmacy Incentives for Generic Substitution
• Mission and Target Market of Rite Aid Pharmacy
• Pharmacy: Where Serving Others Is the Key to Success
• Weighing, Measuring and Compounding in Pharmacy
• Bringing the Gap That Exists in Pharmacy Communications
• Why Is the Pharmacy Profession Not Just a Four-Year Commitment?
• Pharmacy: Medicine and Motivating Factors
• Hospital Pharmacy Decisions, Cost Containment, and the Use of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
• Young Mothers and the Marketing of Pharmacy Services
• Overview of Intranet Pharmacy Information Systems
• Sales and Inventory System of a Pharmacy
• Pharmacy Data Integrity for Optimal Analytics
• Healing, Serving and Educating in Pharmacy
• Independent Pharmacy Gives Main Street American Service
• Generic Pharmacy Inventory and Point of Sale System
• Strategic Marketing Management for Boots the Pharmacy
• Tools for Hospital Pharmacy Process Improvement
• Chemical Principles for Pharmacy Technicians
• Why Did Walgreens Eventually Become America’s Leading Pharmacy?
• Strategic Risk Management for Llyods Pharmacy

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These essay examples and topics on Pharmacy were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 8, 2024 .

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• Science Fair Project Ideas for Kids, Middle & High School Students ⋅

Pharmacy Research Topics

Research Topic Ideas for Biology

Pharmacy research ideas encompasses a variety of topics dealing with drugs and pharmaceuticals. Some broad areas of pharmaceutical research relate to drug delivery, pharmaceutical cell biology, medicinal chemistry and medicine management. Faculty and graduate students at pharmaceutical colleges typically engage in such research, and some go on to develop new drugs and delivery methods.

TL;DR (Too Long; Didn't Read)

For students pursing doctorate degrees, pharmacy research offers many topics for a thesis, such as developing new drugs for cancer treatments, drug delivery methods, pharmaceutical cell biology and medicine management. Other topic ideas include plants as a source of medicinal products, interaction of drugs with RNA, synthetic medicines and many more.

Cancer Drug Studies

Cancer drug studies represent one type of pharmacological research topic. For instance, researchers study the role of steroid drugs in the growth of breast cancer. Other topics include the development of new cancer therapies and using targeted approaches for drug delivery to treat cancer. These types of studies aim to help patients deal with cancer and better handle the effects of cancer.

Drug Delivery

Another major topic for pharmacy research relates to drug delivery. One such research study at looks at the design and evaluation of drug delivery systems, emphasizing some methods of delivery such as liposomes and liquid crystals. Another research project studies the immediate environment of the lung, particularly how a person reacts to inflammatory stress and the use of drug treatments. Investigators use human lung epithelial cell culture for the study, studying humans as well as animals.

Pharmaceutical Cell Biology

Research in the area of pharmaceutical cell biology aims to understand basic cell biology and relate the findings to diseases in humans. Some such research projects in this area have dealt with topics such as inflammation processes in human disease, mechanisms for cell-to-cell communications and mechanisms of carcinogenesis. This sort of research is likely to involve close work with biologists who have similar research interests in these sorts of topics.

Medicine Management

Medicines management research looks into the cost effectiveness of new interventions that aim to improve the health of patients. Some of this research focuses on older people and on mental illness along with medicine management. These topics deal with the evaluation of pharmacist-led services, interventions that improve the adherence of medications, consultation skills, medication review services and interventions for reducing the problems that come about as a result of dysphagia.

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Progress on Pharmaceutical Sciences/Pharmacy Postgraduate Education: a Bibliometric Perspective

• Original Article
• Published: 22 January 2022
• Volume 17 , pages 1360–1372, ( 2022 )

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• Zhengwei Huang 1 , 2   na1 ,
• Xuejuan Zhang 2   na1 ,
• Linjing Wu 2   na1 ,
• Ping Hu 2 ,
• Ying Huang 2 ,
• Xin Pan 1 &
• Chuanbin Wu 2  

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The study quantitatively investigated the related research progress in pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy education from a bibliometric angle and provided feasible suggestions to facilitate the development of pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy postgraduate education.

Bibliometric analysis was conducted using the database of Web of Science Core Collection. The literature published in 1985–2021 was screened and selected. The overall profile description, citation analysis, and research hotspot mining were performed using the citation report of Clarivate Analytics, bibliometrics online platform, and VOSviewer software. The bibliometric results and profiles were plotted and illustrated.

The bibliometric analysis of 485 papers of interest showed that the research frontier was continuously expanding; especially the institutions from the USA were the main contributors. The numbers of citing papers have been ascending, and a considerable part of citations were from the areas other than the education research. Mining results showed that the in-school and residency education of pharmacy postgraduates was a research hotspot, as well as interprofessional training and new education styles for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) therapy were the emerging trends in the field.

Through the analysis of the studies, it was found that encouraging relevant research programs, establishing financial supports, and launching specified publication sources could be helpful to boost the development of pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy postgraduate education. Besides, the results suggested that this was a less discussed topic and was worthy for the investigators to pay more attention to such an issue.

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Introduction

Nowadays, a high level of healthcare is one of the vital standards for the citizens in a modern society [ 1 ]. Ample supply and rational administration of medical products, especially the drugs, are the prerequisites for such a standard [ 2 ]. In most countries, drug production/supply and administration are associated with pharmaceutical industry and pharmacist systems, respectively, which demand the teamwork of experts in both fields. Recently, in order to treat long-term diseases (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, etc.) and severe epidemics (e.g., Coronavirus Disease 2019, COVID-19), sustainable development of pharmaceutical industry and pharmacist system is of urgent need [ 3 ]. It is widely recognized that education is the primary approach to guarantee the sustainable development of a discipline. Research on education can favor the rational design of curricula, improve the evaluation systems and update the study zone for the students [ 4 ], and is therefore of great significance.

The research on postgraduate education is particularly important in the field of pharmaceutical sciences and pharmacy. Currently, emphases are laid on complex interactions in pharmaceutical industry and pharmacist system, which rely on, but not limited to, the abilities about scientific research, program management, self-education and disciplinary integration [ 5 ]. Undergraduate training is normally focused on the fundamental knowledge and skills in the field [ 6 ], while postgraduate education pays much attention to the medical or investigational cases, which played a critical part in the cultivation of more advanced skills and capabilities.

From this point, research on the progress and current status of pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy postgraduate education is meaningful and necessary. In this paper, the relevant research progress was showcased in detail from a bibliometric perspective. The overall profile of the literature was outlined and the statistical analysis of citation was exhibited. Research hotspot mining was performed to analyze the evolution trend in this field. It was expected that this paper could provide valuable information and advices for the investigators interested in pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy education.

The scope of bibliometric analysis was in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) database of Web of Science Core Collection, so as to screen the relatively high-impacted papers in the field [ 7 ]. The search sets were (TOPIC = pharmaceutical science postgraduate education) or (TOPIC = pharmaceutical science graduate student education) or (TOPIC = pharmaceutical science master student education) or (TOPIC = pharmaceutical science doctoral student education) or (TOPIC = pharmacy postgraduate education) or (TOPIC = pharmacy graduate student education) or (TOPIC = pharmacy master student education) or (TOPIC = pharmacy doctoral student education). The literature survey was completed at 17:00 (UST + 8), March 22 nd , 2021, and the papers within the whole timespan (1985–2021) were included.

After removing the duplicated and the irrelevant hits, the residual papers were analyzed by a citation report of Clarivate Analytics [ 8 ], CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 bibliometrics online platform ( https://bibliometric.com ) [ 9 ] and VOSviewer software (version 1.6.16) [ 10 ].

Results and Discussion

Overall profile of the literature.

The literature survey retrieved 485 papers (duplicated and irrelevant hits precluded) in total. Among them, 236 papers are from open access (OA) journals. The distributions of publication time, literature types, nationalities, institutions, journals, authors, grant sources, and languages were analyzed [ 11 ].

Distribution of Publication Time

The first 9 papers with the topic of pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy postgraduate education were published in 1999, indicating that the related research interest was formed around the millennium. From 2000 to 2004, the numbers of publications slightly dropped, and again raised after 2005. In 2020, 50 papers were published. Generally, it was shown that the research interest was growing in the field. The tendency is demonstrated in Fig. 1 .

Overall profile of the literature: distribution of time ( n  = 485)

The distribution profile suggested that the research of pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy postgraduate education was an emerging area for exploration. Given the growing trend of the numbers of publications in the last decade, it was anticipated that more papers will be published in 2021 and the future.

Distribution of Literature Type

The literature was categorized into three types, viz. article, review, and others (Fig. 2 A). ‘Article’ consisted of a proportion of 87.42%, suggesting that most papers had provided new methodological, technological or analytical insights into the science community. The proportion of ‘review’ was quite low (6.80%), even lower than ‘others’ (mainly refer to editorial materials which might not be fully regarded as scientific papers) [ 12 ]. From this perspective, summary and refinement of the previous studies lagged far behind the boosting tendency of the published articles in this field. It would be advisable for the researchers in this field to make more attempts to summarize and refine the published works. The institutions from the USA had published the largest numbers of literature and correspondingly, English is the dominant language for the authors to compose those papers, followed by Japanese and Spanish (Fig. 2 B, C).

Overall profile of the literature: distribution of literature types ( A ), institutions ( B ), and languages ( C ) ( n  = 485)

Distribution of Countries/Regions

Overall, researchers from 65 countries or regions had contributed their studies in this field. According to Fig. 3 A, China, Australia and USA had participated in pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy postgraduate education research in the earliest period, and the researchers in these countries continued to make their contributions. The researchers in Japan and UK started the related studies shortly after 1999, while the researchers in India, the Netherlands, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Canada joined the community from 2006.

Overall profiles of the literature: distributions of countries/regions versus publication years ( A ), distributions of countries/regions versus numbers of publications ( B ), and cooperation relationship between the nations (C) ( n  = 485). Noticeably, only the main hits of countries/regions were listed herein

The countries with higher numbers of publications (≥ 10) are summarized in Fig. 3 B. The USA published over 250 papers, while China, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Japan, the UK, Australia, and Qatar contributed 10–40 papers.

Evidently, the main countries contributing pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy postgraduate education research papers were developed economics with substantial populations. In general, these countries had relatively higher budgets for national healthcare systems and would emphasize and realize the importance of the cultivation of pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy graduates [ 13 ]. Moreover, good economic situations guaranteed the financial supports for such research [ 14 ], and sufficient amounts of postgraduates and related research could be expected from such countries with larger populations.

Furthermore, the cooperation relationship between countries/regions was visualized in Fig. 3 C. The connecting curves represented the cooperation relationship, and the boldness of the curves indicated the numbers of the cooperation activities [ 15 ]. For instance, there was a cooperation relationship between China and Pakistan; Thailand and UK formed a strong cooperative tile. Generally, the international cooperation was, to some extent, inactive. Many countries (like Brazil and India) completed the research individually, and the USA that credited the highest number of publications had only cooperated with four countries, i.e. Ethiopia, the UK, Saudi Arabia, and Australia.

The reason for the relatively low cooperative activity might be explained as follows. The postgraduate education systems and the regulations thereof varied largely among countries [ 16 ], and thus there would be some technical barriers impeding the interactions. Consequently, for the countries that shared the same languages, similar cultures or neighboring geographical relations, the international cooperation would be easier and more feasible. This accounted for the cooperation between China and Pakistan, Qatar and Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Jordan, USA and Australia, etc.

Albeit the technical barriers, it was suggested that more international cooperation could be generated, so as to boost the communication and the development of pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy postgraduate education globally.

Distribution of Institution

The published papers were contributed by 693 institutions, and 671 of them (96.83%) published less than 10 papers. The top-10 institutions with the largest numbers of contributions (11–31 papers) are displayed in Fig. 2 B. Except for The University of Sydney (in Australia), the other 9 institutions were all affiliated to the USA. The University of North Carolina, The University of Tennessee, and the University of Pittsburgh were the top-3 contributing institutions, who credited 31, 17, and 15 papers, respectively.

Calculated by the numbers of institutions (693) and publications (485), there were 1.43 institutions averagely listed per paper. It suggested that a substantial part of papers were cooperated between two or more institutions. Compared with the international cooperation, the inter-institutional cooperation was rather active. It was further conjectured that a large proportion of the cooperating institutions were affiliated to the same countries. This was reasonable since the technical barriers for cooperation could be largely avoided in such a scenario.

Distribution of Journals

The papers were distributed in 133 journals. Considering the source of the analysis, those journals were all SCI-EXPANDED indexed journals. The top-9 journals with more than 10 publications (295 papers in total, 60.82% of 485 papers) are showed in Fig. 4 A. As a flagship journal in this field, the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education included 136 papers, as 28.04% of all papers. The other professional journals about education, viz. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, BMC Medical Education, and Journal of Chemical Education published 20, 14, and 13 papers, respectively. If adding those not shown in the chart, there were 202 papers published in education-specified journals, accounting for a percentage of 41.65%. In summary, a considerable part of pharmaceutical science/pharmacy postgraduate education researches were published in education-specified journals.

Overall profile of the literature: distribution of periodicals ( A ) ( n  = 485); Citation analysis: distribution of periodicals of the cited papers ( B ) ( n  = 3264)

The journals specified in healthcare systems, like the American Journal of Health System Pharmacy, Journal of Interprofessional Care, and Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, also held a certain proportion of the papers. A journal for fundamental research, Pharmacotherapy, included 16 papers. It was worth mentioning that Yakugaku Zasshi—Journal of the Pharmaceutical Association of Japan, a Japanese-language journal, included 26 papers.

It was found that education-specified, healthcare systems-related, and fundamental research-based journals were the major publishing platforms for relevant studies. Evidently, education-specified journals were the suitable media. As for healthcare system-related and fundamental research-based journals, they acted as the forums for the publications from the investigators in pharmacy postgraduate education and pharmaceutical sciences postgraduate education, respectively. Potentially, journals about psychology (particularly educational psychology) [ 17 ] would be an emerging publishing platform.

Distribution of Author

In the author-list of the papers, 1920 different names were recorded. Among them, Poloyac S.M. and Wilby K.J. (2 authors in total, 0.001%) authored 5 papers, Anderson C., Awaisu A., etc. (13 authors in total, 0.007%) authored 4 papers, Austin Z., Bush C.G., etc. (22 authors in total, 0.011%) authored 3 papers, and Al-Arifi M.N., Alston G.L., etc. (119 authors in total, 6.198%) authored 2 papers. Abadier M., Abanonu G.B., etc. (1764 authors in total, 91.875%) authored 1 paper.

Calculating from the numbers of authors (1920) and publications (485), averagely 3.96 authors co-authored one paper, which confirmed co-authorization was a prevailing phenomenon in this field. The cooperation network of authors was analyzed. Poloyac S.M. and Wilby K.J., from the University of Pittsburgh (the USA) and University of Otago (New Zealand), respectively, both authored 5 papers, were taken as examples. Figure 5  showed that Poloyac S.M. and Wilby K.J. were the core of the cooperation network, and cooperated with 27 and 16 co-authors, respectively.

Cooperation network of Poloyac S.M. ( A ) and Wilby K.J. ( B )

Distribution of Grant Source

The total number of grant sources reached 199, as 0.41 funding was received per paper in average. National Institutes of Health, USA (NIH) and The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) sponsored 23 and 21 papers, respectively. It could be inferred that NIH and HHS laid emphasis on this field. The other sources sponsored no more than 5 papers. The National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), China Medical Board and Professional Committee of Medical Education, Chinese Academy of Higher Education sponsored 2, 2, and 1 paper (5 papers in total), respectively.

It was worth noticing that only 138 papers were sponsored by at least one source (28.45%), and the funding information was not available for 347 papers (71.55%). It suggested that major part of papers was without sponsorships and more financial supports should be provided to facilitate the investigations.

Citation Situations

The citation of a publication was a key indicator of the attractiveness and importance of the study [ 18 ]. For further bibliometric analysis, the citation situations of the 485 papers were analyzed.

Overall Profile of Citation Situations

During the entire timespan, the analyzed publications were cited by 3264 papers (3150 without self-citations) and 3939 times cited (3774 without self-citations) of interest. The self-citation rate was lower than 5%. In average, one original paper about pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy postgraduate education was cited by 6.73 papers (6.49 without self-citations), and was cited for 8.12 times (7.78 without self-citations). The H -index of this topic was 28, which meant that there were 28 original papers having been cited for at least 28 times [ 19 ].

Analysis of Cited Papers

The 3264 papers citing the research were further analyzed, and the results were visualized. The number of cited paper and the times cited are depicted in Fig. 6 A, and an evident growing trend was revealed. The times cited were slightly greater than the number of cited papers in the same year, and each paper cited less than 2 original papers. In 2000, the next year of the publication of the first 9 papers, citations started. Since 2016, the number of the citing paper and the times cited exceeded 300 per year, and both figures were over 600 in 2020. It was believed that citations in the field would continue to increase at a rapid pace in 2021 and the future.

Citation analysis: number of citing paper and times cited ( A ); distribution of literature type ( B ), and country/region ( C ) of citing papers ( n  = 3264)

Regarding the literature types of the citing papers, 81.07% were ‘articles’, 9.80% were ‘reviews’, and 12.22% were ‘others’ (Fig. 6 B). Compared to the circumstances of original papers (Fig. 2 A), the percentage of ‘article’ decreased, while that of ‘review’ and ‘others’ increased. Of note, nearly a half increment was observed in the percentage of ‘review’. It indicated that the other relevant fields had been inspired by reviewing the studies of pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy postgraduate education.

Most citing papers were contributed from the USA (1468 papers, 44.98%), the UK (321 papers, 9.83%), Australia (305 papers, 9.34%), Denmark (197 papers, 6.04%), Canada (156 papers, 4.78%), China (117 papers, 3.58%), Saudi Arabia (92 papers, 2.82%), and Brazil (84 papers, 2.57%) (Fig. 6 C). Among them, the USA, the UK, Australia, Canada, China, and Saudi Arabia were also major contributing countries of the original papers. It was perceived that these countries paid relatively more attention to the field, and they were more likely to address comments on the related studies.

As for the distribution of the journals of citing papers, please refer to Fig. 4 B. The periodicals American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, Journal of Interprofessional Care, American Journal of Health System Pharmacy, BMC Medical Education, and Journal of The American Pharmacists Association that contributed a large number of original papers also published a considerable number of citing papers (714 in total, 21.88%). Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, Pharmacy, Research in Social Administrative Pharmacy and International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy published 394 citing papers, consisting of a percentage of 12.07% of all. To sum up, the top-9 periodicals only accounted for 33.95% of citing papers, whereas the proportion of original papers published in top-9 periodicals was 60.82%. It could be inferred that the distribution of journals of citing paper was more widely spreading, rather than being dominated by the top-9 journals. Additionally, it was possible that many journals which were specified in the areas other than pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy education published the papers citing those original studies.

Research Hotspot Mining

Mining the research hotspot was a vital approach for the description of progress on pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy postgraduate education, for it could provide valuable information about the evolving tendency of the field, and therefore guide the future investigations [ 20 ]. To this end, keywords, and high-frequency terms of the included papers were scrutinized.

The keywords in 485 papers were analyzed, and the high-frequency keywords are shown in Fig. 7 . The frequency of ‘education’, ‘pharmacy’, ‘pharmacy education’, and ‘pharmaceutical education’ was the highest. However, these high-frequency keywords were too general, therefore, did not provide more meaningful information. The keywords ‘curriculum’, ‘assessment’, and ‘residency’ also exhibited a relatively high frequency. It could be inferred that the development and revolution of curriculum, skill and capacity assessment, and the residency period management were important topics in the field. In addition, only a small proportion of papers were related with the keyword ‘pharmacist’. This indicated that most papers were possibly focused on the other topics, such as postgraduate trainings.

Keywords frequency versus publication year ( n  = 485)

It seemed that keywords analysis did not reflect the mastering of research hotspot as expected. Mining of high-frequency terms would help to better understand the hotspot of pharmaceutical science/pharmacy education research, and was therefore performed [ 21 ]. Of note, the minimum number of occurrences of a term was set as 20, and 120 terms (out of 11,695) met this threshold. Network visualization, time overlay visualization, and density visualization of the screened terms were conducted [ 22 ].

Cluster Network Visualization of High-Frequency Terms

Firstly, the weights of terms were normalized by the method of association strength. The size of circle and label of a certain term were positively proportional to the weight [ 23 ]. For example, the terms ‘course’, ‘school’, ‘degree’, ‘patient’, and ‘resident’ are of highest weight (Fig. 8 ), as the in-school and in-residency cultivation of postgraduates were critical topics.

Cluster network visualization of high-frequency terms ( n  = 120)

Via hierarchical cluster analysis [ 24 ], 120 terms were classified into 6 clusters (colored as red, green, blue, yellow, purple, and cyan), as illustrated in Fig. 8 . The significance of different clusters could be interpreted as follows.

Cluster 1: In-school education systems, representative terms are ‘course’, ‘school’, ‘curricula’, ‘degree’, ‘science’, ‘CAM (complementary and alternative medicine)’, ‘person’, ‘goal’, ‘career’, ‘field’, ‘Saudi Arabia’, ‘industry’ and ‘academia’. The co-occurrence of these terms suggested that the reformation of curricula, degree awarding systems, and introduction of career-oriented goals were hot topics. Filling the gap between the demand of academia and industry was an unneglectable commission for the postgraduate education systems. Besides, the postgraduates from Saudi Arabia were important subjects for investigations.

Cluster 2: Teaching paradigm, representative terms are ‘score’, ‘learning’, ‘confidence’, ‘attitude’, ‘factor’, ‘perception’, ‘competence’, ‘simulation’, ‘self’, ‘improvement’, ‘class’, ‘case’, ‘age’, ‘difference’, ‘medication’ and ‘COVID’. The co-occurrence of these terms implied that helping postgraduates to establish appropriate attitude the learning processes were important issues. Notably, discussions of revolution of teaching paradigms in the COVID-19 scenarios have emerged and discussed.

Cluster 3: Pharmacy services, representative terms ‘patient’, ‘service’, ‘respondent’, ‘type’, ‘day’ and ‘week’. The co-occurrence of these terms indicated that the period of pharmacy services was a hot topic and should be included during the training of postgraduates in pharmacy.

Cluster 4: Interprofessional education (IPE), representative terms ‘IPE’, ‘team’, ‘collaboration’ and ‘nursing’. The co-occurrence of these terms showed that interprofessional cultivation for pharmacy postgraduates was a major trend, in which a collaborative team consisting of pharmacists, clinicians, and nurses was required. This cluster also explained the reason why the Journal of Interprofessional Care published many papers of interest.

Cluster 5: Residency, representative terms ‘resident’, ‘postgraduate year’, ‘residency’ and ‘position’. The co-occurrence of these terms reflexed that residency program was indispensable for pharmacy postgraduates.

Cluster 6: Medical systems, representative terms ‘doctor’, ‘physician’, ‘medical student’, ‘drug’ and ‘cost’. The co-occurrence of these terms might be associated with the research on the education of clinical pharmacy.

In summary, the training process of pharmacy postgraduates was a research focus in the field. In contrast, that of pharmaceutical sciences postgraduates was less discussed, possibly due to the nature of the professional education for pharmacy degrees, which attracted more attention for investigators than the degrees in natural sciences.

Item Density Visualization of High-Frequency Terms

The method of Lin/log modularity was utilized for the normalization of the weights of terms [ 25 ]. The item density is visualized in Fig. 9 . The density of a term was represented by color, ranging from cyan to green and red. Red color and cyan color represented that the number of associated terms was high and low, respectively. The density could be further perceived as the degree of saturation [ 26 ].

Item density visualization of high-frequency terms ( n  = 120)

The terms ‘course’, ‘university’, ‘school’, ‘college’, ‘patient’ and ‘score’ in red zones meant that the degree of research saturation was relatively high, while the terms like ‘IPE’ in the green zones were at a relatively low degree of research saturation. The zone color of terms ‘academia’ and ‘industry’ was a mix of green and cyan, and the term ‘COVID’ was in cyan zones, suggesting that such topics were not yet well explored.

Based on the degree of research saturation, building connections between academia and industry for pharmaceutical sciences postgraduates and constructing new modes of education under the COVID condition could be considered for future studies, in that such discussions are still insufficient currently.

Time Overlay Visualization of High-Frequency Terms

Prior to the layout, the weights of terms were normalized by the method of fractionalization. The time overlay visualization described the time evolution of high-frequency terms. The cool-warm diagram (Fig. 10 ) depicts the mean documented year of the terms, where warm dots and cool dots represented the recent documented years and the former years, respectively [ 27 ]. Specifically, red, gray, and blue colors represented that the average documented date of the terms was after June of 2014, between June of 2013 and June of 2014, and before June of 2013, respectively.

Time overlay visualization of high-frequency terms ( n  = 120)

Typical terms for each category were shown as follows. Blue colored zones: ‘course’, ‘school’, and ‘science’; Gray colored zones: ‘career’, ‘residency’, and ‘PGY2 (postgraduate year two)’; Red colored zones: ‘patient’, ‘team’, and ‘IPE’. It was worth mentioning that ‘COVID’ was located in the red colored zones as well. Moreover, ‘score’, a classical concept, was in the red colored zones, which indicated the indispensable role of evaluation for postgraduate education [ 28 ].

Accordingly, the time evolution of the hotspots of pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy postgraduate education research could be divided as three stages: (1) Reformation of in-school curricula; (2) Career-oriented cultivation; (3) Interprofessional training in the new era. Seen from the last stage, the authors foresaw that in the near future, interprofessional training of pharmacy postgraduate for the battling of COVID pandemic will become a hotspot for research.

Inspiration for Pharmaceutical Sciences/Pharmacy Postgraduate Education

Inspired by the bibliometric analysis results, some suggestions were proposed to boost the research of pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy postgraduate education. Specifically, several possible reformed actions for governments and feasible research topics for future investigators were discussed. These suggestions were considered to be universal and might be applicable in both developed and developing countries.

Promotional Actions of Government

It is suggested that the government can conduct the following actions [ 29 ]:

Releasing favorable policies to encourage research programs of pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy postgraduate education in universities and institutes. By this means, universities and institutes will be more willing to recruit investigators, and meanwhile pay more attention to the studies in this field.

Establishing specific funding for pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy postgraduate education. With ample financial supports, extensive studies in-depth in the field will possibly be allowed to emerge.

Launching new periodicals about pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy postgraduate education. New platforms for showcasing the research outcomes will encourage and facilitate the communications in the field.

Feasible Research Topics of Investigators

For investigators, there are several feasible research topics that might attract attentions:

Training of pharmaceutical sciences postgraduates. This is a relatively ignored side in the field. According to the research hotspot mining results, the current focus of the investigators is on the training of pharmacy postgraduates. Pharmaceutical sciences postgraduates are the vital labor force for academical and industrial drug discovery and development, and hence the training of them could be further emphasized.

Interprofessional training. For pharmacy postgraduates, interprofessional training by introducing clinical and nursing skills can help the students to understand the medical systems in the real world; for pharmaceutical sciences postgraduates, interprofessional training in chemistry, physics, engineering and artificial intelligence (AI) knowledge will help them to adapt for the modernized pharmaceutical industry.

Exploration of new education methods under COVID conditions. As COVID has become a long-term epidemic all across the world [ 30 ], case-based learning (CBL), problem-based learning (PBL), research-based learning (RBL), and team-based learning (TBL) regarding COVID will be helpful to reconstruct the education methods [ 31 ].

Comparison with the Studies in other Fields and Previous Bibliometric Studies

Finally, in order to dig more meanings from this study, a comparison with the studies in other fields and previous bibliometric studies on pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy education was conducted.

Comparison with the Studies in other Fields

A quick search of the publications about postgraduate education in relatively close disciplines, viz. chemical engineering, material sciences, medicine, biology, and nanotechnology was conducted. The results are listed in Table 1 . It was shown that more papers were published in the education field of medicine, materials science, and biology, which were 9.0, 1.8, and 1.3-folds of those published in pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy. Less publications were found in chemical engineering and nanotechnology education, equal to 46.0% or 19.6% of the numbers in pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy. USA was the country/region that published the highest number of studies. The journals with the most publications were all educational journals. For medicine education, the numbers of total times cited and H -index were significantly higher than other fields. The number of total times cited and H -index in the fields of material sciences and biology were similar to pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy, while those numbers of chemical engineering and nanotechnology were remarkably lower.

According to the above results, the degree of attention paid to postgraduate education research varied with different disciplines. Based on the fruitful research outcomes in the field of medicine, the investigators in pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy postgraduate education were recommended to learn from the researchers in medicine postgraduate education.

Comparison with Previous Bibliometric Studies

A few (4) previously published bibliometric studies with similar aims were found. The small number indicated that there were much to be explored in this field. The main information of these studies is summarized in Table 2 .

Overall, neither paper analyzed the progress in both pharmaceutical sciences and pharmacy fields, nor of those 4 papers focused on the postgraduate education. Furthermore, as shown in Table 2 , reference 1 to 3 discussed the development of (clinical) pharmacy education in a small number of countries, only the reference 4 showed a global vision for the study. Additionally, those studies were conducted before 2016, which urges a more updated and comprehensive study in the field. It is noted that a variety of databases (like Medline and CNKI) were used in the previous studies, although they are less popular or in the language other than English.

The research progress on pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy postgraduate education was analyzed in bibliometric perspective in this work. 485 papers were screened in the literature survey. In general, the numbers of publications were growing along with year, and the main type of literature was article. Institutions in the USA were the major contributors; however, in terms of authorship, each author contributed averagely no more than 5 papers. Most papers were composed in English, and published in education-specified, medical system-related and fundamental research-based journals. It should be noted that only a small percentage of the studies were sponsored by grants. As for the citation analysis, the numbers of the citing papers were increasing with time, and the distribution attributes of the cited papers were similar to those of original papers. The research hotspots laid in the training of pharmacy postgraduates, and the establishment of new education paradigms in the COIVD time was a recent research focus.

It was anticipated that the bibliometric analysis could help to catalyze the promotional actions of government and feasible research topics of investigators regarding the studies upon pharmaceutical sciences/pharmacy postgraduate education.

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The authors greatly appreciated the funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, under grant nos. 82073774 and 81973263.

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Zhengwei Huang, Xuejuan Zhang, Linjing Wu are contributed equally to this work.

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School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China

Zhengwei Huang & Xin Pan

College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510006, China

Zhengwei Huang, Xuejuan Zhang, Linjing Wu, Ping Hu, Ying Huang & Chuanbin Wu

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Zhengwei Huang, data analysis and writing; Xuejuan Zhang, literature survey and visualization; Linjing Wu, suggestion proposing, manuscript formatting and manuscript revision; Ping Hu, manuscript polishing and revision; Ying Huang and Chuanbin Wu, project supervision and manuscript polishing; Xin Pan, conceptualization, fund-seeking and proof-reading.

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Huang, Z., Zhang, X., Wu, L. et al. Progress on Pharmaceutical Sciences/Pharmacy Postgraduate Education: a Bibliometric Perspective. J Pharm Innov 17 , 1360–1372 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12247-021-09611-z

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Accepted : 23 November 2021

Published : 22 January 2022

Issue Date : December 2022

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s12247-021-09611-z

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Developing a research question is not always easy. Use the tips here and explore the books and links to help you determine a topic. 1. Start by considering what you are interested in, and what drew you to pharmacy practice. You'll be working with this project for some time, so having personal interest is important. 2. Consider the readings you have been assigned in class. What questions have you developed after reading, say, a chapter about communication skills for pharmacists? Or the effects of rising costs of drugs? Could you do a project to answer these questions? 3. Research is intended to fill in gaps in knowledge. Consider any readings you have done, or lectures you have attended, where it is mentioned that more research is needed to answer a question. Can you try to answer part or all of that question? 4. Examine specific types of research to find gaps in knowledge.

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Pharmacology Research Paper Topics

In this page on pharmacology research paper topics , we explore the diverse and dynamic field of pharmacology and provide valuable resources for students who are tasked with writing research papers in this discipline. Pharmacology, as a branch of science, encompasses the study of how drugs interact with biological systems, aiming to understand their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects. With the growing importance of pharmacology in healthcare and drug development, it is crucial for students to delve into relevant pharmacology research paper topics that contribute to advancing knowledge and addressing current challenges in the field. Additionally, we highlight iResearchNet’s writing services, offering students the opportunity to order custom pharmacology research papers tailored to their specific needs. Our team of expert writers, equipped with in-depth knowledge of pharmacology and related fields, ensures high-quality, well-researched papers that adhere to the highest academic standards.

In the field of pharmacology, research plays a critical role in advancing our understanding of drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their impact on human health. As students of pharmacology, you may be tasked with writing research papers that explore various aspects of this dynamic discipline. To assist you in your research journey, we have curated a comprehensive list of pharmacology research paper topics that cover a wide range of subfields and emerging areas of interest. Whether you are interested in drug discovery, clinical pharmacology, pharmacogenomics, or drug safety, this list provides a wealth of ideas to inspire and guide your research endeavors.

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Drug Discovery and Development

• Role of Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery
• Personalized Medicine: Tailoring Drug Therapy to Individual Patients
• Drug Repurposing: Exploring New Indications for Existing Drugs
• Pharmacogenomics and Drug Response Prediction
• Nanomedicine: Applications in Drug Delivery and Targeting
• Innovative Approaches for Drug Formulation and Delivery
• Drug Combinations: Synergistic Effects and Therapeutic Opportunities
• Natural Products as Sources of Novel Therapeutic Agents
• Virtual Screening and Molecular Docking in Drug Design
• Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of New Drug Entities

Clinical Pharmacology

• Precision Dosing: Optimizing Drug Therapy for Individual Patients
• Pharmacokinetic Variability in Special Populations (Pediatrics, Geriatrics, Pregnant Women)
• Drug-Drug Interactions: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
• Adverse Drug Reactions: Identification, Prevention, and Management
• Pharmacovigilance and Drug Safety Monitoring
• Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Rationale and Practical Considerations
• Clinical Trials in Pharmacology: Design, Implementation, and Analysis
• Drug Development and Regulatory Approval Processes
• Pharmacoeconomics: Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of Drug Therapy
• Ethical Considerations in Clinical Pharmacology Research

Neuropharmacology and Psychopharmacology

• Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Applications of Antidepressant Drugs
• Neurotransmitter Systems and Their Role in Mental Health Disorders
• Psychotropic Drugs and Their Impact on Cognitive Functioning
• Novel Approaches for Targeting Neurodegenerative Disorders
• Pharmacological Management of Substance Use Disorders
• Pharmacogenetics in Psychiatry: Implications for Individualized Treatment
• Role of Neuroinflammation in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
• Neuropharmacology of Sleep and Wakefulness
• Pharmacotherapy for Schizophrenia: Current Trends and Future Directions
• Novel Treatments for Anxiety and Mood Disorders

Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism

• Drug Transporters and Their Role in Drug Disposition
• Pharmacogenetics and Personalized Drug Therapy
• Pharmacokinetic Variability and Its Impact on Drug Response
• Drug Metabolism Pathways and Enzyme Polymorphisms
• Drug-Drug Interactions: Mechanisms and Clinical Significance
• Predictive Modeling in Pharmacokinetics and Dose Optimization
• Pharmacokinetics in Special Populations: Pediatrics and Geriatrics
• Impact of Genetic Variation on Drug Clearance and Toxicity
• Role of Pharmacokinetics in Individualizing Drug Dosage
• Strategies for Improving Oral Bioavailability of Drugs

Pharmacology of Infectious Diseases

• Antimicrobial Resistance: Mechanisms, Epidemiology, and Strategies
• Development of Novel Antiviral Agents: Challenges and Opportunities
• Pharmacotherapy for Bacterial Infections: Current Approaches and Future Directions
• Antifungal Drugs: Mechanisms of Action and Resistance
• Host-Pathogen Interactions and Their Implications for Drug Development
• Pharmacokinetic Considerations in the Treatment of Viral Infections
• Targeting Virulence Factors in Bacterial Pathogens
• Drug Combination Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infections
• Pharmacogenomics of Antimicrobial Agents
• New Approaches for Antiparasitic Drug Development

Cardiovascular Pharmacology

• Novel Antiplatelet Agents: Mechanisms and Clinical Applications
• Antihypertensive Therapy: Current Strategies and Future Perspectives
• Pharmacotherapy for Heart Failure: Advancements and Challenges
• Role of Pharmacogenomics in Cardiovascular Drug Therapy
• Therapeutic Potential of Antiarrhythmic Agents
• Pharmacological Management of Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis
• Emerging Therapies for Pulmonary Hypertension
• Pharmacological Approaches to Preventing Thromboembolic Disorders
• Cardiotoxicity of Chemotherapeutic Agents: Mechanisms and Cardioprotective Strategies
• Targeting Inflammatory Pathways in Cardiovascular Disease

Pharmacology and Aging

• Geriatric Pharmacotherapy: Challenges and Approaches
• Age-Related Changes in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
• Polypharmacy and Its Impact on Older Adults
• Adverse Drug Reactions in the Elderly: Recognition and Prevention
• Pharmacological Management of Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders
• Geriatric Pharmacogenomics: Implications for Personalized Medicine
• Drug-Related Falls and Fractures in the Elderly: Prevention and Intervention
• Medication Adherence in Older Adults: Barriers and Strategies
• Geriatric Pain Management: Balancing Efficacy and Safety
• Optimizing Drug Therapy in Older Adults with Multiple Comorbidities

Pharmacology of Cancer

• Targeted Therapies for Solid Tumors: Recent Advances and Future Directions
• Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment: Current Approaches and Challenges
• Pharmacogenomics of Chemotherapy: Implications for Personalized Treatment
• Drug Resistance in Cancer: Mechanisms and Strategies for Overcoming Resistance
• Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Anticancer Agents
• Combination Therapies in Oncology: Rationale and Clinical Outcomes
• Oncolytic Viruses: Exploiting Viral Infections for Cancer Treatment
• Cancer Stem Cells: Targeting Tumor Initiation and Progression
• Development of Novel Imaging Agents for Cancer Diagnosis and Monitoring
• Pharmacological Interventions for Cancer-Associated Pain Management

Pharmacology and Immunology

• Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Immunotherapy
• Autoimmune Diseases: Novel Pharmacological Approaches and Therapies
• Immunomodulatory Effects of Drugs: Implications for Therapeutic Interventions
• Role of Pharmacogenomics in Immunomodulatory Drug Therapy
• Immunopharmacology of Allergic Reactions: Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies
• Immunosuppressive Drugs in Transplantation: Balancing Efficacy and Safety
• Targeting Inflammatory Pathways in Autoimmune Disorders
• Immunopharmacological Interventions for Infectious Diseases
• Pharmacological Modulation of Cytokines in Inflammatory Disorders
• Vaccines: Advancements in Development and Delivery

Pharmacovigilance and Drug Safety

• Post-Marketing Surveillance: Detecting and Evaluating Adverse Drug Reactions
• Signal Detection in Pharmacovigilance: Methods and Applications
• Risk Management Strategies in Drug Development and Marketing
• Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers for Predicting Drug Safety
• Pharmacovigilance in Special Populations: Pregnant Women and Pediatrics
• Drug Safety Communication: Enhancing Patient Awareness and Education
• Role of Pharmacovigilance in Drug Regulatory Affairs
• Pharmacovigilance Data Mining: Leveraging Big Data for Drug Safety
• Pharmacovigilance Systems and Reporting Structures
• Pharmacogenetic Testing in Drug Safety Assessment

This comprehensive list of pharmacology research paper topics provides a broad range of ideas and areas to explore within the field of pharmacology. From drug discovery and development to clinical pharmacology, neuropharmacology, and pharmacokinetics, each category offers multiple topics for students to delve into and contribute to the advancement of pharmacological knowledge. Whether you are interested in the impact of pharmacogenomics on drug therapy, exploring novel treatment strategies, or investigating drug safety and pharmacovigilance, there is a wealth of research possibilities awaiting exploration. By selecting a topic of interest and following the expert advice on topic selection and research paper writing, students can embark on an enriching journey of discovery and make meaningful contributions to the field of pharmacology.

Pharmacology: Exploring the Range of Research Paper Topics

Pharmacology is a captivating and dynamic scientific discipline that focuses on the study of drugs and their effects on living organisms. It plays a crucial role in improving human health by advancing our understanding of how medications interact with biological systems. Within the field of pharmacology, there is a vast array of pharmacology research paper topics that offer students an opportunity to delve into various aspects of drug discovery, development, clinical application, and safety. In this article, we will explore the breadth and depth of pharmacology as a scientific field, highlighting the range of research paper topics it encompasses.

Drug Discovery and Development:  One exciting area of pharmacology research is drug discovery and development. This field involves the identification and development of new therapeutic agents to treat a wide range of diseases. Students interested in this area can explore topics such as the exploration of novel drug targets and therapeutic approaches, investigating natural products for drug development, advancements in targeted drug delivery systems, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of new drug entities, and understanding and overcoming drug resistance mechanisms.

Clinical Pharmacology:  Clinical pharmacology focuses on the application of pharmacological principles in the clinical setting. It plays a vital role in optimizing drug therapy and ensuring patient safety. Pharmacology research paper topics in this area may include pharmacogenomics, which explores the relationship between an individual’s genetic makeup and their response to medication. Other topics of interest include the identification, prevention, and management of adverse drug reactions, the design and ethical considerations in clinical trials, pharmacovigilance, and optimizing drug regimens for special populations such as pediatrics, geriatrics, and pregnant women.

Neuropharmacology and Psychopharmacology:  The field of neuropharmacology examines how drugs interact with the central nervous system and influence brain function. Pharmacology research paper topics in this area may involve investigating the mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of psychotropic drugs, exploring neurotransmitter systems and their role in neurological disorders, pharmacological interventions for Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, the psychopharmacology of substance use disorders, and the pharmacological management of mental health disorders.

Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism:  Pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism focus on understanding how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body. Pharmacology research paper topics in this area may include studying drug interactions, such as the mechanisms, predictions, and clinical implications of drug-drug interactions. Other topics of interest include pharmacogenetics and individual variations in drug response, the role of drug transporters in drug disposition, drug metabolism and its impact on drug-drug interactions, and the use of predictive modeling in pharmacokinetics and dosing optimization.

Pharmacology of Infectious Diseases:  The pharmacology of infectious diseases involves studying how drugs can effectively treat and prevent infections. Research topics in this area may include exploring antimicrobial resistance, including its mechanisms, epidemiology, and strategies to combat it. Additionally, students may investigate the development of new antiviral agents, the pharmacological management of bacterial infections, host-pathogen interactions, and the pharmacokinetic considerations in the treatment of infectious diseases.

Cardiovascular Pharmacology:  Cardiovascular pharmacology focuses on understanding the effects of drugs on the cardiovascular system. Research topics in this area may include exploring drug therapy for hypertension and current guidelines for treatment, novel anticoagulants in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders, pharmacological approaches to managing heart failure, drug-induced cardiotoxicity and strategies for prevention, and emerging pharmacotherapies for atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.

Pharmacology and Aging:  Pharmacology and aging is a specialized field that investigates how drug therapy can be optimized in older adults. Research topics in this area may include exploring geriatric pharmacotherapy, age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, the impact of polypharmacy on older adults, the recognition and prevention of adverse drug reactions, pharmacological management of age-related neurodegenerative disorders, and strategies for improving medication adherence in the elderly.

The field of pharmacology offers a wide range of exciting research paper topics that span from drug discovery and development to clinical pharmacology, neuropharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and beyond. By exploring these topics, students can contribute to the advancement of pharmacological knowledge and make meaningful contributions to the field. Remember to choose a research topic that aligns with your interests and career aspirations, and be sure to consult with your instructors or mentors for guidance throughout your research journey. With dedication, curiosity, and a passion for improving patient care, you have the opportunity to shape the future of pharmacology research.

How to Choose a Pharmacology Research Topic

Choosing the right research paper topic is crucial for a successful academic journey in pharmacology. It allows you to explore your interests, contribute to the field, and showcase your knowledge and skills. However, with the vast scope of pharmacology, selecting a research topic can be a daunting task. In this section, we will provide you with expert advice on how to choose pharmacology research paper topics that are engaging, relevant, and have the potential for significant contribution.

• Identify Your Interests : Start by identifying your areas of interest within pharmacology. Reflect on the topics that have captivated your attention during your coursework or sparked your curiosity. Consider whether you are more inclined towards drug discovery, clinical applications, pharmacokinetics, neuropharmacology, or any other subfield of pharmacology. This self-reflection will help you narrow down your options and select a topic that resonates with your passion.
• Stay Updated with Current Research : To choose a compelling research topic, it is essential to stay updated with the latest advancements and trends in pharmacology. Follow reputable scientific journals, attend conferences, and engage with the pharmacological community to gain insights into the ongoing research and emerging areas of interest. This will help you identify gaps in the current knowledge and select a topic that offers the potential for novel discoveries or addressing existing challenges.
• Consult with Faculty and Experts : Seek guidance from your faculty members, mentors, or experts in the field of pharmacology. They can provide valuable insights and suggest potential research areas based on their expertise and experience. Discuss your interests, goals, and research aspirations with them, and they can help you refine your research topic, provide relevant literature references, and offer valuable advice on the feasibility and scope of your chosen topic.
• Consider Practicality and Resources : When selecting a research topic, consider the practicality and availability of resources. Assess whether the necessary laboratory facilities, equipment, or access to clinical data are readily accessible to conduct your research. Additionally, consider the time and resources required to complete the research within the given timeframe. Choosing a topic that aligns with the available resources will enhance the feasibility and success of your research endeavor.
• Address Current Challenges or Gaps : Pharmacology is a field that constantly evolves, presenting new challenges and unanswered questions. Consider selecting a research topic that addresses current challenges or explores gaps in the existing knowledge. This could involve investigating the mechanisms of drug resistance, exploring novel drug targets, or optimizing drug regimens for specific patient populations. By tackling these challenges, you can contribute to the advancement of pharmacological science and make a meaningful impact.
• Collaborate with Peers : Consider collaborating with fellow students or researchers who share similar research interests. Collaborative research projects can provide a broader perspective, foster knowledge sharing, and enhance the overall quality of your research. Collaborating with peers also allows you to divide the workload, share resources, and receive feedback and support throughout the research process.
• Seek Ethical Considerations : When selecting a pharmacology research topic, it is essential to consider ethical considerations and adhere to the principles of research ethics. Ensure that your chosen topic respects patient confidentiality, follows the guidelines for the ethical use of animal subjects (if applicable), and aligns with the ethical principles outlined by regulatory bodies. Consulting with your institution’s ethics committee or research advisor can help ensure that your research project meets the required ethical standards.
• Evaluate Feasibility and Novelty : Evaluate the feasibility and novelty of your chosen research topic. Consider whether the research question is answerable within the available resources and time constraints. Additionally, assess whether your topic brings something new to the field, whether it fills a knowledge gap, or offers a fresh perspective on an existing topic. A balance between feasibility and novelty is essential for a successful research paper.
• Consult Literature Reviews : Conduct thorough literature reviews on your chosen topic to gain a comprehensive understanding of the existing research. Literature reviews help you identify gaps in the current knowledge and provide a foundation for your research question. They also enable you to build on previous findings, develop a robust research methodology, and position your research within the context of the broader field of pharmacology.
• Remain Flexible : Lastly, remain flexible throughout the process of choosing a research topic. As you delve deeper into the literature and research process, you may discover new avenues of interest or encounter unexpected challenges. It is essential to remain open to refining or adjusting your research topic based on new insights, emerging data, or feedback from your research advisors. Flexibility allows you to adapt and ensure that your research remains relevant and impactful.

Choosing a pharmacology research paper topic is an exciting and important step in your academic journey. By following expert advice, identifying your interests, staying updated with current research, seeking guidance, considering practicality and resources, addressing current challenges or gaps, collaborating with peers, adhering to ethical considerations, evaluating feasibility and novelty, consulting literature reviews, and remaining flexible, you can select a research topic that is engaging, relevant, and has the potential to contribute to the field of pharmacology. Remember, this is your opportunity to explore, innovate, and make a lasting impact in the dynamic field of pharmacology research.

How to Write a Pharmacology Research Paper

Writing a pharmacology research paper requires careful planning, organization, and attention to detail. It is an opportunity for you to showcase your understanding of the subject matter, critical thinking skills, and ability to communicate scientific information effectively. In this section, we will provide you with expert guidance on how to write a pharmacology research paper that is well-structured, informative, and compelling.

• Choose a Well-Defined Research Question : Start by formulating a clear and well-defined research question. Your research question should be focused, specific, and address a gap in the existing knowledge. Consider the significance of your research question in the context of pharmacology and how it contributes to the overall understanding of the field. A well-defined research question sets the foundation for your entire research paper.
• Conduct a Thorough Literature Review : Before diving into your research, conduct a thorough literature review on the chosen topic. Familiarize yourself with the existing research, theories, and findings related to your research question. This will provide you with a solid understanding of the current state of knowledge and help you identify gaps or areas for further investigation. Additionally, the literature review will inform your research methodology and discussion of results.
• Develop a Clear Structure : A well-structured research paper is essential for effectively conveying your ideas and findings. Begin with an engaging introduction that provides background information, context, and clearly states your research question. Follow with a comprehensive literature review that supports your research question and highlights the gaps in knowledge. Next, present your research methodology, including details on sample selection, data collection, and analysis methods. In the results section, present your findings in a clear and organized manner using tables, graphs, or figures as necessary. Finally, discuss your results, interpret their significance, and relate them back to your research question in the discussion section. Conclude with a concise summary of your findings and their implications.
• Use Reliable and Credible Sources : Ensure that the sources you use for your research paper are reliable, credible, and peer-reviewed. Consult reputable scientific journals, textbooks, and conference proceedings. Avoid relying solely on internet sources or non-scholarly publications. Citations are critical to acknowledge the work of other researchers and to support your claims and arguments. Use a consistent citation style, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, and follow the guidelines carefully.
• Analyze and Interpret Your Data : If your research involves collecting and analyzing data, ensure that your data analysis is thorough and accurate. Use appropriate statistical methods to analyze your data and present the results in a clear and meaningful way. Interpret the findings in the context of your research question and discuss any limitations or potential sources of bias. Remember to relate your findings back to the existing literature and explain how they contribute to the broader understanding of pharmacology.
• Write Clearly and Concisely : Effective scientific writing is clear, concise, and free of unnecessary jargon. Use language that is precise and straightforward, avoiding ambiguous or vague statements. Clearly articulate your ideas and ensure that your arguments are logical and well-supported by evidence. Use appropriate scientific terminology, but also consider your target audience and strive to communicate your findings in a way that is accessible to readers who may not have expertise in pharmacology.
• Pay Attention to Formatting and Style : Follow the formatting and style guidelines specified by your instructor or the target journal. Pay attention to details such as font size, line spacing, margins, and headings. Use subheadings to organize your content and make it easier for readers to navigate. Adhere to the specific citation style required for your paper and ensure that your references are complete and accurate.
• Revise and Edit : Revision and editing are essential steps in the writing process. Take the time to review your research paper for clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Check for grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and punctuation errors. Ensure that your ideas flow logically and that your paper is well-structured. Consider seeking feedback from peers, instructors, or mentors to gain different perspectives and improve the overall quality of your paper.
• Proofread : Before submitting your research paper, thoroughly proofread it to ensure that it is error-free. Check for any typos, inconsistencies, or formatting issues. Read your paper aloud to catch any awkward phrasing or unclear sentences. It can also be helpful to have someone else read your paper to identify any errors or areas that need improvement.
• Ethical Considerations : Ensure that your research paper adheres to ethical considerations. If your research involved human subjects, ensure that you have obtained the necessary approvals and informed consent. Respect patient confidentiality and anonymity when presenting your research findings. Adhere to the ethical guidelines set by your institution or the relevant regulatory bodies.

Writing a pharmacology research paper requires careful planning, thorough research, effective communication, and attention to detail. By following the expert advice provided in this section, you can develop a well-structured and informative research paper that contributes to the field of pharmacology. Remember to choose a well-defined research question, conduct a thorough literature review, use reliable sources, analyze and interpret your data, write clearly and concisely, pay attention to formatting and style, revise and edit your paper, proofread for errors, and ensure ethical considerations are met. With diligence and commitment, your pharmacology research paper has the potential to make a meaningful impact in the field of pharmacology.

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• Potential Research Projects

Research projects for Higher Degree by Research (HDR) students are available within the following School of Pharmacy research areas and research centre. 

Please email our academic staff to discuss potential HDR projects and ask if they are available as an advisor for your proposed HDR program.

Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacometrics

Title: Implementing Pharmacogenomics into Community Pharmacy Practice to Personalise the Treatment of Depression Contact:  Associate Professor Chris Freeman

Title:  Developing pharmacokinetic models for immunosuppressants in solid organ transplant patients Contact:   Dr Christine Staatz

Title:  Improving the use of immunosuppressant agents in solid organ transplant patients Contact:   Dr Christine Staatz

Medication Use, Safety and Health Services Research

Title:  The ethics of pharmacogenomic testing in community pharmacy Contact:  Doctor Adam La Caze

Title: Pharmacy ethics and the opioid crisis Contact:  Doctor Adam La Caze

Title:  Improving the use of immunosuppressant agents in solid organ transplant patients Contact:   Dr Christine Staatz

Title:  Establishing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models for antibiotics used in special paediatric populations Contact:   Dr Christine Staatz

Title:  Queensland Family Cohort (QFC) : Characterising medication usage within the perinatal-postnatal family environment Contact:   Dr Meng-Wong Taing

Title:  Pharmacy and oral healthcare Contact:   Dr Meng-Wong Taing

Pharmacoepidemiology, Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoeconomics

No projects currently available.

Biotherapeutic Delivery and Diagnostic Solutions

Title: Computer-aided design, synthesis and evaluation of targeted drug delivery systems Contact:   Dr Ben Ross

Title:  Engineering peptides and proteins as therapeutics Contact:   Dr Peter Moyle

Title:  Improving the delivery characteristics of protein / peptide drugs Contact:   Dr Peter Moyle

Title:  Deciphering the roles of post-translational modifications Contact:   Dr Peter Moyle

Title:  Recombinant, semisynthetic and synthetic vaccines Contact:   Dr Peter Moyle

Title:  Targeted delivery systems for RNAi and DNA delivery Contact:   Dr Peter Moyle

Title:  Enhancing the activity of antimicrobial agents Contact:   Dr Peter Moyle

Title:  Engineering nanostructures and nanomedicines using supercritical fluid technology Contact:   Dr James Falconer

Title:  Improving delivery of challenging to formulate bioactives using advanced delivery systems Contact:   Dr James Falconer

Title:  Discovery of new drugs from indigenous Australian plants using supercritical fluids Contact:   Dr James Falconer

Title:  Design, construction, and development of supercritical fluid technology Contact:   Dr James Falconer

Title:  Characterisation of high pressure spray behaviour and bioactive Contact:   Dr James Falconer

Title:  Delivery of therapeutics to the posterior eye Contact:   Dr Harendra Parekh

Title:  Development of bioresponsive drug/gene carrier systems Contact:   Dr Harendra Parekh , Dr Karnaker Tupally

Title:  Bioresponsive porous silicon-polymer composite nano- and micro-particles for oral protein delivery Contact:   Dr Amirali Popat

Title:  Mesoproous silica nanoparticles synthesis and application in drug delivery, diagnosis and therapeutic protein delivery Contact:   Dr Amirali Popat

Title:  Inorganic nanoparticles for targeting bacterial biofilms Contact:   Dr Amirali Popat

Pharmaceutical Biology

Title:  Calcium homeostasis in cancer: identification and characterisation of novel drug targets  Contact:  Professor Greg Monteith  and  Professor Sarah Roberts-Thomson

Title:  Identification and characterization of novel ion and drug transporters and the design of novel high throughput screening assays for new pharmaceuticals Contact:   Professor Greg Monteith

Title:  Physiological regulation and the role of calcium transporters   Contact:   Professor Greg Monteith

Title:  Morphine and metastasis Contact:   Associate Professor Marie-Odile Parat

Title:  Role of caveolar proteins in glioblastoma Contact:   Associate Professor Marie-Odile Parat

Title:  Effect of perioperative pharmacotherapy of cancer patients on tumour Biology  Contact:   Associate Professor Marie-Odile Parat ,  Dr Ben Ross  and  Professor Nick Shaw

Biomedicinal Discovery and Development

Title:  Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel molecules for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease Contact:   Dr Ben Ross

Title:  Computer-aided design, synthesis and evaluation of new drugs for cancer, pain and neurodegenerative diseases Contact:   Dr Ben Ross

Pharmacy Education Research Centre

No current projects available.

Alan Grant-Taylor Memorial Scholarship: Community Pharmacy Practice

Find out more about the Alan Grant-Taylor Memorial Scholarship

UQ Summer and Winter Research Programs

Coordinated by the UQ Student Employability Centre, these programs provide an opportunity for scholars to work with a researcher in a formal research environment in their area of interest.

By participating in a program students will gain valuable academic and professional opportunities, develop analytical, critical thinking, and communication skills, and have an opportunity to cultivate links with industry and academic contacts. 

It is also a chance to ‘test drive’ research before embarking on further research studies or higher degree research projects. Participation is open to undergraduate students and Masters by coursework students.

All students participating in the summer and winter programs will receive a scholarship. General information on the program, including how to apply, is available from the UQ Student Employability Centre’s program website .

Please see our Summer and Winter Research Program page for a full list of the available programs.

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New state of mind: rethinking how researchers understand brain activity.

(© stock.adobe.com)

Understanding the link between brain activity and behavior is among the core interests of neuroscience. Having a better grasp of this relationship will both help scientists understand how the brain works on a basic level and uncover what specifically goes awry in cases of neurological and psychological disease.

One way that researchers study this connection is through what are known as “brain states,” patterns of neural activity or connectivity that emerge during specific cognitive tasks and are common enough in all individuals that they become predictable. Another, newer, approach is the study of brain waves, rhythmic, repetitive patterns of brain cell activity caused by synchronization across cells.

In a new paper, two Yale researchers propose that these two ways of thinking about brain activity may not represent separate events but two aspects of the same occurrence. Essentially, they suggest that though brain states are traditionally thought of as a snapshot of brain activity while waves are more like a movie, they’re capturing parts of the same story.

Reconsidering these two approaches in this context, the researchers say, could help both fields benefit from the methods and knowledge of the other and advance our understanding of the brain.

Inspired by ecological, conservation, and Indigenous philosophies, Maya Foster, a third-year Ph.D. student in the Department of Biomedical Engineering, began pursuing this idea once she joined the lab of Dustin Scheinost , an associate professor in the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging at Yale School of Medicine.

They are co-authors of the new paper , published April 5 in the journal Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

“ We’re arguing that rather than a brain state being one single thing, it’s a collection of things, a collection of discrete patterns that emerge in time in a predictable way,” she said.

In an interview with Yale News, Foster and Scheinost describe their proposal, and discuss how they might help researchers better understand the mysteries of the brain. This interview has been edited and condensed.

When did you start to consider these might be two aspects of the same occurrence?

Maya Foster: This has been on my mind even before I came to this lab. I was reading a book — “Erosion: Essays of Undoing” by Terry Tempest Williams — and she talks about how human-made machinery like helicopters cause vibrations that interrupt the natural pulse of things and cause things like rock formations to fall apart. Relatedly, there are a lot of Indigenous populations that believe everything has a pulse. And that got me thinking of the brain and whether we have some type of resonance or vibration that can be disrupted.

Then I joined this lab and Dustin let me experiment with a lot of different things. During one of those experiments, I input some data into a particular analysis and the outputs looked wave-like, and patterns emerged and then repeated. That took me down a whole rabbit hole of research literature and there was a lot of evidence for this idea of wave-like patterns in brain states.

What are the benefits of considering brain states as wave-like?

Foster: I think it creates a synergy where both sides — the brain state folks and the brain wave folks — benefit by learning from each other. And maybe the gaps in knowledge we have now when it comes to how brain activity relates to behavior might be filled by both groups working together.

Dustin Scheinost: Brain waves are newer in this field and they’re complex. And any time you can take something new and relate it to something old — brain states in this case — it gives you a natural jumping off point. You can bring along everything you’ve learned so far. It’s kind of like not throwing the baby out with the bath water. We don’t need to drop brain states. They’ve informed us, but we can go in a different direction with them too.

How are you proposing researchers consider brain states and brain waves now?

Foster: Borrowing from physics, when you analyze light, it can be a discrete point — a photon — or it can be wave-like. And that’s one way we’re thinking about this. Similarly, depending on how you analyze brain states you can get static patterns, much like a photon, or you if you look at activity more dynamically, certain patterns start to occur more than once over time, kind of like a wave.

So we’re arguing that rather than a brain state being one single thing, it’s a collection of things, a collection of discrete patterns that emerge in time in a predictable way.

For example, if we measured four distinct patterns in brain activity as someone completed a cognitive task, a brain state could be that pattern one emerges, then pattern three, then two, then four, and that series might repeat over time. And when that repetition stops, that would be the end of that particular brain state.

You also draw comparisons to the musical technique known as “fugue.” How does that fit with how you’re visualizing these phenomena?

Foster: I’m a music person, so that’s where this came from. In a fugue, you have a basic melody and then that melody emerges later in the music in different forms and formats. For instance, the melody will play, then some other music comes in, then the melody returns with the same rhythm and time sequence but maybe it’s in a different key.

Fugues are cyclical and wave-like, they have distinct groups of notes, and there’s a systematic repetition and sometimes layering of the main melody. We’re arguing that brain states are also wave-like, have distinct patterns of brain activity, and display systematic repetition and layering of sequential patterns.

How are you hoping other researchers respond to your argument?

Foster: I would love feedback, honestly. There is evidence for what we’re proposing but when it comes to implementing these ideas going forward, it would be helpful to have a conversation about how that might work. There are a lot of different strategies and I’m interested in a broader conversation about how we as researchers might go about studying this.

What’s it like as someone who has been in this field for a while to have a student come in with a new idea like this?

Scheinost: You can get set in your ways as a researcher and you need new ideas, new creativity. Sometimes they may sound outlandish when you first hear them. But then you ruminate, and they start to take form. And it’s fun. That’s really where the fun of this job is, to hear new ideas and see how people discuss and debate them.

Health & Medicine

Media Contact

Fred Mamoun: [email protected] , 203-436-2643

Yale economist Philipp Strack wins 2024 Clark Medal

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Women’s History Series: Dr. Marian Bishop, School of Medicine

Dr. Marian Bishop, Ph.D., M.S.P.H., was born in 1927 in Springfield, Missouri to Francis Marion and Hattie May Bishop. Dr. Bishop was studious; after receiving a bachelor’s degree from Drury College, she earned multiple master’s degrees in sociology, higher education administration, and public health. Her Ph.D. was in medical sociology and anthropology, which she received from Washington University in St. Louis. Her career spanned over 40 years and included many firsts:

She was a widely published author who frequently contributed writing to many journals and textbooks. In 1969 , her and her husband, Robert E. Froelich, M.D., co-authored the first textbook on medical interviewing.

She became a prominent educator and known as “the mother of academic family medicine.” Dr. Bishop was the first woman to become department head of the University of Utah School of Medicine. She also was the first Ph.D. to serve as president of the Association of Teachers of Preventive Medicine from 1978-1979 , the first woman president of the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine from 1981-1982 . Both organizations have since named annual awards in her honor and she received “educator of the year” award in 1990 from the Association of Teachers of Preventive Medicine.

In 1981 , Dr. Bishop was the first woman and the first Ph.D to receive honors from the American Academy of Family Physicians for her outstanding contributions to family medicine education. In 2002 , the year before she passed, she received the highest honor from the Academy, the John G. Walsh Award, for her leadership in furthering development of family practice.

Aside from her many firsts, Dr. Bishop also advised the Health and Human Services Department, served on the National Advisory Council for Health Professions Education, served on the Council on Graduate Medical Education of the Health Resources and Services Administration, and won numerous other awards for her extraordinary work and service in public health.

Dr. Bishop and her husband, Robert Froelich, had two children and three grandchildren. She unfortunately passed due to cancer. She died in her home in Salt Lake City in 2003 . Her portrait remains inside the Eccles Health Sciences Library.

Image right: Portrait of Marian F. Bishop by R. Lewis Farr, 1995.

-Explore the  History of the Health Sciences  and  Public Affairs of the Health Sciences  collections

Images courtesy of Historical Collections, Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library, University of Utah and American Academy of Family Physicians Foundation.

Related Posts

Women’s History Series: Early Female Student Organizations, College of Pharmacy

Women’s History Series: Priscilla Mayden, Eccles Health Sciences Library

Women’s History Series: Dr. Sumiko Fujiki, College of Nursing

President Russell M. Nelson Donates Medical Papers

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Evaluation of the Undergraduate Pharmacy Student Research Projects in Ambo University, Ethiopia: Retrospective Review

Esayas tadesse gebremariam.

1 Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia

Diriba Alemayehu Gadisa

Academic research is an essential part of undergraduate Pharmacy education to produce qualified Pharmacists. However, there are no documented studies that examine the nature of undergraduate Pharmacy students’ research projects in Ethiopia. Therefore this study aimed to characterize the nature of students’ research project conducted for a bachelor of Pharmacy degree program at Ambo University, Ethiopia.

A cross-sectional, retrospective review using data extraction form was conducted on 279 research reports of undergraduate Pharmacy students at Ambo University from 2013/14 to 2018/2019. The National Harmonized Modular Curriculum program for the Bachelor of Pharmacy degree in Ethiopia was used as a framework to group research projects by research topics and domains. Students’ profile (gender, program), supervisors profile, research types and topics, a domain of pharmacy curriculum, study setting, study design, target population, data collection strategy and techniques, and therapeutic classes of medicines for each project were extracted to see the characteristics of students’ research project. Data were entered and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data.

From 279 Pharmacy undergraduate students’ research projects, 83.9% were conducted by male students and 64.1% were by regular program students. Two hundred fifty (89.6%) of the projects were surveys. Slightly less than half (49.8%) of the research projects were clinical researches. One hundred twenty-six (45.2%) of the research projects were focused on the pharmaceutical care domain followed by dispensing (22.6%) and research and education domain (10%). Out of the 250 survey research projects, the majority 226 (90.4%) of them were used cross-sectional study design, 205 (82%) were conducted at hospitals and 187 (74.8%) were done on the clinical population.

The study showed that the majority of the abstracted projects were surveyed type quantitative clinical researches focused on the Pharmaceutical care domain and takes place at hospitals affiliated with the University. On the contrary, a lower proportion of the research projects were laboratory-based researches, focused on Pharmaceuticals manufacturing, drug information service, regulation, and supply chain management domains, and takes place at community Pharmacy and educational institutions. Thus, it is highly recommended the University has to devise a system for expansion of the study settings other than its affiliated hospitals, and the research topics would encompass all areas and domains of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical sciences.

Research is a quest for knowledge through diligent search or investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of new knowledge. 1 Health research has an impact on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and especially on health care programs policy. 2 The research in Pharmacy focusing more on evidence-based information (eg, scientific, pharmacy practice, health system), which is a key to modern health- care. Considering a broad and multidisciplinary aspect of drug therapy and outcome, there is a need for Pharmacy and Pharmacy practice-based research to optimize confirm the value of a new service, inform policy, and result in practice changes. 3 , 4

Research skill development is increasingly being seen as “an underlying principle” of undergraduate programs. 5 Conducting a research project requires generating a hypothesis, performing a systematic literature review, developing study methods, and collecting and analyzing data, and summarizing and disseminating the results. These allow students to acquire all elements of higher-order learning such as remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creation of new knowledge. 6 , 7 A research project also facilitates learning in-depth and provides opportunities for independence not offered in a standardized curriculum. These opportunities to develop self-directed learning skills and problem-solving promote life-long learning, which will benefit the student in his or her future career as a Pharmacist. 8 , 9 Moreover, the participation of undergraduate Pharmacy students in research projects is important in producing Pharmacists better accustomed to increase the accessibility of unbiased health and medicines-related information to the public and other health care professionals. 10

Currently, in Ethiopia (with a population of approximately 110 million), there are more than a dozen of public institutions that train students in Pharmaceutical education at different levels, Ambo University being one. All of these institutions offer their degree programs in the English language. All Pharmacy schools are located within comprehensive, research-intensive universities located in urban centers, and all are directly affiliated with medical and other health care professional programs within the university structure. The Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm) degree is an undergraduate academic degree in the field of Pharmacy that served as a prerequisite to practice as a Pharmacist in the country. 11 , 12

In 2008, all public Pharmacy schools in Ethiopia revised their undergraduate Pharmacy curriculum to focus on clinical Pharmacy or patient care aspects. 11 In the 2009/10 Academic Year, Ambo University launched the new undergraduate patient-oriented Pharmacy program and adopted the National Harmonized Modular Curriculum program for the Bachelor of Pharmacy degree. 13 Currently, these National Harmonized Modular Curriculum program is serving as the guiding principle of the country’s Pharmaceutical education. It trained students to understand the properties of medicines, how they work, and how to provide Pharmaceutical care for patients. The general objective of the B.Pharm program is to train highly qualified Pharmacists who fulfill the essential, minimum common expectations of health care systems worldwide while fulfilling local needs. And the main rationale for modularization is the need to enhance students’ competency through a competency-based curriculum. 10

The curriculum comprises various core competencies including research education as a part of pharmacy training. These courses contain different research development topics that are conducted in various departments and include Epidemiology (3 credit hours), Biostatics (3 credit hours), Pharmacoepidemiology (3 credit hours), and Health research methods (3 credit hours). Also, the fifth year of the curriculum has six months of the academic research project (directed study) and team training program (action research training) with other health sciences students in hospital as well as in community setup. 10

The main focus of these research-related courses is to enable undergraduate Pharmacy students to understand the conceptual, theoretical, and empirical components of research. It covers their ability to analyze and synthesize information from Pharmaceutical works of literature, identify and respond to gaps in the evidence base by conducting research, share research findings, and apply evidence in practice. 10 Pharmacy students are not awarded a degree until they have developed and presented a research project on a selected and agreed topic of the research problem and scored a minimum of “ C” grade in his/her thesis report. 10 Being a final year course, the academic research project was first presented at Ambo University in 2013/14 and is now in its seven-year implementation. To ensure the success of these research projects particular care has been taken to address its aims and objectives, the type of the research topics, the domain or thematic areas covered by the projects and the study setting, design, data collection strategy and techniques, and study participant utilized and involved for research projects.

To date, there have been no studies evaluating the nature of undergraduate Pharmacy students’ research projects in Ethiopia. Hence, the main aim of this study was to characterize the nature of students’ research conducted for a B.Pharm degree program at Ambo University, Ethiopia. The study, therefore, might establish a baseline understanding of undergraduate Pharmacy students’ research project scope that will be used in the planning and promotion of department research activities and for future reference.

Description of the Study Area

The study was conducted at Ambo University, established in 1947. It is one of the higher learning institutions found in Ethiopia mandated to undertake academic, research, and community services. Presently the University runs 51 graduate and 85 undergraduate programs which are divided into nine colleges/institutes/schools and 82 academic departments. In 2010, the University launched the department of Pharmacy and accepted its first batch with the general objectives of training highly qualified pharmacists having the required knowledge, skill and attitude with standard pharmaceutical care service ethics to work in different pharmaceutical settings. The Department launched advanced-standing summer and continuous educational B. Pharm programs in the 2011/2012 academic year to mainly upgrading Pharmacy technicians in its catchment area. Currently, the department has a total of 25 academic staff under four-course units (Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Pharmaceutics & Social Pharmacy) and 275 students enrolled in both regular and non-regular undergraduate pharmacy programs. 14

Study Design and Period

A cross-sectional, retrospective review of research reports from 2013/2014 to 2018/2019 academic year of undergraduate Pharmacy students was conducted at Ambo University. Data was collected from 02 March up to 27 March 2020.

Data Collection and Analysis

Data extraction forms were prepared using National Harmonized Modular Curriculum and previous research literature. 6 , 10 A six-year data (2013/14 to 2018/19) were taken from final paper reports. Students profile (gender, program), supervisors profile, research types and topics, a domain of Pharmacy curriculum, study setting, study design, target population, data collection strategy and techniques, and therapeutic classes of medicines for each project were extracted to see the characteristics of students’ research. To optimize the consistency of abstraction, a glossary of terms was developed. The pre-test was done by two authors (ETG and DAG) from 10 research projects to check the applicability of the data abstraction tool and make necessary adjustments. The pretested research project was excluded from the study. The authors discussed the discrepancies among the responses until consensus was reached and final revisions were made. All projects were divided equally between the two authors for abstraction. After the data were checked for completeness and accuracy, it was entered into and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, percentage, and standard deviation) were used to summarize the results.

Operational Definitions

We grouped research projects by research topics and curriculum domains or thematic areas as described by the National Harmonized Modular Curriculum program for the Bachelor of Pharmacy degree in Ethiopia. 10

Research Topics

Basic pharmaceutical sciences, including the development and testing of new dosage forms or medication-administration modalities (ie includes topics in the fields of Pharmaceutics, medicinal chemistry, Pharmaceutical analysis).

Clinical research concerning the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of drugs (includes topics in the fields of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmacology).

Pharmacy practice research addressing various issues such as the evaluation of new and existing services, workload measurement, Pharmacoeconomics, and quality management.

Behavioral research deals with the interaction of man and the environment in a manner reflecting the beliefs, attitudes, and practices of the individual in society (ie includes topics in the fields of social Pharmacy).

Pharmacy Curriculum Domains

Pharmaceutical Care is a responsible provision of drug therapy to achieve definite outcomes that improve or maintain a patient’s quality of life.

A dispensing domain is concerned with the skill, attitude, and knowledge of preparing, packaging, labeling, and record-keeping and transfer of drug information to a patient or an intermediate who is responsible for the administration of the pharmaceutical drugs.

Pharmaceutical manufacturing is the process of producing raw materials and conversion of raw materials to finished products in small and large scale industries.

Pharmaceutical regulation is a process of performing regulatory functions that include licensing, an inspection of manufacturing facilities and distribution channels, product assessment and registration, adverse drug reaction (ADR) monitoring, scientific assessment of all product quality specifications, control of drug promotion and advertising, and control of clinical trials to promote and protect public health.

Pharmaceuticals supply chain management is a set of approaches utilized to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, and retailers to minimize system-wide costs while satisfying service level requirements.

Pharmaceutical Public health is the application of pharmaceutical knowledge, skill, and resource in preventing disease, prolonging life, promoting, protecting, and improving health for all through organized efforts of the society.

Drug information concerned with providing drug information resources used in the healthcare system to extract information from primary, secondary, and tertiary kinds of literature and to evaluate the biomedical literature using a systematic approach.

Professionalism and ethics encompass a set of attitudes, knowledge, and skills based on clinical competence, ethics, societal and legal requirements resulting in the application of a range of behaviors.

Research and education refer to the principle of scientific inquiry to investigate a medicine or pharmacy practice related issue.

Ethical Clearance

Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Review Committee of the Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University with reference number ERC/PHAR/69/2020. Confidentiality and anonymity of the information was maintained by avoiding any personal identifiers in the data presentations.

Project Characteristics

A total number of 279 Pharmacy undergraduate students’ research projects were abstracted from final papers that completed over 6 academic years (76 in 2013/14, 20 in 2014/15, 68 in 2015/16, 24 in 2016/17, 30 in 2017/18, and 61 in 2018/19). Of these, 83.9% of research projects were conducted by male students, 64.1% were by regular program students and 26.2% were by the continuing education program. Projects conducted under the supervision of MSc and above holder advisors account for 87.1% of the total research projects ( Table 1 ).

Characterstics of Undergraduate Pharmacy Students’ Research Projects Over 6 Years (2013/14–2018/19) Based on Students and Advisors Profile at Ambo University, Ethiopia (n=279)

Project Distribution Based on Its Types and Topics

Out of the total projects, 255 (91.4%) of the projects were original researches that consisted of survey and laboratory (in vitro) study and 8.6% of the projects were literature review. Among these, the majority 139 (49.8%) of the research projects were clinical researches ( Table 2 ).

Characteristics of Undergraduate Pharmacy Students Research Projects Based on Its Types and Topics Completed Between 2013/14 and 2018/19 at Ambo University, Ethiopia (n=279)

Project Distribution Based on Pharmacy Curriculum Domain

Out of the total projects, the majority 126 (45.2%) of the research projects were focused on the Pharmaceutical care domain followed by dispensing (22.6%) and Research and education (10%). And only 2.9%, 2.2%, 1.8%, and 0.7% of the research projects focused on Pharmaceutical supply chain management, Regulatory, Drug information service, and Pharmaceutical manufacturing domain respectively ( Figure 1 ).

Distribution of undergraduate pharmacy student projects based on pharmacy curriculum domain completed between 2013/14–2018/19 in (%) at Ambo University, Ethiopia (n=279). *Those researches to improve scientific theories for better understanding and prediction of pharmaceutical phenomena.

The Study Design and Data Collection Techniques Used Across the Research Projects

Out of the 250 survey research projects, the majority 226 (90.4%) them have used a cross-sectional study design. 248 (99.2%) of the projects were employed a quantitative data collection strategy, while only 2 (0.8%) of them were utilized both quantitative and qualitative data collection strategy. The percentages of research projects involving document review, interviewing, and administering written questionnaires data collection techniques were 52.8%, 28.0%, and 13.4%, respectively ( Table 3 ).

Characteristics of Undergraduate Pharmacy Students Research Projects Based on Study Design and Data Collection Techniques Completed Between 2013/14 and 2018/19 (n=250)

The Study Settings Were Used Across the Research Projects

Out of the 250 surveys (cross-sectional and longitudinal) research projects, 82% were conducted at hospitals, 3.6% at community Pharmacy, 5.6% at households, and 4.4% conducted at educational institutions ie high school, college, and university ( Table 4 ).

Distribution of Undergraduate Pharmacy Student Projects Based on Study Settings Completed Between 2013/14 and 2018/19 at Ambo University, Ethiopia (n=250)

On the other hand, of the 205 research projects conducted at hospitals, 175 (85.4%) were conducted at different hospital departments and clinics. These are: Pharmacy (dispensary and store) 8.8%, ART clinic 16.6%, Out Patient department 21.9%, Internal medicine ward11.7% and Paediatrics ward 10.7%. While 14.6% of the research projects were done at all units of the hospitals (the whole hospital setting) ( Figure 2 ).

Distribution of undergraduate pharmacy students research projects conducted at hospitals based on their units completed in 2013/14–2018/19 at Ambo University, Ethiopia (n=205). * Those researches considering the whole hospital settings.

The Study Participants Used Across the Research Projects

As reported in the final papers, the clinical population (74.8%), general population (5.6%), health professionals (12%), and students (4%) were the study populations involved in research projects. Of the 187 projects conducted on the clinical population, 72.7% were conducted on adults and 18.2% were on the HIV/AIDS population ( Table 5 ).

Distribution of Undergraduate Pharmacy Student Projects Based on Study Population Type and Characteristics Completed Between 2013/14 and 2018/19 (n=250)

Therapeutic Classes of Medicines Were Assessed Across the Research Projects

On the other hand, 53 (21.2%) of the research projects were assessed records of medical charts, prescription papers, and medicine registry books to see the treatment outcome, pattern, and use evaluation of different medicines. Antibiotics (37.7%), ARV medicines (20.7%), and Central nervous system agents (16.9%) were the top three classes of medicines studied on research projects ( Figure 3 ).

Distribution of undergraduate pharmacy student projects based on therapeutic classes of drugs completed between 2013/14–2018/19 at Ambo University, Ethiopia (n=53).

The present study attempted to give a picture of the undergraduate Pharmacy students’ research project at Ambo University found in Ethiopia.

The study examined 279 research projects completed over 6 academic years. It was found that only 8.6% of the abstracted project type was a literature review. Although the study discipline and scope were different for making a comparison, this was much lower than the findings from the University of Porto where 72.6% of the project type systematic review. 15 This difference might be because undergraduate training institutions in developing countries like Ethiopia are substandard with inadequate training facilities. Observed in these institutions are outdated and under-resourced library stocks, lack of computers, poor internet, and e-libraries limiting access to research literature. 1 , 16 Good research questions, protocols, appraisal, and review of current literature are unrealizable without easy access to the literature. On the other hand, only 1.8% of the total projects were laboratory-based researches. A possible reason for this finding may be due to laboratory-based research in pharmaceutics, pharmacology, or medicinal chemistry mainly conducted at the postgraduate education level. 17 In designing the curriculum, it was agreed that key criteria for the project would be that it addressed a research question and that sufficient data could be obtained for meaningful analysis in the time allowed for the project. 10 The project types would therefore include some that were laboratory-based, some that were literature-based, and some that were survey-based.

The study also showed that half (49.8%) of the abstracted projects were clinical researches. This might be because the research in Pharmacy focusing more on evidence-based medicine, which is a key to modern healthcare. 3 Clinical research is essential in developing evidence-based interventions that will make a difference in mitigating health problems, promoting health, and ultimately improving the quality of life of the patients. 1

In Ethiopia, the undergraduate Pharmacy curriculum shifted towards patient-focused practice by including a mandatory 1-year clerkship program as part of the academic training. The research course is often introduced late during training and directed towards the final year project. 10 , 18 The present study indicated that the majority (45.2%) of the research projects focused on the Pharmaceutical care domain followed by dispensing 22.6%. The reason that led many students to focus on Pharmaceutical care and dispensing researches might be because students conducted research projects concurrently with their clinical practice in affiliated institutions. On the contrary, only (5.8%) of the research projects were focused on Pharmaceutical manufacturing, regulation, and supply chain management. This could be due to a lack of students’ awareness, motivation, and experience in these fields of practice researches, and these courses are offered before three years of conducting their research. A previous study conducted in Ethiopia reported that 8.9% and 13.2% of undergraduate pharmacy students choose the manufacturing industry and regulatory affairs as their future area of practice respectively. 19 While pharmacy research is normally associated with the Pharmaceutical industry and academia, pharmacy schools must integrate with the Pharmaceutical companies and other research institutions for the sake of improving the quality of Pharmacy education and research to enrich the practice of Pharmacy in the future in Ethiopia. For example, in the United States Pharmacy academic institutions established partnerships with the Pharmaceutical industry for sustainability and positive research outcomes and many academic institutions serve as a central hub for fostering entrepreneurial culture through collaboration with Pharmaceutical companies. 20

In the current study, a majority (82%) of the research projects were taking place at hospitals affiliated with the university. A possible reason for this may be due to the recent pharmacy students’ attitude and future career choices in Ethiopia, where many (44%) of the students had a desire to work in hospital pharmacy after graduation. 19 On the other hand, most of the projects were conducted in the outpatient departments, internal medicine, and pediatrics wards as well as a dispensary of these hospitals. This may be due to the high prevalence of drug-related problems in internal medicine and pediatrics wards and the vulnerability of the patient population in the outpatient department. Indeed, drug-related problems observed inwards such as Surgery, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, and Psychiatry, where few research projects were conducted, speaks for the importance of conducting more researches in the future.

One of the surprising findings in this study was although more than 100 public health centers, 25 community pharmacies, and both private and public educational institutions are available under catchment areas of the university. 21 Only 9.6% of the 250 projects included in the survey were conducted at these facilities. The exact reason for this difference is unknown. Further investigation is needed to determine whether this is due to a lack of awareness of the students and their supervisor or a lack of external support and cooperation to conduct the projects in these settings.

Also, the present study revealed that the majority of the research projects used a cross-sectional study design. This design provides a snapshot of the prevalence or the characteristics of the study subjects in a single time point. The study investigator measures the outcomes and the exposures in the study subjects simultaneously and data are often collected through surveys. 22 The type of study design chosen depends on, the type of problem, the knowledge already available about the problem, and resources available for the study. 1 In this finding, lack of previous research experience, absence of financial support, and shortage of time allocated to research in the undergraduate pharmacy curriculum may limit projects to cross-sectional study designs with primarily descriptive analyses, which may not generate a reliable result to affect policy that requires more advances longitudinal study designs. Cross-sectional design cannot provide cause and effect relationships between certain exposures and outcomes of interest like that of longitudinal study designs. 22

As problems in Pharmacy education become more complex, qualitative approaches may provide researchers with a set of tools to better position them to explore these phenomena. 23 Nevertheless, in this study, almost all (98.2%) of the projects were employed quantitative data collection methods. This finding mirrors other studies, which indicated that research in Pharmacy education has historically been conducted from a quantitative approach. 24 , 25 A wide range of quantitative methods is commonly applied in Pharmacy practice research. These methods are widely used in published Pharmacy practice literature to explore the appropriateness of medicines use, appropriateness and quality of prescribing, and medication safety, through analyzing existing datasets, direct observation, or self-report. 26

Research studies in Pharmacy practice usually use single-method data collection strategies. However, often these report a lot of limitations and may not adequately answer the research question. Therefore, the combination of more than one research method to answer certain research questions has become increasingly common in pharmacy practice research. 26 In this study, it was found that only 2 (0.8%) of the projects were utilized mixed methods of data collection strategy. The mixed-method approach provides an expanded understanding of the phenomenon under investigation through the comparison between qualitative and quantitative data. 27 , 28

The study also identified that majority (78.4%) of the research projects were conducting on clinical populations, particularly on HIV/AIDS, DM, and hypertension populations. This might be because Ethiopia, like many other sub-Saharan African countries, is experiencing an epidemiological transition with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus becoming increasingly prevalent. 29 On the other hand, Antibiotics (37.7%) were the most prevalent class of medicines studied by the research projects. One of the studies done in Ethiopia reported that prescribers in public health facilities were found prescribing an antibiotic to 73.89% of patients visiting the facilities. 30

Research must have a value-added impact on the quality of service given to the local community. 31 Since the majority of research projects in this study were clinical researches conducted at different departments of University-affiliated hospitals, using the findings of these research projects would impact patients, health professionals, and a wider segment of the local community through strengthing Pharmaceutical care practice by educating staff and patients, validating Pharmaceutical care assessment tools, and informing aspects of Pharmaceutical care and Pharmacy service delivery. Furthermore, investigations of the undergraduate Pharmacy students’ research projects have formed the basis for future work in this area, which will motivate other schools of Pharmacy in Ethiopia to characterize the nature of students’ research projects.

The limitations of the present study are that as it was conducted in a single institution, it cannot be generalized to other institutions in Ethiopia. Additionally, it did not show the publication rate of students’ research projects.

This study showed that the majority of the undergraduate Pharmacy students’ research projects were a cross-sectional survey that takes place on the clinical population at hospitals affiliated with the university. Slightly less than half of the abstracted projects were clinical researches focused on the Pharmaceutical care domain. And almost all of the projects were employed quantitative data collection methods. On the contrary, a lower proportion of the research projects were laboratory-based researches, focused on Pharmaceutical manufacturing, drug information service, regulation, and supply chain management domains, and takes place at community Pharmacy and educational institutions. Thus, it is highly recommended to have a conducive environment and facilities for all types of research projects in the university. Besides, it would be important to conduct qualitative or mixed-method researches to address new challenges in Pharmacy practice. Moreover, the university has to devise a system for expansion of the study settings other than its affiliated hospitals. Future research that aims at assessing different Pharmacy practice areas and domains should be done by the students in line with clinical researches.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the Pharmacy department of Ambo University for allowing us to use the data. We also want to extend our thanks to Lelise Tirfessa for her support during the data collection.

Funding Statement

No funds were received from any funding organizations.

The authors of this manuscript declare that they have no conflicts of interest for this work.

Read our research on: Gun Policy | International Conflict | Election 2024

Regions & Countries

What public k-12 teachers want americans to know about teaching.

Illustrations by Hokyoung Kim

At a time when most teachers are feeling stressed and overwhelmed in their jobs, we asked 2,531 public K-12 teachers this open-ended question:

If there’s one thing you’d want the public to know about teachers, what would it be?

We also asked Americans what they think about teachers to compare with teachers’ perceptions of how the public views them.

Related: What’s It Like To Be a Teacher in America Today?

Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to better understand what public K-12 teachers would like Americans to know about their profession. We also wanted to learn how the public thinks about teachers.

For the open-end question, we surveyed 2,531 U.S. public K-12 teachers from Oct. 17 to Nov. 14, 2023. The teachers surveyed are members of RAND’s American Teacher Panel, a nationally representative panel of public K-12 school teachers recruited through MDR Education. Survey data is weighted to state and national teacher characteristics to account for differences in sampling and response to ensure they are representative of the target population.

Overall, 96% of surveyed teachers provided an answer to the open-ended question. Center researchers developed a coding scheme categorizing the responses, coded all responses, and then grouped them into the six themes explored in the data essay.

For the questions for the general public, we surveyed 5,029 U.S. adults from Nov. 9 to Nov. 16, 2023. The adults surveyed are members of the Ipsos KnowledgePanel, a nationally representative online survey panel. Panel members are randomly recruited through probability-based sampling, and households are provided with access to the Internet and hardware if needed. To ensure that the results of this survey reflect a balanced cross section of the nation, the data is weighted to match the U.S. adult population by gender, age, education, race and ethnicity and other categories.

Here are the questions used for this analysis , along with responses, the teacher survey methodology and the general public survey methodology .

Most of the responses to the open-ended question fell into one of these six themes:

Teaching is a hard job

About half of teachers (51%) said they want the public to know that teaching is a difficult job and that teachers are hardworking. Within this share, many mentioned that they have roles and responsibilities in the classroom besides teaching, which makes the job stressful. Many also talked about working long hours, beyond those they’re contracted for.

“Teachers serve multiple roles other than being responsible for teaching curriculum. We are counselors, behavioral specialists and parents for students who need us to fill those roles. We sacrifice a lot to give all of ourselves to the role as teacher.”

– Elementary school teacher

“The amount of extra hours that teachers have to put in beyond the contractual time is ridiculous. Arriving 30 minutes before and leaving an hour after is just the tip of the iceberg. … And as far as ‘having summers off,’ most of August is taken up with preparing materials for the upcoming school year or attending three, four, seven days’ worth of unpaid development training.”

– High school teacher

Teachers care about their students

The next most common theme: 22% of teachers brought up how fulfilling teaching is and how much teachers care about their students. Many gave examples of the hardships of teaching but reaffirmed that they do their job because they love the kids and helping them succeed. 

“We are passionate about what we do. Every child we teach is important to us and we look out for them like they are our own.”

– Middle school teacher

“We are in it for the kids, and the most incredible moments are when children make connections with learning.”

Teachers are undervalued and disrespected

Some 17% of teachers want the public to know that they feel undervalued and disrespected, and that they need more public support. Some mentioned that they are well-educated professionals but are not treated as such. And many teachers in this category responded with a general plea for support from the public, which they don’t feel they’re getting now.

“We feel undervalued. The public and many parents of my students treat me and my peers as if we do not know as much as they do, as if we are uneducated.”

“The public attitudes toward teachers have been degrading, and it is making it impossible for well-qualified teachers to be found. People are simply not wanting to go into the profession because of public sentiments.”

Teachers are underpaid

A similar share of teachers (15%) want the public to know that teachers are underpaid. Many teachers said their salary doesn’t account for the effort and care they put into their students’ education and believe that their pay should reflect this.

“We are sorely underpaid for the amount of hours we work and the education level we have attained.”

Teachers need support and resources from government and administrators

About one-in-ten teachers (9%) said they need more support from the government, their administrators and other key stakeholders. Many mentioned working in understaffed schools, not having enough funding and paying for supplies out of pocket. Some teachers also expressed that they have little control over the curriculum that they teach.

“The world-class education we used to be proud of does not exist because of all the red tape we are constantly navigating. If you want to see real change in the classroom, advocate for smaller class sizes for your child, push your district to cap class sizes at a reasonable level and have real, authentic conversations with your child’s teacher about what is going on in the classroom if you’re curious.”

Teachers need more support from parents

Roughly the same share of teachers (8%) want the public to know that teachers need more support from parents, emphasizing that the parent-teacher relationship is strained. Many view parents as partners in their child’s education and believe that a strong relationship improves kids’ overall social and emotional development.

“Teachers help students to reach their potential. However, that job is near impossible if parents/guardians do not take an active part in their student’s education.”

How the U.S. public views teachers

While the top response from teachers in the open-ended question is that they want the public to know that teaching is a hard job, most Americans already see it that way. Two-thirds of U.S. adults say being a public K-12 teacher is harder than most other jobs, with 33% saying it’s a lot harder.

And about three-quarters of Americans (74%) say teachers should be paid more than they are now, including 39% who say teachers should be paid a lot more.

Americans are about evenly divided on whether the public generally looks up to (32%) or down on (30%) public K-12 teachers. Some 37% say Americans neither look up to or down on public K-12 teachers.

In addition to the open-ended question about what they want the public to know about them, we asked teachers how much they think most Americans trust public K-12 teachers to do their job well. We also asked the public how much they trust teachers. Answers differ considerably.

Nearly half of public K-12 teachers (47%) say most Americans don’t trust teachers much or at all. A third say most Americans trust teachers some, and 18% say the public trusts teachers a great deal or a fair amount.

In contrast, a majority of Americans (57%) say they do trust public K-12 teachers to do their job well a great deal or a fair amount. About a quarter (26%) say they trust teachers some, and 17% say they don’t trust teachers much or at all.

Related: About half of Americans say public K-12 education is going in the wrong direction

How the public’s views differ by party

There are sizable party differences in Americans’ views of teachers. In particular, Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents are more likely than Republicans and Republican leaners to say:

• They trust teachers to do their job well a great deal or a fair amount (70% vs. 44%)
• Teaching is a lot or somewhat harder when compared with most other jobs (77% vs. 59%)
• Teachers should be paid a lot or somewhat more than they are now (86% vs. 63%)

In their own words

Below, we have a selection of quotes that describe what teachers want the public to know about them and their profession.

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About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .