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An Introduction to Qualitative Research

Student resources, part 1 (chapters 1 – 5): foundations of qualitative research.

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Chapter 1-5 final research paper

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7.5 – 5 Paragraph Research Essay

Amanda Quibell

In a college research and writing course, George-Anne was given a research assignment that asked her to write a 5 paragraph essay that integrated reliable research sources.

The Writing Process

George-Anne took the time to do an internet search, where she found links to radio podcasts and news articles.  Then, she used her college library’s database to find some scholarly articles .

For more information on the Research Process, review Chapter 6.1 – Introduction to Research Writing and Chapter 6.2 – Developing a Research Topic

Outline Ideas:

After researching her topic and learning what experts on the subject had to say, George-Anne created a sentence outline for her paper, following the advice shown in Chapter 3.2 – Outlining. While planning her paper, George-Anne notes what sources might support each of the sections of her paper.

George-Anne’s Sentence Outline

• Introduction – Land acknowledgements are for showing respect towards Indigenous communities, but they fall short when they only seem insincere and include no action.
• Schools and government institutions do them before gathering
• They increase awareness of Indigenous communities and their land rights.
• They are intended to honour Truth & Reconciliation.
• First Nations names are mispronounced or incorrect names are given.
• They can be a barrier to learning and give a false sense of something being accomplished, which can actually cause harm to the people they are supposed to honour.
• They lack meaning because they don’t require any action
• These land acknowledgements should avoid the colonial way of viewing land and strive to reflect an Indigenous way of understanding.
• Scripts shouldn’t be simply read; personal connections should also be made
• Land acknowledgements should reflect on the harms of colonialism and express ways to disrupt the system to stop these harms.
• Conclusion: Land acknowledgements must go beyond a scripted list of Indigenous communities and treaties.

Blenkinsop, S., & Fettes, M. (2020). Land, language and listening: The transformations that can flow from acknowledging Indigenous land. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 54 (4), 1033–1046. https://doi-org.georgian.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12470

Friesen, J. (2019, June 27). As Indigenous land acknowledgements become the norm, critics question whether the gesture has lost its meaning. Globe & Mail (Toronto, Canada), A1.

Maga, C. (2019, April 10). Land acknowledgements capture the mood of an awkward stage; Anishinaabe writer Hayden King says statements concerning Indigenous recognition don’t negate “ongoing disposition” of people. The Toronto Star (Toronto, Ontario), E1

Wilkes, R., Duong, A., Kesler, L., & Ramos, H. (2017). Canadian University Acknowledgment of Indigenous Lands, Treaties, and Peoples. Canadian Review of Sociology, 54 (1), 89–120. https://doi-org.georgian.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/cars.12140

Drafting Ideas & Integrating Sources

Once her outline was completed, George-Anne followed the steps shown in Chapter 7.1 – Creating a Rough Draft of a Research Paper.   She expanded on the sentences of her outline, took care to integrate sources using APA in-text citations , and set up her Reference list following APA conventions for references.

George-Anne followed the advice in Chapter 7.3 – Developing a Final Draft but also decided to book a session with her college Writing Centre.  During her appointment, her tutor encouraged her to read her work aloud; this helped her identify and edit some problems with her sentence structure.  Her tutor drew her attention to the fact that she needed stronger transitions between her paragraphs.  Adding the transitions helped improve the cohesion of her essay.   She also learned about some small errors with her reference list.  Finally, her essay was ready to submit.

Read George-Anne’s Final Essay: Land Acknowledgements

Note: HTML/plain text & Pressbooks do not always display page layout or APA formatting such as page numbers, spacing, margins or indentation accurately. Please review APA formatting rules to ensure you meet APA guidelines with your own work. The text version is included here in HTML format for ease of reading/use. You may also want to View George-Anne’s paper in PDF format .

Land Acknowledgements

George-Anne Lerner

     The remains of thousands of murdered Indigenous children are being discovered on the grounds of former Residential Schools. In 2015, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission called for the Canadian government to recognize the tragic history of residential schools and the ongoing problems faced by Indigenous people. One response to this call to action is the land acknowledgement. Announcements that name the territories, communities, and treaties are now heard at the beginning of many events and gatherings. Even though these statements are made to show respect and to raise awareness about Indigenous communities, mistakes are sometimes made, and the reading of a script can seem like an empty gesture. Indigenous scholars and leaders are asking that institutions go beyond just reading a land acknowledgement; they hope for a stronger focus on taking action. Land acknowledgements are intended to show respect towards Indigenous communities and their land rights, but these announcements can feel like empty words to the people they are meant to honour; to truly show respect, land acknowledgements need to take action beyond reciting a script.

    Land acknowledgements show respect for Indigenous communities and they are becoming standard. Colleges, Universities, school boards, governments and other institutions across Canada now make public acknowledgements of Indigenous peoples, lands, and treaties. Many public gatherings, events, and even email signatures include a land acknowledgement (Friesen, 2019). For example, as Maga (2019) reports, the City of Toronto’s statement reads:  “We acknowledge that we are gathered on the traditional territory of the Mississaugas of the Credit, the Anishinaabeg, the Chippewa, the Haudenosaunee and the Wendat peoples, now home to many diverse First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples” (para. 1).   Land acknowledgements are intended to increase awareness of Indigenous presence and land rights, and to improve the experience of Indigenous students and communities. They are done in an effort to honour the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada’s final report (Wilkes et al., 2019), which calls for significant changes in order to reconcile Canada’s unjust treatment of Indigenous people.

    While land acknowledgements are becoming more common, some concerns are being raised; they are sometimes flawed and even disrespectful. Friesen (2019) shows that land acknowledgements are criticized as empty gestures as First Nations names are often mispronounced and incorrect nations are named. Anishinaabe scholar Hayden King regrets helping Ryerson write its land acknowledgement; he fears that these acknowledgements actually prevent learning about Indigenous people and treaty relationships (Friesen, 2019). King points out that the current style of land acknowledgement can sound “detached, shallow and give a false sense of progressive accomplishment” (Maga, 2019, para. 2). They may “cause harm to the people they’re supposed to celebrate” (Maga, 2019, para. 3). Blenkinsop & Fettes (2019) state that the problem with these acknowledgements is that “they stop with a notion of land as something one lives on, rather than continuing on into an understanding of land as something we are part of” (p. 1036). The acknowledgements lack meaning because they do not demand any action from the speakers or listeners. Indigenous leaders argue that these land acknowledgements do not acknowledge the privileges that settlers have due to the legacy of colonialism, or recognize the trauma that continues as a result of colonialist societal structures, which actually can harm the same people these acknowledgements are meant to respect.

     In order to ensure that land acknowledgements help rather than harm, Indigenous scholars demand a change to the current approach. Land acknowledgements “have a vital function when done correctly” (Maga, 2019, para. 7), but must do more than naming Indigenous territories, languages and treaties. These land acknowledgements should not express the colonial way of viewing land as a resource or commodity, a thing that is owned. Instead, they should emphasize an Indigenous way of understanding. Blenkinsop & Fettes (2019) explain that the Land is more than an object; it is a teacher, offering a dialogue:

The land is there, outside our windows, under our feet, all around us,  thinking, feeling, conversing and offering its teachings. When we start to really listen, to the land and to the people whose identities and traditions are fundamentally shaped through long dialogue with the land, transformation follows (p. 1043).

Scripts should not be simply read without any reflection. Instead, an effort should be made to include Indigenous ways of thinking and people should expand on them to include personal information. People delivering land acknowledgements should speak about “their own connections to the land and communities they are attempting to honour” (Friesen, 2019, para. 20). A speaker who expands on their own family history will give deeper insights and connections, which leads to a more meaningful acknowledgement. Additionally, speakers should acknowledge both the impact of colonialism and express an intention to disrupt the current injustices that are part of society.

     As land acknowledgements become more routine across institutions, Indigenous leaders ask that these statements be approached with respect. Land acknowledgements must go beyond a scripted list of Indigenous communities and treaties. For reconciliation to begin, land acknowledgements must become part of a conversation that calls attention to our responsibilities as caretakers of the land, and sets intentions for action in ending the systematic harms on Indigenous peoples.

Source: “Land Acknowledgements” by Amanda Quibell is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 .

Key Takeaways

• Writing a good research essay will require you to spend time researching and learning about your topic.  Use the internet and your college library to make sure you have a good variety of sources.
• Outlining your ideas will help you to structure your essay.
• You build your draft by expanding the ideas from your outline, supporting your points with evidence from your research sources.
• Taking the time to revise for cohesion, sentence structure, and proper citations is important.  Visiting your college Writing Centre can be very beneficial, as you’ll get help identifying problems you may not notice on your own.

Attribution & References

This chapter, “5 Paragraph Reseach Essay” by Amanda Quibell is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 .

7.5 - 5 Paragraph Research Essay Copyright © 2022 by Amanda Quibell is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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