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Html structure.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the recognised markup language utilised in forming web pages. It defines the composition of web pages by using markup. HTML elements are the primary units of HTML pages and are denoted by tags. HTML tags label parts of content like headings, paragraphs, and tables. Browsers do not show the HTML tags, but they are used in the background in order to deliver the content of the page.

HTML tags are element names enclosed by angle brackets. HTML tags usually come in pairs. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, and the second tag is the end tag. The end tag is written like the start tag, but with a forward slash inserted before the tag name. The start tag is sometimes also called the opening tag, and the end tags are the closing tag.

All HTML documents must start with a document type declaration: <!DOCTYPE html>. The HTML document itself begins with <html> and ends with </html>. The visible part of the HTML document is between <body> and </body>.

HTML tags are not case sensitive.

HTML Attributes

All HTML elements can have attributes, which provide additional information about the element, and are always specified in the start tag. They usually come in name/value pairs.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) defines how HTML elements are to be presented on any given screen, paper or other media. It saves the developer a lot of work since it can control the layout of multiple web pages simultaneously.

Ways to add CSS to HTML Elements

Inline – used to apply a unique style to a single HTML element. It uses the style attribute of an HTML element.
Internal – used to describe a style for one HTML page. It is indicated in the <head> section of an HTML page, within a <style> element.
External – used to define the style for multiple HTML pages by using an external CSS file. You can change the look of an entire website by changing one file. This is the most common way to add CSS to HTML elements.

HTML Structure vs. HTML Presentation

The composition of a webpage could be regarded as a mixture of the following four elements:

Content is the general term used for all the browser-displayed information elements—such as text, audio, still images, animation, video, multimedia, and files belonging to web pages. It does not require any additional presentational markups or styles in order to fully relay its message.
Structure is the name given to the practice of using HTML in content to transmit substance, and also to define how blocks of information are structured in relation to one another. Examples include: “This is a list,” (i, d, k), “This is heading and subheading,” (<h1>, <h2>, …, <h6>), “This section is related to,” (<a>), etc.
Presentation of Style refers to anything related to how the content and structure is presented. Examples include size, color, margins, borders, layout, location, etc.
Behaviour or Interactivity is the implementation of client-side script to generate a two-way flow of information between the webpage and its users. JavaScript is an example of this.

Most of the time it is difficult to clearly distinguish content from the structure. For example, the <img> tag, as a structural element, is used to produce graphical content. In practice, the composition of a webpage can simply be viewed as a mixture of three elements: Structure, Presentation and Behavior.

The following terms are often used in correspondence with one another: separation of content and presentation, separation of meaning and presentation, and separation of structure and presentation. Nonetheless, all of these terms basically make reference to the separation of the content (which is made meaningful by structure and presentation), or simply acknowledge the separation of the structure (HTML) and the presentation (CSS) of any given webpage.

The main goal of HTML 4.01 is the separation of structure and presentation, as specified in section 2.4.1 of HTML 4.01.

Overview of HTML

HyperText Markup Language, or HTML, is the standard markup language for describing the structure of documents displayed on the web. HTML consists of a series of elements and attributes which are used to mark up all the components of a document to structure it in a meaningful way.

HTML documents are basically a tree of nodes, including HTML elements and text nodes. HTML elements provide the semantics and formatting for documents, including creating paragraphs, lists and tables, and embedding images and form controls. Each element may have multiple attributes specified. Many elements can have content, including other elements and text. Other elements are empty, with the tag and attributes defining their function.

There are several categories of elements, including metadata, sectioning, text, inline semantic, form, interactive, media, component, and scripting. We'll cover most of these in the series. But first, what is an element?

HTML consists of a series of elements, which you use to enclose, or wrap, different parts of the content to make it appear or act in a certain way. HTML elements are delineated by tags, written using angle brackets ( < and > ).

Our page title is a heading, level one, for which we use the <h1> tag. The actual title, "Machine Learning Workshop", is the content of our element. The content goes between the open and closing tags. The entire thing—the opening tag, closing tag, and the content—is the element.

The tags and content that make up an HTML element.

The closing tag is the same tag as the opening tag, preceded by a slash.

Elements and tags aren't the exact same thing, though many people use the terms interchangeably. The tag name is the content in the brackets. The tag includes the brackets. In this case, <h1> . An "element" is the opening and closing tags, and all the content between those tags, including nested elements.

This paragraph element has other elements nested in it. When nesting elements, it's important that they are properly nested. HTML tags should be closed in the reverse order of which they were opened. In the above example, notice how the <em> is both opened and closed within the opening and closing <strong> tags, and the <strong> is both open and closed within the <p> tags.

Browsers do not display the tags. The tags are used to interpret the content of the page.

HTML is very, very forgiving. For example, if we omit the closing </li> tags, the closing tags are implied.

Although it is valid to not close an <li> , it isn't good practice. The closing </ul> is mandatory. If the unordered list's closing tag is omitted, the browser will try to determine where your list and list items end, but you might not agree with the decision.

The specification for each element lists whether the closing tag is mandatory or not. "Neither tag is omissible" in the specification means both an opening tag and a closing tag are required. The specification provides a list of all the required closing tags .

If the <em> or <strong> in the example earlier had not been closed, the browser may or may not close the element for you. Not closing an <em> simply leads to content possibly being rendered differently than you intended. If a </ul> is omitted and the next tag is a closing tag for the list's parent container, you're lucky. If, on the other hand, it's an opening <h1> tag, the browser will assume the header is part of the list, including inheriting styles. Some omitted closing tags cause bigger issues: not closing some tags, such as <script> , <style> , <template> , <textarea> , and <title> , breaks subsequent content as shown in the following example.

Having some content being unintentionally italic or having a heading indented won't destroy your business. Having most of your content appear unstyled in a 200x300 textarea because you forgot to add a </textarea> or not show up at all because you forgot to close a </style> makes the site unusable.

In some cases, browsers will include elements even if the tags aren't present in the markup. Because elements can be implied, an element can exist even when the tags don't. The browser will add a <body></body> around your content and <tbody></tbody> around your table rows, even if you don't. That being said, while it is valid to omit tags, don't. Also, as already mentioned, make sure they are correctly nested. Your future self as a maintainer of markup, and anyone else working on your code base, will thank you.

There are two types of elements: replaced and non-replaced.

Non-replaced elements

The paragraph, header, and lists marked up in the earlier section are all non-replaced. Non-replaced elements have opening and (sometimes optional) closing tags that surround them and may include text and other tags as sub-elements. These enclosing tags can turn a phrase or image into a hyperlink, can make a sentence into a header, can give emphasis to words, and so on.

Replaced and void elements

Replaced elements are replaced by objects, be it a graphical user interface (UI) widget in the case of most form controls, or a raster or scalable image file in the case of most images. Being replaced by objects, each comes with a default appearance. Depending on the type of object and the browser, the applicable styles are limited. For example, most browsers enable limited styling of UI widgets and related pseudo-elements. In the case of raster images, height, width, clipping, and filtering are easily done with CSS, but not much else. On the other hand, scalable vector graphics, using a markup language based on XML similar to HTML are fully scalable (unless they contain raster images). They are also fully styleable. Note that the ability to style an embedded SVG from the CSS linked to the HTML file that embeds it depends on how the SVG is set up.

In this example, the two replaced elements <img> and <input> are replaced by non-text content: an image and a graphical user interface object, respectively.

Output of the above HTML:

Replaced elements and void elements are often confused. Void elements are all self-closing elements and are represented by one tag. This means there is no such thing as a closing tag for a void element. Optionally, you can include a slash at the end of the tag, which many people find makes markup easier to read. Continuing with this example, we self close the tag with a slash:

The slash at the end is old school: it's a way of indicating that the element is self-closing and there will be no matched end or closing tag.

Void elements cannot contain text content or nested elements. Void elements include <br> , <col> , <embed> , <hr> , <img> , <input> , <link> , <meta> , <source> , <track> , and <wbr> , among others.

Most replaced elements are void elements, but not all. The video , picture , object , and iframe elements are replaced, but aren't void. They can all contain other elements or text, so they all have a closing tag.

Most void elements are replaced; but again, not all, as we saw with base , link , param , and meta . Why have a void element, which can't have any content, that isn't replaced and thereby doesn't render anything to the screen? To provide information about the content! The information is provided by the elements' attributes.

You may have noticed the <img> and <input > examples had more than just the element type in their opening tag. These extra bits of space-separated name/value pairs (though sometimes including a value is optional) are called attributes . Attributes are what make HTML so incredibly powerful. We'll be covering hundreds of attributes and attribute values in this series, but here we'll just discuss what they are in general and how to include them.

Attributes provide information about the element. The attribute, like the rest of the opening tag, won't appear in the content, but they do help define how the content will appear to both your sighted and non-sighted (assistive technologies and search engines) users.

Attributes only appear in the opening tag. The opening tag always starts with the element type. The type can be followed by zero or more attributes, separated by one or more spaces. Most attribute names are followed by an equal sign equating it with the attribute value, wrapped with opening and closing quotation marks.

In this example, we have an anchor link with two attributes. These two attributes have converted the content "Registration" into an internal anchor link that scrolls to the attribute id="register" in the current browser tab when the link is clicked, tapped, or activated with the keyboard or other device.

Attributes define the behavior, linkages, and functionality of elements. We'll cover more attributes in the Attributes section of this series. For now, just note that some attributes are global—meaning they can appear within any element's opening tag. Some apply only to several elements but not all, and others are element-specific, relevant only to a single element.

Most attributes are name/value pairs. Boolean attributes, whose value is true, false, or the same as the name of the attribute, can be included as just the attribute: the value is not necessary.

This image has three attributes: src , alt , and ismap . The src attribute is used to provide the location of the SVG image asset. The alt attribute provides alternative text describing the contents of the image. The ismap attribute is Boolean, and doesn't require a value. This is just to explain what attributes are. We'll cover these attributes in more detail in the images section.

While quoting attributes isn't always required, it sometimes is. If the value includes a space or special characters, quotes are needed. For this reason, quoting is always recommended. One or more spaces between attributes if the attribute value is quoted are not actually required, but, to be safe, and for legibility, quotes and spaces are recommended, and appreciated.

HTML is not case-sensitive, but some attribute values are. Values that are defined in the specification are case-insensitive. Strings that are not defined as keywords are generally case-sensitive, including id and class values.

Note that if an attribute value is case-sensitive in HTML, it is case-sensitive when used as part of an attribute selector in CSS and in JavaScript.

To make markup easier to read, it is recommended, but not required, to mark up your HTML using lowercase letters for all your element names and attribute names within your tags, and quote all attribute values. If you ever hear the term "XHTML style markup", this, and self-closing empty elements with a slash at the end, is what that means.

Appearance of elements

The default appearance of semantic elements is set by user-agent stylesheets. Most browsers use actual stylesheets for this purpose, while others simulate them in code. The end result is the same. Although some constraints on user-agent stylesheets are set by the HTML specification, browsers have a lot of latitude, which means some differences exist between browsers.

The element you choose, and therefore the tags you use, should be appropriate for the content you are displaying, as tags have semantic meaning. The semantics , or role , of an element is important to assistive technologies and, in some cases, search engines. HTML should be used to structure content, not to define the content's appearance. Appearance is the realm of CSS. While many elements that alter the appearance of content, such as <h1> , <strong> , and <em> , have a semantic meaning, the appearance can and generally will be changed with author styles.

Element, attributes, and JavaScript

The Document Object Model (DOM) is the data representation of the structure and content of the HTML document. As the browser parses HTML, it creates a JavaScript object for every element and section of text encountered. These objects are called nodes—element nodes and text nodes, respectively.

There is an interface to define the functionality of every HTML element. The HTML DOM API provides access to and control of every HTML element via the DOM, providing interfaces for the HTML element and all the HTML classes that inherit from it. The HTMLElement interface represents the HTML element and all of its descendant nodes. Every other element implements it via an interface that inherits from it. Each inheriting interface has a constructor, methods, and properties. Via the inherited HTMLElement properties, you can access every global attribute, as well as input , pointer , transition , and animation events. Via the individual element's sub-type, such as HTMLAnchorElement and HTMLImageElement , you can access element-specific attribute values and methods.

Check your understanding

Test your knowledge of HTML

HTML elements are used for styling.

Select the replaced elements.

Select all of the true statements.

Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License , and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License . For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies . Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Last updated 2022-09-27 UTC.

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Learn HTML Basics: Introduction to HTML Structure & Elements

By Faraz - June 07, 2023

Dive into HTML basics with an introduction to its structure and essential elements. Learn how to create headings, paragraphs, links, and images in HTML.

learn html basics introduction to html structure and elements.png

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the foundation of every web page you see on the internet. It provides structure and meaning to the content displayed in web browsers. In this article, we will dive into the basics of HTML, exploring its structure, elements, and various tags that make up a web page.

Introduction to html: the building blocks of the web, what is html, why learn html, setting up your html environment, html syntax: the structure of html documents, html tags: the building blocks of html, html elements: structuring content with html, html attributes: enhancing elements with additional information, html headings: organizing content with headings, html paragraphs: presenting textual content, html links: connecting web pages, html images: visualizing content, html lists: organizing content in lists, html text formatting: enhancing content presentation, html tables: organizing data in rows and columns, html multimedia: adding rich media to web pages, html forms: capturing user input, semantic html: enhancing accessibility and seo, html comments, html entities, best practices for html coding.

Welcome to this beginner's guide on HTML! In this article, we will dive into the basics of HTML structure and elements. HTML, short for HyperText Markup Language, is the standard markup language used for creating web pages. Whether you're a budding web developer or just curious about how websites are built, learning HTML is an essential skill to have.

In this comprehensive guide, we will walk you through the fundamental concepts of HTML, step by step. By the end of this article, you'll have a solid understanding of HTML structure and be able to create your own basic web pages. So, let's get started with the basics of HTML!

HTML is the backbone of the World Wide Web. It provides the structure and format for content on web pages. HTML uses tags to define elements and their attributes, allowing web browsers to interpret and display the content properly. These tags are enclosed in angle brackets ( < > ) and are placed before and after the content they apply to.

HTML is a markup language, meaning it uses predefined tags to mark specific parts of the content. These tags give meaning to the content, such as headings, paragraphs, links, images, and more. By using HTML, you can structure your content and make it accessible to both humans and search engines.

Learning HTML is a great starting point for anyone interested in web development or design. Here are a few reasons why learning HTML is beneficial:

Foundation for Web Development : HTML forms the foundation of web development. It's the first step in creating any website or web application. Understanding HTML is crucial for building and structuring web pages effectively.
Control Over Content : HTML allows you to have full control over the structure and layout of your web content. By learning HTML, you can format text, add images, create links, and organize your content in a way that suits your needs.
Better SEO : Search engines rely on HTML to understand and index web pages. By using proper HTML tags, you can improve your website's search engine optimization (SEO) and increase its visibility in search engine results.
Collaboration with Developers : If you plan to work with web developers or designers, understanding HTML will help you communicate and collaborate effectively. It allows you to understand and contribute to the development process.

Before we delve into the HTML structure and elements, it's important to set up your HTML development environment. All you need to get started with HTML is a text editor and a web browser. Here's a simple step-by-step guide:

Choose a Text Editor : Select a text editor that suits your preferences. Popular choices include Visual Studio Code, Sublime Text, Atom, and Notepad++. These editors provide syntax highlighting and other helpful features for writing HTML code.
Create a New HTML File : Open your chosen text editor and create a new file with a .html extension. For example, you can name it "index.html" or "mywebpage.html." This file will serve as your HTML document.
Write HTML Code : Inside the HTML file, you can start writing your HTML code. We'll cover the basic structure in the next section.
Save the File : Save the HTML file in a location of your choice. Remember to use the .html extension. You can save it in a dedicated folder to keep your project organized.

Open the HTML File in a Web Browser: To see your HTML page in action, open the saved file using a web browser. Simply right-click on the file and select "Open with" followed by your preferred browser.

By following these steps, you'll have your HTML environment ready to go. Now, let's explore the basic structure of an HTML document.

Every HTML document follows a basic structure that consists of an opening and closing tag. Here's an example of a simple HTML document:

Now, let's break down the structure of this HTML document:

<!DOCTYPE html> : This declaration at the beginning of the document tells the browser that the document is written in HTML5.
<html></html> : The <html> tags represent the root element of an HTML page. All other elements are contained within these tags.
<head></head> : The <head> section provides meta-information about the HTML document. It typically includes the title of the page, links to CSS stylesheets, and other metadata.
<title></title> : The <title> tags define the title of the web page, which appears in the browser's title bar or tab.
<body></body> : The <body> tags enclose the visible content of the web page. This is where you place headings, paragraphs, images, links, and other elements that users will see and interact with.
<h1></h1> : The <h1> tags define a top-level heading. Headings are used to structure the content and provide hierarchy. The <h1> tag represents the main heading of the page.
<p></p> : The <p> tags define a paragraph. Paragraphs are used to group blocks of text together.

By understanding this basic structure, you can start creating your own HTML documents. Next, Let's explore the different types of HTML tags in the next section.

HTML tags are used to define the structure and appearance of content within an HTML document. They consist of angle brackets ( <> ) surrounding a keyword that represents a specific element.

Tags are paired, consisting of an opening tag and a closing tag. The opening tag is denoted by <tagname> , while the closing tag is denoted by </tagname> . The content to be affected by the tag is placed between the opening and closing tags.

For example, the <h1> tag is used to define the main heading of a web page. The opening tag <h1> indicates the start of the heading, and the closing tag </h1> indicates the end. Any text placed between these tags will be rendered as a large, bold heading.

Here's an example of how the <h1> tag is used:

In this example, the text "Welcome to My Website" will be displayed as the main heading of the web page.

HTML provides a wide range of tags that you can use to structure and format your web page content. Let's explore some of the most commonly used tags in the next section.

HTML elements are the individual components that make up an HTML document. They are defined by HTML tags and can include text, images, links, tables, forms, and other types of content.

Each HTML element has a specific purpose and semantic meaning, which helps search engines and assistive technologies understand the content of a web page. By using the appropriate elements, you can create well-structured and accessible web pages.

Let's take a look at some of the essential HTML elements:

<h1> to <h6> : These elements represent headings of different levels, with <h1> being the highest and <h6> being the lowest.
<p> : This element is used to define a paragraph of text.
<a> : This element is used to create hyperlinks to other web pages or resources.
<img> : This element is used to embed images into a web page.
<ul> and <ol> : These elements are used to create unordered and ordered lists, respectively.
<li> : This element is used to define list items within a <ul> or <ol> .
<table> : This element is used to create tables for tabular data.
<form> : This element is used to create interactive forms for collecting user input.

These are just a few examples of HTML elements. As you delve deeper into HTML, you will discover many more elements that allow you to structure and present content in different ways.

HTML elements can also have attributes, which provide additional information about the element or modify its behavior. Let's explore HTML attributes in the next section.

HTML attributes are used to provide additional information about an element or modify its default behavior. They are specified within the opening tag of an element and consist of a name and a value, separated by an equals sign ( = ).

For example, the <img> element is used to display images on a web page. It has several attributes that allow you to specify the source of the image, its dimensions, alternative text, and more.

Here's an example of how the src and alt attributes are used with the <img> element:

In this example, the src attribute specifies the path to the image file, while the alt attribute provides alternative text that is displayed if the image cannot be loaded.

Attributes can also be used with other elements to modify their behavior or add specific functionalities. For instance, the <a> element uses the href attribute to specify the URL that the link should point to.

In this example, clicking on the link will navigate to the web page specified by the href attribute.

HTML attributes vary depending on the element they are used with. Some attributes are common across multiple elements, while others are specific to certain elements. The HTML specification provides detailed documentation on the attributes supported by each element.

Now that we have covered the basics of HTML syntax, tags, elements, and attributes, let's move on to organizing content with headings in HTML.

Headings are an essential part of any web page as they provide a hierarchical structure to the content. HTML offers six levels of headings, ranging from <h1> to <h6> . The <h1> element represents the highest level heading, while <h6> represents the lowest level.

Headings not only help users skim through the content but also provide semantic meaning to search engines. Search engines consider headings as important indicators of the page's topic and use them to determine the relevance of the content to a user's search query.

Let's take a closer look at how headings are used in HTML:

Using Headings

Headings are defined using the <h1> to <h6> tags. The text between the opening and closing tags represents the heading content.

Here's an example of how to use headings in HTML:

In this example, we have used headings to structure the content of a personal website. The main heading <h1> represents the title of the page, while the subheadings <h2> and <h3> provide a hierarchical structure to the remaining content.

Choosing the Right Heading Level

When using headings, it's important to choose the appropriate level that reflects the hierarchical structure of your content. The main heading should be represented by an <h1> element, followed by <h2> , <h3> , and so on, in descending order.

Using headings consistently and hierarchically not only helps users navigate the content but also improves the accessibility and SEO of your web page.

Now that we have explored headings, let's move on to presenting textual content using paragraphs in HTML.

Paragraphs are used to present blocks of text in HTML. They are represented by the <p> element and are commonly used for introducing content, providing descriptions, or structuring longer pieces of text.

To create a paragraph in HTML, simply wrap your text within the opening and closing <p> tags. Here's an example:

In this example, the text "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Vestibulum venenatis risus et nunc eleifend, a euismod mauris luctus. Aliquam commodo fringilla orci, nec fringilla arcu fermentum at." is wrapped in the <p> tags and will be displayed as a paragraph on the web page.

You can have multiple paragraphs on a web page by using multiple <p> elements. Each <p> element represents a separate paragraph of text.

Now that we have covered paragraphs, let's explore how to create hyperlinks using HTML links.

Hyperlinks, commonly known as links, are used to connect different web pages or resources together. Links allow users to navigate between pages, access external websites, or jump to specific sections within the same page.

HTML provides the <a> element to create links. The <a> element requires the href attribute, which specifies the destination of the link. The destination can be a URL, a file, an email address, or an anchor within the same page.

Let's take a look at some examples of using links in HTML:

Creating a Basic Link

To create a basic link, use the <a> element with the href attribute. The text placed between the opening and closing tags represents the link text.

In this example, clicking on the link text "Visit Example Website" will navigate the user to the web page specified by the href attribute.

Linking to Email Addresses

To create a link that opens the user's email client with a pre-filled email, use the mailto scheme in the href attribute.

In this example, clicking on the link text " Send us an email " will open the user's default email client and populate the recipient address with " [email protected] ".

Linking to Anchors

Anchors are used to link to specific sections within the same page. By assigning an id attribute to an element, you can create an anchor that can be linked to.

In this example, clicking on the links " Go to Section 1 " and " Go to Section 2 " will scroll the page to the respective sections with the specified id attributes.

HTML links offer a powerful way to connect web pages and resources, enhancing the navigation and user experience of your website. Now let's move on to visualizing content using images in HTML.

Images are an integral part of web design, helping to convey information, create visual interest, and enhance the overall user experience. In HTML, images are inserted using the <img> element, which allows you to embed images within your web page.

To insert an image, you need to provide the image's source (URL or file path) using the src attribute. Additionally, you can provide alternative text using the alt attribute, which is displayed if the image cannot be loaded or accessed by screen readers for accessibility.

Let's take a look at how to insert an image in HTML:

In this example, replace " path/to/image.jpg " with the actual source of the image file on your web server or a valid URL. The "Description of the image" should be replaced with a brief, descriptive text that conveys the meaning or context of the image.

It's important to optimize your images for web usage by resizing them appropriately and using compression techniques to reduce file size. This helps to ensure faster page load times and better overall performance.

HTML supports various image formats, including JPEG, PNG, and GIF. Choose the appropriate format based on the content and requirements of your web page.

Now that we have covered images, let's move on to creating lists in HTML.

Lists are used to organize related pieces of information into a structured format. HTML provides two types of lists: unordered lists ( <ul> ) and ordered lists ( <ol> ).

Unordered Lists

Unordered lists are used to present items in no particular order. Each item is represented by a <li> (list item) element.

To create an unordered list, wrap the list items with the <ul> and </ul> tags. Each item is defined using the <li> and </li> tags.

Here's an example of an unordered list:

In this example, the list items "Item 1," "Item 2," and "Item 3" will be displayed as bullet points.

Ordered Lists

Ordered lists are used to present items in a specific order. Each item is numbered by default. Similar to unordered lists, each item is represented by a <li> element.

To create an ordered list, wrap the list items with the <ol> and </ol> tags. Each item is defined using the <li> and </li> tags.

Here's an example of an ordered list:

In this example, the list items "First item," "Second item," and "Third item" will be displayed as a numbered list.

Nested Lists

HTML also allows you to nest lists within lists, creating a hierarchical structure. To create nested lists, simply include another <ul> or <ol> element within an existing list item ( <li> ).

Here's an example of a nested list:

In this example, "Item 2" contains a nested unordered list with "Subitem 1" and "Subitem 2" as list items.

Lists are a versatile way to present information in a structured format. Whether you need to create a simple bulleted list or a complex nested list, HTML provides the necessary elements to organize your content effectively.

Now that we have covered lists, let's move on to formatting text using HTML.

HTML provides various tags and attributes to format and style text within a web page. Let's explore some common text formatting techniques in HTML.

To make text bold, use the <b> or <strong> tags. These tags indicate that the enclosed text should be displayed in a bold font.

Here's an example of using the <b> tag:

In this example, the word "bold" will be displayed in a bold font.

Italic Text

To make text italicized, use the <i> or <em> tags. These tags indicate that the enclosed text should be displayed in an italic font.

Here's an example of using the <i> tag:

In this example, the word "italic" will be displayed in an italic font.

Underlined Text

To underline text, use the <u> tag. This tag indicates that the enclosed text should be underlined.

Here's an example of using the <u> tag:

In this example, the word "underlined" will be displayed with an underline.

Strikethrough Text

To add a strikethrough effect to text, use the <s> or <del> tags. These tags indicate that the enclosed text should be displayed with a line through it.

Here's an example of using the <s> tag:

In this example, the word "strikethrough" will be displayed with a line through it.

Superscript and Subscript Text

To display text as superscript or subscript, use the <sup> and <sub> tags, respectively. The <sup> tag is used for superscript, which is displayed above the normal line of text, while the <sub> tag is used for subscript, which is displayed below the normal line of text.

Here's an example of using the <sup> and <sub> tags:

In this example, the word "superscript" will be displayed above the normal line of text, and the word "subscript" will be displayed below the normal line of text.

HTML provides these text formatting options to enhance the presentation and readability of your content. However, it's important to use them sparingly and purposefully, keeping in mind accessibility and user experience considerations.

Now that we have explored text formatting, let's move on to creating tables in HTML.

Tables are used to organize and present data in a tabular format, with rows and columns. HTML provides the <table> , <tr> , <th> , and <td> elements to create tables.

Creating a Basic Table

To create a table, wrap the table content with the <table> and </table> tags. Each row of the table is represented by the <tr> and </tr> tags. Within each row, you can define the table header cells using the <th> and </th> tags, and the table data cells using the <td> and </td> tags.

Here's an example of a basic table with two rows and two columns:

In this example, the table has two columns, labeled "Header 1" and "Header 2," and two rows of data, with "Data 1" and "Data 2" in the respective cells.

Table Caption and Header Groups

You can add a caption to the table using the <caption> and </caption> tags. The caption provides a brief description or summary of the table.

In this example, the table has a caption "Monthly Expenses" above the table headers.

You can group table headers using the <thead> , <tbody> , and <tfoot> tags. The <thead> element represents the header section of the table, <tbody> represents the body, and <tfoot> represents the footer.

In this example, the table headers are grouped within the <thead> element, the table data is within the <tbody> element, and the table footer is within the <tfoot> element.

Tables in HTML provide a structured and organized way to present data. However, it's important to use tables responsibly and consider alternative approaches, such as using CSS for layout and styling.

Now that we have covered tables, let's move on to embedding multimedia content in HTML.

Multimedia elements, such as images, videos, and audio, can greatly enhance the interactivity and engagement of web pages. HTML provides specific elements and attributes to embed multimedia content within a web page.

Embedding Images

We have already discussed how to insert images using the <img> element. However, HTML also provides the <figure> and <figcaption> elements to add captions or descriptions to images.

Here's an example:

In this example, the <figure> element wraps the <img> element, and the <figcaption> element is used to provide a caption for the image.

Embedding Videos

To embed videos in HTML, you can use the <video> element. The <video> element supports various attributes, such as src (source), controls (display video controls), and autoplay (automatically play the video).

In this example, replace " path/to/video.mp4 " with the actual source of the video file. The controls attribute displays video controls, allowing users to play, pause, and adjust the playback. The autoplay attribute automatically plays the video when the page loads.

If the user's browser does not support the <video> element or the specified video format, the text "Your browser does not support the video tag" will be displayed.

Embedding Audio

To embed audio in HTML, you can use the <audio> element. Similar to the <video> element, the <audio> element supports attributes like src, controls, and autoplay.

In this example, replace " path/to/audio.mp3 " with the actual source of the audio file. The controls attribute displays audio controls, allowing users to play, pause, and adjust the playback. The autoplay attribute automatically plays the audio when the page loads.

If the user's browser does not support the <audio> element or the specified audio format, the text "Your browser does not support the audio tag" will be displayed.

Multimedia elements add visual and auditory appeal to your web pages, making them more engaging and interactive for your visitors. However, it's important to optimize multimedia files for web usage to ensure faster loading times and better performance.

Now that we have covered multimedia elements, let's move on to discussing HTML forms.

HTML forms allow you to capture user input, such as text, selections, and submit it to a server for further processing. Forms are widely used for various purposes, such as contact forms, sign-up forms, and search boxes.

Form Structure

To create a form, use the <form> and </form> tags. The <form> element acts as a container for form elements, such as input fields, checkboxes, radio buttons, and buttons.

Here's an example of a basic form:

Input Fields

Input fields are used to collect text-based input from users. HTML provides several types of input fields, such as text input, password input, email input, and more.

To create a text input field, use the <input> tag with the type attribute set to "text". You can also provide additional attributes, such as name (to identify the field) and placeholder (to display a hint or example value).

Here's an example of a text input field:

In this example, the input field allows users to enter their username.

You can create other types of input fields, such as password fields, email fields, number fields, and more. Simply change the type attribute accordingly.

Checkboxes and Radio Buttons

Checkboxes and radio buttons are used when you want users to select one or more options from a list.

To create a checkbox, use the <input> tag with the type attribute set to " checkbox ". You can also provide a value attribute to specify the value associated with the checkbox.

Here's an example of a checkbox:

In this example, the checkbox has the label "Option 1" and the value "Option 1". When the user checks the checkbox, the value will be included in the form submission.

To create a radio button, use the <input> tag with the type attribute set to " radio ". Each radio button within a group should have the same name attribute but different value attributes.

Here's an example of a radio button group:

Buttons are used to perform actions, such as submitting a form or triggering JavaScript functions.

To create a submit button, use the <input> tag with the type attribute set to " submit ". You can also provide a value attribute to specify the text displayed on the button.

Here's an example of a submit button:

In this example, the button displays the text " Submit ," and when clicked, it submits the form.

You can create other types of buttons, such as reset buttons and buttons that trigger JavaScript functions. Use the appropriate type attribute and provide the necessary attributes and event handlers.

HTML forms provide a way to interact with users and collect data. With various form elements and attributes, you can create complex and interactive forms to suit your needs.

Now that we have covered forms, let's move on to discussing semantic HTML.

Semantic HTML refers to using HTML elements that convey the meaning and structure of content, improving accessibility for users and providing valuable information to search engines for better SEO.

Semantic Elements

HTML5 introduced several semantic elements, such as <header> , <nav> , <article> , <section> , <aside> , and more. These elements define the structure and meaning of different parts of a web page.

For example, the <header> element represents the introductory content of a page or a section, typically containing a logo, navigation menu, and heading.

In this example, the <header> element contains the website's logo and navigation menu.

Similarly, the <article> element represents a self-contained composition within a document, such as a blog post, news article, or product description.

In this example, the <article> element contains the content of a blog post.

Using semantic elements helps improve the structure, accessibility, and SEO of your web pages. Search engines can better understand the content and its context, which can positively impact your search rankings.

Semantic Headings

Headings ( <h1> to <h6> ) play a crucial role in organizing and structuring content. They provide hierarchy and indicate the importance of different sections.

When using headings, it's important to follow the proper hierarchy. Use <h1> for the main heading, <h2> for subheadings, <h3> for further subsections, and so on.

In this example, <h1> represents the main heading, followed by <h2> for subheadings, and <h3> for subsections.

Using proper semantic headings not only improves the structure of your content but also helps screen readers and assistive technologies navigate the page for visually impaired users.

Semantic Links

HTML provides the <a> tag to create links. When using links, it's important to provide descriptive and meaningful link text.

In this example, the link text "Visit Example Website" is descriptive and provides an indication of the destination.

Using semantic links improves accessibility and helps users understand the purpose and context of the link.

HTML comments allow you to add notes or remarks within your HTML code that are not displayed in the browser. Comments are useful for documenting your code, explaining functionality, or temporarily disabling code snippets.

Comments are ignored by web browsers and serve as a useful tool for developers to annotate their code.

HTML entities are special characters that have reserved meanings in HTML. For example, the less than ( < ), greater than ( > ), and ampersand ( & ) characters are used to define tags and entities in HTML. To display these characters as regular text, you need to use their respective HTML entities.

HTML entities ensure that special characters are rendered correctly on web pages.

To ensure your HTML code is well-structured, maintainable, and SEO-friendly, keep these best practices in mind:

Semantic HTML : Use appropriate HTML elements to accurately represent the content's meaning. For instance, use <h1> for main headings, <p> for paragraphs, and <nav> for navigation menus.
Clean and Indented Code : Format your code for readability by indenting nested elements properly. Well-organized code is easier to understand and maintain.
Optimize Images : Compress images to reduce file sizes without sacrificing quality. Large image files can slow down your web page's loading speed, negatively impacting the user experience and search rankings.
Responsive Design : Ensure your web pages are responsive and mobile-friendly. With the increasing use of mobile devices, it's crucial to provide an optimal viewing experience across different screen sizes.
Accessibility : Make your web pages accessible to all users, including those with disabilities. Use proper alt attributes for images, provide descriptive text for links, and structure your content logically.

In this article, we have explored the fundamentals of HTML, including the structure of HTML documents, basic tags and elements, text formatting, links, images, tables, multimedia embedding, forms, semantic HTML, and SEO best practices. HTML serves as the backbone of the web, allowing us to create and structure content that is accessible, engaging, and optimized for search engines.

As you continue your journey in web development, keep experimenting with HTML and exploring its advanced features and capabilities. The possibilities are endless, and with the right knowledge and skills, you can create stunning and interactive web experiences.

Now that you have a solid understanding of HTML, it's time to put your knowledge into practice and start building your own web pages. Happy coding!

Now, let's address some frequently asked questions about learning HTML basics:

Q1: Is it necessary to learn HTML before learning CSS?

A1: Yes, HTML provides the foundation for web development. It defines the structure and content of a web page, while CSS is used to style and enhance the appearance. It's recommended to learn HTML first and then move on to CSS.

Q2: Can I create a website using only HTML?

A2: Yes, you can create a basic website using only HTML. However, for more advanced functionality and styling, you'll need to incorporate CSS and JavaScript.

Q3: Do I need any prior coding experience to learn HTML?

A3: No, HTML is beginner-friendly and doesn't require any prior coding experience. It's a markup language that uses tags to structure content.

Q4: Can I learn HTML on my own?

A4: Absolutely! There are plenty of online resources, tutorials, and interactive platforms available to learn HTML at your own pace. Practice and hands-on experience will help you become proficient.

Q5: Is HTML a programming language?

A5: No, HTML is not a programming language. It's a markup language used to structure and present content on the web. Programming languages like JavaScript are used to add interactivity and functionality to web pages.

Q6: How long does it take to learn HTML?

A6: Learning HTML basics can be accomplished in a relatively short amount of time, depending on your dedication and practice. With consistent effort, you can grasp the fundamentals within a few weeks.

That’s a wrap!

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What is HTML? A Guide to the Backbone of the Web

HTML , or HyperText Markup Language, is the backbone of nearly every web page you’ve ever visited. It’s the unseen hero, laying the groundwork for the web as we know it today and serving as the foundational structure for our online universe.

But why is HTML so important? Think of a website like a house. The HTML is the house’s blueprint. It defines where the doors, windows, and walls go. Without it, you’re left with a pile of bricks, pipes, and wires — technically, all the parts of a house, but far from a livable structure.

In the realm of web development, HTML is the bedrock skill that any budding front-end developer must master. Whether you’re a hiring manager looking for the best talents, or a tech professional aiming to elevate your skill set, understanding HTML’s depth and breadth is critical.

In this article, we’ll guide you through the basics and key features of HTML as well as its advantages, use cases and place in the current tech hiring landscape.

What is HTML?

Contrary to common belief, HTML is not actually programming language. It’s a markup language, which means it’s used to structure content on the web. It lays down the foundation for web pages, allowing us to insert various types of content such as text, images, videos, and more into web pages.

HTML dates back to the early days of the web. Created in 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee , a computer scientist at CERN, HTML was initially a simplified subset of SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) intended to manage the hypertext documents on the World Wide Web. Over the years, HTML has evolved to become an extensive markup language with a wide range of elements and attributes, allowing for richer web content.

A web page built with HTML consists of a series of elements, defined using tags. These tags act as containers that tell your web browser how to display the content they enclose. For example, the ‘<h1>’ tag is used to define the largest heading, while the ‘<p>’ tag is used to define a paragraph.

Consider this simple HTML example:

In this snippet, we’ve defined a basic HTML structure. It has a `<title>` that will appear on the browser tab, an `<h1>` heading, and a `<p>` paragraph in the `<body>`. When opened in a web browser, this HTML file will display a web page with a heading and a paragraph of text.

Over the years, new versions of HTML have been released. At time of writing, HTML5 is the latest major version. Each new version introduces additional elements and attributes, offering more flexibility and capability to web developers around the globe.

The core principle, however, remains the same: HTML is the cornerstone of many web pages, and its mastery is a must-have skill for anyone working on the web.

Key Features of HTML

HTML is deceptively simple, yet profoundly powerful. It’s this range of capabilities, packaged in an approachable syntax, that makes HTML a key player in web development. Let’s dive into some of its main features.

Tags and Elements

As mentioned earlier, the building blocks of HTML are tags. They surround and apply meaning to content. When a start tag, some content, and an end tag are combined, they form an element. For example, `<p>Hello, world!</p>` creates a paragraph element containing the text “Hello, world!”

Attributes provide additional information about HTML elements. They come in pairs: a name and a value. The name is the property you want to set, and the value is what you’re setting it to. For instance, in `<img src=”image.jpg” alt=”A beautiful sunrise”>`, “src” and “alt” are attributes providing additional information about the image element.

Hyperlinks and Images

One of the most powerful features of HTML (and the web in general) is the ability to link to other web pages . This is done using the anchor tag `<a>`. For instance, `<a href=”https://www.example.com”>Visit Example.com</a>` creates a clickable link to example.com.

Similarly, images are embedded using the `<img>` tag. The source of the image file is specified in the ‘src’ attribute, like so: `<img src=”image.jpg”>`.

Forms and Input

HTML allows for user input through forms , making interactive web pages possible. Forms can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio buttons, and more. For instance, `<input type=”text”>` creates a text input field.

Here is a simple form example:

This form contains a text input field and a submit button. When the user clicks the submit button, the form data is sent to the ‘/submit_form’ URL for processing.

These are just a few of the many features HTML offers. By combining these elements and attributes, developers can create a complex, interactive web page that serves virtually any purpose. In the hands of a skilled developer, HTML is a tool of endless potential.

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Advantages of Using HTML

HTML is not the only technology used for building websites, but it is one of the most critical and universal. Its enduring popularity among web developers can be credited to several key advantages.

Accessibility

HTML was designed with accessibility in mind. The correct usage of HTML tags helps define content structure and hierarchy, which is used by assistive technologies such as screen readers to accurately interpret the page content. Tags like `<header>`, `<nav>`, `<main>`, and `<footer>` provide semantic meaning to content, making a website more accessible to all users.

Search Engine Optimization

Search engines like Google depend on HTML structure to understand and rank content. Properly used HTML tags help to clearly delineate the important parts of a web page, such as titles and headers, improving a website’s visibility in search engine results .

Ease of Learning and Use

One of the most significant advantages of HTML is its simplicity. Compared to many other languages, HTML is relatively straightforward to pick up , even for beginners. Its syntax is logical, and you can see the results of your code immediately in a web browser, providing instant feedback that aids learning and debugging. Moreover, you don’t need any special software to write HTML — a simple text editor is enough.

Wide Support and Compatibility

Being the standard markup language for web pages, HTML is supported by all major web browsers , including Google Chrome, Safari, Firefox, and Microsoft Edge. Additionally, HTML works seamlessly with other technologies like CSS (for styling) and JavaScript (for functionality), making it a flexible choice for any web development project.

Common Use Cases for HTML

Having highlighted what HTML is and its key advantages, it’s time to dive into its practical applications. Here are some common use cases for HTML.

Web Development

The most direct and prevalent use of HTML is in web development. According to a survey by W3Techs , 95.2% of all websites use HTML. From personal blogs to e-commerce sites, educational platforms to social media networks, HTML is everywhere. It provides the structure and content of web pages, making it a universal tool in the world of web development.

Email Templates

HTML is not only used for websites; it also plays a significant role in creating email templates . When you receive a marketing email with styled text, images, and links, that’s HTML at work. By utilizing HTML, companies can create visually engaging and interactive emails to communicate with their customers.

Browser-Based Games

HTML, in combination with JavaScript and CSS, is often used to create simple browser-based games . With the advent of HTML5, the capabilities of such games have significantly improved, introducing features like canvas rendering and improved animations, making web games more sophisticated than ever before.

Web Applications

HTML forms the basis of many web applications, whether they’re social networking sites like Facebook , streaming platforms like Netflix , or productivity apps like Google Docs. While these applications use a range of advanced scripting and technologies, they all rely on HTML for their basic structure and content delivery.

No matter where you turn on the internet, HTML is hard at work, shaping our digital experiences and interactions. Whether it’s a simple static web page or a complex web application, HTML is the foundation, making it an indispensable part of any web-related project.

Hiring Outlook for HTML Skills

The ubiquity of HTML makes the language a highly sought-after skill. Its fundamental role in web development makes it indispensable to the tech industry, but its influence doesn’t stop there. Virtually any sector with a digital presence values HTML expertise for tasks like enhancing web interfaces, improving user experiences, and driving e-commerce solutions.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics anticipates a robust job market for HTML skills, projecting a 23% increase in web development roles from 2021 to 2031, a rate much higher than the average for all occupations. This growth is spurred by the rising popularity of mobile devices and e-commerce, underlining the importance of HTML knowledge in the current job landscape.

However, while HTML is powerful on its own, combining it with other tech skills can significantly amplify job prospects. CSS , which works hand-in-hand with HTML to design web pages, is typically a requisite skill. Similarly, JavaScript , the go-to language for web interactivity, is highly desirable. In fact, experience working with the “web development trifecta,” as it’s often called, was the fifth most in-demand skill in our 2023 Developer Skills Survey . Knowledge of responsive design principles, back-end languages like Python or Java , version control systems like Git, and SEO best practices are also invaluable assets alongside front-end skills.

In a nutshell, HTML is more than just a coding language—it’s the backbone of the digital world. Its utility spans far and wide, making it a crucial skill for tech professionals and a top requirement for hiring managers across industries. Whether you’re an aspiring web developer or an employer in the hiring process, understanding the versatile role of HTML in today’s digital age is key.

Key Takeaways

HTML’s simplicity, wide-ranging compatibility, and utility across various platforms make it one of the most powerful tools in a web developer’s arsenal. But it’s not just for developers — anyone working with digital content, from content creators to digital marketers, can benefit from understanding HTML.

As the demand for digital skills continues to grow, HTML proficiency remains highly valuable and sought after by employers across many industries. Whether you’re a tech professional looking to expand your skills or a hiring manager seeking top talent, understanding the role and relevance of HTML is a must.

But let’s not forget that HTML is just one piece of the web development puzzle. CSS brings style to HTML’s structure, and JavaScript adds dynamic functionality to static HTML pages. By mastering these three core web technologies — HTML, CSS, and JavaScript — you’ll have a solid foundation for building virtually anything on the web.

In the world of tech, the only constant is change. But as the web continues to evolve, one thing remains certain: HTML is here to stay.

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Introduction to HTML

At its heart, HTML is a fairly simple language made up of elements, which can be applied to pieces of text to give them different meaning in a document (is it a paragraph? is it a bulleted list? is it part of a table?), structure a document into logical sections (does it have a header? three columns of content? a navigation menu?) and embed content such as images and videos into a page. This module will introduce the first two of these, and introduce fundamental concepts and syntax you need to know to understand HTML.

Prerequisites

Before starting this module, you don't need any previous HTML knowledge, but you should have at least basic familiarity with using computers, and using the web passively (i.e., just looking at it, consuming the content). You should have a basic work environment set up as detailed in Installing basic software , and understand how to create and manage files, as detailed in Dealing with files — both are parts of our Getting started with the web complete beginner's module.

Note : If you are working on a computer/tablet/other device where you don't have the ability to create your own files, you could try out (most of) the code examples in an online coding program such as JSBin or Thimble .

This module contains the following articles, which will take you through all the basic theory of HTML and provide ample opportunity for you to test out some skills.

Assessments

The following assessments will test your understanding of the HTML basics covered in the guides above.

Web Development

What is html.

HTML stands for H yper T ext M arkup L anguage

HTML is the standard markup language for Web pages

HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages

HTML elements are represented by <> tags

HTML Elements

An HTML element is a start tag and an end tag with content in between:

HTML Attributes

HTML elements can have attributes
Attributes provide additional information about the element
Attributes come in name/value pairs like charset="utf-8"

A Simple HTML Document

Try it Yourself »

Example Explained

HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages.

The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines this document to be HTML5
The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
The lang attribute defines the language of the document
The <meta> element contains meta information about the document
The charset attribute defines the character set used in the document
The <title> element specifies a title for the document
The <body> element contains the visible page content
The <h1> element defines a large heading
The <p> element defines a paragraph

HTML Documents

All HTML documents must start with a document type declaration: <!DOCTYPE html> .

The HTML document itself begins with <html> and ends with </html> .

The visible part of the HTML document is between <body> and </body> .

HTML Document Structure

Below is a visualization of an HTML document (an HTML Page):

Note: Only the content inside the <body> section (the white area above) is displayed in a browser.

HTML Headings

HTML headings are defined with <h1> to <h6> tags.

<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading:

HTML Paragraphs

HTML paragraphs are defined with <p> tags:

HTML links are defined with <a> tags:

The link's destination is specified in the href attribute.

HTML Images

HTML images are defined with <img> tags.

The source file ( src ), alternative text ( alt ), width , and height are provided as attributes:

HTML Buttons

HTML buttons are defined with <button> tags:

HTML lists are defined with <ul> (unordered/bullet list) or <ol> (ordered/numbered list) tags, followed by <li> tags (list items):

HTML Tables

An HTML table is defined with a <table> tag.

Table rows are defined with <tr> tags.

Table headers are defined with <th> tags. (bold and centered by default).

Table cells (data) are defined with <td> tags.

Programming HTML

Every HTML element can have attributes .

For web development and programming, the most important attributes are id and class. These attributes are often used to address program based web page manipulations.

Full HTML Tutorial

This has been a short description of HTML.

For a full HTML tutorial go to W3Schools HTML Tutorial .

For a full HTML tag reference go to W3Schools Tag Reference .

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What is HTML – Definition and Meaning of Hypertext Markup Language

HTML, or Hypertext Markup Language, is a markup language for the web that defines the structure of web pages.

It is one of the most basic building blocks of every website, so it's crucial to learn if you want to have a career in web development.

In this article, I will walk you through what HTML is about in detail, how it does things on web pages, and we'll also touch on a really cool part of HTML – Semantic HTML.

What is HTML?

To understand "HTML" from front to back, let's look at each word that makes up the abbreviation:

Hypertext : text (often with embeds such as images, too) that is organized in order to connect related items

Markup : a style guide for typesetting anything to be printed in hardcopy or soft copy format

Language : a language that a computer system understands and uses to interpret commands.

HTML determines the structure of web pages. This structure alone is not enough to make a web page look good and interactive. So you'll use assisted technologies such as CSS and JavaScript to make your HTML beautiful and add interactivity, respectively.

In this case, I like to break down the three technologies – HTML, CSS, and JavaScript – this way: they are like a human body.

HTML is the skeleton,
CSS is the skin,
and JavaScript is the circulatory, digestive, and respiratory systems that brings the structure and the skin to life.

You can also look at HTML, CSS, and JavaScript this way: HTML is the structure of a house, CSS is the interior and exterior decor, and JavaScript is the electricity, water system, and many other functional features that make the house livable.

Since HTML defines the markup for a particular web page, you'll want the text, images, or other embeds to appear in certain ways.

For example, you might want some text to be big, other text to be small, and some to be bold, italic, or in bullet point form.

HTML has "tags" that let you get this done. So, there are tags to create headings, paragraphs, bolded words, italicized words, and more.

The image below describes the anatomy of an HTML tag:

HTML Elements

An element consists of the opening tag, a character, the content, and a closing tag. Some elements are empty – that is, they don't have a closing tag but instead have a source or link to content that you want to embed on the web page.

An example of an empty element is <img> , which you use to embed images on a web page.

HTML elements are often used interchangeably with tags, but there's a small difference between the two. An element is a combination of the opening and closing tag, and then the content between them.

I made another image to help you visualize the anatomy of an HTML element:

HTML Attributes

HTML tags also take what are called attributes. These attributes are placed in the opening tag and range from style and ids to classes. They take values, which convey more information about the element and help you do things such as styling and manipulation with JavaScript.

In the infographic below, the opening tag contains a class attribute with a value of “text” . This can be used to style the element or select it with JavaScript for interactivity.

Here's the anatomy of a basic HTML page:

Let's look at the important bits of code here:

<!Doctype html> : Specifies that we're using HTML5 in this code. Before the introduction of HTML5, you had to explicitly state which version of HTML you were coding in with the <!Doctype> tag. For example, HTML4.0, 3.2, and so on. But now we no longer need it. When “html” is written in the code, the browser automatically assumes that you are coding in HTML5.

<html></html> : the root, or top-level element of every HTML document. Every other element must be wrapped in it.

<head></head> : one of the most crucial parts of the HTML document. Web crawlers look inside the head tags to get important information about the page. It contains info such as the page title, stylesheets, meta information for SEO, and lots more.

<title></title> : this defines the title of the web page. It is always shown in the browser tab.

<body></body> : all the content of the HTML document is located inside the body tag. There can only be one <body> tag on the whole page.

What is Semantic HTML?

Semantic HTML means that your HTML tags convey the actual meaning of what they are used for.

Semantics has been an integral part of HTML since its inception in the early 90s. But it never gained particular relevance until the late 90s when CSS started working in most browsers.

With semantic HTML, semantically-neutral tags such as <div> and <span> are frowned upon since semantically more descriptive tags such as <header> , <nav> , <main> , <section> , <footer> and <article> can do the same thing they do.

A noticeable advantage of using semantic tags is that web crawlers are able to index the web page or website easily, improving SEO in return.

In addition, a website that uses semantics becomes more informative, adaptable, and accessible to those who use screen readers to access websites.

Important Semantic Tags and What they Do

Let's look at some of the most commonly used semantic HTML tags:

<header> : The <header> element defines the introductory section of a web page. It contains items such as the logo, navigation, theme switcher, and search bar.

<nav> : The <nav> element specifies the navigation items of the page such as home, contact, about, FAQs, and so on.

<main> : The <main> element is conventionally treated as the immediate descendant of the tag. It contains the main sections of the HTML document apart from <header> and <footer> . Ideally, there should be just one of these in the whole HTML document.

<section> : The <section> element defines a particular section of the web page. This may be the showcase section, about section, contact section, or others. You can use numerous sections in a single HTML document.

<article> : The <article> element represents a certain part of a web page that conveys some particular information. Such information could be a combination of text, images, videos, and embeds. Look at this element as a standalone blog post on a page containing excerpts about other blog posts.

<aside> : As the name implies, this represents a sidebar on a web page. It is usually a part of the web page that is not directly related to the main content.

<footer> : The <footer> element accommodates items such as quick links, copyright information, or any other data related to the entire website or web page.

Note that since semantic elements convey actual meaning and what some particular content actually does (such as nav for navigation, aside for a sidebar, and so on), these elements are not automatically positioned where they are supposed to be. You still have to do that with CSS.

A super simple semantic HTML document looks like this:

Here's what it looks like in the browser:

You can see that the content inside the <aside> tag isn't in the sidebar and the content inside the <nav> tag is not automatically available as the navigation bar. This is why you still have to make them look the way they are supposed to look with CSS.

I hope this article has helped you learn the basics of HTML and what it does. Now you can start to learn more advanced technologies such as CSS and JavaScript, and then start forming a solid career in web development.

Thanks a lot for reading and have a nice time.

Web developer and technical writer focusing on frontend technologies. I also dabble in a lot of other technologies.

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HTML/Training/What is HTML

What is html.

Create HTML
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Basic content

HTML is a Markup Language for creating Web pages.

Description

HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language . It is used to create Web pages. That is, Web pages all over the world consist of HTML. We can look at how other people have coded their Web pages. Click on the "View" menu and then on "Source".

The HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the publishing language of the World Wide Web. The first version of HTML was described by Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991. For its first five years (1990-1995), HTML went through a number of revisions and experienced a number of extensions, primarily hosted first at CERN, and then at the IETF.

With the creation of the W3C, HTML's development changed venue again. A first abortive attempt at extending HTML in 1995 known as HTML 3.0 then made way to a more pragmatic approach known as HTML 3.2, which was completed in 1997. HTML4 followed, reaching completion in 1998.

HTML structure

Use html (hypertext markup language) to render your website's content and settings..

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is one of the most important foundations on the web. It’s the markup language that’s used for creating websites. The content and settings of a website can be found in our HTML.

The two primary structural components in HTML are the body and the head . Both of these are used by all web browsers to render the structure and settings of a webpage.

Inside the body is where all content on a website is stored. For example, a heading, paragraph, and image are all written as different tags (element types) in the body, where they get rendered by the browser.

In this example we're hand-coding HTML to demonstrate how it gets rendered by the browser. These tags and all the code you see will get created for you automatically when you're adding this type of content using Webflow.

This is where the page settings are defined—all the information about a website is held here. Here are a few things you can find in the head:

Title tag —the title that appears when a website is shown in Google search results.

Meta tags —the description that will appear below the title in Google search results.

CSS —the markup that gives HTML elements’ their styles (e.g. height, color, font-size, etc). Without CSS we would see all the content stacked vertically with no structure or styling, like in a text document.

Open Graph tags —consists of the image and description that appears when a site is shared (e.g. Twitter, Facebook, etc).

In the Webflow UI

In Webflow, settings like the Title, Meta Description , and Open Graph are all editable in the Pages Panel. CSS is created when you select an element on the canvas and use the Style Panel .

We'll use the Webflow interface to preview how this will look and function, so we don't have to worry about scanning HTML or CSS files for ninety minutes only to find that we forgot to close out a tag in line 4722. Instead, we can focus entirely on creating content.

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Learning the Basics of HTML and HTML5

By thinkful.

The process of building, creating, and maintaining webpages and websites comes under the purview of both front-end and back-end web development . While websites are applications that work on the internet, the structure of a web page is defined by HTML and HTML5.

What is HTML?

The term HTML is also known as Hypertext Markup Language. Using attributes, tags, and elements, HTML defines the document's skeleton or structure. The structural elements are provided in headings, lists, and paragraphs.

Features of HTML

HTML has many features. Let us take a look at some popular features that help developers.

• HTML is simple user friendly, and platform-independent. Hypertext markup language has more than 100 built-in tags, and the developers need to learn only a handful for daily use. • The investment in HTML scripting language is low, and the return is high in terms of features. The developers can add audio, images, and videos to the web page using HTML.

Structure of HTML

The HTML contains two parts the head and the body. The root tag of the HTML document is <HTML>.

• The head part includes the title of the web pages. If the styles and presentation are specified in a separate CSS file, developers need to have the external link in the head section. • The body section includes all tag elements used to display the webpage's content — for example, the tag to add text, links, images, etc.

state what is meant by html structure and presentation

In the above code, the body part contains the heading tag and a link specified using the anchor tag.

What is HTML5?

HTML5 is nothing but the latest version of HTML. It includes all tags and features of HTML with new tags like <canvas>, <video>, and <audio>. and . It also has tags for semantics named <footer>, <header>, and <article>.

Structure of HTML5

Let us take a look at the structure of HTML5. The HTML contains two parts the head and the body. The root tag of the HTML document is <HTML>.

• The head part includes the title, encoding style, and metadata of the web pages. If the styles and presentation are specified in a separate CSS file, a developer needs to include the external link in the head section. • The body section includes all tag elements used to display the webpage's content. In HTML5, you can add the tags like header, footer, video, etc.

HTML vs. HTML5

There are eight key factors to examine the differences between HTML and HTML5.

• Browser compatibility:

HTML runs smoothly on all earlier versions of Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, and so on. HTML5 runs smoothly on Google Chrome 61 and the upcoming Mozilla Firefox version 4.

• Multimedia Support:

HTML requires extra support from Adobe Flash Reader to play video or audio files on webpages. HTML5 also supports video and audio files without additional support. It has built-in tags named <audio> and <video> .

• JavaScript Support:

HTML does not support javascript files to run directly on the browser. HTML5 uses the JP web worker API to run the javascript files directly on the browser.

• Location Access:

Using HTML, the browser cannot get the user's absolute location. In HTML5, the user's location is obtained using the JS GeoLocation API application.

To declare the doc type, the syntax in HTML is complicated and lengthy. To set the character encoding, you need to elaborate on specifics. In HTML5, the syntax is simple, and developers can specify the character encoding easily. Attributes charset, ping, and async are part of HTML5.

HTML does not contain specific tags to define semantics to divide the document into many subparts. In HTML5, the tag <section>, <nav>, <footer> is used to define the semantics. Instead of <div> tag, the documents are separated into subparts using the <header>, <nav>, <main>, <article>, <section>, <aside> and <footer>.

• Mobile Friendly:

Compared to HTML, HTML5 is mobile-friendly. The applications created using HTML5 are compatible with desktop, notebook, and mobile devices.

HTML uses the concept of cookies to store temporary data. In HTML5, the webpages are connected to the database, which stores temporary data.

Though HTML is the foundation for webpages, HTML5 is the advanced version with many benefits for developers. Using it allows you to develop attractive web pages with a wide range of colors, fonts, and shades. It provides support for client-side databases while improving browser performance and security.

Want to learn HTML5? Contact us to learn more about coding bootcamps.

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HTML Structure and Presentation

GCSE Computer Science

A-Level Computer Science

GCSE Creating web pages using HTML and CSS (14-16 years)

A-Level Designing Web pages using HTML and CSS (16-18 years)

HTML Attributes

HTML Structure vs. HTML Presentation

Further Readings:

Overview of HTML

Non-replaced elements

Replaced and void elements

Appearance of elements

Element, attributes, and JavaScript

Check your understanding

Learn HTML Basics: Introduction to HTML Structure & Elements

Table of Contents

Using Headings

Choosing the Right Heading Level

Creating a Basic Link

Linking to Email Addresses

Linking to Anchors

Unordered Lists

Ordered Lists

Nested Lists

Italic Text

Underlined Text

Strikethrough Text

Superscript and Subscript Text

Creating a Basic Table

Table Caption and Header Groups

Embedding Images

Embedding Videos

Embedding Audio

Form Structure

Input Fields

Checkboxes and Radio Buttons

Semantic Elements

Semantic Headings

Semantic Links

Q1: Is it necessary to learn HTML before learning CSS?

Q2: Can I create a website using only HTML?

Q3: Do I need any prior coding experience to learn HTML?

Q4: Can I learn HTML on my own?

Q5: Is HTML a programming language?

Q6: How long does it take to learn HTML?

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