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AP® Computer Science A

Introduce students to software engineering and object-oriented design while they learn the Java programming language in this free curriculum for AP® Computer Science A (AP® CSA) .

a level coursework computer science

A new approach to AP® CSA

  • Culturally responsive pedagogy
  • Real-world problem investigation
  • Explainer videos with diverse presenters
  • Open-ended projects for more personalized learning
  • Student-friendly code review tool

Help students become superheroes!

Join our highly supportive Professional Learning Program for middle and high school educators.

Curriculum at a glance

Grades: 9-12

Level: Intermediate

Duration: School Year

Devices: Laptop, Chromebook

Topics: Programming, Data, Art and Design, Games and Animation

Programming Tools: Java Lab

Professional Learning: Facilitator-led Workshops

Accessibility: Text-to-speech, Closed captioning, Immersive reader

Languages Supported: English

I could tell last year how different and better this curriculum and resources were than anything else out there... but this year, these past few weeks preparing students for the exam have been some of my most fun teaching. And I'm hardly doing anything! Kids understand the material and are talking with each other at such a high level and it's a direct reflection of the lessons and activities throughout the year. Thank you, thank you.

AP® Computer Science A Teacher

Engaging projects and activities that inspire learning

Java Lab is a programming environment where you can make Java programs using The Neighborhood, The Theater, or the console.

Objects first

Students learn the fundamentals of object-oriented programming (OOP) first, giving them a foundation for the rest of the course while encouraging them to consider the overall design of their programs.

a level coursework computer science

Choice levels

Students are offered the choice between a variety of tasks that reinforce course objectives while allowing for differentiation and customization, meeting students where they are at and encouraging them to go further.

Resources that support you every step of the way

Sign up for a Code.org account to get access to materials that will help you teach computer science with confidence. Code.org has extensive resources designed to support educators, even those without prior CS teaching experience.

Lesson Plans

Get step-by-step guidance, learning objectives, and assessment strategies for effective teaching.

Helpful resources include slide decks, activity guides, rubrics, and more — all organized in one place. Each lesson plan is accompanied by tips for classroom implementation, differentiation ideas, and extension activities to cater to students of all abilities.

Instructional Videos

Watch easy-to-understand overviews of computer science and programming concepts.

Code.org video series are designed specifically to support your classroom and are engaging and fun to watch.

Slide Decks

We offer educators an organized, visually engaging, and pedagogically sound framework to deliver computer science lessons.

Code.org slide decks provide step-by-step instructions, examples, and interactive activities that align with curricular objectives.

a level coursework computer science

Assessments

Our curricula includes a comprehensive system of formative and summative assessment resources.

These include rubrics, checklists, mini-projects, end-of-chapter projects, student-facing rubrics, sample projects, and post-project tests — all designed to support teachers in measuring student growth, providing feedback, and evaluating student understanding.

a level coursework computer science

Programming Tools

Code.org's integrated development environments (IDEs) cater to students of all skill levels.

We offer a versatile and user-friendly platform that supports a variety of programming paradigms. This enables learners to seamlessly transition from block-based coding to text-based languages, and fosters creativity and innovation.

Professional learning that meets your needs

a level coursework computer science

Get the support you need as you prepare to teach.

Our highly supportive Professional Learning Program will bring you together with a group of teachers to learn from each other as well as expert facilitators as you take on the first year of teaching the free CSA curriculum to your students.

In-person and virtual workshops starting this summer.

Frequently asked questions

Yes, Code.org's CSA curriculum is mapped to the College Board Course and Exam Description for AP® CSA.

Our curriculum and platform are available at no cost for anyone, anywhere, to teach!

Professional learning workshops for Code.org's CSA curriculum start each summer. Click here to apply .

A minimum of 140 class hours; should be taught as a full-year course. Contains nine units, which includes an AP® Exam Prep unit.

This curriculum requires that students have access to computers with a modern web browser. At this time, our curriculum is not optimized for tablets or mobile devices. For more details, check out our technology requirements . In addition to technology, typical classroom supplies like scissors and sticky notes will also be used throughout the curriculum.

Java Lab is a unique environment from all other Code.org programming environments and requires additional measures to ensure network security for all. Read more about it here .

With an approved teacher account, you can find answer keys in a blue "Teacher Only" panel that shows in the online lessons and activities.

Teachers in our Professional Learning Program will automatically be approved to view answer keys. If you need an approved teacher account, you can apply for access to protected teacher-only materials (answer keys, etc) through this form . Please keep in mind that it may take 3-5 business days to verify your account.

Our CSA curriculum was written by teachers, for teachers and was designed with our Curriculum Values in mind. In particular, we focused on expanding access to those who historically have been denied opportunities to learn about the exciting and impactful field of computing. The following goals guided the creation of the CSA curriculum:

  • Goal 1: Develop an Equitable Course
  • Goal 2: Prepare Students for Higher Ed and Industry
  • Goal 3: Design Relevant, Engaging Activities
  • Goal 4: Incorporate Best Practices from the Field

For more information about the values that guided our work, please see our curriculum values and our professional learning values .

Looking for things to do after the AP® exam?

Software engineering & computer vision.

This two-chapter post-AP® CSA module offers high school students hands-on experience with professional software development tools, including GitHub and GitHub Copilot, and imparts them with the real-world skills to develop a computer vision program.

Duration: 5+ hours

Support and questions

a level coursework computer science

Still have questions? Reach out to us! We are here to help.

Our support team is here to answer any questions you may have about starting teaching with Code.org. You can also ask other teachers about their experience on our teacher forums.

Subscribe for updates

Sign up to receive monthly emails about Code.org's AP® Computer Science A and get helpful reminders, tips, and updates sent right to your inbox.

You can unsubscribe at any time.

a level coursework computer science

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All about A level Computer Science – course information

What's a level computer science about.

A level Computer science is split into two complementary sections, programming and theory.  On the programming side of the course, students can learn a programming language (chosen by your teachers from C#, Java, Pascal/Delphi, Python and VB.Net).  You will cover  the fundamentals of programming, data structures, algorithms, and object-orientated programme design.

The theory side of computer science teaches about the internal workings of a computer, right down the basics of how all data is stored using binary, whether that data consists of numbers, text, pictures or even music.  It goes on from there to cover aspects of computer architecture, showing exactly how data is accessed from main memory using assembly language instructions and the fetch-execute cycle.

As well as covering programming the course aims to promote good programming practices such as avoiding global variables, sensible variable naming, structured programming, good re-use of code through procedures and functions, and proper commenting of code.  It also covers higher level concepts such as the social and legal impact of computers, and how to go about breaking down a big problem into individual programmable steps.

W hat sort of work is involved?

The A level Computer science course consists of work towards two exam papers, both worth 40% of the whole, plus non-exam assessment worth 20% which will typically be done over a period of about 3 months.

The first exam is a programming test, which some exam boards, such as the AQA ,  like to do using an on-screen exam.  This will test your ability to solve problems as much as it will test your technical knowledge of the programming language you have learned.

The second exam tests theory and is a written exam.  Questions are designed to test your knowledge of computer systems, how they are formed, the social and legal parts of computing, communication, networking and databases.

For the non-exam assessment you  pick your own project which must have a significant programming element.  You will create a program to solve a problem, such as writing a computer game, making a mobile phone application or doing an investigation into machine learning.  There is no restriction on programming language used in the project, so you could use Swift, Objective C, C++ or any other language you wanted to do your project.  However,  drag-and-drop languages, such as Scratch, are not allowed. When writing coursework you won’t just be expected to produce working code, but will be expected to write good, well structured working code.

What background do I need?

To do A level Computer science it is not essential to have done computer science at GCSE, though it is advisable to have done some practice of programming in your own time.  The course has a significant programming element and those who have no previous experience of programming often find it very challenging.

You ought to have at least a B-grade in mathematics.  There are several topics that require the ability to reason logically and apply mathematical and logical processes to solutions.  It is likely that if you find mathematics enjoyable and interesting then you will also like computer science.

Where can it lead?

A level Computer science is naturally a strong subject to take if you wish to go on to do computer science at degree level, and although most computing-based degree courses don't require Computer science A level there are a number of software engineering courses which do.  There are also other degree courses such as information technology and information systems which will be served well by a Computer science A level.

After university, there are numerous interesting fields of study and professions that you can go in to.  Computer science will lead on to robotics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, cloud computing, big data processing, networking, ethical hacking, computer game development, home automation or even teaching.  So much of the world uses computers nowadays that having a good understanding of how computers work and how to program them will set you up for success in many strands of life.

Numbers of computers are also increasing in many developing countries too, meaning that your skills in computer science will be very portable.  The most popular programming languages in the world are based on the English language using statements such as for, while, if, else, repeat , so studying computer science in an English speaking college will give you a good foundation if you wish to travel and find a job working with computers in another country.

One year course?

Due to the coursework element, A level Computer science is very difficult to do in one year.  To succeed you would need to already have a firm grasp of programming such that you could begin the year doing coursework and getting it out of the way, leaving you enough time to cover the theory before taking exams in June.

There is an AS-level available which covers most of the topics but not in as much detail as the A-level.  Like the A level, there are two exams, one of which is programming and the other theory but they are each worth 50% of your overall grade.

As previously mentioned, A level Computer science consists of two exam papers, each 2 1/2 hours long and each worth 40%. The remaining 20% comes from your coursework.

The coursework assesses your ability to take on a significant problem and produce a solution to it.  Despite the large programming element, you will actually be marked on the documentation you produce.  This will typically consist of an analysis, designing the solution, annotated code showing your finished solution, tests demonstrating that your solution works and an evaluation.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science

Topic outline.

  • Please rotate your device.

Syllabus content

  • Syllabus content - what you need to know about

There are four components that you will need to take:

  • Paper 1 (Theory Fundamentals)

Paper 2 (Fundamental Problem-solving and Programming Skills)

  • Paper 3 (Advanced theory)
  • Paper 4 (Practical)

Key concepts

Key concepts are essential ideas that help you to develop a deep understanding of your subject and make links between different aspects of the course. The key concepts for Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science are:

• Computational thinking

Computational thinking is a set of fundamental skills that help produce a solution to a problem. Skills such as abstraction, decomposition and algorithmic thinking are used to study a problem and design a solution that can be implemented. This may involve using a range of technologies and programming languages.

• Programming paradigms

A programming paradigm is a way of thinking about or approaching problems. There are many different programming styles that can be used, which are suited to unique functions, tools and specific situations. An understanding of programming paradigms is essential to ensure they are used appropriately, when designing and building programs.

• C ommunication

Communication is a core requirement of computer systems. It includes the ability to transfer data from one device or component to another and an understanding of the rules and methods that are used in this data transfer. Communication could range from the internal transfer of data within a computer system, to the transfer of a video across the internet.

• Comput er architecture and hardware 

Computer architecture is the design of the internal operation of a computer system. It includes the rules that dictate how components and data are organised, how data are communicated between components, to allow hardware to function. There is a range of architectures, with different components and rules, that are appropriate for different scenarios.

All computers comprise of a combination of hardware components, ranging from internal components, such as the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and main memory, to peripherals. To produce effective and efficient programs to run on hardware, it is important to understand how the components work independently and together to produce a system that can be used. Hardware needs software to be able to perform a task. Software allows hardware to become functional. This enables the user to communicate with the hardware to perform tasks.

• Data representation and structures  

Computers use binary and understanding how a binary number can be interpreted in many different ways is important. Programming requires an understanding of how data can be organised for efficient access and/or transfer. 

These key concepts help you to gain:

• a greater depth as well as breadth of subject knowledge 

• confidence, especially in applying your knowledge and skills in new situations

• the vocabulary to discuss the subject conceptually and show how different aspects link together

• a level of mastery of their subject to help them enter higher education. 

Make sure you always check the latest syllabus, which is available at  www.cambridgeinternational.org .

  • How you will be assessed
  • Please rotate your device
  • What skills will be assessed?
  • The examiners take account of the following skills areas (assessment objectives) in the examinations: AO1: Knowledge with understanding Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the principles and concepts of computer science including abstraction, logic, algorithms and data representation. AO2: Application Apply knowledge and understanding of the principles and concepts of computer science, including to analyse problems in computational terms. AO3: Design, program and evaluation Design, program and evaluate computer systems to solve problems, making reasoned judgements about these.
  • Command words
  • The flipcards below include command words used in the assessment for this syllabus. The use of the command word will relate to the subject context.
  • Example candidate response
  • All information and advice in this section is specific to the example question and response being demonstrated. It should give you an idea of how your responses might be viewed by an examiner but it is not a list of what to do in all questions. In your own examination, you will need to pay careful attention to what each question is asking you to do.

a level coursework computer science

Example candidate response and examiner comments

  • (a) Application layer Transport (layer) Internet (layer) Network (access layer) [See examiner comment] (b) (i) Peer – to – peer. (ii) File sharing. (iii) BitTorrent client software is made available, this is used to load the torrent descriptor for the required file by computers joining it swarm. A server, called tracker, keeps records of all the computers joining the swarm and allows them to connect to each other by sharing their IP addresses. The torrent is split into small pieces that can be downloaded or uploaded by each computer in the swarm. Once a computer has downloaded a piece of the torrent file it can upload that piece to other computers in the swarm and become a seed. (c) Protocol 1 SMTP Example Sending email messages Protocol POP3 Example retirement of email messages [See examiner comment] [Total mark awarded]
  • Explore the advice below to help you revise and prepare for the examinations.  It is divided into general advice for all papers and more specific advice for each of the papers.
  • Find out when the examinations are and plan your revision so you have enough time for each topic. A revision timetable will help you
  • Find out how long each paper is and how many questions you have to answer
  • Know the meaning of the command words used in questions and how to apply them to the information given. Highlight the command words in past papers and check what they mean. There is a list on page 11 of this guide
  • Make revision notes; try different styles of notes. See the Learner Guide: Planning, Reflection and Revision  which as ideas about note-taking. Discover what works best for you
  • Work for short periods then have a break. Revise small sections of the syllabus at a time
  • Build your confidence by practising questions on each of the topics
  • Make sure you practice lots of past examination questions so that you are familiar with the format of the examination papers. You could time yourself when doing a paper so that you know how quickly you need to work in the real examination
  • Look at mark schemes to help you understand how the marks are awarded for each question
  • Make sure you are familar with the technical terminology that you need for this syllabus. Your teacher will be able to advise you on what is expected.
  • Read the instructions carefully and answer all the questions
  • Check the number of marks for each question or part question. This helps you to judge how long you should be spending on the response. You don't want to spend too long on some questions and then run out of time at the end
  • Do not leave out questions or parts of questions. Remember, no answer means no mark
  • If a question has several parts, then the parts with more marks will need more time and more developed answers
  • You do not have to answer the questions in the order they are printed in the answer booklet. You may be able to do a later question more easily then come back to an earlier one for another try
  • Identify the command words – you could underline or highlight them
  • Identify the technical terms and perhaps underline them too
  • Try to put the question into your own words to understand what it is really asking.
  • Read all parts of a question before starting your answer. Think carefully about what is needed for each part. You will not need to repeat material
  • Use your knowledge and understanding
  • Do not write everything you know about a topic. Only use the information you need to answer the question.
  • Make sure that you have answered everything that a question asks. Sometimes one part requires two things, e.g. 'Calculate...' and 'Show your working.'. It is easy to concentrate on the first request and forget about the second one
  • Always show your working. Marks are usually awarded for using correct steps in the method even if you make a mistake somewhere
  • Don't cross out any working in a calculation until you have replaced it by trying again. Even if you know it's not correct you may still be able to get method marks. If you have made more than two attempts, make sure you cross out all except the one you want marked
  • Make sure all your numbers are clear, for example make sure your '1' doesn't look like a '7'
  • If you need to change a word or a number, it is better to cross out your work and rewrite it. Don't try to write over the top of your previous work as it will be difficult to read and you may not get the marks
  • Don't write any pseudocode answers in two columns in the examination. It is difficult for the examiners to read and follow your working.
  • Always use the logic gate symbols from the syllabus when drawing logic circuits
  • Always use the opcodes given on the syllabus or shown on the examination paper when writing assembly language instructions
  • Try and use capital letters when writing assembly language opcodes, SQL, or pseudocode commands so they can be clearly recognised as commands by the examiner
  • Where possible use SQL and pseudocode commands that are given in the syllabus, any other commands should be identified and explained.
  • Try and use capital letters when writing pseudocode commands so they can be clearly recognised as commands by the examiner
  • Where possible use pseudocode commands that are given in the syllabus, any other commands should be identified and explained
  • Annotate pseudocode with comments
  • Fully label diagrams.
  • Remember you will need to write and test programs in the examination

Visual Basic

  • Be able to use your chosen programming language in console mode
  • Get plenty of practice at debugging and testing programs using your chosen programming language
  • Where possible use the same programming language for all your answers.

Drag colour option

  • Paper 1 - Theory Fundamentals
  • 1.1 Data Representation 1.2 Multimedia 1.3 Compression 1.4 Communication 1.5 Hardware 1.6 Processor Fundamentals 1.7 System Software 1.8 Security, privacy and data integrity 1.9 Ethics and ownership 1.10 Databases TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT
  • Paper 2 - Fundamental Problem-solving and Programming Skills
  • 2.1 Computational thinking skills 2.2 Algorithm Design 2.3 Data types and structures 2.4 Programming 2.5 Software Development TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT
  • Paper 3 - Advanced Theory
  • 3.1 Data Representation 3.2 Communication and internet technologies 3.3 Hardware 3.4 System Software 3.5 Security 3.6 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 3.7 Algorithms TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT TEXT
  • Paper 4 - Practical
  • 4.1 Programming
  • Useful websites
  • The websites listed below are reliable useful resources to help you study for your Cambridge International AS and A Level Computer Science.

www.w3schools.com/

www.jetbrains.com/idea/documentation/

www.jetbrains.com/idea/download/#section=windows -

https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/vs/express/

www.python.org/downloads/

Prolog 

www.swi-prolog.org/

British Computer Society Glossary

www.bcs.org/category/5656

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AS and A-level Computer Science

  • Specification
  • Planning resources
  • Teaching resources
  • Assessment resources
  • Introduction
  • Specification at a glance
  • 3.1 Fundamentals of programming
  • 3.2 Fundamentals of data structures
  • 3.3 Systematic approach to problem solving
  • 3.4 Theory of computation
  • 3.5 Fundamentals of data representation
  • 3.6 Fundamentals of computer systems
  • 3.7 Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
  • 3.8 Consequences of uses of computing
  • 3.9 Fundamentals of communication and networking
  • 4.1 Fundamentals of programming
  • 4.2 Fundamentals of data structures
  • 4.3 Fundamentals of algorithms
  • 4.4 Theory of computation
  • 4.5 Fundamentals of data representation
  • 4.6 Fundamentals of computer systems
  • 4.7 Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
  • 4.8 Consequences of uses of computing
  • 4.9 Fundamentals of communication and networking
  • 4.10 Fundamentals of databases
  • 4.11 Big Data
  • 4.12 Fundamentals of functional programming
  • 4.13 Systematic approach to problem solving
  • 4.14 Non-exam assessment - the computing practical project
  • Scheme of assessment
  • Non-exam assessment administration
  • General administration

 Subject content – A-level

Subject content – A-level

We will support the following programming languages:

*Python 2 is no longer a supported language.

Schools and colleges will be asked to indicate their programming language preference at the start of the study of the specification.

A-level Computer Science

Computer Science has rational thinking at its core; combining human and computer intelligence to provide intelligent solutions to problems. Choosing to study International A-level Computer Science can open doors to various career opportunities in data science, web development, product management and software development, or prepare you for higher education at university .

In this engaging online computer science course, you’ll study communication and Internet technologies, software development, artificial intelligence, data representation and much more. As you study, you’ll develop key skills such as abstraction, decomposition and algorithmic thinking.

What you will learn

Unit 1 - information representation.

  • Binary Number System
  • Binary Coded Decimal
  • Hexadecimal 
  • Bits, Bytes and Binary
  • Representing Images
  • Analogue and Digital Sound
  • Data Compression

Unit 2 - Communication and Internet Technologies

  • Data Transmission
  • Wireless Networking, CSMA and SSID
  • Structure of the Internet
  • Packet Switching and Routers
  • IP Addresses 
  • Network Topology
  • Client-Server and Peer-to-Peer
  • Client Server Model

Unit 3 - Hardware

  • Computers and their components
  • Logic gates
  • Creating logic circuits
  • Interpreting the results of a truth table

Unit 4 - Processor Fundamentals

  • Central Processing Unit
  • The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle
  • The Processor
  • Assembly Language
  • Machine Code
  • Bit Manipulation

Unit 5 - System Software

  • Operating systems (OS)
  • Processor scheduling
  • Programming language classification
  • Language translators
  • Machine code

Unit 6 - Security, Privacy and Data Integrity

  • Data security
  • Cyber security
  • MALWARE – malicious software
  • Data integrity

Unit 7 - Ethics and Ownership

  • Ethics and ownership
  • The rise of artificial intelligence
  • The Computer Misuse Act 1990
  • Data Protection Act (1998)
  • Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998)
  • Introduction to software licences

Unit 8 - Databases

  • Flat file databases
  • Relational database model
  • Database normalisation
  • Database Management Systems (DBMS)
  • Data Definition Language (DDL) and Data Manipulation Language (DML)
  • Common data types
  • Linking tables

Unit 9 - Fundamental Problem Solving - Algorithm Design and Problem Solving

  • Abstraction and decomposition
  • Solving logic problems
  • Software development

Unit 10 - Fundamental Problem Solving - Data Types and Structures

  • Data Types and Records
  • Searching and sorting algorithms
  • Files and Exception Handling
  • Abstract Data Types (ADT)

Unit 11 - Fundamental Problem Solving - Programming

  • Complex Boolean Expressions
  • The CASE Statement
  • Subroutines

Unit 12 - Fundamental Problem Solving - Software Development

  • Program Development Life Cycle
  • The Waterfall Model
  • Iterative and Rapid Application Development
  • Program Design
  • Program Testing and Maintenance
  • Error Types

Unit 13 - Advanced Theory - Data Representation

  • User Defined Data Types
  • File Organisation and Access
  • Floating-Point Numbers, Representation and Manipulation
  • Precision and Normalisation

Unit 14 - Advanced Theory - Communication and Internet Technologies

  • the TCP/IP Model
  • Circuit Switching 
  • Packet Switching

Unit 15 - Advanced Theory - Hardware and Virtual Machines

  • Processors, Parallel Processing and Virtual Machines
  • Comparing RISC and CISC
  • Virtual Machines
  • Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates
  • De Morgan’s Laws
  • Karnaugh Maps

Unit 16 - Advanced Theory - System Software

  • Purposes of an Operating System
  • Processor Scheduling
  • IO Device Management
  • Translation Software
  • Backus-Naur Form
  • Syntax Diagram

Unit 17 - Advanced Theory - Security

  • Encryption Protocols and Digital Certificates
  • Types of Encryption
  • Encryption Protocol
  • The Electronic Communications Act (2000)
  • Digital Certificates
  • Digital Signatures

Unit 18 - Advanced Theory - Artificial Intelligence

  • Machine Learning
  • Deep Learning
  • Reinforcement Learning
  • Dijkstra’s Algorithm
  • A* Algorithm

Unit 19 - Computational Thinking and Problem Solving

  • Abstract Data Types
  • Linked Lists
  • Binary Tree
  • Big O Notation

Unit 20 - Further Programming

  • Programming Paradigms
  • Imperative (High Level) Programming
  • Files Processing and Exception Handling
  • Inputs and Outputs
  • Exception Handling

Awarding Body

cambridge-assessment-caie

Cambridge Assessment International Education (CAIE) is the world’s largest provider of  A-level courses  and  GCSE courses , qualifications and exams, delivering assessments to over 8 million learners in over 170 countries.

Recognised through UCAS

This course carries UCAS points . This means that it can be used to gain direct access to University courses and other Higher Education, through the UCAS system .

Course Outcome

After completing the course, you will be awarded the qualification: A-level Computer Science, issued by  CAIE  (Cambridge Assessment International Education. This syllabus ( 9618 ) has been selected specifically because it is best suited to distance learning. Your certificate will be identical to that issued in any other school, college or university.

How is this course assessed or examined?

You will be expected to complete three standard A-level Computer Science written exams and one practical exam:

Written exams:

  • Paper 1:  1 hour 30 minutes, 25% of A-level, 75 marks.
  • Paper 2:  1 hour 30 minutes, 25% of A-level, 75 marks.
  • Paper 3:  2 hours 30 minutes, 25% of A-level, 75 marks.

Practical exam:

  •  2 hours 30 minutes, 25% of A-level, 75 marks.

As part of the practical exam, you will submit complete program code and evidence of testing and will be required to use either Java, VB.NET or Python programming languages.

Entry requirements

In order to study this course, you will need to have achieved a  maths GCSE  or the equivalent. If you wish to study computer science at a degree level, then you’ll need to combine this qualification with  A-level maths , as this is a requirement at many universities. It is a difficulty level three: the equivalent difficulty of an A-level or BTEC, usually suitable for most learners of all ages.

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My 30-year stride in education started with childminding, to working with pupils with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities. I then tutored in a national reading programme and went on to become a Higher-Level TA. I’m elated to say I graduated with a First-Class BA Honours Degree when I was 50 – living proof that it’s never too late to chase your dreams!

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A Level Computer Science

What Board do we do?  AQA, AS/A Level code: AS (7516) A Level (7517)

The new AS and A Levels in Computer Science are now "standalone" qualifications. Marks gained at AS Level do not contribute to the final grade at A Level.

What is Computer Science? Computer Science is a discipline which requires thinking both in abstract and in concrete terms. On a higher level, computer science is concerned with problem-solving: modelling and analysing problems, designing solutions, and implementing them. Problem-solving requires precision, creativity, and careful reasoning.

In AS and A Level Computer Science, students learn the principles of computation and algorithms, computer programming, machine data representation, computer systems (hardware and software), computer organisation and architecture, communications and networking, databases and the consequences of using computing. The syllabus is taught in Python.

Which subjects combine well with Computer Science?  Computer Science has strong connections to many other disciplines. Mathematics , Further Mathematics ,  Physics , and Economics combine well with Computer Science. 

Students who wish to study for a Computer Science degree should combine it with A Level Mathematics as this is a prerequisite at many universities.

What can Computer Science lead to?  A good grade in Computer Science at A Level is valued by universities and employers since it requires the development of analytical thinking and problem solving skills. This course also lays an appropriate foundation for further study of Computer Science, Engineering, Physics or related subjects in higher education. Many problems in the sciences, engineering, health care, business and other areas can be solved effectively with computers, but finding a solution requires both computer science expertise and knowledge of the particular application domain. Thus, computer scientists often become proficient in other subjects. 

AS Level AS Paper 1 on-screen exam: 50% of the marks

Students answer a series of short questions and write/adapt/extend programs in an electronic answer document. This paper tests a student's programming ability, and theoretical knowledge of data structures, systematic problem solving, and the theory of computation.

AS Paper 2 written exam: 50% of the marks

This paper tests the fundamentals of data representation, computer systems (hardware and software), computer architecture and organisation, communications and networking, and the consequences of using computing.

A Level A Level Paper 1 on-screen exam: 40% of the marks

Students answer a series of short questions and write/adapt/extend programs in an electronic answer document. This paper is in Python. This paper tests a student's programming ability, and theoretical knowledge of data structures, systematic problem solving, and the theory of computation.

A Level Paper 2 written exam: 40% of the marks

This paper tests the fundamentals of data representation, computer systems (hardware and software), computer architecture and organisation, communications and networking, the consequences of using computing, databases and big data, and functional programming.

Non exam assessment: 20% of the marks

This coursework unit assesses students’ ability to use the knowledge and skills gained through the course to solve or investigate a practical problem.

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Computer Science A Level

Computer Science is an exciting, modern subject relevant to many disciplines and careers.

Almost every aspect of modern life involves computing; from cloud and internet use, through mobile devices and home appliances, to complex programs that help businesses and public services run smoothly. Vast networked systems of computers control global communication, trade, finance and transportation. Experience of Computer Science is relevant to all.

A good computer scientist wants to learn more about how computers work, to learn the language of code (C#) and to find ways to solve puzzles using logical thinking and mathematics. Our course offers a blend of practical coding and development experience with theory and discussion of how computers work and their impact on society. Computer Science is a creative subject that combines invention and excitement, that can look at the natural world through a digital prism.

Entry requirements

A minimum of 4 subjects at grade 5 or above at GCSE with a grade 5 in GCSE English Language and a grade 6 in Maths. GCSE Computer Science is not a prerequisite but is an advantage.

What will I study?

You will gain an understanding of different levels and types of programming languages and scripting. Strategies for problem-solving are studied, together with information management techniques. You will gain an understanding of computer hardware and software functionality as well as a detailed appreciation of how computer architectures operate. The course addresses all stages of the life cycle of computer software.

Units studied include:

Computer Systems

  • Characteristics of processors, input, output and storage devices
  • Software types and software development
  • Networks and exchanging data (web, encryption and security)
  • Data types, data structures and algorithms
  • Legal, moral, cultural and ethical issues

Algorithms and Programming

  • Elements of computational thinking (designing and coding in C#)
  • Problem solving and programming (coding in C# and using LMC)
  • Algorithms to solve problems and standard algorithms (e.g. sorting, traversal)

Method of delivery

You will be taught in well-equipped computer rooms for every session. Individual computers are available both in session and during study times to enable you to use online learning and resources effectively. Our A Level Computing team all bring experience from industry as well as years of teaching experience. Each member has experience of examination marking and/or external verification.

How will I be assessed?

OCR Computer Science A Level: Two x 150 minute exams plus 20% coursework (NEA).

Programming Project: The NEA (Non-Exam Assessment) coursework is a student-led experience of problem analysis, system design, software development and testing and evaluating. Your project will be of your own choice, assessed internally and moderated by an external examiner.

In the past students have produced exciting games, simulations, web applications and robot programs. Students will need to do autonomous research to develop more complex projects.

Good course combinations

This course combines well with most other A Levels and is particularly complemented by Maths, and sciences or Engineering. Other successful students have a strong background in creative or humanities subjects such as Design Technology and Media.

Your next steps

Computer Science is an extremely useful A Level, leading into a wide variety of computer-based disciplines, plus technologically rich subjects such as engineering or science. Computer Science skills and an understanding of technology are relevant to a wide range of careers and courses.

Students can progress into industry or apprenticeships to gain experience and qualifications as a Software Engineer, Software Developer, and a host of related roles. There is a significant shortage in Computer Science skills so your knowledge will be in demand! Students typically go on to study degree courses in:

  • Computer Science
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Computer Games Programming
  • Cybersecurity
  • Business Computing
  • Engineering
  • Mathematics
  • Aeronautics

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Computer Science is an area I have had interest in for a long time. The College course has been so worthwhile and interesting. The programming project in this course helps us to be prepared for the real world of work and the tutors here are really knowledgeable.

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Course Overview

Entry qualifications.

In addition to the standard College entry requirements (see below), this course usually requires students to have achieved grade 6 in GCSE Mathematics and grade 5 in English Language or English Literature.

What will I study?

Computer Science at A Level is a subject which helps students understand the core academic principles of computer science. It requires a systematic and logical approach to problem-solving. The ability to reason logically and to be able to see rules and patterns and how they fit together is a very important attribute for the subject. You will study the following:

Computer Systems: This will cover the characteristics of contemporary processors; input, output and storage devices; software and software development; exchanging data; data types; data structures and algorithms; legal, moral, cultural and ethical issues. You will develop an in depth understanding of IT technologies and practices. These will include hardware, networks, software, the ethical use of computers and how businesses use IT.

Algorithms and Programming (02): This component incorporates and builds on the knowledge and understanding gained in the Computer systems component. You will develop advanced programming skills, learn about computational thinking and how to use algorithms to describe and solve problems.

Practical Project: You will produce a major piece of coursework as a solution to a real-life problem of your own choice. The project will be user driven so you will need to have a real user. You will analyse the problem, design a solution, implement the solution, consider maintenance issues and give a thorough evaluation.

How will I study?

Your lessons will consist of a mixture of theory work and practical work on computers. You will be given work to do outside lessons for both theory and practical work. Your progress will be assessed continuously by your teacher and you will sit tests after each topic in both theory and practical work. These do not count towards your final grade but will be used to give you a clear indication of your achievements and enable us to guide and advise you, as well as to estimate your grade in the final examination. From the advice you are given you will be able to work on any weak areas and to make improvements.

How is the course examined?

This is a linear A-level, this means you will sit two written examinations in May of year 2. They are both equally weighted at 40% each. During year 2 you will complete a programming project which is internally assessed (coursework) and makes up the remaining 20% of the A-level.

Where next?

Most students will continue onto a course in higher education such as Computer Science, Software Engineering, Systems Engineering etc. or will follow a combined degree course with other subjects such a Maths, Economics or Financial Management. Students also have a wide choice of careers they could follow e.g. banking, finance, electronics and computing.

What does the course combine well with?

Computer Science is successfully combined with most subjects. The most usual combinations are with Physics, Electronics, Economics, Maths and other Sciences.

College Entry Requirements

We normally expect applicants to have achieved good GCSE passes in at least six subjects, these must:

• demonstrate the suitability for Advanced Level study

• have been achieved at Grade 4/C as a minimum

• include two at Grade 5/B as a minimum

• include English Language – a minimum grade of 4/C

Mathematics – If not achieved within the scope of the above should normally be achieved at grade 3/D. If mathematics is not achieved at grade 4/C then it will be a requirement to continue to study at the correct level until a grade 4 is achieved. Subjects with a mathematical content will require a higher grade.

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Programmes & Qualifications

Cambridge international as & a level computer science (9618).

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Undergraduate Admission

Build your future in the ultimate makerspace..

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"Robots can change the world, and the new Bachelor of Science in Robotics gives current and incoming SCS students a pathway into this exciting industry."

School of Computer Science

Embark on an exhilarating educational journey into the captivating world of robotics, where you'll gain hands-on experience while exploring core principles such as motion, control, sensing, cognition, and action. Hands-on courses and state-of-the-art facilities allow you to showcase your innovations and expertise as a skilled roboticist ready to drive advancements and tackle real-world challenges with ingenuity and passion. 

Robotics Majors, Minor and More

Choose the path that fits you best. Browse all current Robotics curriculums and courses.

Bachelor of Science Additional Major Accelerated Master’s Program Minor

The Bachelor of Science in Robotics teaches students how to create, program, and use robotics to solve real world problems. It is an interdisciplinary program taught from the computer science perspective. Students will master core concepts of computer science, mathematical foundations, and algorithmic concepts for robotics. Mechanics and electronics are covered in classes with an emphasis on their use in robotics applications and systems development. Students will acquire a broad knowledge of common robotics components, including software tools, mechanisms, and electronics, and learn to work effectively in interdisciplinary teams through hands-on projects where they design, prototype, fabricate, and test robotic systems.

The Additional Major in Robotics offers a dynamic fusion of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary exploration. Open to students across all majors and colleges at Carnegie Mellon University, this program provides a gateway to mastering the essence of robotics. The Additional Major in robotics is designed for students who want to explore the field more than is possible through the Minor in Robotics. Generally, students should apply in their freshman year at CMU—but we allow admissions for students in their sophomore year provided they meet the requirements and their schedule allows enough time for degree completion.

The Accelerated Graduate Program – MS in Robotics is available to currently enrolled Carnegie Mellon undergraduates. It allows students to receive an admission decision to the MS in Robotics (MSR) program early and without paying to submit a full application. Students interested in the program should apply at the beginning of their senior year. Admission decisions are announced the following January. The goal is to confirm acceptance prior to the normal job search and graduate school acceptance times. Early admission may also allow students to tailor the remainder of their undergraduate program to prepare for the masters program.

The Robotics Minor and Concentration is designed for Carnegie Mellon's undergraduates to delve into the core principles and practical applications of robotics. This immersive journey blends theoretical exploration with hands-on learning, commencing with a foundational introductory course. In-depth studies continue with essential courses in control systems and robotic manipulation, offering a comprehensive understanding. The Minor is accessible to current Carnegie Mellon undergraduates from any major outside the School of Computer Science, while the Concentration is exclusively available to School of Computer Science undergraduates. Aspiring participants are encouraged to apply once their primary major is declared.

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High School Course Requirements

*Four years of mathematics should include at least algebra, geometry, trigonometry, analytic geometry, elementary functions (pre-calculus) and preferably calculus. Advanced mathematics courses are encouraged, especially a course in calculus.

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As and a level computer science - h046, h446.

Full assessment teaching materials, including secure assessment materials, are now only available on Teach Cambridge. Examples are shown below.

Question papers, mark schemes and reports

2022 - june series.

  • Question paper - Computer systems H446/01 - PDF 943KB
  • Mark scheme - Computer systems H446/01 - PDF 449KB
  • Examiners' report - Computer systems H446/01 - PDF 4MB
  • Question paper - Algorithms and programming H446/02 - PDF 962KB
  • Mark scheme - Algorithms and programming H446/02 - PDF 385KB
  • Examiners' report - Algorithms and programming H446/02 - PDF 1MB
  • Moderators report H446/03/04 - PDF 396KB
  • Modified papers H446/01-H446/02 - ZIP 3MB

2021 - November series

  • Question paper - Computer systems H446/01 - PDF 1MB
  • Mark scheme - Computer systems H446/01 - PDF 456KB
  • Examiners' report H446/01 - PDF 442KB
  • Question paper - Algorithms and programming H446/02 - PDF 3MB
  • Mark scheme - Algorithms and programming H446/02 - PDF 553KB
  • Examiners' report H446/02 - PDF 378KB
  • Modified papers H446/01/02 - ZIP 3MB

2020 - November series

  • Mark scheme - Computer systems H446/01 - PDF 402KB
  • Examiners' report H446/01 - PDF 324KB
  • Question paper - Algorithms and programming H446/02 - PDF 965KB
  • Mark scheme - Algorithms and programming H446/02 - PDF 421KB
  • Examiners' report H446/02 - PDF 320KB
  • Modified papers H446/01/02 - ZIP 1MB

2019 - June series

  • Question paper - Computer systems H446/01 - PDF 633KB
  • Mark scheme - Computer systems H446/01 - PDF 657KB
  • Examiners' report - Computer systems H446/01 - PDF 1MB
  • Question paper - Algorithms and programming H446/02 - PDF 791KB
  • Mark scheme - Algorithms and programming H446/02 - PDF 880KB
  • Moderators' report - Programming project H446/03/04 - interchange login required
  • Moderators report H446/03/04 - PDF 430KB
  • Modified papers H446/01-H446/02 - ZIP 14MB

Sample assessment materials

Marking instructions are included at the beginning of specimen assessment material mark schemes and were accurate at the time of publication. Marking instructions may be revised in live papers as appropriate during the lifetime of the qualification.

We're currently revising our SAMs to update third-party copyright agreements. For question examples see our question papers, marks schemes and reports.

  • Computer systems H446/01 - Sample question paper and mark scheme. PDF 1MB
  • Algorithms and programming H446/02 - Sample question paper and mark scheme. PDF 1MB
  • Programming project H446/03 - Sample question paper and mark scheme. PDF 157KB
  • Question paper - Computer principles H046/01 - PDF 978KB
  • Mark scheme - Computing principles H046/01 - PDF 471KB
  • Examiners' report - Computing principles H046/01 - PDF 2MB
  • Question paper - Algorithms and problem solving H046/02 - PDF 2MB
  • Mark scheme - Algorithms and problem solving H046/02 - PDF 358KB
  • Examiners' report - Algorithms and problem solving H046/02 - PDF 3MB
  • Modified papers H046 - ZIP 3MB
  • Question paper - Computer principles H046/01 - PDF 979KB
  • Mark scheme - Computer principles H046/01 - PDF 399KB
  • Mark scheme - Algorithms and problem solving H046/02 - PDF 322KB
  • Modified papers H046/01-H046/02 - ZIP 2MB
  • Question paper - Computer principles H046/01 - PDF 2MB
  • Mark scheme - Computing principles H046/01 - PDF 646KB
  • Examiners' report - Computing principles H046/01 - PDF 772KB
  • Mark scheme - Algorithms and problem solving H046/02 - PDF 489KB
  • Examiners' report - Algorithms and problem solving H046/02 - PDF 611KB
  • Modified papers H046 - ZIP 13MB
  • Computing principles H046/1 - Sample question paper and mark scheme. PDF 1MB
  • Algorithms and problem solving H046/2 - Sample question paper and mark scheme. PDF 1MB

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Computer Science

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  • September 2025
  • September 2024

4 years full-time

Durham City

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Course details.

In a fast-moving world, computer science is the force behind the technological breakthroughs that have changed our lives for the better. The MEng in Computer Science develops the fundamental knowledge and practical skills that are in demand across the sector.

During the first two years you will follow a similar structure to the BSc. From the third year the MEng introduces a wider range of modules and an Advanced Project which explore the subject to a deeper level.

You’ll explore a wide range of innovative technological applications such as cryptocurrencies, quantum computing, machine learning, deep learning, computer vision and cybersecurity among others. Our close links with high-technology industries keep us up to date with changing priorities in the sector. This insight allows us to introduce new topics into the curriculum to keep in step with developments.

The course emphasises programming and mathematical skills from the start. The first year provides an introduction into the fundamentals of computer science and gives you a glimpse into some of the research that has enabled major technological advances in society.

As well as equipping you with academic knowledge, the curriculum develops the skills you’ll need to boost your career prospects. The Software Engineering module in Year 2 includes a team project in which you gain practical software development experience working with an external organisation.

You will be taught by passionate researchers with diverse areas of expertise such as artificial intelligence, data science, bioinformatics, high-performance computing, graphics and fundamental algorithms. The final-year Advanced Project is an opportunity to fully engage with the cutting-edge research being carried out in the department.

You can also apply to add a placement year or a year abroad to your MEng degree, increasing the course from four years to five.

Course Structure

Core modules:.

Algorithms and Data Structures introduces the theory and practice of problem-solving in computing through the development of algorithms, and their associated data structures, for common computer science problems.

Computational Thinking explores the breadth of Computer Science and the ways in which different topics relate to one another. You will learn the importance of computation and computational thinking in the modern world and the impact it has on technology advances in different settings.

Computer Systems provides an understanding of the way in which modern computer systems (both hardware and software) can effectively represent, transport and manipulate data.

Mathematics for Computer Science introduces key concepts from linear algebra, calculus and mathematics, and explains their importance in the field of computer science.

Plus either Programming (Black) or Programming (Gold) .

Networks and Systems extends the understanding of the principles and practices of programming and using different computer systems. This module looks at distributed systems, networks, security and databases.

Programming Paradigms will broaden your view of programming and programming languages as well as aiding your understanding of the systems and procedures related to computer programming.

Theory of Computation introduces you to different models of computation and how they are related. You will learn the fundamental notions of computation such as 'computable' and 'efficiently computable' and the design and analysis of efficient algorithms.

Artificial Intelligence provides an understanding of some of the core problem-solving principles of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the role of AI in the real world.

Data Science introduces the techniques used for capturing, cleaning and analysing data and explores the ways in which different types of information can be represented and processed. The techniques covered include probability and statistics, graphics and visualisation, and image processing.

Software Engineering provides a detailed understanding of the phases of the software development lifecycle, including the problems associated with each phase and how to identify best practice for their solution. This module includes a team software development project where you can work with an external organisation to gain practical software development experience.

In Project Preparation you will work on essential research skills including researching a topic, writing, presenting, and begin preparation for your own Advanced Project.

In recent years, optional modules have included:

  • Advanced Computer Systems
  • Bioinformatics
  • Computational Modelling in the Humanities and Social Sciences
  • Computer Science into Schools
  • Cryptography
  • Deep Learning
  • Design of Algorithms and Data Structures
  • Human–AI Interaction Design
  • Multimedia and Game Development
  • Parallel Scientific Computing
  • Recommender Systems
  • Reinforcement Learning
  • Virtual and Augmented Reality.

Core module:

The Advanced Project is a substantial piece of research. It is possible that the resulting research might be published in a journal or at a conference, possibly as a prelude to higher level studies in Computer Science.

  • Advanced Algorithms
  • Advanced Computer Graphics and Visualisation
  • Advanced Computer Vision
  • Applied Cryptography
  • Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies
  • Coding and Information Theory
  • Learning Analytics
  • Natural Language Processing
  • Networks and their Structure
  • Quantum Computing
  • Randomised Algorithms and Probabilistic Methods.

Additional pathways

Students on the MEng Computer Science can apply to be transferred onto either the ‘with Year Abroad’ or ‘ with Placement’ pathway during the second or third year. Places on these pathways are in high demand and if you are chosen your studies will extend from four years to five.

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You will learn through a mixture of lectures, practical and problem-solving classes. Typically, lectures provide key information and identify the main areas for discussion while the practical sessions put into practice what you learn in the lectures.

Computer Science is housed in a purpose-built learning environment containing lecture and seminar rooms, open-plan workspace, breakout spaces to collaborate, labs and computer rooms.

Modules are assessed via a combination of coursework and end-of-year examinations.

Many modules are weighted as 66% examination and 34% coursework, though some modules are 100% exam and others 100% coursework. This not only helps to support a wider range of learning styles but is more appropriate for the type of work you are expected to undertake, for example writing software code or working on mathematical ‘pen and paper’ type exercises.

The final year Advanced Project is assessed by a scientific report along with an oral presentation.

Entry requirements

A level offer – A*AA including Mathematics.

Contextual offer – AAB including Mathematics.

BTEC Level 3 National Extended Diploma/OCR Cambridge Technical Extended Diploma – D*DD and Mathematics A level at grade A (or equivalent) is required.

IB Diploma score – 38 with 766 in higher level subjects, including Mathematics.

In addition to satisfying the University’s general entry requirements, please note:

We also consider other level 3 qualifications, including T-levels.

  • We welcome applications from those with other qualifications equivalent to our standard entry requirements and from mature students with non-standard qualifications or who may have had a break in their study. For more information contact our Admissions Selectors .
  • If you do not satisfy our general entry requirements, the Foundation Programme offers multidisciplinary degrees to prepare you for a range of specified degree courses.
  • If you are an international student who does not meet the requirements for direct entry to this degree, you may be eligible to take an International Foundation Year pathway programme at the Durham University International Study Centre
  • We are pleased to consider applications for deferred entry.

Science A levels

Applicants taking Science A levels that include a practical component will normally be required to take and pass this as a condition of entry. This applies only to applicants sitting A levels with an English examination board.

Alternative qualifications

  • Other UK qualifications
  • EU qualifications
  • International qualifications

International students who do not meet direct entry requirements for this degree might have the option to complete an International Foundation Year.

English language requirements

Country specific information

Fees and funding

The tuition fees for 2025/26 academic year have not yet been finalised, they will be displayed here once approved.

The tuition fees shown for home students are for one complete academic year of full time study and are set according to the academic year of entry. Fees for subsequent years of your course may rise in line with an inflationary uplift as determined by the government.

The tuition fees shown for overseas and EU students are for one complete academic year of full time study, are set according to the academic year of entry, and remain the same throughout the duration of the programme for that cohort (unless otherwise stated) .

Please also check costs for colleges and accommodation .

Scholarships and Bursaries

We are committed to supporting the best students irrespective of financial circumstances and are delighted to offer a range of funding opportunities. 

Career opportunities

Engineering and computing sciences, school of, department information.

Find out more:

Use the UCAS code below when applying:

The Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) handles applications for all undergraduate courses.

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AI passes computer science course with 100% accuracy

An artificial intelligence system achieved a perfect grade in BYU’s Computer Science 110 class.

Conversations and questions about AI’s place in academia continue among parents, students and teachers.

Porter Jenkins is a BYU computer science professor who researches AI. He shed light on the evolving landscape of education in the age of AI.

“My biggest concern… is that (AI systems) become so much of a crutch for people,” Jenkins said.

According to an article by Exploding Topics, 70,000 AI companies have emerged since 2006. This has caused a widespread use of AI that permeates all aspects of daily life, including education.

Jenkins said the AI model ChatGPT, released in late 2022, was able to decipher and pass all coding assignments and tests for BYU’s introductory programming course.

The advent of ChatGPT led many to wonder about its role in cheating, according to a University of Chicago study. This trend is concerning because BYU emphasizes academic integrity through its Honor Code.

The university cautions students against practices and topics such as “plagiarism,” “fabrication” and “cheating.”

Jenkins remains optimistic about reconciling technological advancements with academic integrity. He said while there are risks of AI misuse, students can genuinely use the technology to deepen their understanding and enhance learning experiences.

“We shouldn’t ban it,” Jenkins said. “We just need to learn how to live with these new things that we create.”

As universities navigate the landscape of technology and academia, an AI system’s success in BYU’s computer science class serves as a poignant reminder of the evolving nature of education and the imperative to uphold academic integrity while embracing technological innovation.

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