where does a research scientist work

What is a Research Scientist?

Learn about the role of Research Scientist, what they do on a daily basis, and what it's like to be one.

What is a Research Scientist
How to Become
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Definition of a Research Scientist

What does a research scientist do, key responsibilities of a research scientist.

Designing and implementing rigorous experiments to test hypotheses and solve complex problems.
Collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data using statistical techniques and specialized software.
Writing research papers, reports, and reviews for publication in scientific journals and presentations at conferences.
Applying for funding and grants to support research projects and initiatives.
Collaborating with interdisciplinary teams of scientists and professionals to enhance research quality and applicability.
Staying current with the latest scientific advancements and literature in their field of expertise.
Developing and testing new scientific methods and technologies to improve research efficiency.
Mentoring and supervising junior researchers, technicians, and graduate students.
Ensuring all research activities are conducted in compliance with ethical and regulatory standards.
Reviewing and providing feedback on the work of peers to validate research findings and proposals.
Communicating with stakeholders, including industry partners, government agencies, and academic institutions.
Translating research discoveries into practical applications and products for industry or societal use.

Day to Day Activities for Research Scientist at Different Levels

Daily responsibilities for entry level research scientists.

Conducting experiments and recording detailed observations
Assisting with literature reviews and data collection
Performing basic data analysis and interpretation
Maintaining laboratory equipment and ensuring supplies are stocked
Participating in lab meetings and presenting findings
Complying with lab safety protocols and regulatory requirements
Receiving training in research methodologies and best practices

Daily Responsibilities for Mid Level Research Scientists

Designing and leading their own experiments or sub-projects
Writing grant proposals and securing funding for research
Authoring and co-authoring scientific papers and reports
Presenting research findings at conferences and seminars
Collaborating with cross-functional teams within and outside the organization
Mentoring entry-level scientists and research assistants
Contributing to the development of research strategies and objectives

Daily Responsibilities for Senior Research Scientists

Leading and managing major research projects and collaborations
Developing and directing research strategies and priorities
Mentoring and supervising mid-level scientists and research teams
Securing substantial funding and managing budgets for research activities
Establishing partnerships with industry and academia
Advising on policy and contributing to the broader scientific community
Reviewing scientific manuscripts and serving on editorial boards

Types of Research Scientists

Theoretical research scientist, experimental research scientist, clinical research scientist, data research scientist, applied research scientist, environmental research scientist, what's it like to be a research scientist , research scientist work environment, research scientist working conditions, how hard is it to be a research scientist, is a research scientist a good career path, faqs about research scientists, how do research scientists collaborate with other teams within a company, what are some common challenges faced by research scientists, what does the typical career progression look like for research scientists.

How To Become a Research Scientist in 2024

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Research Scientist Job Description [Updated for 2024]

In the world of scientific research, the need for research scientists has never been more critical.

As science and technology push the boundaries of our knowledge, the demand for innovative thinkers who can design, conduct, and interpret scientific research is growing.

But let’s delve deeper: What’s really expected from a research scientist?

Whether you are:

A job aspirant seeking to understand the core of this role,
A hiring manager drawing up the profile of the perfect candidate,
Or simply fascinated by the inner dynamics of scientific research,

You’ve come to the right place.

Today, we present a comprehensive research scientist job description template, tailored for straightforward posting on job boards or career sites.

Let’s dive right in.

Research Scientist Duties and Responsibilities

Research Scientists conduct in-depth studies and analyses in their chosen field, applying their expert knowledge to generate new insights, develop innovative solutions, or contribute to theoretical understanding.

They work in a variety of environments, including universities, government agencies, non-profit research institutes, and private sector companies.

The duties and responsibilities of a Research Scientist include:

Designing and conducting scientific experiments and studies
Collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data accurately
Writing and publishing research papers, reports, reviews and summaries
Presenting research findings to colleagues, stakeholders, and at academic conferences
Developing research aims and objectives, as well as detailed research proposals
Applying for and managing research funding and resources
Collaborating with other scientists, researchers, and institutions
Staying up-to-date with the latest scientific developments and techniques in their field
Supervising junior staff and students, including providing training and guidance
Ensuring compliance with health and safety regulations in the laboratory

Research Scientist Job Description Template

We are seeking a dedicated and innovative Research Scientist to join our team.

The Research Scientist will be responsible for designing and executing studies, interpreting data, formulating reports, and making recommendations based upon the research findings.

The role involves applying various research methodologies, including both qualitative and quantitative methods, to gather data, analyze findings, and develop conclusions and recommendations.

The successful candidate should have a strong background in scientific research, a meticulous approach to their work and the ability to work both independently and as part of a team.

Responsibilities

Plan and conduct scientific experiments to create research models
Design methodologies for data collection and analysis
Analyze and interpret patterns and trends
Record all data and results in specified forms (paper and electronic) with accuracy and responsibility
Maintain and manage lab equipment
Ensure that all safety guidelines are always followed strictly
Supervise junior staff including technicians
Publish research findings in scientific journals and present them at scientific meetings
Contribute to the development of research grants and proposals
Keep up to date with recent scientific and research developments

Qualifications

Ph.D. in a relevant scientific field such as Biology, Chemistry, Physics, etc.
Proven experience as a Research Scientist
Experience designing, conducting and analyzing scientific experiments
Proficient in data analysis software and scientific methodologies
Excellent analytical and problem-solving skills
Ability to work in a team and to manage a small team
Excellent written and verbal communication skills
Ability to multitask, prioritize, and manage time efficiently
Health insurance
Dental insurance
Retirement plan
Paid time off
Professional development opportunities
Access to cutting-edge research tools and equipment

Additional Information

Job Title: Research Scientist
Work Environment: Laboratory setting with some office-based work. Some travel may be required for field research or conferences.
Reporting Structure: Reports to the Head of Research or Research Director.
Salary: Salary is based upon candidate experience and qualifications, as well as market and business considerations.
Pay Range: $72,850 minimum to $120,290 maximum
Location: [City, State] (specify the location or indicate if remote)
Employment Type: Full-time
Equal Opportunity Statement: We are an equal opportunity employer and value diversity at our company. We do not discriminate on the basis of race, religion, color, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, age, marital status, veteran status, or disability status.
Application Instructions: Please submit your resume, a cover letter outlining your qualifications and experience, and a list of your published works to [email address or application portal].

What Does a Research Scientist Do?

Research Scientists typically work in a variety of settings such as universities, private research firms, government agencies, non-profit organizations, and healthcare institutions.

Their work largely involves conducting a thorough study and research in their respective fields.

Research Scientists design and conduct experiments, make observations, record and analyze data, and interpret results.

They form hypotheses and develop testable predictions.

They often use complex laboratory equipment and techniques like electron microscopes, gas chromatographs and conduct DNA sequencing to gather data.

They may also be responsible for creating and testing medical treatments or developing new technologies.

One of their key responsibilities is to write research papers and present their findings, either at conferences or in peer-reviewed scientific journals.

Research Scientists also often collaborate with other scientists or researchers to blend findings or to conduct larger studies.

They may also lead research teams and ensure all members are trained to use lab equipment or other tools safely.

In addition, they are often tasked with seeking funding for their research, which can involve writing and submitting detailed grant proposals.

As a Research Scientist, a significant part of the job involves continual learning, as they need to keep up-to-date with the latest scientific developments and continually refine their own hypotheses and techniques.

Research Scientist Qualifications and Skills

Research Scientists must possess a robust combination of technical knowledge, analytical abilities, and soft skills to conduct in-depth studies and investigations.

Their qualifications and skills may include:

Strong background in research methodologies, data analysis, and the interpretation of findings to provide valuable insights.
Technical expertise in their chosen field of study to conduct relevant experiments, generate accurate data, and draw valid conclusions.
Proficiency in using scientific software and tools for data gathering, analysis, and presentation.
Exceptional problem-solving skills to identify and overcome challenges in research processes.
Excellent written and verbal communication skills to articulate research findings, write comprehensive reports, and present results to a variety of audiences.
Ability to work both independently and collaboratively as part of a team, showcasing strong interpersonal skills.
Detail-oriented nature and high degree of accuracy to ensure validity and reliability of research findings.
Time management skills to effectively balance multiple projects and meet deadlines.

Research Scientist Experience Requirements

Entry-level research scientists typically require at least a few years of experience in a laboratory setting, often gained through internships, work-study programs, or positions as laboratory assistants during their undergraduate or postgraduate studies.

Those with a Master’s degree may have additional years of research experience, often as part of their degree program.

Many research roles do require a PhD, which involves several years of focused research and contributes significantly to a candidate’s practical experience in the field.

For more senior roles, candidates may be required to have 5 to 10 years of experience in research, demonstrating extensive knowledge in their specific field of study.

This experience can often be gained through post-doctoral research positions, or roles as research associates or research fellows.

Research Scientists with more than 10 years of experience often have a track record of published research in reputable scientific journals.

They may also have experience leading a research team, securing funding for research projects, or working on interdisciplinary research collaborations, making them suitable for positions as senior researchers or research directors.

Research Scientist Education and Training Requirements

Research Scientists generally hold a bachelor’s degree in a scientific field such as biology, chemistry, physics, or environmental science.

Fundamental coursework in statistics, mathematics, computer science and experimental laboratory classes are essential in this role.

Many research positions require a master’s degree or, more commonly, a Ph.D. in their specific field of study.

The Ph.D. process includes extensive research in a specific area which often leads to the publication of the candidate’s findings.

In addition to formal education, Research Scientists need strong analytical skills, problem-solving abilities, and a knack for detailed observation.

Postdoctoral work, which provides practical lab experience and research publication opportunities, is highly valued in this field.

Moreover, continuing education is crucial for a Research Scientist to keep up with technological advancements and breakthroughs in their area of study.

Certifications, while not usually required, may be beneficial depending on the specific field of research.

Lastly, Research Scientists often need to secure research funding, so experience with grant writing and applications can be advantageous.

Research Scientist Salary Expectations

A Research Scientist earns an average salary of $79,617 (USD) per year.

This salary can vary greatly based on the scientist’s specific field of research, years of experience, qualifications, and geographic location.

Certain specialized fields may also offer higher salaries.

Research Scientist Job Description FAQs

What skills does a research scientist need.

Research Scientists require a strong background in scientific knowledge, with the ability to design and conduct experiments, analyze data, and interpret results.

They should have excellent problem-solving and critical thinking skills to tackle complex research questions.

Good written and oral communication skills are essential for writing research papers, presenting findings, and collaborating with colleagues.

Do research scientists need a degree?

Yes, Research Scientists usually require a minimum of a Master’s degree in their area of specialty, such as Biology, Chemistry, Physics, or related field.

However, many research roles often require a Ph.D. It is also beneficial for Research Scientists to have postdoctoral experience in a research setting.

What should you look for in a research scientist’s resume?

In a Research Scientist’s resume, look for a strong educational background in a relevant field, experience conducting experiments, and a history of published research.

Other valuable information includes specialized technical skills, such as proficiency in laboratory techniques or programming languages, grants and awards, and any experience mentoring or managing others in a lab setting.

What qualities make a good research scientist?

A good Research Scientist is curious and passionate about learning.

They are highly analytical and have excellent problem-solving abilities.

They have the capacity to work independently, but also effectively collaborate with a team.

Persistence and patience are necessary traits as research can be a long, arduous process.

Good Research Scientists are also ethical and committed to maintaining the integrity of their work.

Is it difficult to hire research scientists?

Hiring Research Scientists can be challenging due to the specialized knowledge and skills required for the role.

Also, the demand for experienced Research Scientists often exceeds the supply, particularly in cutting-edge fields.

However, offering competitive salaries, professional development opportunities, and a stimulating research environment can attract top candidates.

And there you have it.

Today, we’ve unveiled the true essence of being a research scientist .

It’s not just about conducting experiments.

It’s about shaping the future through scientific discovery and innovation, one research study at a time.

With our ready-to-use research scientist job description template and authentic examples, you’re equipped to take the next step.

But why limit yourself?

Explore further with our job description generator . It’s your next step to fine-tuned job listings or enhancing your resume to excellence.

Always remember:

Every research finding contributes to a larger body of knowledge.

Let’s shape the future of science. Together.

Reasons to Become a Research Scientist (Lead Scientific Breakthroughs)

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As a research scientist, you’ll plan and conduct experiments to help expand the canon of scientific knowledge. With limitless opportunities for discovery across a range of high-growth sectors and industries, being a research scientist is one of the most exciting career paths in STEM.

What does a research scientist do, exactly.

The purpose of a research scientist role is to conduct lab-based trials and experiments.

Work is often divided between pure research, which advances our understanding of basic processes, and applied research, which uses the information gathered to meet targets such as creating new products, processes, or commercial applications.

Of course, your targets will depend on the specialism of your employer. Research scientists work across a variety of different fields, including biology, chemistry, medicine, computer science, environmental science, and even political science.

Responsibilities

Typical day-to-day responsibilities of a research scientist include:

Creating research proposals
Planning and conducting experiments
Collecting samples
Monitoring experiments
Recording and analysing data
Collaborating with other researchers and academia to develop new techniques and products
Supervising junior staff
Carrying out fieldwork and monitoring environmental factors
Researching and writing published papers
Staying up-to-date with the latest scientific developments

Work environment

As a research scientist, you’ll spend most of your week in a laboratory. These environments can vary depending on your specialism. For example, biology labs are designed to safely house and contain living specimens, while psychology labs may simply consist of a bank of computers.

Aside from lab work, certain aspects of your role (including writing up results or research papers) will be undertaken in an office environment. You may also be required to visit the labs or offices of other researchers or companies, especially if you are collaborating on the same project.

Working hours

Research scientists typically work 35 to 40 hours a week on a 9-to-5, full-time basis. On occasion, you may be required to work overtime or visit the laboratory on weekends to complete certain tasks. That said, most organisations offer flexible working arrangements.

What skills are needed to be a research scientist?

Though research scientists come in all personality types, you’ll need to have an academic mindset and be naturally inquisitive. Research scientist skills include:

A methodical approach to gathering and analysing data
Meticulous attention to detail
Critical thinking
Advanced research skills
Time management
Strong communication and interpersonal skills
The ability to work independently
A collaborative mindset
Stakeholder management
Patience and tenacity

How to become a research scientist

As a minimum requirement, you’ll need to obtain a 2:1 bachelor’s degree or higher in a relevant field of science. Most research scientists also have a postgraduate qualification, such as an MSc, an MSci or MBiol. Relevant qualifications include:

Biochemistry
Biomedical science
Environmental science
Microbiology
Natural science
Pharmacology

While a PhD isn’t necessarily required, some employers prefer candidates that either have or are working towards a doctorate. Demonstrable experience of working in a laboratory environment will also improve your employment chances.

Tip: If you’re currently studying or have already attained a relevant degree, try to gain research experience in a lab environment. The best place to start is by expressing your interest to your university department, who may have some voluntary positions available. Alternatively, sending your CV/resume to hospitals and STEM companies will also increase your chances of gaining that vital experience.

How much do research scientists earn?

Like many roles in science, salaries for research scientists depend on your level of experience, your specialism, the employer, and, to a lesser extent, the location. It’s also worth bearing in mind that private-sector salaries tend to be higher than those in the public sector or academia.

In the UK, research scientist salaries range from £20,000 at the entry-level to over £70,000 for university professor senior research fellow roles. The average research scientist salary is £32,330. Most research assistants earn between £26,000 and £35,000.

According to Indeed, the average salary for a research scientist in the US is $111,444.

Please note that income figures are subject to economic conditions and are only intended as a guide.

Is research scientist a good career?

With science constantly opening up exciting new avenues of research, working as a research scientist provides secure employment and gives you the chance to make a real difference within STEM.

Indeed, the outlook for the role is positive: in the US alone, the vocation is expected to grow by 8% and produce over 10,000 job opportunities across the country by 2028 (Zippia). As one of the least likely jobs to be automated in the coming years, the role also offers stability in these turbulent times.

Offering a strong earning potential and the opportunity to conduct cutting-edge research in a range of industries and locations, research scientist represents one of the most fulfilling career paths around.

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A Research Scientist is responsible for designing and conducting experiments, analyzing data, and interpreting results in order to make scientific discoveries and advancements. They often work in a laboratory setting, but may also conduct field research. They may also be responsible for writing research papers and presenting their findings to peers in the field. Research Scientists may work in a variety of fields, including biology, chemistry, physics, and medicine. They often have a PhD or a similar advanced degree.

What Does A Research Scientist Do?

How to become a research scientist.

To become a Research Scientist, one typically needs to have a PhD or a similar advanced degree in a relevant field such as biology, chemistry, physics, or medicine. Additionally, relevant experience in research and laboratory work is also important.

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Average Salary for Research Scientist

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Research Scientist Education

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What do research scientists do.

Wondering what the job is really like for research scientists?

You've come to the right place.

Keep reading to find detailed information about what research scientists do, including the type of work they are tasked with on a daily basis, industries in which they work, and the specific skills needed for a successful career.

Research Scientists Overview & Description

Let's get started with the basics about research scientists by taking a look at a simple description and popular job titles.

Research Scientists conduct research into fundamental computer and information science as theorists, designers, or inventors. Develop solutions to problems in the field of computer hardware and software.

Popular Job Titles For Research Scientists

Sample of reported job titles.

Computer Scientists
Machine Learning Scientists
Staff Scientists
Computational Scientists
Research Engineers
Computer Vision Scientists
Machine Learning Research Scientists
Research Scientists
Applied Scientists
Big Data Analysts
Cybersecurity Research Scientists
Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning Engineers

Read on for insight into the industries where the highest concentration of jobs for research scientists can be found.

Best Industries for Research Scientists

Research scientists jobs by industry.

Federal Government, Civilian: 31.1%
Computer Systems Design and Related Services: 28.9%
Scientific Research and Development Services: 17.4%
Education and Hospitals (State Government): 4.2%
Web Search Portals, Libraries, Archives, and Other Information Services: 3.5%
Software Publishers: 2.9%

When it comes to jobs in the United States, the largest single category of research scientists can be found working in the Federal Government, Civilian sector. In 2022, about 31.1% of all jobs for research scientists were found there.

Other top industries by percentage include Computer Systems Design and Related Services (28.9%), Scientific Research and Development Services (17.4%), Education and Hospitals (State Government) (4.2%), Web Search Portals, Libraries, Archives, and Other Information Services (3.5%) and Software Publishers (2.9%).

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Degree Options for Research Scientists

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Class Type: 100% online
Cost Per Credit: $398

Equip yourself for a role as an IT, network or help desk specialist with fundamental technology skills, including medium-scale network administration, small website and application development, and database design and querying.

Go beyond basic programming and develop the technical skills necessary to apply, design, and implement software systems.

Bridge the gap between business and technology and develop the interpersonal skills to become an IT liaison in your organization.

Harness the power of data by creating data-driven strategies and communicating data insights with a B.S. Information Systems-Analytics Focus.

Develop your ability to lead, communicate and make strategic decisions that impact projects and processes with a B.S. Information Systems-Business Analysis & Project Management Focus

Build technical savvy and business acumen that bridges the gap between business and technology with a B.S. Information Systems with a Business Information Systems focus.

Get the knowledge to manage healthcare data, navigate regulations and inform ethical decision-making with a B.S. Information Systems-Healthcare Information Systems Focus

Play a vital role in any business environment by designing and implementing mission-critical infrastructure, security, and servers.

Develop the advanced technical skills needed to turn complex programming specifications into well-designed computer programs.

Class Type: Face-to-face, Online coursework
Placement Tests: GMAT/GRE not required for admission

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Months To Complete: 20

Learn to create scalable software systems that Improve organizational effectiveness and efficiency by earning Franklin’s 20-month online M.S. in Computer Science with a focus in Software Systems. The hands-on, theory-to-practice program will prepare you to be an asset in a variety of industries

Earn your M.S. in Information Technology degree 100% online in as few as 16 months.

Months To Complete: 16

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Certificates & Microcredentials for Research Scientists

Start your cloud computing journey with AWS certificate courses for beginners and keep up with the fast pace of innovation.

Class Type: 100% Online
Time To Complete: 1-2 months
Cost: $35/month

This DeepLearning AI certificate course lets you dive into the cutting-edge world of AI specialization, machine learning and data-driven solutions.

Time To Complete: 3-4 months

In-demand programmers know Git. You can, too, with GitHub certificate courses that put you among the ranks of other Git certification-ready development pros.

Fast track your IT career with the Google IT support training and certificate that helps you learn about network protocols, operating systems, and solving problems using code.

Time To Complete: 4-5 months

Put your creativity to work with these Google UX design courses that equip you to build and test user-centered solutions and to use Google Analytics to improve usability.

Develop practical skills in Python and IBM applied AI thanks to deep learning courses that show you how to design, build and deploy AI-powered apps.

Build your cloud developer portfolio with this hands-on IBM full stack cloud developer certificate course that uses the latest tools and technologies to manage full stack cloud native apps.

Time To Complete: 5-6 months

What Do Research Scientists Do on a Daily Basis?

So you have a high-level understanding of what research scientists do and the types of industries in which they work - but what do they really do each day?

A great way to understand the type of work research scientists do is to examine actual job postings and focus on the specific skills that employers are seeking. That will help paint a clearer picture of the tasks that research scientists tackle each day.

Continue reading for a breakdown of specialized skills found in job postings for research scientists, as well as common skills - interpersonal qualities and attributes - that can help you thrive in the workplace.

In-Demand Skills for Today's Research Scientists Based on 15,896 job postings

Top 5 specialized skills for research scientists, top 5 common skills for research scientists.

Based on 15,896 job postings related to research scientists, computer science was the top specialized skill sought by employers, with 42% of all postings looking for that skillset. Skills for python (programming language), machine learning, algorithms, data analysis and c++ (programming language) were also highly sought.

As for common skills, research was the most desired skill found in job postings for research scientists, followed by communications, mathematics, innovation, writing and leadership.

Most In-Demand Jobs for Research Scientists

All Occupations

The Best Adult Colleges and Careers Guide has compiled data for dozens of in-demand jobs. Explore our full catalog of occupation data by visiting the link below.

About This Data

The Best Adult Colleges & Careers Guide is sponsored by Franklin University, a nonprofit, accredited institution. The guide uses 2022 information from Lightcast™ to provide data on dozens of in-demand jobs.

Job titles used in government data may differ slightly from the job title on this page, so the closest matching government job classification may be used as a proxy to present data here.

On this page, data corresponds to the following occupational classification: Computer and Information Research Scientists.

How to Become a Research Scientist

Industry Advice Science & Mathematics

Professionals with a background in biotechnology can choose to pursue many lucrative careers . One of the most common choices is to become a research scientist. These individuals work in drug and process development, consistently conducting research and performing experiments to help move the biotechnology industry forward.

“At the highest level, a research scientist is somebody who can design and execute experiments to prove or disprove a hypothesis,” says Jared Auclair , director of the biotechnology and bioinformatics programs at Northeastern. “Within the world of biotechnology, that can mean a number of different things, from creating new drugs to improving the process of how we make a drug.”

Professionals in this industry are often drawn to the wide array of applications of this work, as well as the consistently positive career outlook. The average salary of a biotechnology research scientist is $85,907 per year, with plenty of opportunities for increased salary potential depending on specializations, location, and years of experience.

These factors—alongside the growing demand for advancement in biotechnology over the last few decades—have led many aspiring biotechnologists to consider a career in research science. Below we offer five steps professionals can take to kick-start a career in this field.

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5 Steps to Become a Research Scientist

1. acquire the necessary technical skills..

According to Auclair, there are four main applications of research science within the biotechnology field:

Molecular Biology
Process Science
Biochemistry
Analytical Biotechnology

Professionals hoping to pursue a career in research science must begin by deciding which of these four areas is the best fit for their interests and backgrounds. They must then acquire the specific skill sets they need to excel in that area.

Below, Auclair breaks down some of the key skills and knowledge required within each of these specializations:

Molecular biologists should focus on developing a complex understanding of DNA and learn how to do a Polymerase Chain Reaction alongside other DNA-related experiments.
Process scientists must understand cell biology and how to work with living mammalian cells, as well as how to perform analytical experiments using mass spectrometry and other analytical tools.
Biochemists should focus on obtaining the skills necessary to make a protein drug, including the expression and purification of proteins.
Analytical biotechnicians must become comfortable with techniques like mass spectrometry—a process that uncovers what drug products are at a molecular level.

One efficient way aspiring research scientists can obtain these specific skill sets is to pursue a master’s degree in biotechnology at a top university like Northeastern.

“The biotech program is designed in collaboration with industry so that we’re meeting their needs,” Auclair says. “This includes training students with the skills they need to be a successful research scientist.”

The curriculum of Northeastern’s program explores the core competencies required to excel in the general biotechnology field and provides students with the unique subsets of skills they need to specialize in a specific area of research science. Students can even declare one of 10 industry-aligned concentrations, including options that directly relate with these common research science roles.

“Especially in industry, most people who are doing research science—who are actually doing the experiments and helping think about experiments with some of the senior leaders in the company—are people with a master’s degree,” Auclair says.

2. Become a critical thinker.

Alongside honing technical skills, Auclair says that critical thinking abilities are key for aspiring research scientists.

“It’s important to become a critical thinker and a problem solver, and to challenge yourself wherever you can to step outside of your comfort zone,” Auclair says.

Though critical thinking is a common requirement among most professional career paths, it is especially important for research scientists, who are constantly tasked with innovating and thinking creatively to solve problems.

Northeastern’s master’s in biotechnology program is designed to help students grow in this regard. “Everything we do within the program is geared [toward] making you a critical thinker and a problem solver,” Auclair says. “We try to define classes and assessments to make you think, [and] we also hire most of the faculty in our program directly from the industry, so they bring with them real-world experience that they can talk about with the students.”

These real-world case studies are a core component of Northeastern’s approach to learning, and they help prepare students to think critically about their work. By bringing this exposure into the classroom, students also graduate better prepared to tackle current industry challenges and adapt to evolving trends .

3. Hone your “power skills.”

It’s no longer enough for research scientists in biotechnology to have obtained the technical skills needed to complete their work. Today, many employers require an array of industry-specific “power skills”—previously known as “soft skills”—among candidates for research science roles.

Below we explore the top three “power skills” for biotechnology research scientists:

Communication: As a research scientist, “you must be able to communicate scientific information to both technical and non-technical people,” Auclair says. For this reason, professionals should work to hone their verbal and written communication styles, focusing specifically on the variances in each depending on which audience they’re interacting with.
Presentation Ability: Research scientists must be able to present their findings clearly and concisely to a variety of different audiences, ranging from fellow scientists to investors to C-suite executives. Research scientists must be comfortable in front of a group and know how to speak about their experiments and conclusions in an engaging and informative way.
Teamwork: Although one might think a research scientist’s work is very siloed, today’s professionals must be very comfortable working with others in a lab environment. They must become comfortable sharing ideas, providing feedback to others in their cohort, and tweaking their experiments based on contributed findings.

Northeastern offers students the chance to explore each of these core “power skills” during their time within the master’s in biotechnology program. For example, the university offers countless opportunities for students to collaborate with and present to classmates, instructors, and even industry-leading organizations through Northeastern’s experiential learning opportunities, giving them the chance to apply these skills in both classroom and real-world situations early on.

Learn More: How to Become a Biotechnologist: Build Your Soft Skills

4. Obtain hands-on experience.

One of the most effective ways an aspiring research scientist can prepare for a career in this field is to obtain experiences working in a real lab. While finding these kinds of opportunities can be difficult for those just breaking into the field, programs like Northeastern’s MS in biotechnology bake hands-on learning directly into the curriculum.

“Students do essentially four to six months [working in the] industry, and put what they learn in the classroom…into practice,” Auclair says.

These opportunities, known as co-ops , provide students with the chance to work within top organizations in the industry and explore the real-world challenges of the field from inside a functioning lab.

Did You Know: Northeastern’s program provides students with exposure to the tools and equipment used within labs in the industry. This access to cutting-edge technology reduces the learning curve and allows students to dive into their work as soon as they graduate.

Another unique way Northeastern provides hands-on experience is through Experiential Network (XN) Projects . Students who participate in these projects are typically paired with a sponsor from an active biotech company that has a real-world problem they need to solve. Then, “under the guidance of a faculty member, students spend the semester trying to come up with solutions to that problem,” Auclair says. “It’s all student-driven.”

Hands-on learning opportunities like these give students a competitive advantage when it comes to applying for jobs. “The experiential learning piece [of our program] is what has our students actually stand out above others in the field,” Auclair says, because employers like to see that their candidates are capable of applying their skills in a real-world environment.

5. Grow your network.

Research shows that 85 percent of all jobs today are filled through networking, making it more important than ever for professionals across industries to invest time and energy into building these vital relationships.

Professionals hoping to establish a career as a research scientist are no exception. These individuals should aim to develop connections with organizations and individuals within the greater biotech industry early on in their careers, and use those relationships to help carve their path forward.

Northeastern’s master’s in biotechnology program has strategically created many great opportunities for students to network throughout their time in the program. They are encouraged to build relationships with their classmates, guest speakers, faculty, and even the industry leaders they meet through co-ops and XN projects. As a result, they establish various impactful connections with individuals at different stages in their careers, all before they graduate.

Learn More: Networking Tips for Scientists

Another way Northeastern’s program supports networking is through opportunities for student/faculty collaboration. “We encourage our students to interact with our own faculty who are research scientists as much as possible, whether that’s volunteering in their lab or finding a half an hour to talk to them about what they’re doing,” Auclair says. “We want our students to be exposed to as many research scientists as possible while they’re in the program.”

Take the Next Step

Pursuing a master’s degree in biotechnology from a top university like Northeastern is a great way for aspiring research scientists to break into the field. Students in these programs can hone related skill sets, grow their professional networks, and experience hands-on learning, all while pursuing graduate-level education.

Learn more about how a master’s in biotechnology can set you up for success as a research scientist on our program page , then get in touch with our enrollment coaches who can help you take the first step.

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Research Scientist Career Guide

Career guide intro
How to become
Career path

Similar job titles

Trends and outlook
Career tips
Where the jobs are

What is a research scientist?

A research scientist is a complex role found in various industries, including, but not limited to, healthcare, academia, environmental science, and technology. They engage in rigorous and methodical exploration in their field of specialty, seeking to develop new knowledge, products, or technology. These professionals contribute significantly to expanding our understanding of the world, leading to breakthroughs in a variety of sectors.

The work performed by research scientists can directly influence new policies, invent lifesaving medicines, contribute toward environmental sustainability, or drive technological developments. Their value revolves around advancements, change, and progress in the scientific community.

Duties and responsibilities

A research scientist is responsible for designing, conducting, and analyzing experiments or research projects. This involves developing research methodologies, recording detailed observations, and interpreting and analyzing data. They also make adjustments to research processes as necessary to achieve optimal results.

Additionally, they present findings in scholarly papers, technical reports, or scientific conferences. They collaborate with industry or business leaders, policy-makers, or nonprofit organizations to apply the results of their research and contribute to writing grant proposals to secure funding.

Work environment

A research scientist typically operates in a laboratory, field, or office setting, depending on their area of professional focus. In laboratories, they use technical equipment, rigorously studying chemicals, biological samples, or physical phenomena. Field scientists may work in varied and often challenging geographical settings, studying environmental organisms or the earth’s physical features. Office-based research scientists pour over data, write reports, and develop computational models.

Their work environment is usually collaborative, as research scientists often work as part of a team of scientists and other professionals. Their workdays are heavily structured around the precise procedural demands of scientific research, and there may be strict deadlines for project milestones or report submissions.

Typical work hours

Research scientists typically work full-time. Similar to other professions, this usually means a 40-hour work week. However, the nature of scientific research may sometimes demand extended working hours. Monitoring ongoing experiments or meeting tight project deadlines may necessitate working late into the evening or even over weekends.

For those working in field research, their schedule can be deeply impacted by the requirements of the study. This may entail early mornings, late nights, or extended periods away from home. Researchers may have additional teaching responsibilities in academic settings that can alter their schedule during the academic year.

How to become a research scientist

This career guide section outlines how to become a research scientist. Preparing yourself for a successful career as a research scientist includes specific steps involving education, hands-on research, and professional advancement.

Step 1: Earn a bachelor’s degree

Begin your journey toward becoming a research scientist with a bachelor’s degree in a related field. This could include biology, chemistry, physics, or another science-related domain. This undergraduate journey will offer a foundational understanding of scientific principles and methods.

Step 2: Acquire laboratory experience

Relevant experience, particularly within a laboratory, is beneficial. This could be gained through undergraduate laboratory courses or internship placements within scientific research labs. Here, you will learn to use scientific apparatus, follow safety protocols, and perform experimental procedures.

Step 3: Pursue a master’s degree

While not always required, a master’s degree in a related field could enhance your qualifications and open up opportunities for higher-level research projects. It’s common for aspiring research scientists to specialize in their area of interest at this stage.

Step 4: Obtain a Ph.D.

A Ph.D. is usually mandatory for most research scientist positions, especially those in academia. This degree involves in-depth research within your chosen field, thereby equipping you with profound knowledge and research expertise.

Step 5: Complete postdoctoral training

After earning a Ph.D., it’s common to undertake postdoctoral training, which involves working on advanced research projects under the supervision of experienced research scientists. It allows you to gain extensive practical experience, sharpen your research skills, and develop a track record of published research—making you more competitive in the job market.

Step 6: Apply for jobs

With a Ph.D. and postdoctoral training under your belt, you’re ready to seek out research scientist positions. Depending on your interest, these jobs can be found in academic institutions, government agencies, or private sector companies dedicated to research and development.

How much do research scientists make?

Research scientist salaries vary by experience, industry, education, location, and organization size. Total compensation is dependent mainly on the field of research, the scope of projects, and the level of impact on scientific advancement.

Highest paying industries

Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing – $105,430
Scientific Research and Development Services – $100,790
Government – $97,230

Highest paying states

California – $114,600
New Jersey – $111,140
Washington – $103,390
Connecticut – $97,370
Texas – $96,150

The average national salary for a Research Scientist is:

Browse research scientist salary data by market

Types of research scientists

This career guide section highlights the various career types and areas of specialization for research scientists. Below, we highlight the unique attributes and responsibilities of each job title.

Industrial research scientist

Working in private sector industries, such as pharmaceutical companies or technology corporations, is something industrial research scientists often do. Their primary role involves conducting experiments or investigations to develop new products, improve existing ones, or explore theoretical advancements.

Academic research scientist

As the name suggests, the professional domain of academic research scientists is the global realm of higher education. They are involved in groundbreaking research projects while performing a broad range of other duties, such as teaching, mentoring students, and writing grant proposals.

Government research scientist

These professionals dedicate their time and effort to projects commissioned by governmental bodies. Their tasks could lead scientists to research public health matters, environmental issues, or national security, helping to inform government policy.

Clinical research scientist

Within the healthcare sector, clinical research scientists play an invaluable role. Their primary responsibilities include designing, implementing, and interpreting the results of clinical trials, all to advance medical understanding and improve patient care.

Field research scientist

Field research scientists take the lead when it comes to outdoor explorations and conducting investigations in natural settings. They are usually involved in geology, biology, or climate science, where extensive fieldwork is integral to their research.

Top skills for research scientists

This section outlines the primary skills and traits needed for career success as a research scientist. The role of a research scientist often requires a combination of technical and soft skills, including analytical ability, communication skills, and teamwork.

Analytical ability

Research scientists need strong analytical abilities to design, conduct, and evaluate experiments using complex statistical analysis. This means they must not only understand the methods and theories behind these experiments, but also be able to interpret and communicate the results in a meaningful way. An analytical mind is vital for examining elements, synthesizing information and draw insightful conclusions.

Communication skills

Communication skills are integral to the role of a research scientist, who must effectively communicate their findings to colleagues, the public, and other stakeholders through both written and oral presentations. Reports, academic papers, presentations at conferences or to investors, and informal discussions require strong communication skills. Explaining complex ideas in a clear and accessible manner is essential.

Often, research is not a solitary endeavor. It involves working in teams made up of diverse disciplines and backgrounds. Thus, being able to work effectively with others is vital. Collaborative and cooperative behavior can significantly improve the efficiency and success of a research team’s efforts.

Problem-solving skills

Unforeseen challenges are often part of research. A good research scientist must be composed and adaptive in the face of problems, frustration, or failure. Their problem-solving aptitude is paramount in creating innovative solutions and continuously pushing the boundaries of their work. They need to be critical thinkers who can evaluate different approaches and find the most effective method to solve problems and answer questions.

Technical skills

A research scientist must possess relevant technical skills, including knowledge in a specific scientific field, laboratory procedures, and the ability to use specialized research tools and equipment. Depending on the scientific discipline, this could involve biotechnology practices, programming capabilities, or advanced statistical tools proficiency. Staying updated with new technologies and tools can significantly assist in more effective and efficient research.

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Research scientist career path

After several years of conducting experiments and research, it’s common to move on to other roles within the scientific community. These will likely still be research-based but with additional responsibilities and leadership.

Becoming a project manager is attainable after gaining relevant work experience. This role involves the management of projects and supervising a team of researchers. It calls for a deeper comprehension of project planning, budgeting, and team coordination. If scientists prefer to advance within their fields without assuming administrative duties, a career in specialized research may present extended opportunities.

Establishing a reputation for proficiency and reliability can lead to an invitation to join a scientific advisory board. On such boards, members provide guidance based on their professional expertise and knowledge of scientific trends. These individuals play a critical role in influencing organizational decisions and directing future investigations.

Those inclined toward teaching could transition into academia, where they can use their skills and knowledge to educate aspiring scientists. Universities and research institutions offer opportunities to divide one’s time between teaching and research, which is a rewarding career route for many.

Becoming an independent consultant is also an avenue for experienced scientists. This involves sharing your expertise with various organizations, often as part of a team formed specifically for a project. This role often demands extensive travel and flexible working hours.

Data Scientist
Medical Science Liaison
Laboratory Analyst
Quality Analyst
Computer Scientist
Biostatistician
Environmental Scientist

Position trends and outlook for research scientists

Recently, a trend has been leaning toward cross-disciplinary research, where firms merge different study areas to achieve more comprehensive and impactful results. Biotechnology, data science, and artificial intelligence have seen a substantial inflow of research scientists. Also, increased stress on environmental sustainability has led to a surge in demand for research scientists in fields related to climate change, alternative energy sources, and waste management.

The digital revolution has heavily impacted this profession. With the mounting amount of data available, research scientists must be proficient in data analytics tools to handle and interpret large datasets. Technological disruptions require constant up-skilling in digital literacy, making lifelong learning almost mandatory in this profession. Scientists are increasingly conducting and sharing their research online, contributing to the trend of open science, where findings are freely accessible to the public.

Employment projections

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the overall employment of research scientists is projected to grow 21 percent through 2031, significantly faster than the average for all occupations. Increasingly, the workforce is expected to demand higher levels of education and training. With increased public awareness of environmental and public health issues, there will be a boost in demand for professionals in these particular research areas. The role of a research scientist promises potential growth in the future with ample opportunities for career advancement.

Research scientist career tips

Understand the big picture.

As a research scientist, your primary task will involve looking into the finer details of various study areas. It’s essential, however, to regularly take a step back and comprehend the larger implications of your work. Develop a clear perspective of how your research pertains to more significant questions – a practice that will aid you while framing your direction and communicating findings to non-specialists.

Invest time in programming and data analysis

Data interpretation is a significant aspect of research. Familiarize yourself with software such as R, Python, and SQL, which are popular in research. These tools can augment your ability to interpret and visualize complex data, making you a more effective researcher. Continuous learning of trending technological tools can provide a competitive edge in your career.

Become acquainted with writing research grants

Funding is a critical aspect of scientific research. Understanding how to write a compelling research grant proposal that can secure necessary funding is vital for every research scientist. Work on developing this skill early in your career, as it will help you implement your ideas and make you more employable.

Build a professional network

A strong network can open avenues for collaborative projects, provide learning opportunities from various wisdom wells, and even help secure funding. Do not limit your networking to conferences and seminars; take advantage of digital platforms as well.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
The National Association of Science Writers (NASW)
Society for Science & the Public
American Chemical Society (ACS)
American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS)

Continuous learning

Science is ever-evolving; hence, the learning curve for a research scientist is constant. Stay updated with the latest research techniques, tools, and discoveries in your specialty area. This consistent learning will enhance your skills and progress your career.

Courses and certifications in data analysis and programming languages
Participation in seminars and workshops related to your field of research
Engaging with scientists’ blogs, podcasts, and webinars for the latest research developments
Taking advantage of every learning opportunity in high-tech lab equipment and software

Where the research jobs are

Top employers.

Massachusetts

Top job sites

ResearchGate

What is the primary role of a research scientist?

A research scientist plans and conducts experiments, analyzes data, interprets results, and prepares related reports. The job involves developing and testing theories, using a broad range of methods to gather data, and ensuring the accuracy of their findings.

What skills are important for a research scientist?

A research scientist must possess strong analytical skills, as much of the job involves analyzing data sets and interpreting findings. Other vital skills include problem-solving to aid in forming theories and conducting experiments and written and verbal communication skills for presenting findings to colleagues, stakeholders, or the scientific community.

What competencies are required for a research scientist?

Besides technical expertise, a research scientist needs mastery of scientific methodologies, attention to detail in experiments, and data analysis competencies. The ability to work independently and as part of a team, the flexibility to handle changing priorities, and the capacity to remain updated with scientific advancements are also important.

Do research scientists work in teams?

Yes, research scientists often work in teams to conduct and analyze experiments. Collaborating with other scientists can facilitate complex projects, bring different perspectives, and improve the rigor of results. A team may include other scientists, research associates, lab technicians, and interns.

What level of education is required to become a research scientist?

Generally, a research scientist holds a doctoral degree in their specific field of science. Before pursuing a doctorate, they gain a solid foundation through a bachelor’s degree and often a master’s degree in a related field. Some positions also require postdoctoral experience. However, different fields and organizations can have distinct educational requirements.

What are the long-term career development opportunities for a research scientist?

The career development path for a research scientist can be quite versatile, depending on the area of study. Opportunities can include becoming a senior scientist, a research director, or pursuing an academic career. Some research scientists choose to transition into related roles such as project management, scientific consulting, or even science writing.

What challenges should a research scientist expect in their career?

Research scientists can face several challenges, including securing funding for research projects and competitions for employment and recognition in their field. In addition to these, they often need to stay updated with the latest relevant scientific advancements and be able to adapt to changes in research methodologies. Another common challenge is the time-consuming nature of conducting extensive research and publishing in peer-reviewed journals.

How does work-life balance typically look for a research scientist?

Work-life balance can vary significantly among research scientists, largely depending on their specific role and current projects. While some may experience regular hours, others might work overtime or on weekends, particularly in high-stakes or time-sensitive projects. However, many research institutions and companies are conscious of the need for balance and provide support for flexible working hours and leave policies.

What is the most rewarding aspect of being a research scientist?

Many research scientists find the discovery process the most rewarding aspect of their work. That is, the ability to develop and test hypotheses, analyze data, and contribute to the scientific community and, in some cases, to society as a whole. Additionally, the intellectual challenge and the opportunity to work on cutting-edge technologies and concepts can be deeply fulfilling.

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What does a Research Scientist do?

The job of research scientists is to design, undertake, and analyze information from experiments, trials, and laboratory-based investigations. They usually perform experiments in different areas, including medical research, pharmacology, and geoscience. They have varied duties and responsibilities that include planning and carrying out experiments, conducting fieldwork, and overseeing junior staff members like the technicians. They are typically working for a government laboratory, an environmental agency, and other organizations. Many of these scientists also work in teams and support staff.

Responsibilities
Skills And Traits
Comparisions
Types of Research Scientist

Research scientist responsibilities

A research scientist's responsibilities include developing medical devices and ensuring compliance with the FDA regulatory pathway. They design and implement adaptive fuzzy controllers to enhance performance characteristics, analyze data for statistical analysis, and develop efficient HPLC and LCMS methods for supporting synthetic process development. They also create open-source data analysis and visualization packages, conduct statistical analyses using SAS statistical software, and process experimental data for reports and publications. Additionally, they plan and conduct experiments, provide technical support to customers, and develop applications for nutritional lipids in foods and beverages.

Rev. Grace Song , Won Buddhist Studies Department Chair at Won Institute, emphasizes the importance of clear communication, time management, conflict resolution, and collaboration. She also mentions the need for a high degree of emotional intelligence, the ability to facilitate discussion and various meditation exercises, and a high level of cultural humility.

Here are examples of responsibilities from real research scientist resumes:

Manage the development of innovative visualization and concept mapping of contest environment analysis challenges and analyst skill sets.
Manage sample inventory via in-house laboratory information management system (LIMS) and implement additional systems for sample and chemical organization.
Used real-time PCR and DNA sequencing to troubleshoot and validate SNP base and gene expression assays.
Prepare clear technical presentations to NIH department heads in annual seminars.
Analyze chromatin dynamics during primordial germ cell specification with a CRISPR mouse model.
Identify impurities in final drug by LCMS and reject impurities with ethanol/water swish.
Perform routine microbiology testing per ISO and USP such as: bio-burden, endotoxin, sterility, cytotoxicity, etc.
Re-Cover and analyze various cDNA probes by RT-PCR, gel purification and PCR sub-cloning to support cardiovascular and obesity programs.
Complete device verification and validation, and GMP manufacturing.
Create CRISPR knockout tool-set of antibacterial autophagy genes for mechanistic discovery.
Characterize the therapeutic RNA product, for tumor-source and process-relate impurities.
Present data at local, national and international cancer immunotherapy symposiums.
Implement graph analysis algorithms in Java for network vulnerability removal and hardening.
Develop novel mechanistic assays that enable DP1 transitions of several oncology programs.
Perform original research relating to immunology, inflammation, and vascular biology.

Research scientist skills and personality traits

We calculated that 11 % of Research Scientists are proficient in Python , Data Analysis , and Patients .

We break down the percentage of Research Scientists that have these skills listed on their resume here:

Created open-source data analysis and visualization package in Python.

Worked extensively with data analysis/interpretation and presentation.

Participated in laboratory and clinical research designed to provide clinically-relevant insights into blood cell formation and function in cancer patients.

Implemented C++ capabilities to simulate the effective mechanical behavior of rubber-metal composites within an in-house Finite Element software.

Dedicated to continued enhancement of leadership competencies, problem solving, independent evaluation of scientific data for basic research projects.

Process Chemistry Safety Steward/Safety Mentor/E-Team member

"python," "data analysis," and "patients" are among the most common skills that research scientists use at work. You can find even more research scientist responsibilities below, including:

Communication skills. The most essential soft skill for a research scientist to carry out their responsibilities is communication skills. This skill is important for the role because "medical scientists must be able to explain their research in nontechnical ways." Additionally, a research scientist resume shows how their duties depend on communication skills: "record observations, analyze data and summarize the results in technical reports to be used for internal and/or external communications e.g. "

Observation skills. Another essential skill to perform research scientist duties is observation skills. Research scientists responsibilities require that "medical scientists conduct experiments that require monitoring samples and other health-related data." Research scientists also use observation skills in their role according to a real resume snippet: "performed an evaluation of the cam simulations by the comparisons with observational data involving extensive data analysis. "

All research scientist skills

The three companies that hire the most research scientists are:

Meta 259 research scientists jobs
University of Washington 218 research scientists jobs
Amazon 133 research scientists jobs

Choose from 10+ customizable research scientist resume templates

Compare different research scientists

Research scientist vs. postdoctoral associate.

A postdoctoral associate is responsible for researching to support scientific claims and theories by collecting evidence and information to answer scientific questions. Postdoctoral associates must have excellent communication skills , both oral and written, to interact with people and document investigation findings. They also utilize laboratory tools and equipment for scientific researches, conduct field investigations, and interview participants. A postdoctoral associate designs comprehensive research models to discuss results with the panel and the team efficiently and accurately.

There are some key differences in the responsibilities of each position. For example, research scientist responsibilities require skills like "molecular biology," "tensorflow," "excellent interpersonal," and "laboratory equipment." Meanwhile a typical postdoctoral associate has skills in areas such as "tip," "biomedical," "cell biology," and "independent research." This difference in skills reveals the differences in what each career does.

Research scientist vs. Chemist

Chemists are generally responsible for observing and investigating chemical substances to create new and safe compounds essential for practical applications. They are often grouped depending on a particular area of specialization to focus and understand the complexities of the matter. A chemist usually takes time performing research and conducting experiments to test and further improve the quality and usage of a specific chemical substance. Chemists are expected to write on their observations and findings to establish scientific results.

While some skills are similar in these professions, other skills aren't so similar. For example, resumes show us that research scientist responsibilities requires skills like "python," "patients," "c++," and "research projects." But a chemist might use other skills in their typical duties, such as, "lab equipment," "test results," "gc," and "uv/vis."

What technology do you think will become more important and prevalent for Research Scientists in the next 3-5 years?

Helen Mango Ph.D.

Professor of Geology and Chemistry, Castleton University

Research scientist vs. Postdoctoral research associate

A postdoctoral research associate is responsible for assisting the educational institution's research department, writing research reports, analyzing research methods, and collecting information and related studies to support the research claims. Postdoctoral research associates must have excellent communication skills , both oral and written, reporting research updates to the research head, performing adjustments as needed, and gaining more expertise on the subject by brainstorming and discussing strategic procedures for the study. They may also conduct field investigation or coordinate with other institutions for additional reference, depending on the research's scope and limitation.

The required skills of the two careers differ considerably. For example, research scientists are more likely to have skills like "java," "molecular biology," "tensorflow," and "excellent interpersonal." But a postdoctoral research associate is more likely to have skills like "post-doctoral," "cell biology," "molecular biology techniques," and "research results."

Research scientist vs. Senior research fellow

Senior Research Fellows are reputable researchers employed in an academic institution or a research facility. The nature of their employment in the institution is related to their research work or field of interest. Senior Research Fellows lead a team of researchers on big projects that require more team members. They manage the team's budget, set timelines, and guide the researchers. They spearhead the analysis of the data gathered. They also set the tone for the presentation materials. Senior Research Fellows should be passionate about their field, should have a thirst for knowledge, and should be able to lead teams.

Even though a few skill sets overlap between research scientists and senior research fellows, there are some differences that are important to note. For one, a research scientist might have more use for skills like "tensorflow," "excellent interpersonal," "laboratory equipment," and "experimental design." Meanwhile, some responsibilities of senior research fellows require skills like "technical assistance," "spss," "project management," and "medicaid. "

Types of research scientist

Graduate Research Student
Research Fellow
Research Technician

Updated March 14, 2024

Editorial Staff

The Zippia Research Team has spent countless hours reviewing resumes, job postings, and government data to determine what goes into getting a job in each phase of life. Professional writers and data scientists comprise the Zippia Research Team.

What a Research Scientist Does FAQs

What does a research scientist do daily, search for research scientist jobs, what similar roles do.

What an Assistant Research Scientist Does
What an Associate Scientist Does
What a Chemist Does
What a Graduate Research Student Does
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What a Research And Development Scientist Does
What a Research Associate Does
What a Research Chemist Does
What a Research Fellow Does
What a Research Internship Does
What a Research Laboratory Technician Does
What a Research Specialist Does
What a Research Technician Does
What a Researcher Does

Research Scientist Related Careers

Assistant Research Scientist
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Research And Development Scientist
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Research Scientist Job Descriptions, Average Salary, Interview Questions

What does a research scientist do.

A research scientist is a professional who conducts scientific work in a variety of fields, such as biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering. In order to collect data and analyze results, they use a variety of methods, such as experiments, surveys, and simulations. These scientists can work within an academic institution, a government agency, or a private company. Collaboration with other researchers and professionals in their field is often necessary for them to further their research and make scientific advances.

Individuals in this role should possess excellent analytical, critical thinking, and research skills. In addition to being proficient in a variety of research methods and tools, they should also have experience analyzing data and designing experiments. Furthermore, a research scientist should possess excellent communication and teamwork skills, as well as the ability to collaborate effectively with other researchers and professionals.

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National Average Salary

Research scientist salaries vary by experience, industry, organization size, and geography. To explore salary ranges by local market, please visit our sister site zengig.com.

The average U.S. salary for a Research Scientist is:

Research Scientist Job Descriptions

When it comes to recruiting a research scientist, having the right job description can make a big difference. Here are some real world job descriptions you can use as templates for your next opening.

As a research scientist for [Your Company Name], you are expected to demonstrate leadership in sensor design, clinical design, and sensor integration. You will also need to run clinical studies and handle the integration of technical, systems, and regulatory aspects of the project. The ideal candidate should be extremely proficient in statistical analyses and should be able to handle multiple statistical packages, be able to mentor and lead small research teams to execute complex projects, and write scientific journals, technical reports, grants, and contracts. You need to have proven experience formulating comprehensive research strategies, executing thorough methodological and analytical steps, analyzing results, and pitching your projects for publication.

Typical duties and responsibilities

Plans and conducts research experiments
Records and analyzes data and interprets results
Writes grant proposals and completes applications for funding to ensure they have the funds needed to carry out projects
Collaborates with team members and any support staff
Writes research papers and presents results to senior staff or other research teams
Supervises junior staff members or graduate students
Applies standard techniques, procedures, and criteria
Ensures proper care in the use and maintenance of equipment and supplies
Adheres to workplace safety and environmental practices
Keeps up to date with relevant scientific and technical developments
Designs, performs, and oversees experiments and data collection to ensure data integrity, quality control, and protocol compliance.

Education and experience

Master’s degree in a relevant field of science
PhD is highly desirable
Completion of a postdoctoral course is highly advantageous

Required skills and qualifications

Strong scientific and math skills
Flexibility
Decisiveness
A logical and independent mind
Meticulous attention to detail
Strong teamwork skills
Excellent interpersonal skills
Exceptional report writing skills
A methodical approach to gathering and analyzing data
Critical thinking
Advanced research skills
The ability to work independently

Preferred qualifications

Passionate about collaboration
Experience working in a laboratory environment
PhD in a relevant field of science

The Scientific Team at ABC Company is hiring a Research Associate for a world-class biotech/pharmaceutical client in (City, State).

This organization is constantly involved in groundbreaking science, and you could be a part of that! The Research Scientist is part of a unique Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics team.

Responsibilities

Will work closely with team members to identify different types of lipids from biological tissue samples
Perform lipid extraction from biological samples
Develop and optimize LC-MS/MS methods for lipids analysis
Maintain and troubleshoot LC-MS/MS
Document experiments and studies
Facilitate clinical sample preparation
Perform other duties as assigned

Requirements

PhD in Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, or equivalent areas
Proficient in the use of basic lab hardware such as balances, syringes, and pipettes
Experience in biological sample preparation and purification; lipids analysis experience from biological samples is preferred
Familiarity with LC-MS/MS

Additional details

1 year project
W2 position
Must be eligible to work in the United States. Unable to provide visa sponsorship now or in the future

This position will actively support environmental testing in the forest product industry. Primary focus of this role will be analytical testing using organic and inorganic methods as well as to participate in the development of new methods when necessary The samples being monitored are crucial to protecting the environment and monitoring indicators within the environment. Work is performed as part of a team in a collaborative environment.

Participate in the organization and conduct of research projects involving analytical components, and develop quantitative analytical methods as required to address project analytical needs.
Implement established quantitative analytical methods and assays using GC-FID, GC-ECD, GC-PFPD, GC-NPD, GC/MS, HPLC-UV, IC, and LC/MS/MS, both directly and by mentoring support staff.
Operate, maintain, and troubleshoot multiple GC, GC/MS, LC/MS/MS, and other instrument systems directly and by instructing and mentoring support staff in these functions
Provide analytical advice, analytical method reviews and auditing of contract laboratory data for member companies and forest products industry-affiliated organizations
Prepare laboratory reports for project leaders and member companies as well as other written communications that meet the highest standards of quality
Present scientifically sound technical information and research findings at NCASI conferences, webcasts, and other technical meetings
Maintain comprehensive laboratory notebooks, a neat and orderly laboratory workplace, and adhere to laboratory quality plans, QA/QC measures, and SOPs
Work safely and contribute to updating and improving laboratory safety practices
Supervise support laboratory staff, ensuring maintenance of laboratory equipment, and generation and reporting of high-quality analytical results

Qualifications

Master’s degree in analytical chemistry or closely associated scientific discipline or five plus years of professional experience executing analytical chemistry techniques applied to environmental matrices
PhD in analytical chemistry, preferred
Familiarity with forest products industry environmental topics related to pulping and papermaking process operations, preferred
Hands on experience in environmental test methods such as clean water act methods, clean air act methods, SW 846, and other environmental methods
Strong verbal and written communication, and data analysis skills
Strong computer skills with knowledge in Microsoft Excel, Word, and PowerPoint
Experience with or ability to learn industry-specific software, such as ChemStation and laboratory information management systems in a timely manner.
Follow safety procedures and work at the benchtop in office
Must be able to traverse stairs, effectively manipulate analytical glassware and instrumentation, and stand for long periods while working at benchtops or in the field. May be required to lift and carry equipment up to 30 pounds

Position description

ABC Company is seeking a Research Scientist to review patent applications received from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). ABC Company supports the USPTO, which is a federal agency for granting U.S. patents and registering trademarks. The work performed by Research Scientists supports this contract with the USPTO as well as related commercial patent search and analysis services.

The USPTO registers trademarks and under this system of protection, American industry has flourished. New products have been invented, new uses for old ones discovered, and employment opportunities created for millions of Americans. Successful candidates are able to make significant contributions to the patent industry, while working in the growing economy and will travel (on occasion) to beautiful surroundings of (City, State).

Review and analyze Patent Applications based on the US and International patent classification structures, and determine a likely patent classification and a series of sub classifications
Provide technical expertise in one or more of the following technologies: medical and surgical procedures, medical/surgical instruments and supplies, diagnostic equipment, treatment devices; and exercising
Be expected to determine appropriate classifications in accordance with both U.S. and international patent classification systems through technical knowledge, research, and automated tools
Learn patent classification, search, and examination processes
Apply knowledge of classification processes to assign U.S. Patent Classification (USPC) and Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) codes to complex technical subject matter
Use automated systems to perform research and classification operations
Function in a production-based environment with emphasis on operating efficiently and accurately at a significant pace
Work independently with minimal supervision
Work closely with others in a team environment
Participate in on-going program training to expand knowledge in additional technical fields and patent services
A Bachelor of Science in Chemistry, Biology and Biochemistry, or related discipline or equivalent mix of education and experience
0-2 years experience
Understanding of technical concepts and/or Medical Terminology
25% travel may be required
Exceptional analytical skills and attention to detail
Strong reading comprehension skills
Strong written communication skills
Knowledge of Microsoft Office Word and Excel
The ability to work on a computer workstation 8 hours per day
Must be able to obtain and/or maintain a Public Trust Security Clearance

Candidate Certifications to Look For

Association of Clinical Research Professionals Certified Professional (ACRP-CP). The ACRP-CP certification recognizes a candidate’s knowledge, skill, and ability as they pertain to all aspects of clinical studies and trials. Certification is available to all professionals involved in clinical studies, regardless of their roles, practice settings, or career stages.
Clinical Research Coordinator (CRC). The CRC is for clinical research professionals whose research activities are conducted under good clinical practice guidelines. The exam assesses a candidate’s knowledge and proficiency in the application of that knowledge in conducting research responsibilities. The six core knowledge areas covered on the exam include scientific concepts and research design, ethical and participant safety considerations, product development and regulation, and clinical trial operations. To be eligible to sit for the exam, candidates must have earned 3,000 hours of professional experience performing the knowledge and tasks outlined in the six core areas of research. Clinical certifications or education may substitute for work experience.
Certified Clinical Research Professional (CCRP). The Society of Clinical Research Associates (SOCRA) offers the CCRP certification proving a candidate’s knowledge, education, and experience on an international scale. The certification program promotes recognition and continuing excellence in the ethical conduct of clinical trials. Certification evaluates a candidate’s understanding and application of the conduct of clinical investigations involving humans following a number of international guidelines, including the United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), and the ethical principles that guide clinical research consistent with the principles of the Nuremberg Code, the Belmont Report and the Declaration of Helsinki.

Sample Interview Questions

How do you conduct research in your specific field, and what methods and tools do you typically use?
When developing a research plan, what factors do you consider when designing experiments to answer research questions?
Which statistical analysis tools are you proficient with, and what experience do you have analyzing data and interpreting results?
If you’ve written and published research papers, how have you ensured that your findings are accurately conveyed to others?
When you presented your research to a non-technical audience, how did you adapt your presentation so that it was understandable?
In order to ensure success in your research, what are some of the biggest challenges you face?
What steps did you take to resolve an issue you encountered during an experiment?
How did you contribute to a successful research project you were a part of? What role did you play?
Describe how you keep up-to-date with new research methods and technologies and how you incorporate them into your work.
How do you ensure effective communication and teamwork when collaborating with other researchers or professionals in your field?

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How to Become a Research Scientist

Career Types
Work Environment
How to become
Skills and Traits
Certifications/Internship
Career Progression

Who is a Research Scientist?

Everything that you see around you has been invented or discovered by the work of some extraordinary individuals who are known as research scientists. These individuals are responsible for carrying out scientific activities and are involved in the study of the world around them. They are also dedicated to improving the quality of life on the planet by developing new scientific methods and techniques.

If you are a science enthusiast who has a passion for the subject and is interested in learning more about the world around you, then you should consider becoming a research scientist. In addition to being involved in scientific activities, research scientists also have the opportunity to earn a living. In this article, we will be discussing how to become research scientist after 12th or how to become a research scientist in India.

Research Scientist in a Nutshell

The passion for finding answers and the excitement of working on projects are some of the factors that make a fascinating research scientist career. However, working on a project can also expose them to various challenges and failures. A research scientist's job involves a wide variety of subjects and tasks.

Quick Facts for Research Scientist

Male, Female

Research scientist jobs are suitable for individuals who are interested in becoming a part of the technology and science industry. Both men and women can pursue this research scientist career. The right attitude and skills are some of the factors that a person should consider when it comes to choosing a research scientist career in this field.

Individuals with strong analytical and critical thinking skills can become a research scientist. There are no restrictions to this type of job, and it can be done remotely. In addition, there are various fields of science that can be done without any external efforts or physical movement. This is a perfect job for people with special needs.

Table of Contents for Research Scientist

What is the role of research scientist.

A research scientist is a person who is responsible for managing various tasks and projects, such as teams, documents, and projects. Some of them are from scratch, while others require some form of intermediary involvement. As a research scientist, you will be categorised into two categories: experimental and theoretical.

An experimental research scientist is a scientist who carries out the experiments and test results of a project. On the other hand, a theoretical research scientist is a scientist who works on the concepts and equations of a project.

The duties of a research scientist include overseeing the availability of the necessary services and equipment within the company at all times. He or she is also responsible for ensuring that the organization's policies and procedures are followed. The ideal candidate for this job would have the necessary skills and knowledge to maximize the efficiency of the company's resources.

Supervision

The duties of a research scientist include ensuring that the needs of the studies and trials are met at the centre of the care delivery process. He or she is also responsible for ensuring that the environment is safe and that the equipment used for the studies is working properly.

Team management

As a research scientist, he or she is responsible for ensuring that the various tasks and projects are carried out in a way that is consistent with the goals and objectives of the project. He or she is also expected to ensure that the team members come up with the best possible approach to the project.

Leadership Skills

Research scientists are expected to provide effective leadership and promote sound scientific practices. They are also responsible for developing support mechanisms that encourage and guide innovation in the field.

Maintenance work

As a research scientist, you will be responsible for disseminating knowledge and skills to other disciplines within the company. You will also be expected to deal with government officials and other organizations in stressful situations.

Research work

In certain situations, a research scientist's job involves carrying out a local audit and conducting research to ensure that the findings are properly disseminated. This type of work is usually carried out in order to obtain approval from the ethical council.

Types of a Research Scientist

There are various types of research scientists working in different scientific fields. These associates are responsible for analysing and disseminating scientific information.

Astronomer : Astronomers are responsible for studying stars, galaxies, and planets. They also track the non-celestial objects in outer space. This field involves working closely with other scientists to study planetary movements.

Botanist : As a botanist, one of the main roles of this field is to study the various aspects of the plants that are commonly found in the environment. They analyse the plant's structure, development, and uses.

Geologist : As a Geologist, one of the most important roles in this field is to study the various elements of the Earth, including its solid, liquid, and gaseous state. He or she also studies the history and evolution of the planet.

Marine Biologist: As a marine biologist, one of the main areas of specialisation is the study of the various marine organisms that live in the environment. This field involves analysing the interactions between plants and animals. After gaining a broad understanding of oceanography and biological oceanography, marine biologists conduct close research on different aquatic species.

What is the workplace/work environment of Research Scientist like?

As a research scientist, you will be part of a team working in different areas of the research, such as medical centres and laboratories. You will be expected to keep up with the latest developments in the field and the theoretical and experimental history of the project.

Does Research Scientist require travelling?

One of the main advantages of being a research scientist is that you will be working in a single research area, and you will typically spend about 90 per cent of your time in the OR suite. In other cases, you will be expected to work in different areas of the research, such as laboratories and experimental fields.

Employment Shifts

Full time, part time.

Research scientists are typically expected to work up to 60 hours per week, and they may also be required to be present on call during certain hours of the day. In certain facilities, where there are numerous trials, research scientists may be required to work in shifts to ensure that there are trained staff members available 24 hours a day.

Employment Nature

The nature of a research scientist's work is that it is a permanent position, which means that employers can hire them on a permanent basis. Medical centres and other third-party companies often hire research scientists.

As a research scientist, you will be expected to work in different areas of research, such as medical centres and laboratories. You will be expected to keep up with the latest developments in the field and the theoretical and experimental history of the project.

Presence in Geographical Area

Semi-urban, urban.

Tier-1 cities such as New Delhi, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, and Kolkata are known for their healthcare facilities and are known to be great places for research workers. In Tamil Nadu, the average research scientist salary is 10.6 per cent higher than the national average. In Bangalore and Karnataka, the research scientists earn more than the national average, while in Mumbai, the lowest pay is around 11.5 per cent.

Time Pressure

As a research scientist, you will be expected to work from 9 am to 5 pm, and you may be required to perform various shifts depending on the schedule.

Overtime Details

Research scientists are expected to work overtime, and this is typically done under certain circumstances. Apart from working long hours, they are also expected to perform other tasks that involve weekends and long days.

Weekly Hours of Work

Min 45 hours.

In certain facilities, where there are numerous trials, research scientists may be required to work in shifts to ensure that there are trained staff members available 24 hours a day.

How to become a Research Scientist?

Steps to become a research scientist.

If you are someone who enjoys doing research or want to know things in-depth then a career as a Research Scientist is the most suitable career for you. If you are looking for the details of how to become a research scientist in India or how to become a research scientist after 12th then you have come to the right place. We have mentioned below the steps for how to become a Research Scientist in India.

Identify Skills

Enrol in formal training/course, pursue a specialised certification, build an attractive resume, gain experience, find a suitable job, begin a career.

To become a Research Scientist you are required to know what skills are required for a career as a Research Scientist. We have mentioned below some of the soft skills and hard skills.

Some of the soft skills for how to become a Research Scientist in India are attention to detail, communication skills, analytical skills, time management, collaboration and creativity.

Creativity

Curiosity

Communication

Productivity

Formulaic Thinking

Apart from that, you must also have some of the hard skills that are required to become a Research Scientist in India are cell culture, biochemistry, and data analysis.

Data Analysis

Data Collection

Research Projects

Molecular Biology

Python and Java

Cell Culture

Experimental Design

If you are still looking for how to become a Research Scientist in India, then the most essential step for you to take is that you must opt for a formal training programme to gain knowledge in the subject and to opt for a career as a Research Scientist. You are required to complete 10+2 in Biology , Chemistry , Physics , and Mathematics from a recognised board in India.

After you have completed your 10+2, you must opt for a bachelor’s degree by appearing for the entrance examination and then opt for a master’s degree in MSc Clinical Research or any other related degree. Below, We have mentioned the Research Scientist entrance examination, bachelor’s and master’s degrees.

Entrance Examinations

Bachelor’s Degree Programmes

Master’s Degree Programmes

If you are looking for how to become a Research Scientist in India, then you can also opt for a specialised certification. If you pursue a certification course you will gain more knowledge and skills. Below we have given some of the specialised certifications.

Once you have completed your formal degree and certifications, you are required to create an attractive resume with all of your details such as subject knowledge and skills, your interest in the research field, and your educational background. Your resume must be in a formal and professional tone.

If you want to develop your skills and knowledge practically and gain industry experience then you must pursue an internship. Before you pursue your Ph.D. program it is better that you work for one to two years. You can upload your resume to various internship platforms, or connect directly to popular laboratories and research centers where you can work under the supervision of experienced professionals.

Once you have completed your training or internship, you can now apply for full-time job opportunities. You can apply on various job offering platforms such as Naukri, Linkedin, Monster and Indeed. Apart from that you can also approach directly to some of the laboratories or research institutes or universities.

This is the final step in how to become a Research Scientist in India. After attending some of the related interviews you can select the best and the right offer and accept it and join the company and begin your career.

What are the skills and qualities required to become a/an Research Scientist?

Communication skills
Critical thinking
Learning Skills
Attention to detail
Physical strength
Science skills

Patience: As a research scientist, one has to remain calm and make the right decisions in order to carry out their duties. This is very important in order to maintain the continued success of the research project. The work that the associate does helps in developing new methodologies for human life.

Physical Strength: Having the proper physical strength and mental focus is very important for a research scientist to be successful in their job. Besides being physically fit, research scientist also needs to stay focused and alert during their trials, which can last for up to 8 hours.

Communication Skills: One of the most critical skills that research scientists need to develop is communication skills. This is because, in a high-stakes environment, communicating effectively is very important.

Science Skills: People should have a deep understanding of science in order to excel in their field. This is very important for them to become a research scientist. Besides being able to excel in the field, it is also very important that they have a passion for technology.

Attention to Detail: One of the most important factors that a research scientist should consider when it comes to becoming a research scientist is the importance of paying attention to detail. This is because, in order to produce the best possible work, one must always be able to make the necessary decisions.

Critical Thinking: As a research scientist, you must have the necessary skills to analyse and interpret data in order to make informed decisions. This discipline involves identifying the weaknesses and strengths of various solutions. Besides being able to analyse and interpret data, a research scientist also needs to have the necessary analytical skills to deal with difficult situations.

Learning Skills: In addition to being able to analyse and interpret data, a research scientist also needs to have the necessary analytical skills to deal with difficult situations. Learning skills are very important in a career as a research scientist. This discipline involves conducting various tasks such as inspecting and testing equipment.

Which certifications and internships can be helpful in becoming Research Scientist?

Individuals aspiring to become research scientist can upgrade their skills by taking various certification courses. These courses can help them perform at their best.

Internship Availability

Several organisations in the science and technology industry provide internships to students. These are designed to provide them with an opportunity to enhance their technical skills and experience, as well as learn more about becoming a research scientist. To apply, students must go through the website portals of their choice. They are also required to provide their CV and meet the requirements of the internship. Shortlisted candidates will be given various opportunities throughout the year.

Career Path Progression for Research Scientist

Junior Research Scientist: Junior research scientists are responsible for providing technical guidance to the technicians and interns working in other fields who are under their expertise. These individuals use their knowledge in the areas they work in to improve their efficiency.

Senior Research Scientist: A senior research scientist is a person who focuses on the principles of various engineering disciplines such as electrical, chemical, and physics. They supervise the technicians and technologists who are involved in the production or research of the project. They also prepare reports and perform other tasks to communicate engineering recommendations.

Research Scientist Jobs and Salaries

Junior research scientist.

Average Salary 39000

Job Description

The Junior Research Scientist job description includes planning and conducting experiments, and formulating and executing investigative protocols. A Junior Research Scientist does data collection and analysis.

Salary Description

An entry-level Junior Research Scientist salary in India ranges between Rs 2.0 Lakhs to Rs 9.8 Lakhs with an average annual salary of Rs 5.0 Lakhs per annum. Junior Research Scientist in India may vary depending on the various job factors like the skills and experience of the candidates, job location, and others.

Salary Source: AmbitionBox

Senior Research Scientist

Average Salary 70000

The Senior Research Scientist job description includes securing the funding, publishing the findings and conducting in-house research presentations. A Senior Research Scientist promotes beneficence, minimises risks, and collects and analyses data.

The estimated Senior Research Scientist salary in India ranges from Rs 5.6 Lakhs to Rs 20.0 Lakhs with an average annual salary of Rs 10.0 Lakhs per annum. Senior Research Scientist salary may vary depending on the various job factors.

What is the job outlook for Research Scientist?

There are numerous growth opportunities in a research scientist career. You can choose to specialise in one of the areas of corporate social responsibility or develop new skills in areas such as research and development.

One of the oldest research scientist career in the industry, research scientist has plenty of scope and potential. In addition to being in the medical and biological sectors, research scientist jobs are also available in engineering technology fields. This field is heavily influenced by the discoveries made in the field of engineering, which involves the study of particulate matter.

Frequently Asked Questions for Research Scientist

Que. how to become a research scientist in biotechnology.

You must pursue a bachelor's degree by giving an entrance exam like ARS NET, JRF, ICMR, and DBT NET and opt for a master's degree in MSc Biotechnology and must opt for an internship for atleast one to two years.

Que. How to become a research scientist in physics?

You must pursue a bachelor's degree by giving an entrance exam like JEST, or UGC-NET and opt for a master's degree in biochemistry, biology, or pharmacology and must opt for an internship for atleast one to two years.

Que. How to become a research scientist in biology?

You must pursue a bachelor's degree in biology by giving an entrance exam and opt for a master's degree in biochemistry, biology, or pharmacology and must opt for an internship for atleast one to two years. After that, you can opt for a PhD.

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Questions related to Research Scientist

Interview questions related to b.com.

Dear Aspirant !

Hope you are doing well !

These questions can be asked which are as follows;-

What are liquid assets? ...
What is the purpose of audits? ...
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What is a subsidy? ...
What is the role of a public relations department? ...
What do you understand about equilibrium? ...
What is a futures market?.

Hope it helps you!

which is the best MSc in microbiology or MSc in bio physics?in terms of jobs as a research scientist after completing my bsc degree in microbiology ...

Hello Aspirant,

There are numerous opportunities ahead for graduates of M.Sc Microbiology. The scope has risen for M.Sc. microbiology graduates with the emergence of COVID. The demand for researchers has constantly increased to determine whether its existence in the human ecosystem is natural or man-made.

An M.Sc. in microbiology provides numerous opportunities in various fields such as education, healthcare, pharmaceutical, and agriculture.

Graduates can find career opportunities in both the private as well as public sectors. The agriculture sector also demands skilled professionals for microbiological research on subjects like rhizosphere, nitrogen fixation, biogas production, soil enzymes, and anaerobic decomposition.

Further, you can know more about the top colleges, salary packages, etc at https://www.careers360.com/courses/msc-in-microbiology#:~:text=Benefits%20of%20Studying%20M.Sc%20Microbiology%20A%20M.Sc.%20in,both%20the%20private%20as%20well%20as%20public%20s

MSc Biophysics: Biophysics is an advanced field of science that uses the techniques of physical science to study biological systems.

Benefits of studying biophysics:

1. Biophysicists can also work in universities, industry, medical centers, research institutes, and government.

2. Candidates can find jobs as biophysics researchers or scientists with research institutes or government organizations in various academic grades for research-oriented programs.

3. The course is beneficial for those who are curious about biological processes and enjoy puzzle solving, designing experiments, or working with numbers and computers, there are many exciting opportunities for you in biophysics.

4. They can even find a job as a professor or member of faculty in a university, medical or dental college offering a program in biophysics.

Further, You can know about this course at https://www.careers360.com/courses/bio-physics-course

In the end, what matters the most is in which area your interest lies and the amount of hard work you put into it.

Best Wishes!

I wanted to ask that do research scientist ( I mean kvpy scholar) earn good amount of money in India ?

Dear aspirant,

Department of Science and Technology, Government of India has started Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana or Young Scientist Incentive Plan for encouraging young scientists in pursuing research career courses in basis sciences upto Pre-Ph.D level.

The KVPY students receive a amout of Rs. 5000 monthly fellowship from first year of degree to final year of degree in courses like Integrated M.S or M.Sc, B.Sc or B. Statistics or B. Mathematics or B.S Maths/ Integrated M.S./M.Sc. They receive amount of Rs. 20,000 per year as annual contingency grant. After 3 years the amount is increased to Rs. 7000 and annual grant of Rs. 28,000 is given.

Candidates can also get DST Inspire Scholarship with worth of Rs. 80,000 per annum. The scholarship is given on the basis of Skill test conducted every year.

I hope this information was useful to you.

Best of Luck!!

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Home » Scientist – Definition, Types and Working Area

Scientist – Definition, Types and Working Area

Table of Contents

Definition:

A scientist is a person who uses the scientific method to systematically study and gain knowledge about the natural world. Scientists may work in a variety of fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, and many others. They design experiments, gather data, analyze results, and draw conclusions based on evidence. The work of scientists often involves formulating hypotheses and theories, testing these ideas through experimentation, and publishing their findings in scientific journals to share with others in their field. Scientists play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of the world around us and contributing to the development of new technologies, medicines, and other innovations that can benefit society.

Types of Scientist

Natural Scientists: These scientists study natural phenomena, including physics, chemistry, biology, and geology. They may research topics such as the properties of matter, the behavior of subatomic particles, the structure of molecules, or the evolution of species.
Social Scientists : These scientists study human behavior and social systems, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science, and economics. They may research topics such as social inequality, political systems, cultural practices, or the psychological underpinnings of human behavior.
Medical Scientists : These scientists conduct research related to health and medicine, including diseases, treatments, and prevention. They may research topics such as the causes of diseases, the development of new drugs, or the effectiveness of medical interventions.
Environmental Scientists: These scientists study the environment and its impact on living organisms, including ecology, climatology, and environmental science. They may research topics such as climate change, ecosystem dynamics, or the effects of pollution on wildlife.
Data Scientists: These scientists work with large data sets to extract insights and make predictions using statistical methods, machine learning algorithms, and other computational techniques. They may work in fields such as computer science, statistics, or artificial intelligence.
Engineering Scientists : These scientists apply scientific principles to design and develop new technologies and systems, including mechanical, electrical, chemical, and civil engineering. They may research topics such as the development of renewable energy sources, the design of transportation systems, or the optimization of manufacturing processes.
Astronomers: These scientists study the universe, including the stars, planets, galaxies, and other celestial bodies. They may research topics such as the formation of stars, the evolution of galaxies, or the search for extraterrestrial life.
Neuroscientists: These scientists study the brain and nervous system, including neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and related fields. They may research topics such as brain function, memory, perception, or the development of new treatments for neurological disorders.
Mathematicians : These scientists use mathematical concepts and tools to solve problems and develop new theories. They may work in fields such as pure mathematics, applied mathematics, or computational mathematics.
Materials Scientists: These scientists study the properties and behavior of materials, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. They may research topics such as the development of new materials with specific properties, or the use of materials in energy storage, electronics, or other applications.
Marine Scientists: These scientists study the oceans and marine life, including marine biology, oceanography, and related fields. They may research topics such as ocean currents, marine ecosystems, or the effects of climate change on marine environments.
Agricultural Scientists: These scientists study agriculture and food production, including crop science, soil science, and animal science. They may research topics such as crop yields, animal nutrition, or the development of sustainable farming practices.
Ecologists: These scientists study the interactions between living organisms and their environment, including the ecology of ecosystems, populations, and communities. They may research topics such as biodiversity, conservation biology, or the impacts of climate change on natural systems.
Physicists: These scientists study the behavior and properties of matter and energy, including classical and quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, and thermodynamics. They may research topics such as the nature of the universe, the properties of subatomic particles, or the development of new technologies based on fundamental physics principles.
Atmospheric Scientists: These scientists study the Earth’s atmosphere and its interactions with the oceans and land surface, including meteorology, atmospheric physics, and climate science. They may research topics such as weather forecasting, climate modeling, or the effects of air pollution on human health.
Computer Scientists : These scientists study the theory, design, and application of computer systems and software, including computer science, software engineering, and artificial intelligence. They may research topics such as computer graphics, machine learning, or the development of new algorithms for data processing.
Immunologists: These scientists study the immune system and its responses to pathogens and disease, including immunology and microbiology. They may research topics such as the development of vaccines, immune-based therapies, or the molecular mechanisms of immune responses.
Geologists: These scientists study the Earth’s physical structure, history, and processes, including geology, geochemistry, and geophysics. They may research topics such as plate tectonics, mineral resources, or the formation of natural resources.

Examples of Scientist

Albert Einstein: A theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which revolutionized our understanding of space and time.
Marie Curie: A physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity, discovered the elements radium and polonium, and was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize.
Charles Darwin: A biologist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, which transformed our understanding of the origin and diversity of species.
Rosalind Franklin: A chemist and X-ray crystallographer who played a critical role in the discovery of the structure of DNA, although she did not receive proper recognition for her contributions during her lifetime.
Stephen Hawking: A theoretical physicist who made significant contributions to our understanding of black holes, the universe, and the nature of time, despite suffering from a debilitating neurological disorder.
J ane Goodall: A primatologist who conducted groundbreaking research on the behavior of chimpanzees in their natural habitats, and has since become a prominent advocate for conservation and animal welfare.
Neil deGrasse Tyson: An astrophysicist and science communicator who has popularized science through books, television shows, and public appearances.

What Do Scientists Do

There are many different types of scientists, each with their own areas of expertise and methods of inquiry. Some examples include:

Biologists: Biologists study living organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. They may research topics such as genetics, evolution, ecology, and physiology.
Chemists: Chemists study the properties and behavior of matter. They may research topics such as materials science, drug development, and environmental chemistry.
Physicists: Physicists study the fundamental properties of matter and energy. They may research topics such as particle physics, cosmology, and condensed matter physics.
Geologists: Geologists study the Earth and its processes. They may research topics such as plate tectonics, mineralogy, and the history of the planet.
Social scientists : Social scientists study human behavior and societies. They may research topics such as economics, psychology, sociology, and anthropology.

What Skills Must a Scientist Have

Being a scientist requires a combination of knowledge, skills, and personal attributes. Some of the key skills that scientists should have include:

Critical thinking: Scientists must be able to analyze and evaluate information, data, and evidence in a logical and objective manner.
Problem-solving: Scientists should have strong problem-solving skills to develop hypotheses, design experiments, and interpret data.
Attention to detail: Scientists must be meticulous and accurate in their work, as even small errors can have significant consequences.
Creativity: Scientists need to think creatively to develop new ideas, approaches, and solutions to complex problems.
Communication: Scientists must be able to communicate their findings and ideas effectively, both in writing and through presentations.
Collaboration: Many scientific projects involve collaboration with other scientists or professionals. Scientists must be able to work well in teams and contribute to collective goals.
Adaptability: Science is constantly evolving, and scientists must be able to adapt to new technologies, methods, and findings.
Ethical awareness: Scientists must conduct research in an ethical and responsible manner, considering the potential impacts of their work on society and the environment.

Where Scientists Work

Scientists can work in a variety of settings, depending on their area of expertise and research interests. Some of the most common places where scientists work include:

Academic institutions: Universities and research institutions are common employers for scientists, who may conduct research and teach students.
Government agencies: Government agencies such as the National Institutes of Health, NASA, and the Environmental Protection Agency employ scientists to conduct research and provide scientific expertise.
Private industry: Companies in fields such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and electronics may hire scientists to conduct research and development.
Non-profit organizations: Non-profit organizations such as conservation groups, health organizations, and scientific societies may employ scientists to conduct research and advocate for scientific causes.
Hospitals and clinics: Medical scientists may work in hospitals and clinics to conduct research, develop new treatments, and provide medical care.
Fieldwork: Many scientists, such as geologists, ecologists, and marine biologists, may conduct research in the field, traveling to remote locations to collect data and conduct experiments.

How to Become A Scientist

Becoming a scientist typically requires a combination of education, training, and experience. Here are some general steps that can be taken to become a scientist:

Obtain a Bachelor’s degree: Most scientists have at least a Bachelor’s degree in a relevant field of science, such as biology, chemistry, physics, or environmental science.
Pursue advanced education : Many careers in science require a graduate degree, such as a Master’s or a PhD. This may involve pursuing further education in a specific area of science or a related field.
Gain research experience: Many scientists gain experience through research projects while in school, internships, or working in a laboratory setting. This can help develop research skills and provide valuable experience working with scientific equipment and techniques.
Build a network: Developing a professional network of colleagues and mentors can be valuable in finding job opportunities and gaining insight into the field.
Develop specialized skills : Depending on the specific field of science, it may be helpful to develop specialized skills in areas such as data analysis, programming, or laboratory techniques.
Continue learning: Science is a constantly evolving field, and continuing education and professional development can be important for staying up-to-date with the latest research and techniques.
Pursue specific certifications: Some scientists may need specific certifications or licenses, depending on the field they work in. For example, some environmental scientists may need certification to work in certain areas.

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What does a computer and information research scientist do?

Would you make a good computer and information research scientist? Take our career test and find your match with over 800 careers.

What is a Computer and Information Research Scientist?

Computer and information research scientists conduct advanced research and studies in the field of computer science, information technology, and related areas. They explore new possibilities in computer hardware and software, algorithms, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and other emerging technologies. They may specialize in areas such as machine learning, cybersecurity, data mining, computer graphics, or networking.

Computer and information research scientists publish research papers, present at conferences, and contribute to the scientific community's knowledge and understanding of computer science. Their research findings and discoveries contribute to the development of new products, technologies, and applications that can impact various industries, such as healthcare, finance, communications, and entertainment.

What does a Computer and Information Research Scientist do?

A computer and information research scientist working on her computer.

Computer and information research scientists play an important role in driving technological innovation and shaping the future of computing by exploring new frontiers, solving complex problems, and advancing the field through their research efforts.

Duties and Responsibilities Here are some common responsibilities associated with the role of a computer and information research scientist:

Research and Experimentation: Conducting advanced research and experimentation to explore new ideas, technologies, and approaches within the field of computer science. This involves formulating research questions, designing experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions based on the results.
Technology Development: Developing new technologies, algorithms, models, or software solutions to address complex problems and push the boundaries of computer science. This includes designing innovative systems, architectures, or methodologies that can improve computer performance, efficiency, security, or user experience.
Data Analysis and Modeling: Analyzing large datasets, applying statistical techniques, and developing models to gain insights, predict trends, or solve specific problems. This involves utilizing techniques such as machine learning, data mining, or data visualization to extract meaningful information and make informed decisions.
Software and Algorithm Design: Designing and developing software applications, algorithms, or programming languages that enable new functionalities or solve specific computational challenges. This includes writing code, debugging, testing, and optimizing software to ensure its efficiency, reliability, and scalability.
Collaboration and Communication: Collaborating with other researchers, engineers, and professionals in interdisciplinary teams to exchange ideas, share knowledge, and work towards common goals. Effective communication skills are essential for presenting research findings, writing scientific papers, and delivering presentations at conferences or seminars.
Technology Evaluation and Assessment: Evaluating existing technologies, systems, or methodologies to identify their strengths, weaknesses, and potential improvements. This involves staying abreast of the latest advancements in the field, assessing their relevance, and providing recommendations for their implementation or refinement.
Project Management: Planning, organizing, and managing research projects, including setting objectives, allocating resources, and ensuring timely completion of tasks. This may involve supervising and mentoring junior researchers, coordinating collaborations with external partners, and overseeing the overall progress of the project.
Publication and Knowledge Sharing: Publishing research findings in academic journals, presenting at conferences, and contributing to the scientific community's knowledge base. This includes writing research papers, participating in peer reviews, and staying actively engaged in professional networks and forums.
Ethical Considerations: Adhering to ethical guidelines and principles in research, particularly when working with sensitive data, artificial intelligence, or human subjects. Ensuring that research practices comply with legal and ethical standards is crucial for maintaining integrity and accountability in the field.

Types of Computer and Information Research Scientists Here are some common types of computer and information research scientists based on their specializations:

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research Scientist: Specializes in the development and advancement of AI technologies, including machine learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics. They focus on creating intelligent systems that can learn, reason, and perform tasks autonomously.
Data Scientist : Focuses on analyzing and interpreting large datasets to extract insights, identify patterns, and make data-driven decisions. They utilize statistical and computational techniques, as well as machine learning algorithms, to uncover meaningful information from complex data.
Network Research Scientist: Specializes in the design, development, and optimization of computer networks. They focus on areas such as network protocols, network security, network performance analysis, and the development of innovative networking technologies.
Security Research Scientist: Concentrates on researching and developing techniques to protect computer systems, networks, and data from cyber threats. They work on areas such as cryptography, secure software development, intrusion detection, vulnerability analysis, and security protocols.
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Research Scientist: Studies the interaction between humans and computer systems, with a focus on improving user experience, usability, and accessibility. They investigate user behavior, design intuitive interfaces, and develop interactive technologies that better meet users' needs.
Computer Graphics and Visualization Research Scientist: Specializes in the development and enhancement of computer graphics algorithms, 3D modeling, virtual reality, augmented reality, and data visualization techniques. They work on creating visually compelling and interactive computer-generated imagery.
Software Engineering Research Scientist: Concentrates on advancing software development methodologies, tools, and practices. They research software architecture, software testing, software quality assurance, and other areas to improve the efficiency, reliability, and maintainability of software systems.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) Research Scientist: Focuses on understanding and processing human language by computers. They work on tasks such as machine translation, sentiment analysis, information retrieval, and automated speech recognition to enable computers to understand and generate human language.
Quantum Computing Research Scientist: Specializes in the field of quantum computing, which involves developing algorithms, designing quantum circuits, and exploring the potential applications of quantum technologies. They work on harnessing the power of quantum mechanics to solve complex computational problems.

Are you suited to be a computer and information research scientist?

Computer and information research scientists have distinct personalities . They tend to be investigative individuals, which means they’re intellectual, introspective, and inquisitive. They are curious, methodical, rational, analytical, and logical. Some of them are also artistic, meaning they’re creative, intuitive, sensitive, articulate, and expressive.

Does this sound like you? Take our free career test to find out if computer and information research scientist is one of your top career matches.

What is the workplace of a Computer and Information Research Scientist like?

The workplace of a computer and information research scientist can vary depending on their specific role, employer, and area of specialization. Generally, they work in environments that foster research, innovation, and collaboration. Here is a description of the typical workplaces for these professionals:

Research Laboratories: Many computer and information research scientists work in research laboratories, either in academic institutions or private companies. These labs provide a dedicated space for conducting experiments, developing prototypes, and analyzing data. Research laboratories are equipped with advanced computer systems, high-performance servers, specialized software, and cutting-edge research tools to support their work.

Academic Institutions: Research scientists in computer and information science often work in universities or research institutes. They may be affiliated with a particular department or research center within the institution. Academic environments provide access to extensive research resources, such as libraries, research grants, and collaborations with other faculty members and students.

Industrial Research and Development (R&D) Centers: Many large technology companies have dedicated R&D centers where computer and information research scientists work on developing new technologies, software, or hardware products. These centers provide a stimulating and innovative environment with access to state-of-the-art facilities, collaborative teams, and resources for bringing research ideas to practical applications.

Government Research Agencies: Some computer and information research scientists work in government research agencies, such as national laboratories or defense research organizations. These agencies focus on research and development in areas of national interest, including cybersecurity, data analysis, information assurance, and emerging technologies. Government research agencies often collaborate with academia and industry on projects of strategic importance.

Collaboration and Fieldwork: Depending on their research focus, computer and information research scientists may engage in collaborative projects with other researchers, industry partners, or government agencies. This can involve fieldwork, where they collect data or conduct experiments in real-world settings. For example, researchers studying human-computer interaction may conduct user studies in various environments to gather data and evaluate the usability of systems.

Conferences and Workshops: Research scientists often attend conferences, workshops, and seminars relevant to their areas of expertise. These events provide opportunities to present research findings, exchange ideas, and network with other professionals in the field. Presenting research at conferences enables scientists to receive feedback, gain exposure, and stay updated with the latest developments in their areas of research.

Collaboration Tools and Remote Work: With advancements in communication technology, computer and information research scientists may also work remotely or utilize collaboration tools to work with colleagues from different locations. Remote work and virtual collaboration platforms allow for global collaboration, enabling scientists to collaborate with experts from around the world and exchange ideas without physical constraints.

Computer and Information Research Scientists are also known as: Computer Research Scientist

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A Solar Eclipse Means Big Science

By Katrina Miller April 1, 2024

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On April 8, cameras all over North America will make a “megamovie” of the sun’s corona, like this one from the 2017 eclipse. The time lapse will help scientists track the behavior of jets and plumes on the sun’s surface.

There’s more science happening along the path of totality →

An app named SunSketcher will help the public take pictures of the eclipse with their phones.

Scientists will use these images to study deviations in the shape of the solar surface , which will help them understand the sun’s churning behavior below.

The sun right now is approaching peak activity. More than 40 telescope stations along the eclipse’s path will record totality.

By comparing these videos to what was captured in 2017 — when the sun was at a lull — researchers can learn how the sun’s magnetism drives the solar wind, or particles that stream through the solar system.

Students will launch giant balloons equipped with cameras and sensors along the eclipse’s path.

Their measurements may improve weather forecasting , and also produce a bird’s eye view of the moon’s shadow moving across the Earth.

Ham radio operators will send signals to each other across the path of totality to study how the density of electrons in Earth’s upper atmosphere changes .

This can help quantify how space weather produced by the sun disrupts radar communication systems.

(Animation by Dr. Joseph Huba, Syntek Technologies; HamSCI Project, Dr. Nathaniel Frissell, the University of Scranton, NSF and NASA.)

NASA is also studying Earth’s atmosphere, but far from the path of totality.

In Virginia, the agency will launch rockets during the eclipse to measure how local drops in sunlight cause ripple effects hundreds of miles away . The data will clarify how eclipses and other solar events affect satellite communications, including GPS.

Biologists in San Antonio plan to stash recording devices in beehives to study how bees orient themselves using sunlight , and how the insects respond to the sudden atmospheric changes during a total eclipse.

Two researchers in southern Illinois will analyze social media posts to understand tourism patterns in remote towns , including when visitors arrive, where they come from and what they do during their visits.

Results can help bolster infrastructure to support large events in rural areas.

Our Coverage of the Total Solar Eclipse

Dress for the Occasion: What should you wear for the eclipse? Our fashion critic weighs the options , including an unexpected suggestion from scientists.

Free to View: Six inmates in upstate New York prisons who sued the state won their lawsuit to view the eclipse , arguing it “is a religious event.” But a statewide prison lockdown during the eclipse will remain in place.

Hearing the Eclipse: A device called LightSound is being distributed to help the blind and visually impaired experience what they can’t see .

Sky-High Hotel Prices: One Super 8 hotel in the eclipse’s path is charging $949 a night . Its normal rate is $95.

Animal Reactions : Researchers will watch if animals at zoos, homes and farms act strangely when day quickly turns to night.

A Rare Return: A total solar eclipse happens twice in the same place every 366 years on average. But people in certain areas will encounter April 8’s eclipse about seven years after they were near the middle of the path of the “Great American Eclipse.”

No Power Outages: When the sky darkens during the eclipse, electricity production in some parts of the country will drop so sharply that it could theoretically leave tens of millions of homes in the dark. In practice, hardly anyone will notice a sudden loss of energy.

Office of the Vice President for Research

Ovpr announces recipients of 2024 discovery and innovation awards.

The Office of the Vice President for Research (OVPR) is honoring 11 faculty and staff for their exceptional contributions to research, scholarship, and creative activity as part of the 2024 Discovery and Innovation Awards .

“ The winners represent the best and the brightest of our University of Iowa faculty and staff, who are making an impact across a range of disciplines,” said Marty Scholtz, vice president for research. “Their research and scholarship enhance undergraduate and graduate education on campus, and their efforts to expand the frontiers of discovery betters our community, state, and world.”

The OVPR solicited nominations from across campus for the awards, which include: Scholar of the Year, Early Career Scholar of the Year, Leadership in Research, and awards that recognize achievement in communicating scholarship with public audiences, community engagement, arts and humanities, mentorship, research administration and safety. A campuswide event on April 30 will celebrate the winners.

Faculty Awards

Jun Wang , James E. Ashton Professor and interim departmental executive officer in the College of Engineering’s

Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, is the 2024 Scholar of the Year . The award celebrates nationally recognized recent achievement in outstanding research, scholarship, and/or creative activities.

Wang’s research centers on the development of novel remote sensing techniques to characterize aerosols and fires from space. He serves as the University of Iowa’s lead investigator on NASA’s TEMPO, Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring Pollution, which Time magazine named one of its best inventions of 2023.

“Professor Wang's scholarly endeavors over the past two years stand out as a paradigm of excellence, serving as an exemplary model for both emerging and seasoned faculty members to aspire toward,” said Karim Abdel-Malek, professor of biomedical engineering and director of the Iowa Technology Institute.

James Byrne , assistant professor of radiation oncology in the Carver College of Medicine ( CCOM ), is the 2024 Early Career Scholar of the Year . The award honors assistant professors who are currently involved in research, scholarship, and/or creative activity and show promise of making a significant contribution to their field.

As a physician scientist, Byrne continues to care for patients while developing novel biomedical therapies for cancer, finding inspiration in everything from latte foam to tardigrades. In his first two years as faculty at the UI, he has earned more that $2.5M in external research funding, including a K08 award from the NIH.

“Dr. Byrne’s scientific creativity stems from both an active and curious mind as well as his ability to bridge diverse fields from engineering to biology to medicine,” said Michael Henry, professor and interim director of the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center. “These interdisciplinary boundaries are where some of the most interesting and important work is happening today.”

Donna Santillan , research professor and director of the Division of Reproductive Science Research in the CCOM Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, received the Leadership in Research Award , which recognizes research and scholarly accomplishments throughout a career.

While Santillan’s research has spanned across the field of reproductive science, she has a particular interest in the deadly diseases of pregnancy, including preeclampsia and its intergenerational effects. She designed and directs the Women’s Health Tissue Repository. Santillan’s work has been cited more than 2,700 times, and she has mentored 114 early career scientists and students, a testament to her expansive impact.

“Dr. Santillan has consistently demonstrated an unwavering commitment to fostering the professional and personal development of trainees in research, including myself,” said Banu Gumusoglu, assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology. “Her mentorship extends beyond the confines of traditional academic settings, touching the lives of many aspiring trainees from high school through residency, clinical fellowship, and faculty levels.”

Stephen Warren , professor of history and American studies in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (CLAS), received the Distinguished Achievement in Publicly Engaged Research Award . The award recognizes an individual faculty member who has put addressing public needs and direct engagement with the public, in the service of improving quality of life through research, at the forefront of his or her academic activities.

A prolific scholar of Native American culture, Warren’s research has centered on the Shawnee people of Oklahoma for the past two decades. He has published four books and co-authored the most recent one , Replanting Cultures: Community-Engaged Scholarship in Indian Country, with Chief Benjamin Barnes of the Shawnee Tribe.

“Over the last two decades, Professor Warren has established himself as a leading community-engaged scholar, and his achievements in research and publishing demonstrate that community engagement and strong scholarship are not mutually exclusive,” said Nick Benson, director of the Office of Community Engagement. “Professor Warren’s work serves as an inspiration for researchers at Iowa and nationally who seek not only to make a difference in academia, but also in our communities.”

Kaveh Akbar , associate professor of English in CLAS, received the Distinguished Achievement in Arts and Humanities Research Award . This award honors distinguished achievement in humanities scholarship and work in the creative, visual and performing arts.

Akbar joined Iowa in 2022 to serve as the director of the English and creative writing major. In January, his new novel, Martyr!, was published to critical acclaim. Akbar previously published two prize-winning poetry collections and has served as poetry editor for The Nation since 2021.

“Akbar’s leadership in the profession and on campus continues: his transformative work in our department not only enriches the academic experiences of 700+ English and creative writing majors, but also enhances the profile of UI as ‘The Writing University,’” said Blaine Greteman, professor and departmental executive officer of the Department of English.

Cara Hamann , associate professor of epidemiology, received the Faculty Communicating ideas Award . This award recognizes excellence in communication about research and scholarship in the sciences and humanities and the study of creative, visual, and performing arts to a general audience directly or via print and electronic media.

Hamann has frequently shared her work on transportation issues, including teen driving, bike and scooter safety, and pedestrian safety, through peer-reviewed journals and extensive media outreach. Her recent op-ed, “The most deadly traffic policy you’ve never heard of leaves you vulnerable, too,” drew widespread attention to a legal loophole in crosswalk laws and appeared in more than 50 news outlets nationwide, including USA Today .

“Dr. Hamann’s work is not only academically rigorous but also accessible and impactful to a

wide audience,” said Diane Rohlman, associate dean for research in the College of Public Health. “Her ability to communicate with clarity, creativity, and passion coupled with her extensive media outreach, exemplifies how she utilizes multiple approaches to address transportation challenges impacting society.”

Bob McMurray , F. Wendell Miller Professor in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, and Caroline Clay , assistant professor of acting in the Department of Theatre Arts, were recipients of the Office of Undergraduate Research (OUR) Distinguished Mentor Awards . The awards honors mentors’ dedication to making their students research experiences successful.

“I can’t imagine my research journey without Bob’s welcoming kindness, thriving lab community, and confident mentorship, and I am so deeply grateful for his impact on me,” said Hannah Franke, a psychology and linguistics major mentored by McMurray.

“I know I am far from the only student whose life has been impacted by Caroline Clay,” said Isabella Hohenadel, a second-year theatre arts major. “She deserves to be recognized of all of the wonderful work she does and how much she cares about us as students. I cannot think of anyone more deserving of recognition than her.”

Staff Awards

Angie Robertson , department administrator for CCOM’s Department of Microbiology and Immunology, received the Distinguished Research Administrator Award . The award recognizes staff members who performed exceptional service in support of research at the UI by exploring funding opportunities, assisting in grant proposal preparation, submission, post-award administration, and operational support.

In addition to overseeing every aspect of daily operations for the department, Robertson manages nearly 100 research grants for the department and three longstanding NIH T32 training grants.

“Angie plays a leading role in our department office, inspiring us to achieve all aspects of our missions ,” said Li Wu, professor and department chair. “She is innovative, collaborative, accountable, and respectful in her daily work. She exceeds any expectations and sets a great example for staff members in the department.”

Min Zhu , research specialist in the Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research (IIOHR) within the College of Dentistry, received the Distinguished Research Professional Award . The award recognizes staff members who performed exceptional service in support of research at the UI by conducting experiments, collecting, and analyzing results and performing operational duties associated with a laboratory or research program.

Zhu has worked as a lab bench scientist in the College of Dentistry since 2006, executing experimental work for grants and other research, working closely with IIOHR faculty members, overseeing lab maintenance and environmental health and safety efforts.

“Beyond her research skills, Dr. Zhu has been an exceptional mentor and educator for my students and other junior researchers,” said Liu Hong, professor of prosthodontics. “Her kindness and willingness to share her knowledge have made her a beloved figure among them.”

Curtis Iberg , manager of sterilization services in the College of Dentistry, received the Innovation in Safety Award, which celebrates exceptional and ground-breaking innovations that advance safety at the UI. Iberg led a major renovation of the College of Dentistry’s instrument processing and sterilization area, with the aim of encouraging better workflow and support for future growth.

“His innovations in workspace are a valuable asset to the greater University and demonstrates that the most important people to be involved in a space renovation are those that use the area because they can see how the facility can better function and how it can be designed for future needs,” said Kecia Leary, associate dean of clinics.

blurred figure in a tunnel moving towards a light

The new science of death: ‘There’s something happening in the brain that makes no sense’

New research into the dying brain suggests the line between life and death may be less distinct than previously thought

P atient One was 24 years old and pregnant with her third child when she was taken off life support. It was 2014. A couple of years earlier, she had been diagnosed with a disorder that caused an irregular heartbeat, and during her two previous pregnancies she had suffered seizures and faintings. Four weeks into her third pregnancy, she collapsed on the floor of her home. Her mother, who was with her, called 911. By the time an ambulance arrived, Patient One had been unconscious for more than 10 minutes. Paramedics found that her heart had stopped.

After being driven to a hospital where she couldn’t be treated, Patient One was taken to the emergency department at the University of Michigan. There, medical staff had to shock her chest three times with a defibrillator before they could restart her heart. She was placed on an external ventilator and pacemaker, and transferred to the neurointensive care unit, where doctors monitored her brain activity. She was unresponsive to external stimuli, and had a massive swelling in her brain. After she lay in a deep coma for three days, her family decided it was best to take her off life support. It was at that point – after her oxygen was turned off and nurses pulled the breathing tube from her throat – that Patient One became one of the most intriguing scientific subjects in recent history.

For several years, Jimo Borjigin, a professor of neurology at the University of Michigan, had been troubled by the question of what happens to us when we die. She had read about the near-death experiences of certain cardiac-arrest survivors who had undergone extraordinary psychic journeys before being resuscitated. Sometimes, these people reported travelling outside of their bodies towards overwhelming sources of light where they were greeted by dead relatives. Others spoke of coming to a new understanding of their lives, or encountering beings of profound goodness. Borjigin didn’t believe the content of those stories was true – she didn’t think the souls of dying people actually travelled to an afterworld – but she suspected something very real was happening in those patients’ brains. In her own laboratory, she had discovered that rats undergo a dramatic storm of many neurotransmitters, including serotonin and dopamine, after their hearts stop and their brains lose oxygen. She wondered if humans’ near-death experiences might spring from a similar phenomenon, and if it was occurring even in people who couldn’t be revived.

Dying seemed like such an important area of research – we all do it, after all – that Borjigin assumed other scientists had already developed a thorough understanding of what happens to the brain in the process of death. But when she looked at the scientific literature, she found little enlightenment. “To die is such an essential part of life,” she told me recently. “But we knew almost nothing about the dying brain.” So she decided to go back and figure out what had happened inside the brains of people who died at the University of Michigan neurointensive care unit. Among them was Patient One.

At the time Borjigin began her research into Patient One, the scientific understanding of death had reached an impasse. Since the 1960s, advances in resuscitation had helped to revive thousands of people who might otherwise have died. About 10% or 20% of those people brought with them stories of near-death experiences in which they felt their souls or selves departing from their bodies. A handful of those patients even claimed to witness, from above, doctors’ attempts to resuscitate them. According to several international surveys and studies, one in 10 people claims to have had a near-death experience involving cardiac arrest, or a similar experience in circumstances where they may have come close to death. That’s roughly 800 million souls worldwide who may have dipped a toe in the afterlife.

As remarkable as these near-death experiences sounded, they were consistent enough that some scientists began to believe there was truth to them: maybe people really did have minds or souls that existed separately from their living bodies. In the 1970s, a small network of cardiologists, psychiatrists, medical sociologists and social psychologists in North America and Europe began investigating whether near-death experiences proved that dying is not the end of being, and that consciousness can exist independently of the brain. The field of near-death studies was born.

Over the next 30 years, researchers collected thousands of case reports of people who had had near-death experiences. Meanwhile, new technologies and techniques were helping doctors revive more and more people who, in earlier periods of history, would have almost certainly been permanently deceased. “We are now at the point where we have both the tools and the means to scientifically answer the age-old question: What happens when we die?” wrote Sam Parnia, an accomplished resuscitation specialist and one of the world’s leading experts on near-death experiences, in 2006. Parnia himself was devising an international study to test whether patients could have conscious awareness even after they were found clinically dead.

But by 2015, experiments such as Parnia’s had yielded ambiguous results, and the field of near-death studies was not much closer to understanding death than it had been when it was founded four decades earlier. That’s when Borjigin, together with several colleagues, took the first close look at the record of electrical activity in the brain of Patient One after she was taken off life support. What they discovered – in results reported for the first time last year – was almost entirely unexpected, and has the potential to rewrite our understanding of death.

“I believe what we found is only the tip of a vast iceberg,” Borjigin told me. “What’s still beneath the surface is a full account of how dying actually takes place. Because there’s something happening in there, in the brain, that makes no sense.”

F or all that science has learned about the workings of life, death remains among the most intractable of mysteries. “At times I have been tempted to believe that the creator has eternally intended this department of nature to remain baffling, to prompt our curiosities and hopes and suspicions all in equal measure,” the philosopher William James wrote in 1909.

The first time that the question Borjigin began asking in 2015 was posed – about what happens to the brain during death – was a quarter of a millennium earlier. Around 1740, a French military physician reviewed the case of a famous apothecary who, after a “malign fever” and several blood-lettings, fell unconscious and thought he had travelled to the Kingdom of the Blessed . The physician speculated that the apothecary’s experience had been caused by a surge of blood to the brain. But between that early report and the mid-20th century, scientific interest in near-death experiences remained sporadic.

In 1892, the Swiss climber and geologist Albert Heim collected the first systematic accounts of near-death experiences from 30 fellow climbers who had suffered near-fatal falls. In many cases, the climbers underwent a sudden review of their entire past, heard beautiful music, and “fell in a superbly blue heaven containing roseate cloudlets”, Heim wrote. “Then consciousness was painlessly extinguished, usually at the moment of impact.” There were a few more attempts to do research in the early 20th century, but little progress was made in understanding near-death experiences scientifically. Then, in 1975, an American medical student named Raymond Moody published a book called Life After Life.

Sunbeams behind clouds in vivid sunset sky reflecting in ocean water

In his book, Moody distilled the reports of 150 people who had had intense, life-altering experiences in the moments surrounding a cardiac arrest. Although the reports varied, he found that they often shared one or more common features or themes. The narrative arc of the most detailed of those reports – departing the body and travelling through a long tunnel, having an out-of-body experience, encountering spirits and a being of light, one’s whole life flashing before one’s eyes, and returning to the body from some outer limit – became so canonical that the art critic Robert Hughes could refer to it years later as “the familiar kitsch of near-death experience”. Moody’s book became an international bestseller.

In 1976, the New York Times reported on the burgeoning scientific interest in “life after death” and the “emerging field of thanatology”. The following year, Moody and several fellow thanatologists founded an organisation that became the International Association for Near-Death Studies. In 1981, they printed the inaugural issue of Vital Signs , a magazine for the general reader that was largely devoted to stories of near-death experiences. The following year they began producing the field’s first peer-reviewed journal, which became the Journal of Near-Death Studies . The field was growing, and taking on the trappings of scientific respectability. Reviewing its rise in 1988, the British Journal of Psychiatry captured the field’s animating spirit: “A grand hope has been expressed that, through NDE research, new insights can be gained into the ageless mystery of human mortality and its ultimate significance, and that, for the first time, empirical perspectives on the nature of death may be achieved.”

But near-death studies was already splitting into several schools of belief, whose tensions continue to this day. One influential camp was made up of spiritualists, some of them evangelical Christians, who were convinced that near-death experiences were genuine sojourns in the land of the dead and divine. As researchers, the spiritualists’ aim was to collect as many reports of near-death experience as possible, and to proselytise society about the reality of life after death. Moody was their most important spokesman; he eventually claimed to have had multiple past lives and built a “psychomanteum” in rural Alabama where people could attempt to summon the spirits of the dead by gazing into a dimly lit mirror.

The second, and largest, faction of near-death researchers were the parapsychologists, those interested in phenomena that seemed to undermine the scientific orthodoxy that the mind could not exist independently of the brain. These researchers, who were by and large trained scientists following well established research methods, tended to believe that near-death experiences offered evidence that consciousness could persist after the death of the individual. Many of them were physicians and psychiatrists who had been deeply affected after hearing the near-death stories of patients they had treated in the ICU. Their aim was to find ways to test their theories of consciousness empirically, and to turn near-death studies into a legitimate scientific endeavour.

Finally, there emerged the smallest contingent of near-death researchers, who could be labelled the physicalists. These were scientists, many of whom studied the brain, who were committed to a strictly biological account of near-death experiences. Like dreams, the physicalists argued, near-death experiences might reveal psychological truths, but they did so through hallucinatory fictions that emerged from the workings of the body and the brain. (Indeed, many of the states reported by near-death experiencers can apparently be achieved by taking a hero’s dose of ketamine.) Their basic premise was: no functioning brain means no consciousness, and certainly no life after death. Their task, which Borjigin took up in 2015, was to discover what was happening during near-death experiences on a fundamentally physical level.

Slowly, the spiritualists left the field of research for the loftier domains of Christian talk radio, and the parapsychologists and physicalists started bringing near-death studies closer to the scientific mainstream. Between 1975, when Moody published Life After Life, and 1984, only 17 articles in the PubMed database of scientific publications mentioned near-death experiences. In the following decade, there were 62. In the most recent 10-year span, there were 221. Those articles have appeared everywhere from the Canadian Urological Association Journal to the esteemed pages of The Lancet.

Today, there is a widespread sense throughout the community of near-death researchers that we are on the verge of great discoveries. Charlotte Martial, a neuroscientist at the University of Liège in Belgium who has done some of the best physicalist work on near-death experiences, hopes we will soon develop a new understanding of the relationship between the internal experience of consciousness and its outward manifestations, for example in coma patients. “We really are in a crucial moment where we have to disentangle consciousness from responsiveness, and maybe question every state that we consider unconscious,” she told me. Parnia, the resuscitation specialist, who studies the physical processes of dying but is also sympathetic to a parapsychological theory of consciousness, has a radically different take on what we are poised to find out. “I think in 50 or 100 years time we will have discovered the entity that is consciousness,” he told me. “It will be taken for granted that it wasn’t produced by the brain, and it doesn’t die when you die.”

I f the field of near-death studies is at the threshold of new discoveries about consciousness and death, it is in large part because of a revolution in our ability to resuscitate people who have suffered cardiac arrest. Lance Becker has been a leader in resuscitation science for more than 30 years. As a young doctor attempting to revive people through CPR in the mid-1980s, senior physicians would often step in to declare patients dead. “At a certain point, they would just say, ‘OK, that’s enough. Let’s stop. This is unsuccessful. Time of death: 1.37pm,’” he recalled recently. “And that would be the last thing. And one of the things running through my head as a young doctor was, ‘Well, what really happened at 1.37?’”

In a medical setting, “clinical death” is said to occur at the moment the heart stops pumping blood, and the pulse stops. This is widely known as cardiac arrest. (It is different from a heart attack, in which there is a blockage in a heart that’s still pumping.) Loss of oxygen to the brain and other organs generally follows within seconds or minutes, although the complete cessation of activity in the heart and brain – which is often called “flatlining” or, in the case of the latter, “brain death” – may not occur for many minutes or even hours.

For almost all people at all times in history, cardiac arrest was basically the end of the line. That began to change in 1960, when the combination of mouth-to-mouth ventilation, chest compressions and external defibrillation known as cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, was formalised. Shortly thereafter, a massive campaign was launched to educate clinicians and the public on CPR’s basic techniques , and soon people were being revived in previously unthinkable, if still modest, numbers.

As more and more people were resuscitated, scientists learned that, even in its acute final stages, death is not a point, but a process. After cardiac arrest, blood and oxygen stop circulating through the body, cells begin to break down, and normal electrical activity in the brain gets disrupted. But the organs don’t fail irreversibly right away, and the brain doesn’t necessarily cease functioning altogether. There is often still the possibility of a return to life. In some cases, cell death can be stopped or significantly slowed, the heart can be restarted, and brain function can be restored. In other words, the process of death can be reversed.

It is no longer unheard of for people to be revived even six hours after being declared clinically dead. In 2011, Japanese doctors reported the case of a young woman who was found in a forest one morning after an overdose stopped her heart the previous night; using advanced technology to circulate blood and oxygen through her body, the doctors were able to revive her more than six hours later, and she was able to walk out of the hospital after three weeks of care. In 2019, a British woman named Audrey Schoeman who was caught in a snowstorm spent six hours in cardiac arrest before doctors brought her back to life with no evident brain damage.

“I don’t think there’s ever been a more exciting time for the field,” Becker told me. “We’re discovering new drugs, we’re discovering new devices, and we’re discovering new things about the brain.”

T he brain – that’s the tricky part. In January 2021, as the Covid-19 pandemic was surging toward what would become its deadliest week on record, Netflix released a documentary series called Surviving Death . In the first episode, some of near-death studies’ most prominent parapsychologists presented the core of their arguments for why they believe near-death experiences show that consciousness exists independently of the brain. “When the heart stops, within 20 seconds or so, you get flatlining, which means no brain activity,” Bruce Greyson, an emeritus professor of psychiatry at the University of Virginia and one of the founding members of the International Association for Near-Death Studies, says in the documentary. “And yet,” he goes on to claim, “people have near-death experiences when they’ve been (quote) ‘flatlined’ for longer than that.”

That is a key tenet of the parapsychologists’ arguments: if there is consciousness without brain activity, then consciousness must dwell somewhere beyond the brain. Some of the parapsychologists speculate that it is a “non-local” force that pervades the universe, like electromagnetism. This force is received by the brain, but is not generated by it, the way a television receives a broadcast.

In order for this argument to hold, something else has to be true: near-death experiences have to happen during death, after the brain shuts down. To prove this, parapsychologists point to a number of rare but astounding cases known as “veridical” near-death experiences, in which patients seem to report details from the operating room that they might have known only if they had conscious awareness during the time that they were clinically dead. Dozens of such reports exist. One of the most famous is about a woman who apparently travelled so far outside her body that she was able to spot a shoe on a window ledge in another part of the hospital where she went into cardiac arrest; the shoe was later reportedly found by a nurse.

an antique illustration of an ‘out of body experience’

At the very least, Parnia and his colleagues have written, such phenomena are “inexplicable through current neuroscientific models”. Unfortunately for the parapsychologists, however, none of the reports of post-death awareness holds up to strict scientific scrutiny. “There are many claims of this kind, but in my long decades of research into out-of-body and near-death experiences I never met any convincing evidence that this is true,” Sue Blackmore, a well-known researcher into parapsychology who had her own near-death experience as a young woman in 1970, has written .

The case of the shoe, Blackmore pointed out, relied solely on the report of the nurse who claimed to have found it. That’s far from the standard of proof the scientific community would require to accept a result as radical as that consciousness can travel beyond the body and exist after death. In other cases, there’s not enough evidence to prove that the experiences reported by cardiac arrest survivors happened when their brains were shut down, as opposed to in the period before or after they supposedly “flatlined”. “So far, there is no sufficiently rigorous, convincing empirical evidence that people can observe their surroundings during a near-death experience,” Charlotte Martial, the University of Liège neuroscientist, told me.

The parapsychologists tend to push back by arguing that even if each of the cases of veridical near-death experiences leaves room for scientific doubt, surely the accumulation of dozens of these reports must count for something. But that argument can be turned on its head: if there are so many genuine instances of consciousness surviving death, then why should it have so far proven impossible to catch one empirically?

P erhaps the story to be written about near-death experiences is not that they prove consciousness is radically different from what we thought it was. Instead, it is that the process of dying is far stranger than scientists ever suspected. The spiritualists and parapsychologists are right to insist that something deeply weird is happening to people when they die, but they are wrong to assume it is happening in the next life rather than this one. At least, that is the implication of what Jimo Borjigin found when she investigated the case of Patient One.

In the moments after Patient One was taken off oxygen, there was a surge of activity in her dying brain. Areas that had been nearly silent while she was on life support suddenly thrummed with high-frequency electrical signals called gamma waves. In particular, the parts of the brain that scientists consider a “hot zone” for consciousness became dramatically alive. In one section, the signals remained detectable for more than six minutes. In another, they were 11 to 12 times higher than they had been before Patient One’s ventilator was removed.

“As she died, Patient One’s brain was functioning in a kind of hyperdrive,” Borjigin told me. For about two minutes after her oxygen was cut off, there was an intense synchronisation of her brain waves, a state associated with many cognitive functions, including heightened attention and memory. The synchronisation dampened for about 18 seconds, then intensified again for more than four minutes. It faded for a minute, then came back for a third time.

In those same periods of dying, different parts of Patient One’s brain were suddenly in close communication with each other. The most intense connections started immediately after her oxygen stopped, and lasted for nearly four minutes. There was another burst of connectivity more than five minutes and 20 seconds after she was taken off life support. In particular, areas of her brain associated with processing conscious experience – areas that are active when we move through the waking world, and when we have vivid dreams – were communicating with those involved in memory formation. So were parts of the brain associated with empathy. Even as she slipped irrevocably deeper into death, something that looked astonishingly like life was taking place over several minutes in Patient One’s brain.

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Those glimmers and flashes of something like life contradict the expectations of almost everyone working in the field of resuscitation science and near-death studies. The predominant belief – expressed by Greyson, the psychiatrist and co-founder of the International Association of Near Death Studies, in the Netflix series Surviving Death – was that as soon as oxygen stops going to the brain, neurological activity falls precipitously. Although a few earlier instances of brain waves had been reported in dying human brains, nothing as detailed and complex as what occurred in Patient One had ever been detected.

Given the levels of activity and connectivity in particular regions of her dying brain, Borjigin believes it’s likely that Patient One had a profound near-death experience with many of its major features: out-of-body sensations, visions of light, feelings of joy or serenity, and moral re-evaluations of one’s life. Of course, Patient One did not recover, so no one can prove that the extraordinary happenings in her dying brain had experiential counterparts. Greyson and one of the other grandees of near-death studies, a Dutch cardiologist named Pim van Lommel, have asserted that Patient One’s brain activity can shed no light on near-death experiences because her heart hadn’t fully flatlined, but that is a self-defeating argument: there is no rigorous empirical evidence that near-death experiences occur in people whose hearts have completely stopped.

At the very least, Patient One’s brain activity – and the activity in the dying brain of another patient Borjigin studied, a 77-year-old woman known as Patient Three – seems to close the door on the argument that the brain always and nearly immediately ceases to function in a coherent manner in the moments after clinical death. “The brain, contrary to everybody’s belief, is actually super active during cardiac arrest,” Borjigin said. Death may be far more alive than we ever thought possible.

B orjigin believes that understanding the dying brain is one of the “holy grails” of neuroscience. “The brain is so resilient, the heart is so resilient, that it takes years of abuse to kill them,” she pointed out. “Why then, without oxygen, can a perfectly healthy person die within 30 minutes, irreversibly?” Although most people would take that result for granted, Borjigin thinks that, on a physical level, it actually makes little sense.

Borjigin hopes that understanding the neurophysiology of death can help us to reverse it. She already has brain activity data from dozens of deceased patients that she is waiting to analyse. But because of the paranormal stigma associated with near-death studies, she says, few research agencies want to grant her funding. “Consciousness is almost a dirty word amongst funders,” she added. “Hardcore scientists think research into it should belong to maybe theology, philosophy, but not in hardcore science. Other people ask, ‘What’s the use? The patients are gonna die anyway, so why study that process? There’s nothing you can do about it.’”

Evidence is already emerging that even total brain death may someday be reversible. In 2019, scientists at Yale University harvested the brains of pigs that had been decapitated in a commercial slaughterhouse four hours earlier. Then they perfused the brains for six hours with a special cocktail of drugs and synthetic blood. Astoundingly, some of the cells in the brains began to show metabolic activity again, and some of the synapses even began firing. The pigs’ brain scans didn’t show the widespread electrical activity that we typically associate with sentience or consciousness. But the fact that there was any activity at all suggests the frontiers of life may one day extend much, much farther into the realms of death than most scientists currently imagine.

Other serious avenues of research into near-death experience are ongoing. Martial and her colleagues at the University of Liège are working on many issues relating to near-death experiences. One is whether people with a history of trauma, or with more creative minds, tend to have such experiences at higher rates than the general population. Another is on the evolutionary biology of near-death experiences. Why, evolutionarily speaking, should we have such experiences at all? Martial and her colleagues speculate that it may be a form of the phenomenon known as thanatosis, in which creatures throughout the animal kingdom feign death to escape mortal dangers. Other researchers have proposed that the surge of electrical activity in the moments after cardiac arrest is just the final seizure of a dying brain, or have hypothesised that it’s a last-ditch attempt by the brain to restart itself, like jump-starting the engine on a car.

Meanwhile, in parts of the culture where enthusiasm is reserved not for scientific discovery in this world, but for absolution or benediction in the next, the spiritualists, along with sundry other kooks and grifters, are busily peddling their tales of the afterlife. Forget the proverbial tunnel of light: in America in particular, a pipeline of money has been discovered from death’s door, through Christian media, to the New York Times bestseller list and thence to the fawning, gullible armchairs of the nation’s daytime talk shows. First stop, paradise; next stop, Dr Oz.

But there is something that binds many of these people – the physicalists, the parapsychologists, the spiritualists – together. It is the hope that by transcending the current limits of science and of our bodies, we will achieve not a deeper understanding of death, but a longer and more profound experience of life. That, perhaps, is the real attraction of the near-death experience: it shows us what is possible not in the next world, but in this one.

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Lab, telescope specialist details Harvard eclipse-viewing party, offers safety tips

Those who miss this one could need to wait 20 years to get another chance.

A total solar eclipse will cross Mexico, the U.S., and Canada on April 8, bringing millions of North Americans a striking celestial spectacle. The next total solar eclipse to cross the continental U.S. will be in 2044.

Allyson Bieryla , astronomy lab and telescope manager at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA), tells us what to expect, and how to view this natural wonder safely.

What should local eclipse-viewers expect?

Cambridge is not in the path of totality, but locally people will experience close to a 93 percent partial eclipse, which will start at 2:16 p.m. and end at 4:39 p.m., with maximum coverage occurring at 3:29 p.m.

During maximum, you will see just a sliver of the sun remaining. It won’t get completely dark like it would in a total eclipse, but it will still be a spectacular sight.

Over the course of the event, you will see a “bite” of the sun being eclipsed by the moon that will grow to cover most, but not all, of the sun. And then it will wane away.

And what is actually happening?

A total solar eclipse happens when the moon passes in front of the sun, casting a shadow on the Earth. The shadow only falls on a small portion of the Earth, so you are very lucky if it happens to fall where you live.

The “total” part is when the sun is completely blocked by the moon. For those that are able, whether it is this one or a future eclipse, traveling to the path of totality is worth every effort it takes. It is the most unnatural natural experience.

What opportunities for scientific discovery does a total solar eclipse offer?

A total solar eclipse allows people to view the corona, or the sun’s outermost atmosphere. Because the sun’s surface is so bright, we don’t normally get to see the corona because it is so much dimmer. There is still a lot that astronomers would like to learn about the corona.

What activities is the CfA hosting for local eclipse-viewing?

There will be a public event taking place in the Science Center Plaza from 2-5 p.m. There will be solar telescopes, free eclipse glasses, and a bunch of activities, including pinhole cameras, cyanotype prints of the sun, and a live feed of the totality.

We will also have LightSound devices converting the brightness of the sun into sound as the light dims, providing a nonvisual way for people to experience the eclipse.

Rules for safe eclipse-viewing?

Observing the sun is safe if you have the correct equipment. It is never safe to look directly at the sun without proper eclipse glasses or filters, unless you are in the path of totality and in the brief moments of totality. Then, and only then, can you safely look at the sun without protection.

Cambridge is not in the path of totality, so it will never be safe to look at the sun without your eclipse glasses. It is also not okay to point a telescope, binoculars, or a camera at the sun without proper filters.

We will have all the proper equipment and experts on site at the Science Center to guide you safely looking at the sun during the eclipse. Trust me, it is worth it!

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Scientists Pursue the Total Solar Eclipse with NASA Jet Planes

The April 8, 2024, total solar eclipse will produce stunning views across North America. While anyone along the eclipse path with a clear sky will see the spectacular event, the best view might be 50,000 feet in the air, aboard NASA’s WB-57 jet planes. That’s where a trio of NASA-funded teams are sending their scientific instruments to take measurements of the eclipse.

Two teams will image the Sun’s outer atmosphere – the corona – and a third will measure the ionosphere, the upper electrically charged layer of Earth’s atmosphere. This information will help scientists better understand the structure and temperature of the corona, the effects of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere, and even aid in the search of asteroids that may orbit near the Sun.

During a total solar eclipse, the Moon perfectly blocks the bright face of the Sun, casting a small swath of Earth in darkness. With the Sun’s main light masked, the much dimmer solar corona becomes visible to the naked eye. This provides scientists a unique opportunity to study this mysterious region of the Sun. The brief blocking of sunlight also allows scientists to study how the Sun’s light affects Earth’s atmosphere.

In the past, solar eclipses have driven numerous scientific discoveries. For this solar eclipse, NASA is funding several scientific experiments – including the three using the WB-57s – to make measurements during the eclipse. NASA’s WB-57s fly much higher than commercial aircraft. This altitude allows the jets to fly above clouds – meaning no chance of missing the eclipse due to bad weather. Additionally, the height puts the jets above most of Earth’s atmosphere, which allows for the cameras to take crisper images and capture wavelengths, such as infrared light, that don’t make it to the ground. Since the planes can travel at 460 miles per hour, they’re also able to extend the time they spend in the Moon’s shadow. While the eclipse will last no more than four and a half minutes at any point on the ground, the planes will see an eclipse that lasts about 25 percent longer, over 6 minutes and 22 seconds.

A map of the contiguous U.S. shows the path of the 2024 total solar eclipse stretching on a narrow band from Texas to Maine.

“By extending the duration of totality, we’re increasing the duration of how much data we can acquire,” said Shadia Habbal, a researcher at the University of Hawaii who leads of one of the WB-57 eclipse experiments.

Habbal’s experiment will fly spectrometers – which record specific wavelengths of light and cameras. The instruments will measure the temperature and chemical composition of the corona and coronal mass ejections, which are large bursts of solar material. With this data, scientists aim to better understand the structure of the corona and identify the source of the solar wind, the constant stream of particles emitted by the Sun.

Habbal hopes the results of their study will help differentiate between different competing models of how the corona is heated. “This light is our best probe short of sticking a thermometer in the corona,” Habbal said.

For another team, led by Amir Caspi at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado, it’s not their first time chasing eclipses by plane. Caspi led a previous trailblazing experiment with the WB-57s during the 2017 total solar eclipse that crossed America from sea to sea. Images taken from the jet were used to study the structure of the corona.

That time was the first the jets had ever been used to study an eclipse. This time, an improved camera setup will allow measurements in more wavelengths from infrared to visible light that will hopefully reveal new information about structures in the middle and lower corona. The observations, taken with a high-resolution, high-speed camera, could also help study a dust ring that circles the Sun and help search for asteroids that may orbit near the Sun.

“There isn’t a lot of data of the Sun at some of the wavelengths we’ll be studying,” Caspi said. “We don’t know what we’ll find, so it’s extra exciting to be making these measurements.”

A third experiment will study the effects of the Moon’s shadow on the ionosphere using an instrument called an ionosonde, which was designed at JHU APL. An ionosonde functions like a simple radar. The device sends out high-frequency radio signals and listens for their echoes rebounding off the ionosphere, which allows the researchers to measure how charged the ionosphere is.

“The eclipse basically serves as a controlled experiment,” said Bharat Kunduri, leader of the ionosphere project and a research assistant professor at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia. “It gives us an opportunity to understand how changes in solar radiation can impact the ionosphere, which can in turn impact some of these technologies like radar and GPS that we rely on in our daily lives.”

By Mara Johnson-Groh NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, Md.

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Three Black Brant IX sounding rockets for the Atmospheric Perturbations around Eclipse Path (APEP) mission are scheduled to launch from NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility launch range in Virginia. The launch window opens April 8, 2024, at 2:40 p.m. EDT. Launching approximately 45 minutes before, during, and after the peak local eclipse, the APEP sounding rockets […]

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Guessing your age might be a popular carnival game, but for astronomers it’s a real challenge to determine the ages of stars. Once a star like our Sun has settled into steady nuclear fusion, or the mature phase of its life, it changes little for billions of years. One exception to that rule is the […]

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