geography research topics for grade 12

Top 100 Geography Project Topics [Updated]

Geography is more than just maps and place names; it’s a dynamic field that studies the Earth’s features, inhabitants, and processes. Geography projects offer an exciting opportunity to delve into various aspects of our world, from physical landscapes to human societies. In this blog, we’ll explore a range of engaging top 100 geography project topics suitable for students and enthusiasts alike.

Benefits of Exploring Geography Project Topics

Table of Contents

Exploring geography project topics offers numerous benefits, including:

• Interdisciplinary Learning: Geography projects often integrate elements from various disciplines such as environmental science, sociology, economics, and technology, fostering a holistic understanding of complex issues.
• Critical Thinking: Engaging with geography topics encourages critical thinking skills as students analyze data, evaluate evidence, and propose solutions to real-world problems.
• Global Awareness: Examining various regions and cultures enables students to develop a more expansive worldview, nurturing empathy and comprehension of a wide range of societies and environments.
• Hands-On Experience: Many geography projects involve fieldwork, mapping, and data collection, providing students with practical experience and skills applicable in both academic and professional settings.
• Environmental Stewardship: Investigating topics like climate change, natural disasters, and sustainable development instills a sense of responsibility towards the environment and encourages environmentally conscious behavior.
• Cultural Appreciation: Exploring cultural geography topics allows students to appreciate the diversity of human cultures, traditions, and practices, promoting respect and tolerance for cultural differences.
• Career Opportunities: Geography projects develop skills highly valued in various fields such as urban planning, GIS analysis, international relations, and sustainable development, opening up diverse career paths for students.
• Personal Growth: Through independent research, problem-solving, and project management, students develop confidence, resilience, and a sense of achievement, contributing to their personal growth and academic success.

Overall, exploring geography project topics not only enhances academic learning but also cultivates skills, knowledge, and attitudes essential for informed citizenship and global engagement.

Top 100 Geography Project Topics: Category Wise

Physical geography project topics.

• Climate Change and Its Impact on Polar Regions
• Analysis of Tropical Rainforest Biomes
• Coastal Erosion and Management Strategies
• The Formation and Impact of Volcanoes
• Desertification: Causes, Effects, and Solutions
• Glacial Retreat and Its Consequences
• Hydrological Cycle and Water Management
• Plate Tectonics and Earthquake Prediction
• Weather Patterns and Climate Variability
• Soil Erosion and Conservation Techniques

Human Geography Project Topics

• Urbanization Trends and Challenges in Developing Countries
• Migration Patterns in Europe: Causes and Impacts
• Cultural Diversity in Urban Settings
• Economic Disparities between Rural and Urban Areas
• Gender Inequality in Access to Resources
• Tourism Development and Its Effects on Local Communities
• Globalization and Its Impact on Indigenous Cultures
• Population Growth and Urban Sprawl
• Political Geography of Border Conflicts
• Sustainable Development Goals and Progress

Geospatial Technology Project Topics

• Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Applications in Environmental Monitoring
• Remote Sensing Techniques for Land Use Mapping
• GPS Technology in Wildlife Tracking and Conservation
• LiDAR Technology for Terrain Mapping
• Spatial Analysis of Crime Patterns
• Mobile Mapping Applications for Disaster Response
• Drone Technology in Geographic Research
• Big Data Analytics for Urban Planning
• Crowdsourced Mapping for Disaster Risk Reduction
• Web Mapping Applications for Public Participation

Regional Geography Project Topics

• Case Study of the Amazon Rainforest: Biodiversity and Conservation
• Comparative Analysis of East Asian Megacities
• Geography of Conflict: The Middle East
• Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
• Environmental Challenges in the Himalayan Region
• Cultural Landscapes of Europe: UNESCO World Heritage Sites
• Political Geography of South America: Border Disputes
• Oceania: Islands, Culture, and Climate Change
• Arctic Region: Resources and Governance
• Caribbean Islands: Tourism and Sustainability

Interdisciplinary Geography Project Topics

• Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in Coastal Communities
• Public Health and Environmental Pollution
• Urban Agriculture and Food Security
• Renewable Energy Potential and Implementation
• Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience Building
• Indigenous Knowledge and Environmental Management
• Smart Cities: Technology and Sustainability
• Environmental Justice and Equity
• Gender Perspectives in Disaster Management
• Climate Refugees: Challenges and Solutions

Geography Education Project Topics

• The Use of Geospatial Technologies in K-12 Education
• Inquiry-Based Learning in Geography Classrooms
• Fieldwork Techniques for Geography Students
• Integrating Geography into STEM Education
• Geography Awareness Week: Activities and Resources
• Virtual Field Trips for Geography Education
• Story Maps as Educational Tools
• Gamification in Geography Learning
• Outdoor Education and Experiential Learning
• Citizen Science Projects in Geography Education

Environmental Geography Project Topics

• Air Pollution Monitoring and Mitigation Strategies
• Water Scarcity and Water Management Policies
• Waste Management and Recycling Initiatives
• Urban Heat Island Effect and Green Infrastructure
• Deforestation and Reforestation Efforts
• Marine Pollution and Ocean Conservation
• Sustainable Agriculture Practices
• Energy Transition and Renewable Resources
• Biodiversity Conservation in Urban Areas
• Green Building Design and Sustainable Architecture

Social Geography Project Topics

• Gentrification and Neighborhood Change
• Spatial Patterns of Poverty and Social Exclusion
• Health Inequalities and Access to Healthcare
• Gendered Spaces: Women’s Safety and Mobility
• Ethnic Enclaves and Cultural Identity
• Urban Segregation and Housing Policy
• Rural-Urban Migration and Social Integration
• LGBTQ+ Geographies: Space, Place, and Identity
• Ageing Population and Urban Design
• Disability and Accessibility in the Built Environment

Economic Geography Project Topics

• Global Trade Networks and Supply Chains
• Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth
• Industrial Clusters and Innovation Hubs
• Informal Economy and Urban Informality
• Tourism and Economic Development
• Agricultural Land Use and Food Systems
• Economic Geography of Natural Resource Extraction
• Economic Resilience and Regional Development
• Global Financial Centers and Urban Economies
• Economic Geography of Post-Industrial Cities

Political Geography Project Topics

• Geopolitics of Energy Resources
• Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea
• Border Walls and Border Security Policies
• Secessionist Movements and Self-Determination
• Refugee Camps and Forced Migration
• Electoral Geography and Gerrymandering
• Colonial Legacies and Post-Colonial Geopolitics
• Geopolitical Implications of Climate Change
• Geopolitics of Cyberspace and Digital Surveillance
• Nationalism and Identity Politics in a Globalized World

Things To Avoid Mistakes In Geography Projects

Avoiding mistakes in geography projects is crucial for ensuring accuracy, reliability, and effectiveness. Here are some common pitfalls to avoid:

• Lack of Clear Research Objectives: Ensure that your project has well-defined research objectives and a clear focus. Unclear goals can lead to confusion and haphazard research.
• Insufficient Background Research: Conduct thorough background research on your topic before diving into the project. Lack of understanding can result in inaccurate interpretations and conclusions.
• Ignoring Methodological Rigor: Follow proper research methods and techniques appropriate for your study. Neglecting methodological rigor can undermine the credibility of your findings.
• Poor Data Quality: Use reliable and up-to-date data sources for your project. Relying on outdated or inaccurate data can lead to flawed analysis and conclusions.
• Misinterpretation of Data: Take care to analyze and interpret your data accurately. Misinterpreting data can lead to erroneous conclusions and undermine the validity of your project.
• Overgeneralization: Avoid making sweeping generalizations based on limited data or observations. Acknowledge the limitations of your study and avoid extrapolating findings beyond their scope.
• Neglecting Spatial Context: Geography projects often involve spatial analysis, so consider the spatial context of your research. Failure to account for spatial relationships can lead to incomplete or misleading conclusions.
• Ignoring Ethical Considerations: Be mindful of ethical considerations in your research, particularly when working with human subjects or sensitive data. Respect confidentiality, privacy, and consent guidelines.
• Inadequate Citation and Attribution: Properly cite and attribute sources for all data, information, and ideas used in your project. Failure to do so can result in accusations of plagiarism and academic misconduct.
• Poor Communication: Clearly communicate your findings, methodology, and conclusions in your project report or presentation. Use appropriate language and visuals to effectively convey your message to your audience.
• Failure to Seek Feedback: Seek feedback from peers, mentors, or advisors throughout the project to identify and address potential issues early on. External perspectives can help improve the quality of your work.
• Procrastination: Avoid procrastination and manage your time effectively throughout the project timeline. Starting early and maintaining a consistent workflow can prevent rushed or incomplete work.

By avoiding these common mistakes and following best practices in geography research, you can ensure the quality and success of your projects.

Geography offers a vast array of intriguing topics for exploration, ranging from physical landscapes to human societies and from traditional fieldwork to cutting-edge technology.

Whether you’re interested in understanding the forces shaping our planet or addressing pressing societal challenges, there are various geography project topics waiting for you to discover and delve into further.

So, grab your maps, data, and curiosity, and embark on a fascinating journey through the diverse and dynamic world of geography. Happy exploring!

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Geography Grade 12 Term 2 2024 Research Tasks

Geography Grade 12 Term 2 2024 Research Tasks from different South African provinces:

The Geography Grade 12 Term 2 2024 Research Tasks from different South African provinces represent a significant component of the curriculum aimed at deepening students’ understanding of geographical concepts and the diverse environmental, social, and economic landscapes within South Africa. These tasks are designed to encourage critical thinking, research skills, and a comprehensive grasp of geography’s role in shaping societies and natural environments.

The main objective of these research tasks is to enable Grade 12 learners to apply theoretical knowledge to practical, real-world situations, thereby fostering a deeper appreciation and understanding of South African geography. By focusing on different provinces, students are exposed to the country’s rich diversity, including its varied climates, topographies, population distributions, and developmental challenges.

Table of Contents

Please upload the Geography Grade 12 Term 2 2024 Research Task document below so that we can get teachers to help you:

Gauteng 2024 Term 2 Research Task

Limpopo 2024 Term 2 Research Task – Tropical Cyclones

Topics you can choose from:

• Tropical cyclones Hagibis 
• Tropical cyclones Freddy 
• Tropical cyclones Nivar 
• Tropical cyclones Ingrid 
• Tropical cyclones Florence 
• Tropical cyclones Eloise 

Relevant Resources:

• Why do Tropical Cyclones Develop in Late Summer?
• What is the impact of coriolis force and latent heat on the development of tropical cyclones? 

Task Overview

Students are expected to select a specific theme or topic related to South African geography that aligns with the curriculum’s focus for Term 2. This theme could range from climate change impacts on agricultural practices in a particular province, to urban development and its environmental consequences, or the analysis of demographic shifts and their implications for regional development.

Research Components

The research tasks typically involve several key components, including but not limited to:

• Literature Review : Gathering information from various sources to establish a solid foundation on the chosen topic.
• Data Collection : Utilizing both primary and secondary data sources, such as surveys, interviews, government reports, and academic journals, to gather relevant data.
• Analysis : Applying geographical concepts and theories to analyze the collected data, drawing connections between the data and the research question.
• Conclusions and Recommendations : Drawing informed conclusions based on the analysis and suggesting practical recommendations or solutions to identified issues.

Submission and Assistance

Learners are instructed to upload their completed research tasks to a designated platform or submit them directly to their teachers. This submission process is crucial as it allows educators to review the work, provide valuable feedback, and offer personalized assistance where necessary. Teachers play a vital role in guiding students through their research, helping them to refine their topics, methodologies, and analyses to ensure that the tasks are both informative and reflective of high academic standards.

Participating in these research tasks offers numerous benefits to students, including:

• Enhanced Research Skills : Students refine their ability to conduct thorough research, an invaluable skill for further education and professional development.
• Critical Thinking : Analysing geographical data and issues promotes critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
• Real-World Application : By focusing on real-world issues, students learn to apply theoretical knowledge in practical scenarios, preparing them for future challenges in their academic and professional lives.
• Awareness : Researching different provinces promotes awareness and appreciation of South Africa’s diversity and the unique challenges and opportunities within each region.

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Top 100 geography topics for research.

April 13, 2021

Your geography paper or essay can also cover multiple fields. You can also opt to write on scientific or empirical geographic models. Alternatively, you can write about how humans relate to the environment. If your educator has asked you to write a research paper or essay, here are some of the best geographical topics to consider for your project.

Unique Geography Topics

Maybe you like researching and writing about unique ideas. And this is very important because uniqueness is one of the factors that educators consider when grading academic papers and essays. Here is a list of unique geography topics for research that you should consider.

• Environmental and social-economic effects of gas and oil exploration in your town
• Demographic and land-use changes in your area
• Cartography history
• The emerging grassland agriculture trends
• Badland areas geomorphological changes
• How human activities contribute to climate change
• What causes soil erosion – How to mitigate it
• How weather variables like wind, temperature, and snow contribute to the vegetation in native grassland
• Effects of wet summer on agricultural production
• Effects of modern farming techniques on agricultural production
• Science historical geographies
• How to control galley erosion in your area
• How volcanic action affects land fertility
• Mapping for landslide hazard and potential solutions
• How acidification of ocean weather affects the marine life
• How weather patents relate and possible mitigation in various countries
• Effects of high urban areas’ population
• How global warming affects the planet
• How to manage the aging infrastructure
• How to deal with urbanization and expansion in big cities

These are some of the best world geography project ideas to explore when writing an essay or a paper. Nevertheless, take your time to research your topic extensively and analyze data to come up with a solid paper.

Cultural Geography Topics

Cultural geography is among the major science branches, alongside social, political, and economic geography. It entails the study of ethnic geography. And this covers religion, art, and languages. Maybe you love researching and writing about cultural geography. In that case, consider these cultural geography essay topics.

• The educational systems in western and eastern cultures
• Geographical aspects of the world religions’ study
• The role women play in the Chinese society
• Heritage monuments in the geo-cultural space
• The Native culture’s influence on human psychology
• How globalization benefits developed and developing countries
• How cultural superiority affects how humans behave
• How globalization has affected the Chinese economy
• The role of cultural geography in promoting tourism
• The most represented food in my country

These are brilliant cultural geography research paper topics. Pick any of these ideas and then develop them to suit your project.

Human Geography Topics

Human geography entails the study of the network and distribution of people and different cultures across the world. It’s also about the study of how humans relate to their physical environment. Here are some of the best human geography research topics to consider for your papers.

• India and China – The universal effects of the increasing economic powers of these countries
• Ethnic Dressing evolution through different centuries
• Human culture – How it has changed over time
• The untoward impacts of overgrazing on the Mongolian Steppe’s agricultural production
• World Power – The evolution of China into a powerful country
• The development of military geography
• The expansion of large cities – how does it affect the environment?
• Settlement movements of the Scythians
• How the Indian population growth impacts the environment
• The spread of the South African diseases

These are interesting human geography essay topics. But, you should research your ideas carefully and extensively to come up with a solid paper regardless of your chosen topic.

Physical Geography Research Topics

Physical geography is arguably a major field in this subject. It entails the study of the natural environment. This includes the patterns and processes like the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Ideally, physical geography covers both the built and cultural environment. Here are some of the best physical geography topics to consider for your paper or essay.

• How climate change affects the intensity of the Australian bushfire
• The meteorology history and its effects on modern research
• River ice – The worldwide effects of the high ice loss rate across the globe
• How the Australian bush fires affect the global weather
• Organizational forms of the living matter on earth
• The evolution and origin of the biosphere
• The geographical envelope and its causes
• Environmental nihilism and environmental determinism
• Forms of chemical elements migration
• The atmospheric vertical structure – Gas composition features of air and the determining factors
• Characteristics of the elementary geochemical landscapes
• The significance of the main gases in the atmosphere
• Alkalinity and acidity of the soil – How to regulate them
• The soil horizons color – How physicochemical properties of the constituent substances of the soil depend on their color
• Soil formation – The anthropogenic factors
• The role of endogenous geological processes in earth l formation

Physical geography is generally a complete sciences’ system that entails the study of dynamics, structures, and functioning of the geological envelope, as well as, its structural parts. Pick your geography topic from this category if you love exploring the environment in its natural and man-made forms.

Interesting Geography Topics

Do you want to research and write about something interesting? In that case, consider this category of interesting geography paper topics.

• Features and qualities of coastal erosion
• Why should humans protect the endangered rain forests tree species?
• Why glaciers melting is happening faster than predicted
• Which was the worst ecological crisis in the world’s history
• Meteorological science – Is it accurate or real?
• How to minimize the effects of deforestation
• Effects of floods on the lives of humans
• Hurricanes effects and how to predict them
• An exploration of geographical features of a desert
• Human roles in the increasing global warming
• Why earthquakes and landslides are popular today
• Can eco-friendly food feed the world?
• How to use innovative technologies to produce eco-friendly food
• The role of humans in their extinction
• How a volcanic eruption occurs
• How humans have contributed to the ever-changing climate
• How oil and gas exploration affects the social issues
• How volcanoes affect nearby settlements
• The happenings and process of earthquakes
• Factors that lead to the urbanization of some areas over time
• Indicators and causes of climate change

Choose your geography research topic from this category and then develop it extensively. Use reliable and authentic sources to find relevant information for your paper or essay to earn the top grade.

The Best Geography Research Topics to Choose from

Maybe you want to pick your geography essay topics from a list of the best ideas. Whether you need AP human geography topics or world geography topics, this list comprises the best ideas to consider when writing your paper or essay.

• The main causes and effects of earthquakes
• A description of the Amazon basin formation
• How flooding helps in sustaining life
• Environmental effects of oil exploration
• Common hazards associated with landslides
• Glaciers formation – Describe this process
• Dumping waste alternatives
• Explain the impact of the atomic blasts on Nagasaki and Hiroshima
• Continental drift process from Pangaea until today
• How geography relates to climate
• How water bodies affect the climate
• How public housing affects the housing industry
• Influence of geographical location on a country’s climate
• What causes water pollution?
• What causes the eruption of wildfire
• Effects of the rising industrialization trend
• What should humans do to protect rare species
• How to protect floods
• How to prevent human-animal conflicts
• How to deal with the continuing water crisis
• The severity of natural disasters in the modern world
• What’s the responsibility of individuals in curbing global warming?
• How using green energy can substitute fossil fuels

These are amazing topics to consider when writing an essay or a research paper. Take your time to understand each of these ideas to pick the one you will be comfortable working with.

Students have many ideas to explore when writing academic papers and essays. However, the most important thing is to choose a topic you will be happy to research and write about. What’s more, understand the requirements and instructions set by your educator when exploring different geographical project topics. Additionally, take your time to find relevant sources, gather and analyze information before writing. That way, you will come up with a paper that will impress the educator to award you the top grade. You can also contact our writing service to save your time and effort.

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146 Impressive Geography Research Topics Every Student Will Like

Are you a student seeking inspiration for your next geography research project? Look no further! In this article, we present you with a treasure trove of 146 original and top-quality geography research topics, completely free of charge. Whether you’re pursuing a degree in geography or simply passionate about exploring the world around you, these topics cover a wide range of fascinating subjects.

From human geography and cultural landscapes to physical geography and environmental sustainability, we’ve got you covered. Each topic is carefully crafted to ignite your curiosity and help you delve deeper into the field. Get ready to embark on an exciting journey of exploration and discovery as you uncover unique research ideas that will captivate both you and your readers.

Areas Of Geography

Geography is a field of study that explores the Earth’s physical features, human activities and their interactions. It examines the spatial patterns, processes, and relationships between the environment and society. Geographers investigate the Earth’s surface, analyzing its landscapes, climate, ecosystems and resources, as well as the distribution of populations, cultures, economies, and political systems. There are several types of geography, each focusing on specific aspects of the Earth’s physical and human dimensions:

Physical geography examines natural phenomena like landforms, weather and ecosystems. Human geography studies human activities, such as population distribution, urbanization and cultural landscapes. Economic geography explores the spatial patterns of economic activities, trade and resource distribution. Political geography analyzes the political systems, boundaries and geopolitical relationships between regions. Environmental geography investigates the interactions between humans and the environment, including environmental issues and sustainability. Geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing employ technology to analyze spatial data and maps.

These subfields together provide a comprehensive understanding of the Earth’s complexities and its relationship with human society.

Easy Geography Research Paper Topics

Want to write your paper in just a couple of hours? Explore a curated list of accessible and easy geography research paper topics that will make your geography research paper writing a breeze:

• The impact of climate change on coastal regions
• Exploring the relationship between geography and tourism
• Analyzing urbanization trends in developing countries
• Investigating the effects of deforestation on biodiversity
• Examining the role of geography in natural disaster management
• Studying the cultural landscape of a specific region
• Analyzing the geography of food production and distribution
• Exploring the impact of transportation on urban development
• Investigating the geography of renewable energy sources
• Analyzing the spatial patterns of population growth
• Studying the impact of globalization on local economies
• Examining the geography of water resources and management

Human Geography Research Topics

Improve your chances of getting a top grade! Delve into the complex interplay between humans and their environment with this comprehensive list of human geography research topics:

• Exploring the social implications of gentrification in urban areas
• Analyzing the influence of gender on migration patterns
• Investigating the impact of globalization on cultural identity
• Examining the geography of poverty and social inequality
• Studying the relationship between health and geographical location
• Analyzing the spatial distribution of ethnic communities in cities
• Investigating the geography of political power and governance
• Exploring the role of geography in shaping human behavior
• Analyzing the impacts of urban sprawl on communities
• Studying the geography of education access and quality
• Examining the spatial patterns of crime and its socio-economic factors
• Investigating the geography of healthcare provision and disparities

Cultural Geography Research Topics

Interested in cultural geography? Immerse yourself in the rich tapestry of cultures and their geographical influences with this captivating list of cultural geography research topics:

• Analyzing the cultural landscapes of indigenous communities
• Exploring the impact of globalization on cultural diversity
• Investigating the geography of language and its preservation
• Examining the influence of religion on cultural landscapes
• Studying the role of cultural heritage in tourism development
• Analyzing the geography of cultural festivals and events
• Investigating the spatial patterns of cultural diffusion
• Exploring the impact of migration on cultural identities
• Analyzing the geography of music and its regional variations
• Investigating the role of food culture in shaping identities
• Examining the spatial distribution of cultural institutions
• Studying the geography of art and its impact on communities

Physical Geography Research Topics

Do you want to write about physical geography? Investigate the natural processes and phenomena shaping our planet through this collection of compelling physical geography research topics:

• Analyzing the processes of coastal erosion and their impacts
• Investigating the formation and characteristics of river systems
• Examining the effects of climate change on glacial landscapes
• Analyzing the spatial patterns of soil erosion and conservation
• Investigating the biogeography of specific ecosystems
• Exploring the impacts of climate on vegetation patterns
• Analyzing the geography of water resources and hydrology
• Investigating the formation and classification of landforms
• Examining the spatial distribution of biodiversity hotspots
• Studying the interactions between humans and the natural environment
• Exploring the impacts of urbanization on natural landscapes

Geography Thesis Topics

Are you busy planning your thesis? Engage in an in-depth exploration of geographic concepts and theories with this thought-provoking list of geography thesis topics:

• Investigating the geographical aspects of sustainable development
• Analyzing the impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities
• Exploring the role of geography in disaster risk reduction
• Studying the geography of migration and refugee movements
• Examining the relationship between urban planning and social equity
• Analyzing the spatial patterns of energy consumption and renewable solutions
• Exploring the geographical dimensions of political conflicts and peacebuilding
• Investigating the role of geography in land use planning and conservation
• Examining the impacts of globalization on local economies

Urban Geography Thesis Topics

Are you interested in writing about urban geography? Analyze the complexities of urban landscapes and urbanization processes with this curated selection of urban geography thesis topics:

• Analyzing the effects of gentrification on urban neighborhoods
• Investigating the role of urban design in creating sustainable cities
• Examining the spatial patterns of urban sprawl and its consequences
• Studying the geography of social segregation in urban areas
• Analyzing the impacts of transportation systems on urban mobility
• Investigating the relationship between urbanization and public health
• Exploring the geography of informal settlements and slums
• Analyzing the impacts of urban green spaces on quality of life
• Investigating the geography of urban food systems and food security
• Examining the role of technology in shaping smart cities
• Studying the spatial distribution of cultural and recreational amenities in cities

PhD Research Topics In Geography

Expand the boundaries of geographical knowledge and contribute to the field with this diverse and stimulating list of PhD research topics in geography:

• Analyzing the geography of environmental justice in urban areas
• Investigating the impacts of climate change on indigenous communities
• Examining the role of geography in disaster risk governance
• Studying the spatial patterns of land use change in rapidly urbanizing regions
• Analyzing the impacts of transportation infrastructure on accessibility and equity
• Investigating the geographical dimensions of health inequalities
• Exploring the relationship between globalization and urbanization processes
• Analyzing the geography of political conflicts and territorial disputes
• Investigating the impacts of natural resource extraction on local communities
• Studying the spatial dynamics of international migration and its consequences
• Exploring the geography of innovation and knowledge economies in cities

Captivating Research Topics In Geography

Looking for some captivating research topics in geography? Ignite curiosity and scholarly interest with this awesome collection of research topics that delve into various aspects of geography:

• Investigating the geography of mega-cities and their challenges
• Analyzing the impacts of climate change on vulnerable coastal regions
• Exploring the spatial patterns of cultural landscapes and heritage sites
• Studying the geography of borderlands and transnational interactions
• Examining the impacts of tourism on local communities and environments
• The role of geography in understanding human-environment interactions
• Analyzing the spatial distribution of environmental pollution and its impacts
• Exploring the geography of global food systems and agricultural practices
• Investigating the impacts of natural disasters on urban resilience
• Examining the role of geography in understanding urban inequalities
• Studying the geography of geopolitical conflicts and their implications
• Exploring the impacts of technological advancements on landscapes

Interesting Geography Research Topics

Discover a wide range of interesting geography research topics that will pique your professor’s curiosity and offer new insights into the world of geography:

• Analyzing the impacts of climate change on glacier retreat and water resources
• Investigating the geography of renewable energy transition and its challenges
• Examining the spatial patterns of urban heat islands and their mitigation strategies
• Studying the impacts of land use change on biodiversity conservation
• Investigating the role of geography in understanding cultural diversity
• Exploring the geography of disease outbreaks and their spatial spread
• Investigating the impacts of natural hazards on human vulnerability and resilience
• Examining the spatial distribution of ecological corridors
• Studying the geography of regional economic disparities and development strategies
• Exploring the impacts of transportation infrastructure on urban accessibility
• The role of geography in understanding weather patterns

Good Geography Research Topics For 2023

Looking for some current topics to write about? Choose from a list of good geography research topics for 2023 that showcase the relevance and significance of geography in today’s world:

• Impacts of population growth on urban infrastructure and services in geography
• Geography of water scarcity and its implications for communities
• Spatial patterns of environmental conservation and protected areas in geography
• Impacts of land degradation on agricultural productivity and food security
• Geography of natural resource management and sustainable practices
• Relationship between climate change and human migration patterns in geography
• Spatial distribution of environmental justice and marginalized communities
• Impacts of urbanization on water pollution and ecosystem degradation
• Geography of renewable energy sources and their integration into the grid
• Role of geography in understanding regional conflicts over natural resources
• Impacts of deforestation on biodiversity loss and ecosystem services

Geography Topics For Research For College

Need some great geography topics for research for college? Explore a comprehensive list of geography research topics tailored for college-level studies, offering opportunities for critical analysis and exploration:

• Impacts of transportation infrastructure on urban air quality in geography
• Geography of urban gentrification and displacement
• Spatial patterns of urban food waste and its environmental consequences
• Impacts of tourism development on fragile ecosystems in geography
• Geography of environmental migration and its social implications
• Role of geography in understanding climate adaptation strategies
• Spatial distribution of environmental inequalities and environmental racism
• Impacts of land use change on water quality in agricultural regions
• Geography of geopolitical conflicts and territorial disputes
• Impacts of industrial pollution on urban health and well-being
• Role of geography in understanding disaster preparedness

Interesting Geography Topics For High School

Get the most interesting geography topics for high school. Foster geographical curiosity and critical thinking skills with this intriguing list of essay topics designed specifically by our best dissertation service writers for high school students:

• Analyzing the impacts of climate change on the polar regions
• Investigating the geography of natural hazards
• Examining the spatial distribution of endangered species
• Studying the impacts of urbanization on wildlife habitat fragmentation
• Exploring the geography of cultural diversity and multiculturalism in cities
• Investigating the role of geography in understanding climate variability
• Analyzing the spatial patterns of population distribution and density
• Investigating the geography of international migration and refugee flows
• Examining the impacts of tourism on local communities and cultures
• Studying the geography of natural resources
• Exploring the role of geography in understanding global inequality

Engaging Geographical Research Topics

Embark on a captivating journey of geographical exploration with this diverse collection of engaging geographical research topics, connecting people, places and the environment through insightful investigations:

• Urban sprawl impacts on land use and ecosystem services in geography
• Geography of renewable energy transition and its challenges
• Spatial patterns of urban heat islands and impacts on residents
• Impacts of climate change on coastal erosion and shoreline management
• Geography of water scarcity and implications for human populations
• Role of geography in understanding geopolitical conflicts and peacebuilding
• Spatial distribution of environmental pollutants and health effects
• Impacts of globalization on local economies and cultural landscapes
• Geography of gender inequalities and spatial dimensions
• Impacts of natural disasters on vulnerable communities and recovery
• Role of geography in understanding migration dynamics and urbanization
• Geography of political borders and their social and economic implications

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Make sure to check our posts with other topics before you leave:

• 122 Best Ecology Topics To Sparkle Your Writing
• 195 Top Anthropology Topics For Great Thesis
• 170 Fantastic Astronomy Topics For High Scoring Tests

Why is choosing a great topic important when writing a geography essay?

Choosing a great topic ensures that your essay is engaging, relevant, and allows you to demonstrate your understanding of key geographical concepts while capturing the reader’s interest.

How can I choose a great topic for my geography essay?

To choose a great topic, consider current geographical issues, areas of personal interest and the availability of reliable sources. Additionally, ensure that the topic aligns with your essay’s objectives and requirements.

What are some strategies for narrowing down a geography essay topic?

To narrow down your topic, focus on specific geographical regions, phenomena, or concepts. Consider exploring the intersections between different aspects of geography, such as human and physical geography, to create a unique and well-rounded essay topic.

Can I get assistance in choosing a great topic for my geography essay?

Yes, you can seek guidance from your instructor, consult reputable academic resources or utilize online platforms that provide topic suggestions. Engaging in discussions with peers or experts in the field can also help generate ideas and refine your topic choice.

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Geography Grade 12 Research Tasks (Topics) and Memos (SBA)

  join our whatsapp group. click here, geography grade 12 research tasks (topics) and memos for: term 1, term 2, term 3 and term 4.

Geography Grade 12 Research Tasks (Topics) and Memos for: term 1, Term 2, Term 3 and Term 4 Utilizing a variety of assessment methods, assessment is a continual, organized process for locating, compiling, and analyzing data regarding student performance. It entails four steps: creating and gathering evidence of achievement; assessing this evidence; documenting the findings; and using this information to comprehend and support the development of the learners in order to enhance the learning and teaching process. Both informal (evaluation for learning) and formal assessments should be conducted (assessment of learning). In both situations, learners should receive regular feedback to improve the learning process.

School-based assessment (SBA) is a deliberate gathering of student work that narrates the tale of students’ attempts, development, or success in particular areas. The effectiveness of SBA tasks plays a crucial role in learners’ final test preparation.

This brochure provides schools and geography subject teachers with four sample SBA tasks. The teacher formally records SBA grades for certification and advancement needs. All students must complete the SBA component. Students who are unable to meet the conditions outlined by the policy may not be allowed to enter the subject in the final exam.

The formal evaluation activities give the teacher a methodical technique to gauge how well students are developing. There are tests, a project, and a case study in this article. A year-long formal program of assessment includes tasks for formal assessment. It is important to take these activities seriously and to urge students to submit their best work for evaluation.

The evaluation assignments should be appropriate for and relevant to the students being taught, according to the teachers’ expectations. The assignments should be context-bound and tailored to the students’ level of comprehension, but teachers must also be aware of the guidelines outlined in the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) document.

What Skills are Assessed for Research Tasks in Grade 12

The following skills are assessed. Some/All of these skills may be tested in any external examination:

• Gathering data
• Interpreting data
• Analysing data
• Comparing different sets of data
• Representing data in written, graphic or mapped format
• Problem-solving
• Drawing conclusions
• Hypothesis statements

Research framework for assessment (Guideline on administration of research task)

Step 1: Formulating a hypothesis/problem statement.

Guideline: geography grade 12 research tasks.

Step 1: Formulating a hypothesis/problem statement. As Geographers we seek to understand and explain the interactions amongst humans, and between humans and the environment in space and time. This is achieved by asking questions or making informed geographical decisions. This entails the development of a hypothesis or a problem statement to be tested.

• You have to choose a specific area of study where a geographical problem exists.
• During this stage, a geographical question showing a problem is asked.
• Identify the problem from a local area.
• Formulate a hypothesis or a problem statement. (Hypothesis research is used to prove that certain variables are dependent on or independent of each other. Problem statement research is only to highlight that a specific problem exists in a specific community.)
• You should then follow the steps of research to ensure that the geographical question is answered.

Geography Research Project Topics for Grade 12 South Africa

• The value of property along north-facing slopes is higher than the value of property along south-facing slopes in Meyersdal, Gauteng (choose local area).
• The cause of rural-urban migration in Ndwedwe, KwaZulu-Natal (choose local area), is the lack of service delivery in the health sector.
• Climate change will impact negatively on grape farming and related industries in the Western Cape.
• The closing down of many primary schools in Lusikisiki (Eastern Cape) (choose a local area) is due to a decline of the population in the age group 7 to 15 years.
• The poor condition of roads (specify the names of the roads) leading to/in Harrismith, Free State (choose local area), is due to the lack of proper planning by the local municipality.
• The impact of building a dam along the Jukskei River in Gauteng (choose local area) upstream of Alexandra will reduce flooding and the subsequent loss of life in Alexandra.
• The e-toll system will impact negatively on the economic position of people using private transport in Gauteng.
• The e-toll system will impact positively on traffic flow to the major urban centres in Gauteng.
• Informal settlements in the Vhembe district of Limpopo have low levels of development due to the lack of provision of basic needs (choose ONE informal settlement in your local area.)
• Overcrowding of informal settlements is due to the lack of proper planning by the local government (choose local area).

Step 2: Background information about an area of study

• You must explain where in South Africa the study area is located. (This can be indicated on the map.)
• Describe the study area in terms of its exact position (degrees, minutes and seconds).
• Provide relevant information about the area, for example population of the area or climate of the area.

Step 3: Mapping

• You must provide a map of the area in question.
• During this stage you must create a buffer zone around the area where the geographical problem exists.
• The map should have a clear legend/key and must be drawn to scale. The scale must be indicated on the map.
• If the map used covers a wider area, buffer zones around the area of study should be created.
• The map used should be the most recent map of the study area

Step 4: Methods of data collection

(a) PRIMARY DATA SOURCES

• The use of questionnaires
• Observations
• Field trips

(b) SECONDARY DATA SOURCES

• Newspaper articles
• Government department statistics

Step 5: Analysis and synthesis of data

• Learners must use collected data now to formulate a discussion around the existing geographical problem. • At this stage learners should represent some of the information graphically where necessary, for example graphs and sketches. • Learners must analyse graphic information during this stage.

Step 6: Recommendations and possible solutions

• Learners should now make recommendations to solve the geographical problem in question. • Learners should present their original and realistic opinions as far as they possibly can.

Step 7: Conclusion – accept or reject the hypothesis

• Learners should now take a decision to either ACCEPT or REJECT the hypothesis.
• Learners must give reasons for either ACCEPTING or REJECTING the hypothesis

Step 8: Bibliography

• Learners must include a comprehensive bibliography.
• Learners must list websites in full.
• Learners must include annexures of questionnaires and interviews conducted

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Grade 12 Geography Research Project Examples

• May 13, 2023

Grade 12 Geography research projects provide an opportunity for students to apply their knowledge and skills in investigating and analyzing various geographical phenomena. The projects involve the use of different data sources, research methods, and analytical tools to explore different aspects of the physical and human geography of specific regions or locations. In this article, we will look at Grade 12 Geography research project examples, including their objectives, research questions, and methodologies .

Climate and Weather: An analysis of weather patterns and data over a longer period in the Pretoria CBD

The aim of this project is to analyze the weather patterns and data over a longer period in the Pretoria CBD. The research question is: What are the trends and patterns in weather conditions in Pretoria over the past decade? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of weather data from different sources, including weather stations, weather forecasts, and climate models.

An analysis of a section of the Johannesburg CBD and trends/patterns/relationships on Urban development and urban climates

This project seeks to explore the relationships between urban development and urban climates in a section of the Johannesburg CBD. The research question is: How has urban development impacted the climate of a section of the Johannesburg CBD over the past decade? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of weather and urban development data from different sources, including satellite imagery, urban planning documents, and climate models.

Strategies that help prepare for and manage natural weather disasters in Gauteng e.g. Floods/Droughts

The objective of this project is to identify and evaluate strategies that help prepare for and manage natural weather disasters in Gauteng, such as floods and droughts . The research question is: What are the most effective strategies for preparing for and managing natural weather disasters in Gauteng? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of data from different sources, including disaster management plans, climate change , and stakeholder interviews.

Local climates in Gauteng and their impact on settlements and farming activities

This project aims to investigate the impact of local climates in Gauteng on settlements and farming activities. The research question is: How do local climates in Gauteng impact settlements and farming activities? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of weather and agricultural data from different sources, including weather stations, crop yield data, and stakeholder interviews.

Geomorphology: A study of processes and factors influencing flow patterns in local stream/rivers – Vaal River

The objective of this project is to investigate the processes and factors influencing flow patterns in the Vaal River. The research question is: What are the processes and factors that influence flow patterns in the Vaal River? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of hydrological data from different sources, including river gauging stations, rainfall data, and sediment samples.

A study of the human impact on flow patterns of the Jukskei River in Alexandra

This project seeks to investigate the human impact on flow patterns of the Jukskei River in Alexandra. The research question is: How has human activity impacted the flow patterns of the Jukskei River in Alexandra? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of data from different sources, including river gauging stations, land-use maps, and stakeholder interviews.

Catchment and river management in Gauteng

The objective of this project is to evaluate the effectiveness of catchment and river management in Gauteng. The research question is: How effective is catchment and river management in Gauteng in ensuring sustainable water resources management? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of data from different sources, including water management plans, water quality data, and stakeholder interviews.

Challenges created by the Department of Water and Sanitation regarding provision of water to local communities

This project aims to investigate the challenges created by the Department of Water and Sanitation regarding the provision of water to local communities. The research question is: What are the challenges created by the Department of Water and Sanitation regarding the provision of water to local communities, and how can these challenges be addressed? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of data from different sources, including water supply and demand data, stakeholder interviews, and policy documents.

Settlement Geography: A study of transport patterns in the local community

The objective of this project is to investigate transport patterns in the local community. The research question is: What are the transport patterns in the local community, and how do these patterns impact settlement patterns and economic development? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of transport data from different sources, including traffic volume data, public transport schedules, and stakeholder interviews.

Urbanization Trends and Patterns in Sandton CBD

This project seeks to explore the trends and patterns of urbanization in the Sandton CBD. The research question is: What are the trends and patterns of urbanization in the Sandton CBD, and how have these patterns impacted the social and economic development of the area? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of data from different sources, including land-use maps, demographic data, and stakeholder interviews.

Lack of planning by local municipalities in the provision of basic services e.g. housing/education/electricity

The objective of this project is to investigate the lack of planning by local municipalities in the provision of basic services, such as housing, education, and electricity. The research question is: What are the causes and impacts of the lack of planning by local municipalities in the provision of basic services, and how can these issues be addressed? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of data from different sources, including municipal budgets, policy documents, and stakeholder interviews.

Infrastructure failure: roads/railways/electricity/water

This project aims to investigate infrastructure failure in Gauteng, specifically related to roads, railways, electricity, and water. The research question is: What are the causes and impacts of infrastructure failure in Gauteng, and how can these issues be addressed? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of data from different sources, including infrastructure reports, stakeholder interviews, and policy documents.

The rapid rise of informal settlements and related issues in my local community

The objective of this project is to investigate the rapid rise of informal settlements and related issues in the local community. The research question is: What are the causes and impacts of the rapid rise of informal settlements in the local community, and how can these issues be addressed? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of data from different sources, including demographic data, land-use maps, and stakeholder interviews.

Environmental, Economic, and Social Justice Issues

This project aims to investigate environmental, economic, and social justice issues in Gauteng. The research question is: What are the environmental, economic, and social justice issues in Gauteng, and how can these issues be addressed? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of data from different sources, including policy documents, stakeholder interviews, and environmental impact assessments.

Economic Geography The 4th Industrial Revolution and its impact on..

This project seeks to investigate the impacts of the 4th Industrial Revolution on Gauteng’s economy. The research question is: What are the impacts of the 4th Industrial Revolution on Gauteng’s economy, and how can these impacts be managed to ensure sustainable economic development? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of data from different sources, including economic data, technological innovation reports, and stakeholder interviews.

This project aims to investigate the causes of economic disparities in Gauteng. The research question is: What are the causes of economic disparities in Gauteng, and how can these disparities be addressed? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of data from different sources, including income and employment data, and policy documents.

Effects/Impacts

This project aims to investigate the effects and impacts of economic disparities on the people and communities of Gauteng. The research question is: What are the effects and impacts of economic disparities on the people and communities of Gauteng, and how can these issues be addressed? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of data from different sources, including demographic data, health and education indicators, and stakeholder interviews.

Solutions/Recommendations

This project seeks to identify and recommend solutions to economic disparities in Gauteng. The research question is: What are the solutions to economic disparities in Gauteng, and how can these solutions be implemented to ensure sustainable economic development? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of data from different sources, including policy documents, best practice case studies, and stakeholder interviews.

Research/Grade 12 employment in my local community/municipality

The objective of this project is to investigate Grade 12 employment in the local community/municipality. The research question is: What are the employment opportunities for Grade 12 graduates in the local community/municipality, and how can these opportunities be enhanced? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of data from different sources, including employment data, stakeholder interviews, and policy documents.

Foreign Investment is for the profits of big business and not building a stronger community in…

This project aims to investigate the impacts of foreign investment on community development in Gauteng. The research question is: What are the impacts of foreign investment on community development in Gauteng, and how can these impacts be managed to ensure sustainable development? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of data from different sources, including foreign investment data, stakeholder interviews, and policy documents.

A study of the local informal sector and its impact on the local economy/employment

The objective of this project is to investigate the impact of the local informal sector on the local economy and employment. The research question is: What is the impact of the local informal sector on the local economy and employment, and how can this sector be better supported and integrated into the formal economy? The methodology involves the collection and analysis of data from different sources, including informal sector data, stakeholder interviews, and policy documents.

The Grade 12 Geography research project examples presented in this paper cover a range of topics that are relevant to Gauteng’s economic, social, and environmental development. The projects address issues such as climate and weather, geomorphology, settlement geography, infrastructure failure, economic disparities, and community development. The research questions and methodologies used in each project are designed to provide insight into the challenges and opportunities associated with these issues and to propose solutions and recommendations for sustainable development.

It is important to note that the Grade 12 geography research project examples presented in this paper are only a small selection of the possible research topics that students can explore. Students are encouraged to select topics that are relevant to their local communities and to use methodologies that are appropriate to the research question. By doing so, students can develop critical thinking, research, and communication skills that will serve them well in their future studies and careers .

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GEOGRAPHY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT EXEMPLARS - CAPS GRADE 12 LEARNER'S GUIDE

GEOGRAPHY SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT EXEMPLARS - CAPS GRADE 12 LEARNER GUIDE

1. Introduction  The purpose of this document is to provide learners with a set of benchmarked school- based assessment tasks (SBAs).  It contains useful information and guidelines in the form of exemplars on the following aspects of the curriculum: 

• How to do a research task 
• Working with sources and source-based questions 
• Data handling  
• Marking rubrics as guidelines to completing research tasks 

2. Objectives/Aims of the project  It is envisaged that this SBA document will provide learners with examples of SBA tasks that are of high quality and a  high standard. 

• A common standard is set as prescribed by the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) document. 
• Quality teaching and learning of FET – Grade 12 Geography is promoted throughout all schools in South Africa. 

3. Assessment tasks as outlined by CAPS

4. Assessment tasks  4.1 Term 1 – Data-handling task  Two examples of typical data-handling tasks are provided below. 

4.1.1 Exemplar: Data-handling task 1 

• Curriculum content: Physical Geography (tropical cyclones, subtropical anti-cyclones and drainage basins) •  Compliant with CAPS. 
• May be tested in the CAPS final external examination. 
• One (1) data-handling task must be done. 

GRADE 12 SBA (CAPS 2014)  DATA-HANDLING TASK  PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 

TIME: 1 hour (60 minutes)  MARKS: 60  QUESTION 1  1.1 Refer to FIGURE 1A showing a synoptic weather map of Tropical Cyclone Irina. 

1.1.1 Determine the number of tropical cyclones, including Irina, that has occurred during this tropical cyclone  season. (1 x 2) (2)  1.1.2 Give a reason to support your answer to QUESTION 1.1.1. (1 x 2) (2) 1.1.3 Describe the surface air circulation within Tropical Cyclone Irina. (1 x 2) (2) 

1.2 Refer to FIGURE 1B showing a satellite image of Tropical Cyclone Irina and FIGURE 1C showing the projected path  of Tropical Cyclone Irina. 

1.2.1 Using the satellite image, determine in which stage of development Tropical Cyclone Irina is. (1 x 2) (2)  1.2.2 Give evidence from the satellite image to support your answer to QUESTION 1.2.1   (1 x 2) (2)  1.2.3 Discuss TWO socio-economic impacts of Tropical Cyclone Irina on areas along the east coast of southern  Africa. (2 x 2) (4)  1.2.4 Draw a labelled cross-section of Tropical Cyclone Irina as depicted on the satellite image from X to Y.  Clearly indicate the position of the eye and the cumulonimbus clouds on your cross-section. (2 x 2) (4)  1.2.5 State the reason for the use of the words, ‘projected path’ when describing the path of Tropical Cyclone  Irina. (1 x 2) (2)

1.3 Refer to FIGURE 1A. 

1.3.1 Identify the high-pressure cells labelled P and Q. (2 x 2) (4) 1.3.2 Use evidence from the map to explain whether wind speed will be greater in area P or area Q. (3 x 2) (6)

QUESTION 2  2.1 Refer to FIGURE 2A showing cross-sections of the Tugela River along its course in its drainage basin shown in  FIGURE 2B. 

2.1.1 Define the term drainage basin. (1 x 2) (2)  2.1.2 Which of FIGURE 2A and FIGURE 2B shows a longitudinal and transverse profile respectively? (2 x 2) (4)  2.1.3 Match each of cross-sections A, B and C (FIGURE 2A) with positions (i), (ii) and (iii) (FIGURE 2B).  (3 x 2) (6)  2.1.4 Briefly explain the difference in the width of the river channel at A and C. (2 x 2) (4)

2.2 Refer to FIGURE 2B showing the drainage basin of the Tugela River from its upper to the middle to the lower course.

2.2.1 Determine the stream order of the Tugela River at point X along its course. 1 x 2) (2) 2.2.2 Identify and explain ONE of the stream channel patterns of the Tugela River at (ii) along its course. (3 x 2) (6)  2.2.3 Draw a labelled free-hand cross-section through the river channel along line T–S, showing the position of  and the difference in shape between a slip-off slope and an undercut slope. (2 x 2) (4)  2.2.4 Give ONE reason why the Tugela River is more likely to flood in the vicinity of (iii). (1 x 2) (2)

[30] GRAND TOTAL: 60

4.1.2 Exemplar: Data-handling task 2 

• Curriculum content: People and their needs (gross domestic product, industrial areas, industrial development  zones [IDZ]) 
• Compliant with CAPS. 
• May be tested in the NCS and CAPS final external examination. 

GRADE 12 SBA (CAPS 2014)  DATA-HANDLING TASK  PEOPLE AND THEIR NEEDS 

TIME: 1 hour (60 minutes)   MARKS: 60  QUESTION 1  1.1 Refer to FIGURES 1A and 1B and answer the questions that follow. 

1.1.1 Define the following terms: 

• Gross domestic product (1 x 2) (2)
• Balance of trade (1 x 2) (2)

1.2 Identify the largest and the smallest contributor to the South African GDP. (2 x 2) (4) 1.3 Use FIGURE 1B to describe the trend of the South African GDP from 2010 to 2012. (1 x 2) (2) 1.4 How will the trend mentioned in QUESTION 1.3 affect South Africa’s Balance of Trade? (1 x 2) (2)  1.5 Which economic activity (primary, secondary or tertiary) in FIGURE 1A accounts for the existing trend mentioned in  QUESTION 1.3? (1 x 2) (2)  1.6 Discuss the relationship between the percentage contributed by agriculture to the South African GDP and food security  in the country. (2 x 2) (4)  1.7 FIGURE 1A indicates that the agricultural sector contributes a very small percentage to the GDP. Write a short paragraph  (approximately 12 lines) in which you account for the small contribution of the agricultural sector to the South African  GDP. (6 x 2) (12) 

2.3 Explain any TWO factors that have led to the growth and development of the industrial area referred to in QUESTION  2.2. (2 x 2) (4) 

QUESTION 3  Refer to FIGURE 3 before answering the questions below.  3.1 What is an IDZ? (1 x 2) (2) 3.2 Name the province in which the Coega IDZ is located. (1 x 2) (2) 3.3 Briefly describe TWO aims for the development of the Coega IDZ. (2 x 2) (4)  3.4 As a manufacturer of heavy earth-moving equipment for sale in Asia, explain what would encourage you to open a  factory in the Coega IDZ. (2 x 2) (4)  3.5 Suppose you are a South African government official responsible for economic development. State FOUR incen tives you would use to attract foreign investors to the Coega IDZ. (4 x 2) (8) 

[20]  GRAND TOTAL: 60

FIGURE 3: COEGA IDZ

4.2 Term 3 – Research task  Two examples of typical research tasks are provided below.  4.2.1 Learner guidelines for conducting research  Research framework for assessment (Guideline on administration of research task) 

In choosing a topic for research, isolate topics in specific areas in the Geography CAPS content that you have studied  in Grade 12. 

4.2.2 Guidelines for research  Research Task   Step 1: Formulating a hypothesis/problem statement   As Geographers we seek to understand and explain the interactions amongst humans, and between humans and the  environment in space and time. This is achieved by asking questions or making informed geographical decisions. This  entails the development of a hypothesis or a problem statement to be tested. 

• You have to choose a specific area of study where a geographical problem exists.  
• During this stage, a geographical question showing a problem is asked. 
• Identify the problem from a local area. 
• Formulate a hypothesis or a problem statement. (Hypothesis research is used to prove that certain variables  are dependent on or independent of each other. Problem statement research is only to highlight that a specific  problem exists in a specific community.)  
• You should then follow the steps of research to ensure that the geographical question is answered.  

Other possible hypothesis-type research examples: 

• The value of property along north-facing slopes is higher than the value of property along south-facing slopes in  Meyersdal, Gauteng (choose local area).  
• The cause of rural-urban migration in Ndwedwe, KwaZulu-Natal (choose local area), is the lack of service delivery  in the health sector. 
• Climate change will impact negatively on grape farming and related industries in the Western Cape. 
• The closing down of many primary schools in Lusikisiki (Eastern Cape) (choose a local area) is due to a decline  of the population in the age group 7 to 15 years. 
• The poor condition of roads (specify the names of the roads) leading to/in Harrismith, Free State (choose local  area), is due to the lack of proper planning by the local municipality. 
• The impact of building a dam along the Jukskei River in Gauteng (choose local area) upstream of Alexandra will  reduce flooding and the subsequent loss of life in Alexandra. 
• The e-toll system will impact negatively on the economic position of people using private transport in Gauteng. 
• The e-toll system will impact positively on traffic flow to the major urban centres in Gauteng. 
• Informal settlements in the Vhembe district of Limpopo have low levels of development due to the lack of provision  of basic needs (choose ONE informal settlement in your local area). 
• Overcrowding of informal settlements is due to the lack of proper planning by the local government (choose local  area). 

Step 2: Background information about an area of study 

• You must explain where in South Africa the study area is located. (This can be indicated on the map.)
• Describe the study area in terms of its exact position (degrees, minutes and seconds). 
• Provide relevant information about the area, for example population of the area or climate of the area. 

Step 3: Mapping 

• You must provide a map of the area in question. 
• During this stage you must create a buffer zone around the area where the geographical problem exists. 
• The map should have a clear legend/key and must be drawn to scale. The scale must be indicated on the map.
• If the map used covers a wider area, buffer zones around the area of study should be created.
• The map used should be the most recent map of the study area. 

Step 4: Methods of data collection 

• The use of questionnaires
• Observations
• Field trips
• Newspaper articles
• Government department statistics

Step 5: Analysis and synthesis of data 

• Use collected data now to formulate a discussion around the existing geographical problem. 
• At this stage you should represent some of the information graphically where necessary, for example graphs and  sketches. 
• Analyse graphic information during this stage. 

Step 6: Recommendations and possible solutions 

• You should now make recommendations to solve the geographical problem in question. 
• You should present your original and realistic opinions as far as you possibly can.  

Step 7: Conclusion – accept or reject the hypothesis 

• You should now take a decision to either ACCEPT or REJECT the hypothesis. 
• Give reasons for either ACCEPTING or REJECTING the hypothesis.

Step 8: Bibliography 

• You must include a comprehensive bibliography. 
• List websites in full. 
• You must include annexures of questionnaires and interviews conducted. 

Step 9: Submission 

• You must include graphs, tables, diagrams and pictures where necessary. 
• On submission, ensure that a suitable cover page is included. 

4.2.3 Compiling a bibliography for a research task 

• For a book: Author (last name, initials). Title of Book (Publishers, Date of publication). Example: Dahl, R. The BFG. (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1982). 
• For an encyclopaedia: Encyclopaedia Title , Edition date. Volume number, ˈArticle Titleˈ, page number(s). Example: Encyclopaedia Britannica , 1997. Volume 7, ˈGorillasˈ, pp. 50–51. 
• For a magazine: Author (last name first), ˈArticle Titleˈ. Name of Magazine . Volume number, (Date): page number(s). Example: Jordan, Jennifer, ˈFilming at the Top of the Worldˈ. Museum of Science Magazine . Volume 47, No. 1, (Winter 1998): p. 11. 
• For a newspaper:  Author (last name first), ˈArticle Titleˈ. Name of Newspaper. City, state publication. (Date): Edition if available, Section,  page number(s). Example: Powers, Ann, ˈNew Tune for the Material Girlˈ. The New York Times . New York, NY.  (3/1/98): Atlantic Region, Section 2, p. 34. 
• For a website: Quote the name of the website in full and underline. Example:  http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/womens-struggle-1900-1994
• For a person:  Full name (last name first). Occupation, date of interview. Example: Smeckleburg, Sweets. Bus driver. 1 April 1996. 
• For a film/documentary:  Title, Director, Distribution, Year. Example: Braveheart, Director Mel Gibson, Icon Productions, 1995. 

4.2.4 Proposed cover page for a research task 

STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY  I hereby declare that ALL pieces of writing contained in this research task are my own original work and that if  I made use of any source, I have duly acknowledged it.  

Learner’s signature: __________________________________ Date: _____________

4.2.5 Exemplar: Research task 1 

• Curriculum content: Key human-environment interactions in urban areas: People and places – inner-city problems 
• One (1) research task must be done. 

Compile your research by completing the activities outlined below. 

Step 1: Formulate the hypothesis/problem statement 

• Formulate your own hypothesis based on a problem you have identified, for example: The increasing number of informal settlements (choose localised informal settlement) in and around urban areas in  South Africa has resulted in higher crime rates within the inner city due to higher unemployment. (Focus: More people  in surrounding informal settlements result in unemployment causing people to turn to crime.)  

Step 2: Background information about the study area  Give a brief introduction and description (background information) of the city (study area) you have selected in terms of: 

• Historical background 
• Population 
• Description of the location of informal settlements in relation to the inner city 
• Other relevant statistical information 
• Provide a map showing the position of the informal settlement in relation to the city that you have identified for  your research task. (It is easier to choose your local area as an area of study.) 
• The map should clearly indicate buffer zones where informal settlements are located.
• The map should include areas of the city that are regarded as crime ˈhotspotsˈ. 
• The map must have a clear legend/key. 
• The scale of the map must be indicated.

Step 4: Data collection  Collect data using at least THREE methods, for example: 

• Questionnaires 
• Interviews 
• Field trips 
• Photographs and maps 
• Literature research (newspapers, magazines, books, et cetera) 
• Internet research 
• Analyse the data that you have collected, and formulate a report on your findings. Support your findings with  graphs, photos, et cetera. 
• Briefly discuss how the existence of informal settlements contributes to crime in the inner city. 
• Briefly discuss the contribution of high unemployment rates in the informal settlement to crime in the inner city. 

Step 6: Recommendations and solutions 

• Provide suitable recommendations and solutions to the problem. 

Step 7: Conclusion – accept or reject the hypothesis  

• Based on your findings in Step 5, you may either ACCEPT or REJECT the hypothesis. 
• Give reasons for your conclusion. 
• Compile a bibliography for your research. If you have done any Internet research, you must provide the website(s)  that you have used in full. 
• Collate all your information.  
• Include a table of contents. 
• Ensure that you include a copy of the questionnaire and/or questions asked in your interviews as annexures. 
• Design a suitable cover sheet. 
• Submit your research.

4.2.6 Exemplar: Research task 2 

• Curriculum content: Physical Geography (fluvial processes) 

Choose a river close to your school or where you live as an area of study, and conduct your research by following the  steps outlined below.  Step 1: Formulate the hypothesis/problem statement 

• Formulate your own hypothesis based on a problem you have identified, for example: 

Step 2: Background information about the river under study 

• Describe the provincial location of the river. 
• Climate – particularly the amount of rainfall that is received. 
• Vegetation 
• Relief and topography 
• Underlying rock structure 
• Specify the river type, for example permanent, periodic. 
• Describe the river stage (youth, mature or old age) at your study area.  
• Provide a map showing the river being studied and the adjacent settlements.  
• Create a clear buffer zone at the part of the river that is being studied. 
• The map should have a clear key/legend. 
• Indicate the scale of the map.
• Use the above sets of data collected to determine the extent to which the river is affected by human activities. 
• Explain in detail how the identified human activities impact on the quality of water and the flow pattern of the river. 

Step 6: Recommendations and solutions  

• In your opinion as a researcher, what would be the possible solution(s) to the negative impact caused by human  activities in the river? 
• Make long-term recommendations to the government department(s) leading to legislature to protect the river.

Step 7: Conclusion – accept or reject the hypothesis

• Submit your research. 

4.2.7 Proposed marking rubric for a research task 

NAME OF LEARNER: _________________________________________________________GRADE: __________

CURRICULUM TOPIC: __________________________________________________________________________

RESEARCH TOPIC: __________________________________________________________________________

EDUCATOR NAME: ______________________________DATE OF ASSESSMENT: __________________

MODERATOR NAME: ______________________________DATE OF MODERATION: __________________

5. CONCLUSION  This document provides you with a framework to develop your own research task. It also provides you with a framework  of expectancy for data-handling tasks. The framework for data-handling tasks can also be used to prepare for external  examinations where data-handling-type questions can be asked.  A clear guideline has been developed on how to conduct research. This guideline can be applied to any topic within the  CAPS in which you wish to conduct research. The marking rubric that has been included will also provide you with a  clear guide on the time that should be spent on the various phases of doing research.  The high standard of these tasks will provide a platform for you to develop skills such as research, interpretation of  resources, integration of resources and graphs, all skills required for the final external Geography examination. These  are also skills that can be put to use at a later stage in your life.

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K-12 Education

Empowering student’s aspirations in college, career, and civic life.

Powerful Geography aims to create a variety of resources for K-12 teachers across the country that can be used in geography and social studies classrooms at any grade level.

These resources can help  enhance geographic understanding and learning by focusing on the diverse nature of students' career and life aspirations .

Resources include teacher-generated lesson plans and units,  Powerful Geography job summaries, interviews with professionally-trained and non-professionally trained geographers, among many more other career resources.

Teachers: We hope that you use these resources to help build your Powerful Geography toolkit and expand your knowledge of geographic education to include all of which geography is capable of doing and providing.

Teacher Resources

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Click here to watch videos explaining Powerful Geography and how to work through the website and it's resources.

You too can become a Powerful Geography teacher! Get involved today by signing up for upcoming workshops here . 

National Geographic Education Blog

Bring the spirit of exploration to your classroom.

Ideas for Geography Awareness Week: Resources for Grades K-12

This November 10-16, celebrate the wonder of the world and bring Geography Awareness Week to the forefront of your classroom with ideas for lesson plans, activities and events with handy content from our Resource Library . Be sure to tag us in your posts sharing your week with #thatsgeography!

Mapping Storybooks (Grades K-2)

How Scientists Name Things (Grades 3 – 5)

Exploring Early Manhattan Through Art (Grades 6 – 8) 

Genetic Markers: Connecting the Dots (Grades 9 – 12)

Articles 

Map It! with Young Children (Grades K – 5) 

Prime Meridian (Grades 6 – 12)

Case Study: Big Cats in the Ruaha Landscape (Grades 9 – 12) 

Neighborhood Map (Grades K – 2) 

Babylon (Grades 5 – 8)

Mars (Grades 8 – 12)

There are so many geography images to choose from to share with your class. Visit our Resource Library , filter out the desired grades, choose “photograph” under the content tab, and “geography” under the subject tab to gain access to tons of related photos! 

Happy Geography Awareness Week! 

Feature image by Michael Nichols

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Grade 12 Geography

Geography grade 12 latest essays and topics guide caps: education resource.

Geography Grade 12 Latest Essays and Topics Guide for CAPS Curriculum (Syllabus) South Africa:

Geography is unique in bridging the social sciences (human geography) with the natural sciences (physical geography). Human geography concerns the understanding of the dynamics of cultures, societies and economies, and physical geography concerns the understanding of the dynamics of physical landscapes and the environment. Geography puts this understanding of social and physical processes within the context of places and regions – recognising the great differences in cultures, political systems, economies, landscapes and environments across the world, and the links between them. Understanding the causes of differences and inequalities between places and social groups underlie much of the newer developments in human geography.

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Grade 12 Geography Essay Questions are all based on the knowledge you have acquired before. If you are given options to choose, you should choose the one which works for you.

Uses the annotated guide below (compiled by Mr. Alberts) to see what is expected of the best essay responses.

Grade 12 Essay Geography

On this page you will find Geography Grade 12 Essays and Topics Guide for Term 1, Term 2, Term 3, and Term 4.

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Hey, Grade 12 Learners. My Courses portal has everything you needed to ace your matric exams, tests, assessments, research tasks, and assignments. Feel free to explore all resources for grade 12 learners, such as Study Guides, Department of Basic Education Past Exam Papers with Memos , and Speech Topics.

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Geography grade 10, main reasons why is south africa regarded as a developing country.

Reasons why is South Africa regarded as a developing country: South Africa has a great economic infrastructure and natural resources that characterize its economy. In South Africa, there is outstanding progress in the field of industry and manufacturing. South Africa, however, is still characterised as a developing country and not a developed country.

• 0.1 6 Characteristics of a Developed Country
• 0.2 5 Reasons why is South Africa regarded as a developing country

6 Characteristics of a Developed Country

1. Has a high income per capita.  Developed countries have high per capita incomes each year. By having a high income per capita, the country’s economic value will be boosted. Therefore, the amount of poverty can be overcome.

2. Security Is Guaranteed.  The level of security of developed countries is more secure compared to developing countries. This is also a side effect of sophisticated technology in developed countries. With the sophisticated technology, security facilities and weapons technology also develop for the better.

3. Guaranteed Health.  In addition to ensuring security, health in a developed country is also guaranteed. This is characterized by a variety of adequate health facilities, such as hospitals and medical staff who are trained and reliable.

4. Low unemployment rate.  In developed countries, the unemployment rate is relatively small because every citizen can get a job and work.

5. Mastering Science and Technology.  The inhabitants of developed countries tend to have mastered science and technology from which new useful products such as the industrial pendant lights were introduced to the market. Therefore, in their daily lives, they have also used sophisticated technology and modern tools to facilitate their daily lives.

6. The level of exports is higher than imports.  The level of exports in developed countries is higher than the level of imports because of the superior human resources and technology possessed.

5 Reasons why is South Africa regarded as a developing country

1. South Africa has a low Income per year.  Annual income in developing countries is not as high as in developed countries due to the high unemployment rate.

2. In South Africa, security is not guaranteed.  Unlike in developed countries, security in developing countries is still very minimal and inappropriate. Therefore, crime rates in developed countries such as South Africa tend to be relatively high.

3. South Africa has a fast-growing population . According to the World Population Review , South Africa’s population will continue to grow until 2082, reaching just over 80 million people before plateauing and slightly declining the rest of the century. South Africa’s population growth rate is currently 1.28% per year. Developing countries have a very large average population compared to developed countries because of uncontrolled population development. This is also a result of the lack of education and health facilities.

4. The unemployment rate in South Africa is high.  South Africa has an unemployment rate of 34.4% in the second quarter  of 2021. In developing countries, the unemployment rate is still relatively high because the available job vacancies are not evenly distributed. In addition, the level of uneven education is also one of the factors causing the large unemployment rate.

5. Imports are higher than exports.  Due to the low management of natural resources and human resources in developing countries, developing countries more often buy goods from abroad. To eliminate the barriers of being a developed country, South Africa must reduce imports and must refine and develop its agricultural sector.

Characteristics of Developed and Developing Countries

Why_is_South_Africa_Still_a_Developing_Country

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Read our research on: Abortion | Podcasts | Election 2024

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What the data says about abortion in the u.s..

Pew Research Center has conducted many surveys about abortion over the years, providing a lens into Americans’ views on whether the procedure should be legal, among a host of other questions.

In a  Center survey  conducted nearly a year after the Supreme Court’s June 2022 decision that  ended the constitutional right to abortion , 62% of U.S. adults said the practice should be legal in all or most cases, while 36% said it should be illegal in all or most cases. Another survey conducted a few months before the decision showed that relatively few Americans take an absolutist view on the issue .

Find answers to common questions about abortion in America, based on data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Guttmacher Institute, which have tracked these patterns for several decades:

How many abortions are there in the U.S. each year?

How has the number of abortions in the u.s. changed over time, what is the abortion rate among women in the u.s. how has it changed over time, what are the most common types of abortion, how many abortion providers are there in the u.s., and how has that number changed, what percentage of abortions are for women who live in a different state from the abortion provider, what are the demographics of women who have had abortions, when during pregnancy do most abortions occur, how often are there medical complications from abortion.

This compilation of data on abortion in the United States draws mainly from two sources: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Guttmacher Institute, both of which have regularly compiled national abortion data for approximately half a century, and which collect their data in different ways.

The CDC data that is highlighted in this post comes from the agency’s “abortion surveillance” reports, which have been published annually since 1974 (and which have included data from 1969). Its figures from 1973 through 1996 include data from all 50 states, the District of Columbia and New York City – 52 “reporting areas” in all. Since 1997, the CDC’s totals have lacked data from some states (most notably California) for the years that those states did not report data to the agency. The four reporting areas that did not submit data to the CDC in 2021 – California, Maryland, New Hampshire and New Jersey – accounted for approximately 25% of all legal induced abortions in the U.S. in 2020, according to Guttmacher’s data. Most states, though,  do  have data in the reports, and the figures for the vast majority of them came from each state’s central health agency, while for some states, the figures came from hospitals and other medical facilities.

Discussion of CDC abortion data involving women’s state of residence, marital status, race, ethnicity, age, abortion history and the number of previous live births excludes the low share of abortions where that information was not supplied. Read the methodology for the CDC’s latest abortion surveillance report , which includes data from 2021, for more details. Previous reports can be found at  stacks.cdc.gov  by entering “abortion surveillance” into the search box.

For the numbers of deaths caused by induced abortions in 1963 and 1965, this analysis looks at reports by the then-U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, a precursor to the Department of Health and Human Services. In computing those figures, we excluded abortions listed in the report under the categories “spontaneous or unspecified” or as “other.” (“Spontaneous abortion” is another way of referring to miscarriages.)

Guttmacher data in this post comes from national surveys of abortion providers that Guttmacher has conducted 19 times since 1973. Guttmacher compiles its figures after contacting every known provider of abortions – clinics, hospitals and physicians’ offices – in the country. It uses questionnaires and health department data, and it provides estimates for abortion providers that don’t respond to its inquiries. (In 2020, the last year for which it has released data on the number of abortions in the U.S., it used estimates for 12% of abortions.) For most of the 2000s, Guttmacher has conducted these national surveys every three years, each time getting abortion data for the prior two years. For each interim year, Guttmacher has calculated estimates based on trends from its own figures and from other data.

The latest full summary of Guttmacher data came in the institute’s report titled “Abortion Incidence and Service Availability in the United States, 2020.” It includes figures for 2020 and 2019 and estimates for 2018. The report includes a methods section.

In addition, this post uses data from StatPearls, an online health care resource, on complications from abortion.

An exact answer is hard to come by. The CDC and the Guttmacher Institute have each tried to measure this for around half a century, but they use different methods and publish different figures.

The last year for which the CDC reported a yearly national total for abortions is 2021. It found there were 625,978 abortions in the District of Columbia and the 46 states with available data that year, up from 597,355 in those states and D.C. in 2020. The corresponding figure for 2019 was 607,720.

The last year for which Guttmacher reported a yearly national total was 2020. It said there were 930,160 abortions that year in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, compared with 916,460 in 2019.

• How the CDC gets its data: It compiles figures that are voluntarily reported by states’ central health agencies, including separate figures for New York City and the District of Columbia. Its latest totals do not include figures from California, Maryland, New Hampshire or New Jersey, which did not report data to the CDC. ( Read the methodology from the latest CDC report .)
• How Guttmacher gets its data: It compiles its figures after contacting every known abortion provider – clinics, hospitals and physicians’ offices – in the country. It uses questionnaires and health department data, then provides estimates for abortion providers that don’t respond. Guttmacher’s figures are higher than the CDC’s in part because they include data (and in some instances, estimates) from all 50 states. ( Read the institute’s latest full report and methodology .)

While the Guttmacher Institute supports abortion rights, its empirical data on abortions in the U.S. has been widely cited by  groups  and  publications  across the political spectrum, including by a  number of those  that  disagree with its positions .

These estimates from Guttmacher and the CDC are results of multiyear efforts to collect data on abortion across the U.S. Last year, Guttmacher also began publishing less precise estimates every few months , based on a much smaller sample of providers.

The figures reported by these organizations include only legal induced abortions conducted by clinics, hospitals or physicians’ offices, or those that make use of abortion pills dispensed from certified facilities such as clinics or physicians’ offices. They do not account for the use of abortion pills that were obtained  outside of clinical settings .

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The annual number of U.S. abortions rose for years after Roe v. Wade legalized the procedure in 1973, reaching its highest levels around the late 1980s and early 1990s, according to both the CDC and Guttmacher. Since then, abortions have generally decreased at what a CDC analysis called  “a slow yet steady pace.”

Guttmacher says the number of abortions occurring in the U.S. in 2020 was 40% lower than it was in 1991. According to the CDC, the number was 36% lower in 2021 than in 1991, looking just at the District of Columbia and the 46 states that reported both of those years.

(The corresponding line graph shows the long-term trend in the number of legal abortions reported by both organizations. To allow for consistent comparisons over time, the CDC figures in the chart have been adjusted to ensure that the same states are counted from one year to the next. Using that approach, the CDC figure for 2021 is 622,108 legal abortions.)

There have been occasional breaks in this long-term pattern of decline – during the middle of the first decade of the 2000s, and then again in the late 2010s. The CDC reported modest 1% and 2% increases in abortions in 2018 and 2019, and then, after a 2% decrease in 2020, a 5% increase in 2021. Guttmacher reported an 8% increase over the three-year period from 2017 to 2020.

As noted above, these figures do not include abortions that use pills obtained outside of clinical settings.

Guttmacher says that in 2020 there were 14.4 abortions in the U.S. per 1,000 women ages 15 to 44. Its data shows that the rate of abortions among women has generally been declining in the U.S. since 1981, when it reported there were 29.3 abortions per 1,000 women in that age range.

The CDC says that in 2021, there were 11.6 abortions in the U.S. per 1,000 women ages 15 to 44. (That figure excludes data from California, the District of Columbia, Maryland, New Hampshire and New Jersey.) Like Guttmacher’s data, the CDC’s figures also suggest a general decline in the abortion rate over time. In 1980, when the CDC reported on all 50 states and D.C., it said there were 25 abortions per 1,000 women ages 15 to 44.

That said, both Guttmacher and the CDC say there were slight increases in the rate of abortions during the late 2010s and early 2020s. Guttmacher says the abortion rate per 1,000 women ages 15 to 44 rose from 13.5 in 2017 to 14.4 in 2020. The CDC says it rose from 11.2 per 1,000 in 2017 to 11.4 in 2019, before falling back to 11.1 in 2020 and then rising again to 11.6 in 2021. (The CDC’s figures for those years exclude data from California, D.C., Maryland, New Hampshire and New Jersey.)

The CDC broadly divides abortions into two categories: surgical abortions and medication abortions, which involve pills. Since the Food and Drug Administration first approved abortion pills in 2000, their use has increased over time as a share of abortions nationally, according to both the CDC and Guttmacher.

The majority of abortions in the U.S. now involve pills, according to both the CDC and Guttmacher. The CDC says 56% of U.S. abortions in 2021 involved pills, up from 53% in 2020 and 44% in 2019. Its figures for 2021 include the District of Columbia and 44 states that provided this data; its figures for 2020 include D.C. and 44 states (though not all of the same states as in 2021), and its figures for 2019 include D.C. and 45 states.

Guttmacher, which measures this every three years, says 53% of U.S. abortions involved pills in 2020, up from 39% in 2017.

Two pills commonly used together for medication abortions are mifepristone, which, taken first, blocks hormones that support a pregnancy, and misoprostol, which then causes the uterus to empty. According to the FDA, medication abortions are safe  until 10 weeks into pregnancy.

Surgical abortions conducted  during the first trimester  of pregnancy typically use a suction process, while the relatively few surgical abortions that occur  during the second trimester  of a pregnancy typically use a process called dilation and evacuation, according to the UCLA School of Medicine.

In 2020, there were 1,603 facilities in the U.S. that provided abortions,  according to Guttmacher . This included 807 clinics, 530 hospitals and 266 physicians’ offices.

While clinics make up half of the facilities that provide abortions, they are the sites where the vast majority (96%) of abortions are administered, either through procedures or the distribution of pills, according to Guttmacher’s 2020 data. (This includes 54% of abortions that are administered at specialized abortion clinics and 43% at nonspecialized clinics.) Hospitals made up 33% of the facilities that provided abortions in 2020 but accounted for only 3% of abortions that year, while just 1% of abortions were conducted by physicians’ offices.

Looking just at clinics – that is, the total number of specialized abortion clinics and nonspecialized clinics in the U.S. – Guttmacher found the total virtually unchanged between 2017 (808 clinics) and 2020 (807 clinics). However, there were regional differences. In the Midwest, the number of clinics that provide abortions increased by 11% during those years, and in the West by 6%. The number of clinics  decreased  during those years by 9% in the Northeast and 3% in the South.

The total number of abortion providers has declined dramatically since the 1980s. In 1982, according to Guttmacher, there were 2,908 facilities providing abortions in the U.S., including 789 clinics, 1,405 hospitals and 714 physicians’ offices.

The CDC does not track the number of abortion providers.

In the District of Columbia and the 46 states that provided abortion and residency information to the CDC in 2021, 10.9% of all abortions were performed on women known to live outside the state where the abortion occurred – slightly higher than the percentage in 2020 (9.7%). That year, D.C. and 46 states (though not the same ones as in 2021) reported abortion and residency data. (The total number of abortions used in these calculations included figures for women with both known and unknown residential status.)

The share of reported abortions performed on women outside their state of residence was much higher before the 1973 Roe decision that stopped states from banning abortion. In 1972, 41% of all abortions in D.C. and the 20 states that provided this information to the CDC that year were performed on women outside their state of residence. In 1973, the corresponding figure was 21% in the District of Columbia and the 41 states that provided this information, and in 1974 it was 11% in D.C. and the 43 states that provided data.

In the District of Columbia and the 46 states that reported age data to  the CDC in 2021, the majority of women who had abortions (57%) were in their 20s, while about three-in-ten (31%) were in their 30s. Teens ages 13 to 19 accounted for 8% of those who had abortions, while women ages 40 to 44 accounted for about 4%.

The vast majority of women who had abortions in 2021 were unmarried (87%), while married women accounted for 13%, according to  the CDC , which had data on this from 37 states.

In the District of Columbia, New York City (but not the rest of New York) and the 31 states that reported racial and ethnic data on abortion to  the CDC , 42% of all women who had abortions in 2021 were non-Hispanic Black, while 30% were non-Hispanic White, 22% were Hispanic and 6% were of other races.

Looking at abortion rates among those ages 15 to 44, there were 28.6 abortions per 1,000 non-Hispanic Black women in 2021; 12.3 abortions per 1,000 Hispanic women; 6.4 abortions per 1,000 non-Hispanic White women; and 9.2 abortions per 1,000 women of other races, the  CDC reported  from those same 31 states, D.C. and New York City.

For 57% of U.S. women who had induced abortions in 2021, it was the first time they had ever had one,  according to the CDC.  For nearly a quarter (24%), it was their second abortion. For 11% of women who had an abortion that year, it was their third, and for 8% it was their fourth or more. These CDC figures include data from 41 states and New York City, but not the rest of New York.

Nearly four-in-ten women who had abortions in 2021 (39%) had no previous live births at the time they had an abortion,  according to the CDC . Almost a quarter (24%) of women who had abortions in 2021 had one previous live birth, 20% had two previous live births, 10% had three, and 7% had four or more previous live births. These CDC figures include data from 41 states and New York City, but not the rest of New York.

The vast majority of abortions occur during the first trimester of a pregnancy. In 2021, 93% of abortions occurred during the first trimester – that is, at or before 13 weeks of gestation,  according to the CDC . An additional 6% occurred between 14 and 20 weeks of pregnancy, and about 1% were performed at 21 weeks or more of gestation. These CDC figures include data from 40 states and New York City, but not the rest of New York.

About 2% of all abortions in the U.S. involve some type of complication for the woman , according to an article in StatPearls, an online health care resource. “Most complications are considered minor such as pain, bleeding, infection and post-anesthesia complications,” according to the article.

The CDC calculates  case-fatality rates for women from induced abortions – that is, how many women die from abortion-related complications, for every 100,000 legal abortions that occur in the U.S .  The rate was lowest during the most recent period examined by the agency (2013 to 2020), when there were 0.45 deaths to women per 100,000 legal induced abortions. The case-fatality rate reported by the CDC was highest during the first period examined by the agency (1973 to 1977), when it was 2.09 deaths to women per 100,000 legal induced abortions. During the five-year periods in between, the figure ranged from 0.52 (from 1993 to 1997) to 0.78 (from 1978 to 1982).

The CDC calculates death rates by five-year and seven-year periods because of year-to-year fluctuation in the numbers and due to the relatively low number of women who die from legal induced abortions.

In 2020, the last year for which the CDC has information , six women in the U.S. died due to complications from induced abortions. Four women died in this way in 2019, two in 2018, and three in 2017. (These deaths all followed legal abortions.) Since 1990, the annual number of deaths among women due to legal induced abortion has ranged from two to 12.

The annual number of reported deaths from induced abortions (legal and illegal) tended to be higher in the 1980s, when it ranged from nine to 16, and from 1972 to 1979, when it ranged from 13 to 63. One driver of the decline was the drop in deaths from illegal abortions. There were 39 deaths from illegal abortions in 1972, the last full year before Roe v. Wade. The total fell to 19 in 1973 and to single digits or zero every year after that. (The number of deaths from legal abortions has also declined since then, though with some slight variation over time.)

The number of deaths from induced abortions was considerably higher in the 1960s than afterward. For instance, there were 119 deaths from induced abortions in  1963  and 99 in  1965 , according to reports by the then-U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, a precursor to the Department of Health and Human Services. The CDC is a division of Health and Human Services.

Note: This is an update of a post originally published May 27, 2022, and first updated June 24, 2022.

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Key facts about the abortion debate in America

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About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .