the end of cold war essay grade 12 pdf notes

Grade 12 History Cold War: Angola Notes Collection, with Source-based Questions

Grade 12 History Angola Notes Collection: On this page you will find a compilation of Angola Notes for History Grade 12 subject: Origin of the Cold War, End of Cold War, Source-based Questions, Essay Questions.

From the mid-1970s, the Cold War between the USA and the USSR turned into a ‘hot war’ in Angola. The challenges facing the newly independent Angola were exploited by the superpowers and their allies. This was done in the hopes that they (the superpowers) could expand their sphere of influence into that region. The civil war which broke out in Angola in the mid-1970s was soon fought along Cold War battle lines. In Angola, the Soviets (through their ally, Cuba) backed one Angolan nationalist group and the USA through their ally, South Africa) backed their rival.

History of Angola

Table of Contents

On this section, you will find Grade 12 History Cold War: Angola Notes Collection, with Source-based Questions. This content will be great for Essays

How Africa was drawn into the Cold War

• The USA wanted to limit the spread of communism in Africa, and therefore often supported factions that were anti-communist.
• In Ethiopia, for example, the USA supplied weapons and support to Haile Selassie, to boost his rule against a communist revolutionary movement.
• In Angola, the USA sided with a capitalist-leaning nationalist group, sending weapons and military support via South Africa.
• The apartheid government feared that if its neighbouring countries became socialist or communist, then they would allow the African National Congress (ANC) and the South West African People’s Organisation (SWAPO) to establish military bases in these countries, from which the ANC and SWAPO could launch attacks on South African apartheid forces.
• The apartheid government also wanted to maintain a good relationship with the USA and the UK, which were both powerful allies. The Cold War provided a convenient justification for the USA and the UK to support apartheid, South Africa.
• As is to be expected, a number of African states saw American and British support for the apartheid regime in South Africa as politically suspicious and were therefore wary of forming relationships with them.

Angola under Portuguese Rule

• The apartheid government also wanted to maintain a good relationship with the USA and the UK, which were both powerful allies. The Cold War provided a convenient justification for the USA and the UK to support apartheid South Africa.

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Cold War – Areas & Forms of Conflict: Angola Essay Question Guide

Below is a guide on how to answer the source-bassed questions for Grade 12 History, focusing on Cold War – Areas & Forms of Conflict: Angola.

Note: The Key Question will appear at the beginning of every section in the exam paper. Thisquestion tells you what the OVERALL content to be tested will be. In this case, the KeyQuestion tells us the section will test how The Cold War affected Angola. NB: Learners DO NOT answer this question. 

How to analyse a cartoon  for source-based History Grade 12 Questions

Cartoons will give the artist‟s point of view on a particular topic. They are useful in reflecting the attitudes of the time. When studying a cartoon, teachers will ask the following questions:

• How are the people drawn? Are they realistic? What size are they? Are some of their features exaggerated? How are they dressed?
• What view of the people does the cartoon give?
• What else is included in the cartoon? Is there any writing on the cartoon itself?
• What symbols are used to get the message across?
• What information do the date and caption contribute?
• Where was the cartoon published?
• What is the artist‟s intention?
• Does the cartoon offer a positive or negative perspective on the topic?
• What do you know of the period that might support your view of the cartoon?
• What does the interpretation of the topic tell you about the artist? Can you find bias? Can you work out what issue or whom the cartoonist supports?

In respect of the Cold War, the focus for the exams is on Angola. Angolabecomes the pawn in the balance of power between the Soviet Union and the UnitedStates. One must note that in Angola civil conflict is manipulated by the Cold Warpowers to increase their prestige. 

Angola is potentially one of the richest countries in sub-Saharan Africa with extensive petroleum reserves, rich agricultural land and valuable mineral resources. Few countries in the world have experienced aswell as sustained the degree of violent conflict seen in Angola. The intervention has diminished but has not disappeared. Angola‟s abundant natural resources continue to attract outside interests from industrialised nations globally. In the competition for oil, diamonds and other precious resources in Angola, interests external to Angolacontinue to play a large and decisive role, both in suppressing conflict and in sustaining it. The end of the Cold War changed the political landscape of Africa since the 1990‟s and opened new vistas for the continent, it helped in reshaping international relations as well as the emergence of new concepts of security and self-interest. It eliminated the division of Africa into two ideological camps and eliminated a source of external support that was taken for granted.

Note: Learners must answer all questions in FULL SENTENCES, as bullet points are not acceptable in an exam situation. They must also be specific as to which source and which part of the source they are referring to in their answer. When asked to quote, learners must make sure they answer using quotation marks and that the quotation includes only the relevant phrase or sentence. 

Source-based Questions: Source A

• The source refers to violent conflict in Angola. This violent conflict began with Angola‟s independence in 1975. Briefly explain why independence sparked violence in Angola.
• According to the source why is Angola continually an arena for external intervention? Quote from the source to support your answer?
• The source refers to two ideological camps during the Cold War. What were these two ideological camps?
• The MPLA and UNITA were the two main opponents in the Angolan Civil War. The name which ideological camp supported the MPLA and which camp supported UNIT A.
• Briefly explain how the involvement of the above camps would accelerate and prolong the conflict.

An extract from a speech by Fidel Castro at the First Congress of the Communist Party ofCuba, Havana, December 1975. Quoted in D. Deutschmann (ed), Changing the History of Africa , 1989 . 

When asked to compare sources, the learner must be reminded that sources can be opposite or similar. They may entrench a viewpoint or be in opposition to each other. Learners need to examine the origin of the source (whose view is this, secondary or primary etc.) and then examine the content itself. They can then decide whether the sources complement or oppose each other and give a detailed explanation as to why they came to this conclusion.

Source-based Questions: Source C and D

Explain in detail how Source C and source D compare. In your answer, refer to both content and origin.

Note: When asked to evaluate the value of a source, learners are being asked to decide on whether or not the source enhances their study. They must always ask themselves the following questions: Does the source display bias or not? If so what can that bias teach them? What element and knowledge does this source impart and why does this help them understand the topic more clearly? The type of source is also relevant. 

Source-based Questions: Source E

• Is Source E a primary or secondary source?
• What is the value of Source E in our study of the Angolan civil war?
• What impact would the image in Source E have on the Angolan economy in post-civil war days?

Source-Based Question: Conflict in Africa: Angola- Ending the Cold War in Southern Africa

The first glimpse of peace in Angola‟s interminable (never-ending) civil war came in 1990 as the Cold War drew to a close. Throughout the 1980‟s Angola had remained a pawn in the Cold War, a theatre in which the US and the Soviet Union used proxy (outside representative) forces to compete for ascendancy power and control). While the Russians and the Cubans continued to prop up the MPLA‟s (Popular Movement for the liberation of Angola) Marxist regime in Luanda, the Americans, along with the South Africans, sustained Jonas Savimbi‟s rebel UNITA( National Union for the Total Independence of Angola)movement.

In 1990, after the Russians had lost interest in Angola, the MPLA formally abandoned Marxism-Leninism and pronounced itself in favour of economic reform. The MPLA followed with the decision at its congress in December 1990 to adopt a multiparty system and moved, albeit haltingly, towards market-orientated economic policies, after finally obtaining membership of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. The forms it instituted, however, provided yet more business opportunities for the elite, notably the privatisation of state assets.

An extract from: Conflict in Africa: Angola- Ending the Cold War in Southern Africa

Essay Question on Angola History

Describe why Angola became an arena for Cold War ideologies and examine how this developed into a Proxy War with Cuban and South African involvement. Your answer must include your own knowledge and you can use the sources provided in the short questions.

Note: The essay question counts 40% of the exam. Learners need to learnthe format and how to refer to sources. No bullet points allowed! 

• Using the source and your own knowledge, explain why and who Russia used to fight their Proxy War in Angola?
• Using your own knowledge, why did the Soviet Union support the MPLA?
• According to the source and your own knowledge, why did the MPLA abandon Marxism in favour of market-orientated economic policies?

Answers and Memos for the above source-based questions

Download the Answers and Memos for the above source-based questions from the document below:

Independent Africa: Case study-Angola

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Grade 12 - The impact of the Cold War in forming the world as it was in the 1960s

The Cold War was the period of conflict and competition between the capitalist United States and the communist Soviet Union, and their respective allies. From the end of World War II until the early 1990s, world politics was dominated by the rivalry between these two Superpowers.

The Cold War spread outside Europe to every region of the world, and drew to a close in the late 1980s. Towards the end of the 1980s, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev held conferences with United States President Ronald Reagan.

During these conferences Gorbachev introduced reform policies in the USSR - called perestroika (restructuring of the Soviet economy) and glasnost (policy of openness, and transparency).  In December 1989, after more than four decades, Gorbachev and President George H.W. Bush declared the Cold War officially over.

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T he role of China and areas of conflict are not being examined in 2009. This section is detailed so we have broken it up into 4 pages:

Intro and Russia in 1917

Communism vs Capitalism

The Cold War

The Division of Germany and Berlin

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• The Cold War Era (CH-1) Notes in English || Class 12 Political Science Book 1 Chapter 1 in English ||
• Class 12 Notes
• Class 12 Political Science Notes in English

Chapter – 1

The cold war era.

In this post we have given the detailed notes of class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 (The Cold War Era) in English. These notes are useful for the students who are going to appear in class 12 board exams.

• 1. Chapter – 1
• 2.1.1. Allied Nations
• 2.1.2. Axis Nation
• 2.2.1. Bad Treatment with Germany : –
• 2.2.2. Birth of Dictatorship Powers :-
• 2.2.3. Global Recession : –
• 2.3.1. End of world war II
• 2.3.2. Atomic Bomb and America
• 2.3.3. Results of World War II
• 2.3.4. Conclusion
• 2.4.1. What is Cold War ?
• 2.4.2. Main reason for the start of cold war
• 2.4.3. Ideologies
• 2.4.4. Why didn’t the Cold War turn into World War III ?
• 2.5.1. Alliences of Superpowers
• 2.5.2. America
• 2.5.3. Soviet Union
• 2.5.4. Why did the Superpowers form Alliances with Smaller Countries ?
• 2.5.5. Why did Small Countries Join the Alliance of Super Powers ?
• 2.5.6. Arena of Cold War
• 2.6.1. ARMS CONTROL TREATIES
• 2.7.1. Established ( in 1955 )
• 2.7.2. The First Conference
• 2.7.3. Is non – Aligned Movement Neutralism ?
• 2.7.4. Relevance of Non- Alignment
• 2.7.5. Usefulness of Non- Alignment in Today ‘s Time
• 2.8. The New International Economic Order
• 3. More Important Links

World War II (1939 – 1945)

• It is believed that the background of the Second World War began to form with the First World War. After the defeat of Germany in World War I, and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany suffered heavy losses, lost large tracts of land and was forced to limit its army.
• World War II was fought from September 1939 to 1945. In this war that lasted for 6 years, there was loss of property amounted millions and innocent people were killed.
• About 70 countries participated in this war and the whole world was divided into two parts. Which came to be called by the name of the Allies and the Axis.

Allied Nations

• Soviet Union

Axis Nation

Note:- World War II ended with the US dropping atomic bombs on two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Reasons Of World War II

Bad treatment with germany :  –.

• The Allies treated Germany badly in the First World War, due to which Germany was eager to take revenge, at the same time Hitler in Germany and Mussolini in Italy came to power and sowed the seeds of the Second World War.

Birth of Dictatorship Powers  :-

• At that time all the countries were engaged in increasing their power, then both Hitler and Mussolini emerged as staunch dictators. Both ended democracy and refused to become members of the League of Nations.

Global Recession  : –

• In 1930, the global economic recession shook the economy of the whole world which was a major cause of world war II.

Beginning of world war II 

• On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland and occupied it.
• On the other hand, France and England attacked Germany. This was the beginning of World War II.

End of world war II  

• Germany failed to defeat England
• In 1944, Italy conceded defeat.
• In 1945, the US dropped atomic bombs on the two cities of Japan named Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Then Hitler also bowed down, with which the Second World War ended.

Atomic Bomb and America

• In 1945, the US dropped two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
• Both the bombs had a capacity of 15 to 21 kilotons and were named Little Boy and Fat Man.
• The dropping of the bomb by America was supported by some scholars and opposed by others.
• Critics said that the bombing was not necessary because Japan was about to lose and the bombing only caused destruction. 
• They also added that the main purpose of this attack was a show of power by America.

Supporter   

• Supporters said the bombs had to be dropped to prevent further damage.

Results of World War II

• Huge loss of people and money.
• America and the Soviet Union emerged as powers.
• Establishment of the United Nations.
• Increase in communist tendencies.
• Beginning of the Cold War.
• Fall of Colonialism.
• Changes in the political map of Europe.
• World War II caused great devastation which can still be seen in Japan.
• The traces of the atomic bomb that fell in Japan have not been erased.
• This war has decided that it is necessary to have talks between the countries time to time.
• Many new inventions also took place in this war like jet engine, radar, etc.
• Its biggest achievement is the establishment of the United Nations, which is still working today.

Cold War  (1945 – 91)

As mentioned above, after the end of the Second World War, two superpowers America and the Soviet Union emerged and this caused the Cold War.

What is Cold War ?

• Cold war refers to a situation in which there is only an ideological war between two countries, not a millitary war.
• In other words, the two superpowers try to prove themselves better than each other in different ways (by forming alliances, by building weapons) other than war and do not risk war due to the logic of deterrence.

Main reason for the start of cold war

• The ideologies of the Soviet Union and America were completely different, due to which the Cold War started. 
• Capitalism:-  Under capitalism, the right to take all the production related decisions of a country is in the hands of the general public. In other words, the private sector in the country is completely free.
• Liberalism:-  Under this idea, efforts are made to provide maximum freedom in the country.
• Democracy:-  In a democratic system, the general public chooses its rulers on its own.

Soviet Union

• Socialism :-  In this system, the right to take all the production related decisions of a country is mainly in the hands of the government.
• Communism :-  The communist system is based on equality. Where all people are given equal rights.

Why didn’t the Cold War turn into World War III   ?

Deterrence theory.

• The theory of deterrence is a situation in which both the countries do not take the risk of war between themselves because both the countries are very powerful and do not want to bear the loss after the war. 

Beginning of bipolar world

• The situation when there are two centers of power in the world is called bipolarity and such a world is called bipolar world.
• The period of the Cold War was such a time when there were only two super powers in the world, the first was the Soviet Union and the second was America. 

Superpowers and Small Countries

Alliences of superpowers.

During the Cold War, both the super powers began to include other countries with them and both the super powers formed their own alliences.

• All member countries of NATO will help each other.
• All the members will live together.
• armed attack on any one of them would be regarded as an attack on all of them.
• To protect Southeast Asian countries from the expansion policies of USSR.
• Keeping the Soviet Union away from the Middle East.
• Stopping the influence of communism.
• Established in 1955
• Its purpose was to compete with the countries involved in NATO. 

Why did the Superpowers form Alliances with Smaller Countries   ?

• Critical Resource
• Military Base
• Financial Aid

Why did Small Countries Join the Alliance of Super Powers   ?

• Promise of Security
• Logistical Support

Arena of Cold War

• By the Arena of the Cold War, we mean those situations in which it seemed that there would be a war between the two superpowers but the war did not take place.

Cuban Missile Crisis  (1962)

• Cuba was a socialist country on the edge of America.
• The biggest problem was that there was a socialist government, but it was situated on the edge of America.
• For this reason, the Soviet Union began to fear that America might topple the socialist government of Cuba and establish its own government there.
• Therefore the Soviet Union decided to deploy missiles on Cuba.
• The deployment of missiles on Cuba has now made the US a close target of the Soviet Union.
• The US knew about it 3 weeks later that the Soviet Union was deploying its missiles on Cuba.
• In view of this, America took strong steps and put forward its war fleet and for the first time the millitries of both the super powers came face to face.
• It seemed that this time a war would happen and the Cold War would turn into World War III, but it did not happen.
• This event is said to be the climax of the Cold War, because for the first time the two super powers came face to face and it seemed that there would be a war between the two. 

Berlin Blockade ( 1948  )

• In 1948, the Soviet Union started the Siege of Berlin so that it could take full control of Berlin and protect it from the influence of other countries, this is called the Siege of Berlin.

Korea Crisis  (1950)

• In 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, while on the one hand the Soviet Union was supporting North Korea, on the other hand, South Korea was being supported by the US, thus indirectly the two superpowers were at war.

US intervention in Vietnam (  1954–1975)   

• In 1954, a war broke out between North Vietnam which was supported by the Soviet Union and South Vietnam which was supported by the US, this is called the Vietnam Crisis.

Soviet intervention in Hungary (  1956  )

• Relations between the US and the Soviet Union further deteriorated due to the intervention of the Soviet Union in Hungary in 1956.

Cold War and Peace

Arms control treaties.

• Due to the Cold War, the military expenditure of both the super powers began to increase as more and more weapons were being made to compete with each other.
• For this reason, both the super powers decided that they would compromise and stop the production of these weapons.
• During this, the superpowers made three main treaties. 

SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talk)

• Through these negotiations, the US and the Soviet Union made an effort to stop the production of weapons, both of them made an agreement on some special weapons and decided that their production would either be stopped or limited.

LTBT (Limited Test Ban Treaty)

• This treaty prohibits testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, outer space and underwater. It was signed by the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union in Moscow on 5 August 1963 and is effective from 10 October 1963.

NPT (Non-Proliferation Treaty)

• According to this treaty, a nuclear weapon state is one which has manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to 1 January 1967.  So there are only five nuclear weapon states: US, USSR (later Russia), Britain, France and China.
• The treaty was signed in 1968 in Washington, London and Moscow and came into force on 5 March 1970.

Non-Aligned Movement

• During the Cold War, between the tension of the two superpowers, a new movement arose, which was to keep itself apart from the countries that were divided into two alliences. The aim of this movement was world peace and it was called the Non-Aligned Movement.
• The Non-Aligned Movement was a movement not to join the superpower alliences. But it was not isolated from international affairs.

Established ( in 1955 )

• Joseph Bronze Tito – Yugoslavia
• Jawaharlal Nehru – India
• Gamal Abdul Nasser – Egypt

held a successful meeting in Bandung, which led to the rise of the ideology of the Non-Aligned Movement.

The First Conference

• The first conference of the Non-Aligned Movement was held in Belgrade in 1961. In which 25 countries participated. In its 14th conference, 166 member countries and 15 observer countries were present.

Founding Leaders

• Josip Broz Tito – Yugoslavia
• Gamal Abdel Nasser – Egypt
• Sukarno – Indonesia
• Kwame Nkrumah – Ghana
• By separatism, we mean such a policy in which a country keeps itself separate from international affairs. 

Is   Non –  Aligned movement Separatism ?

• Non-aligned movement is not separatism because separatism refers to a policy in which a country keeps itself separate from international affairs. While non-alignment was only related to staying away from the alliences of both the superpowers, the non-aligned countries had good relations with all other countries.
• Neutrality means to stay away from war. The neutral countries neither participate in the war nor take any steps to end it.

Is   non – Aligned Movement Neutralism ?

Non-aligned movement is not neutralism because a neutral country is a country that does not care whether there is war or not, neither it takes part in the war nor does any step to end it. If we talk about non-alignment, then all the countries involved in it did not take part in the war but took continuous steps to pacify it. Non-aligned countries supported every right move of the superpowers and also opposed every wrong move which shows their role in pacifying the war.

Non-alignment and India

• India was one of the founding memebers of Non aligned movement
• Being the member of non aligned movement helped India as well it faced criticism.
• Independent foreign policy
• support of both superpowers
• International Recognisation
• Support of another superpower when opposed by one superpower
• Cooperation with other developing countries
• No stability in India’s policy
• India’s policy is without principle
• Trying to avoid taking international decisions
• Assistance taken by Soviet Union in 1971 was considered as the violation of non-alignment
• trying to get profit from both superpowers

Relevance of Non- Alignment

• By the relevance of non-alignment, we mean the need of non-alignment in today’s time.
• Many scholars believe that there is no need for non-alignment at present because non-alignment was born due to cold war and now the cold war is over, so now non-alignment is irrelevant.
• But the countries which are involved in non-alignment have a different view on this.

Usefulness of Non- Alignment in Today ‘s Time

• To promote peace
• To promote development
• To Create awareness for international problems
• To protect the freedom of small countries
• To combat problems like environment and terrorism.

The New International Economic Order

• Almost all the countries involved in the Third World were those who had just become independent and were poor and underdeveloped. The biggest challenge before them at that time was to make economic development and bring the country out of poverty.
• For this reason, the third world countries raised their voice at the international level and demanded that they should also get equal opportunities to develop.
• In view of this demand, in 1972, a report titled Towards a “New Trade Policy for Development” was presented at UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) . It mainly contained proposals to reform the system of international trade.
• Underdeveloped countries must have complete control over their resources.
• Underdeveloped countries should get an opportunity to trade in the market of developed countries.
• The cost of technology imported from developed countries should be low.
• underdeveloped countries should also be given equal importance in international institutions as developed countries.

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