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Sleep Apnea Research

Language switcher.

As part of our broader commitment to advancing sleep health, the NHLBI leads and supports sleep apnea research. The research we support has helped establish the importance of getting enough good quality sleep. We have also helped define the links between sleep apnea and other serious health conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, and heart disease. We continue to support research to develop new and improved treatments for sleep apnea and other sleep disorders .

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NHLBI research that really made a difference

Visit Sleep Health to learn more about NHLBI sleep research and find videos and fact sheets.

  • An NHLBI partnership with the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) discovered that sleep apnea affects more than 80% of people who have obesity and type 2 diabetes. The study also found that weight loss reduced sleep apnea better than a diabetes education program. These findings have led to additional study partnerships to determine whether sleep apnea affects how well medicine can control the blood sugar of people with diabetes.

Current research funded by the NHLBI

The NHLBI Division of Lung Diseases is home to the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research , which supports research on sleep and sleep disorders.

Current research on sleep apnea treatment

Two women wearing face masks and walking

Read about NHLBI-supported research that found that being active (and sitting less) lowered the risk of sleep apnea: Study links an active lifestyle to a reduced risk of obstructive sleep apnea .

Positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy is a common treatment for sleep apnea. Yet, many people with sleep apnea find it difficult to stick to PAP therapy long-term. The NHLBI supports research that promotes healthy lifestyles as well as research to develop new sleep apnea treatments, such as pharmacotherapy and innovative devices to meet individual needs of people with sleep apnea. We also fund research to find new ways to help people who have sleep apnea stick to their PAP treatment plans.

Learn more about NHLBI’s research on sleep apnea treatments at NIH RePORTER.

Current research on sleep apnea in women

Read about NHLBI-supported research that looked at differences in sleep apnea between men and women: Sleep apnea in women: New research could lead to better diagnosis and treatment .

The NHLBI supports research to understand how sleep apnea affects the health and well-being of women.

  • The NHLBI partnered with the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) to fund the NuMoM2B study . This study found that sleep deficiency and mild sleep apnea in pregnant women increase the risk of pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and diabetes. Currently, the NuMoM2B study is exploring whether treating sleep apnea during pregnancy lowers these risks.
  • The NHLBI supports research to learn more about how sleep apnea and obesity affect the health of both a mother and her unborn baby during pregnancy.
  • The NHLBI supports the Women's Health Initiative Sleep Hypoxia Effects on Resilience (WHISPER) study , which is examining whether breathing problems during sleep can raise the risk of heart disease, cancer, and problems with memory and decision-making in older women.

Find more NHLBI-funded studies on sleep apnea in women at NIH RePORTER.

Current research on causes and complications of sleep apnea

boy sleeping on his back

Read more NHLBI-funded studies on the effects of sleep apnea and other sleep problems: Study links sleep apnea in children to increased risk of high blood pressure in teen years .

NHLBI-supported research is helping scientists and doctors understand the causes of sleep apnea.

  • We fund projects exploring the links between sleep apnea and other serious health conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
  • We support NIH-wide collaborations to determine how sleep apnea affects the health and quality of life of people who have Down syndrome.

These studies may help develop new treatments for sleep apnea to prevent complications.

Find more NHLBI-funded studies on the causes of sleep apnea at NIH RePORTER.

Sleep apnea research labs at the NHLBI

The  Laboratory of Systems Genetics , within the Systems Biology Center , is focused on exploring how our genes control our sleep patterns. Scientists in this lab are also studying how factors such as diet, temperature, medicines, and loneliness can influence sleep.

An NHLBI-funded study has shed light on how our genes help control our blood oxygen levels during sleep. Read about this study .

Related sleep apnea programs and guidelines

  • The NIH Sleep Research Plan was recently updated to focus on sleep and circadian research, including how sleep disorders and poor sleep affect women’s health and other health conditions.
  • The  National Sleep Research Resource  is an NHLBI-funded resource for the sleep science community. It offers researchers free access to large collections of data from completed studies.
  • For almost 30 years, NHLBI’s  National Center on Sleep Disorders Research (NCSDR)  has supported and coordinated sleep science and disorders research, training, and awareness across NIH, other federal agencies, and outside organizations.

Learn more about the NCSDR’s research:  Celebrating 25 Years of Research to Promote Healthy Sleep .

Explore more NHLBI research on Sleep Apnea

The sections above provide you with the highlights of NHLBI-supported research on Sleep Apnea. You can explore the full list of NHLBI-funded studies on the NIH RePORTER .

To find more studies:

  • Type your search words into the  Quick Search  box and press enter. 
  • Check  Active Projects  if you want current research.
  • Select the  Agencies  arrow, then the  NIH  arrow, then check  NHLBI .

If you want to sort the projects by budget size — from the biggest to the smallest — click on the  FY Total Cost by IC  column heading.

Sleep Apnea Syndromes

Sleep apnea syndromes are a group of disorders characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. these pauses can last from a few seconds to several minutes and can occur multiple times throughout the night. sleep apnea can lead to a variety of health problems, including daytime fatigue, high blood pressure, and heart disease..

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Sleep Apnea Clinical Trials 2024

Sleep Apnea Clinical Trials 2024

Sleep Apnea research studies recruiting patients in 2024 need your help. Receive premium care & cutting edge treatments by enrolling in sleep apnea clinical trials today.

Sleep Apnea Clinical Trials

Here are the 6 most popular medical studies for sleep apnea

Michael Bask Gill, B Sc preview

Michael Bask Gill, B Sc

Last Reviewed: February 26th, 2024

Detroit, Michigan

Behavioural Intervention

Oxygen + finasteride + acetazolamide for sleep apnea in elderly, this trial will test whether oxygen, finasteride, and acetazolamide can be effective in reducing unstable breathing and eliminating sleep apnea in the elderly via different mechanisms..

Ottawa, Ontario

ASV Therapy for Heart Failure and Sleep Apnea

This trial will help determine if long-term asv therapy has any benefits for people with hf and sleep apnea..

Toronto, Ontario

CPAP Therapy for Sleep Apnea

This trial will investigate if continuous positive airway pressure (cpap) therapy can help improve cognitive function and overall quality of life for para-athletes with spinal cord injuries and sleep-related breathing disorders..

La Jolla, California

Behavioral Intervention

Time restricted eating for obstructive sleep apnea, this trial aims to investigate the effects of a specific eating pattern called time restricted eating (tre) on patients with obstructive sleep apnea (osa). osa is a common disorder that can.

Montréal, Quebec

MAD for Throat Cancer

This trial studied snoring and sleep apnea treatment with a mad device in patients with opc. results show mixed success., cpap therapy for spinal cord injury, this trial will compare the effects of early and delayed cpap therapy for sleep-related breathing disorders after spinal cord injury., popular filter options for sleep apnea trials, obstructive sleep apnea clinical trials.

View 69 Obstructive Sleep Apnea medical studies.

San Diego, California

Acetazolamide for Opioid-Related Sleep Apnea

This trial will examine if a drug can help chronic pain patients with breathing issues during sleep, as an alternative to a device..

San Diego, California

Positive Airway Pressure Device

Cpap for sleep apnea in opioid users, this trial will study whether people with chronic pain who use opioids and have sleep disordered breathing might benefit from using a device that provides continuous positive airway pressure during sleep..

La Jolla, California

CPAP + Medication + Oxygen for Obstructive Sleep Apnea

This trial will study people with obstructive sleep apnea to try and understand why some people have it and how it affects them..

Miami, Florida

Negative Pressure Device

Negative pressure device for sleep apnea, this trial is testing a new device to treat sleep apnea in people who can't use cpap. the device will be used at home for 24 weeks to see if it is safe and effective..

Saint Louis, Missouri

Positive Airway Pressure Therapy

Cpap for mild cognitive impairment due to sleep apnea, this trial will test whether treating obstructive sleep apnea can delay cognitive impairment in patients with mild cognitive impairment..

San Francisco, California

Magnetic Device

Magnap for obstructive sleep apnea, this trial will study whether the magnap device is a safe and effective treatment for people with obstructive sleep apnea., osa clinical trials.

View 69 OSA medical studies.

Sleep Apnea Clinical Trials With No Placebo

View 96 sleep apnea medical studies that do not have a placebo group.

Sepulveda, California

Behavioral Education for Sleep Apnea

This trial will test the effects of an education program specifically designed for middle-aged and older veterans who have stopped using their pap device, or are not using it regularly, in order to improve sleep, function and quality of life., medical air vs oxygen for prader-willi syndrome, this trial will compare medical air to supplemental oxygen in the treatment of central sleep apnea in infants with prader-willi syndrome., view more sleep apnea trials.

See another 76 medical studies focused on sleep apnea.

Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE)

Coblation-tonsillotomy +1 More

CPAP treatment

Ketogenic diet

Physical activity

Peer-Driven Intervention

Measurement of PPG waveforms

Non-invasive ventilatory treatment with auto-BPAP

PAP therapy

Exercise Training

Depot Lupron +1 More

Oral appliance +2 More

Online Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (OCBT) +1 More

Soft Oral Appliance

Propranolol

Acute episodic hypoxia

Positive airway pressure +1 More

Oxymetazoline Hydrochloride /Fluticasone Propionate

Positive Airway Pressure

Somnyx ® +2 More

SAM Clinic Intervention

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Transcranial electrostimulation (tes).

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

CPAP intervention

Dual Therapy

Peer-Buddy System

Hyaluronan Formulation

Nocturnal Oxygen Needs Titration

Continuous positive airway pressure

Diet and exercise coaching

Health coaching

Positive airway pressure

AIH mask +1 More

Custom CPAP mask

Genio™ system

Inspiratory Muscle Strength Training

Delayed Enhancement Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DE-MRI)

Dapagliflozin

Combination Drug-Therapy

Early Management

Home Sleep Apnea Test

ASAP Intervention Quality Improvement Protocol

Bi-Level Positive Airway Pressure +1 More

Lifestyle Intervention

Fentanyl Citrate

Adherence Promotion Techniques +1 More

Improving Outcomes in Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea With Computational Fluid Dynamics

aura6000(R) System

Atomoxetine-plus-oxybutynin therapy

Lifestyle Counseling Intervention +1 More

Adenotonsillectomy +1 More

Intraoral Suction

Automatic Positive Airway Pressure (APAP)

Home-based pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) system

Propofol sedation

Atomoxetine and Oxybutynin (ato-oxy)

Home Sleep Apnea Test +1 More

OSA-18 Case Group

Health Communication Message

Danavorexton +1 More

Acetazolamide

Oropharyngeal Exercises

Ertugliflozin

Mild Intermittent Hypoxia

View more sleep apnea clinical trials

See more medical studies focusing on sleep apnea

Frequently Asked Questions

Doctor with patient

Introduction to sleep apnea

What are the top hospitals conducting sleep apnea research.

[ Sleep apnea]( https://www.withpower.com/clinical-trials/sleep-apnea ), a common yet potentially serious sleep disorder, is being tackled head-on by some of the top hospitals in various locations. In Detroit, the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center has taken up the challenge with four ongoing sleep apnea trials. While it may be relatively new to this area of research, having just initiated its first trial in 2021, their commitment to finding solutions for sleep apnea is highly commendable. Similarly, Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston has also dedicated itself to combating this condition through four active trials. With their first recorded sleep apnea trial dating back to 2019, they have been at the forefront of research and innovation.

North of the border in Toronto lies Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre—although they haven't conducted any previous clinical trials on sleep apnea as yet—this institution is currently involved in three ongoing studies regarding this sleep disorder. This emerging focus holds tremendous potential for advancements that could benefit patients worldwide.

In Tucson at the University of Arizona , researchers have been investigating sleep apnea since 2008 when they undertook their inaugural study on this topic. Since then, they have accumulated valuable insights from two completed trials and continue furthering their efforts with three active investigations today.

Meanwhile in sunny San Diego at the University of California San Diego (UCSD), experts are delving into understanding and managing sleep apnea as well; although UCSD's involvement started more recently recorded only two years ago but already contributing significantly by conducting one all -time trial alongside current addressing projects numbering two.

These esteemed institutions spearhead pioneering research endeavors across different regions while aiming towards improving our understanding and treatment options for individuals grappling with this pervasive condition that affects quality of life during waking hours due to disrupted restful nights' slumber . By pushing boundaries and collaborating closely within these clinical settings , there remains hope that breakthroughs will ultimately lead us towards better management strategies thus ensuring improved health outcomes for sleep apnea patients globally.

Which are the best cities for sleep apnea clinical trials?

La Jolla, California , Toronto, Ontario, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , Detroit, Michigan and Boston Massachusetts are among the best cities for sleep apnea clinical trials. La Jolla leads with 10 active trials focusing on treatments such as Acetazolamide, Supplemental Oxygen and Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP). Toronto follows closely behind with 8 ongoing studies evaluating Home Sleep Apnea Tests and CPAP therapy. Philadelphia also has 8 active trials investigating interventions like CPAP and Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy. Similarly, Detroit's 8 active trials explore treatments including CPAP and supplemental oxygen. Lastly, Boston offers 8 studies covering a range of interventions like Oxybutynin and the Genio™ system. These cities provide valuable opportunities for individuals with sleep apnea to participate in research that could lead to improved care options in the future.

Which are the top treatments for sleep apnea being explored in clinical trials?

Clinical trials are shedding light on the top treatments for sleep apnea , with acetazolamide emerging as a promising contender. Currently involved in three active trials dedicated to sleep apnea research, this drug has also been featured in two previous studies since its initial listing in 2008. As researchers delve deeper into finding effective solutions for this common sleep disorder, acetazolamide shows potential in addressing the challenges faced by individuals suffering from sleep apnea. With further exploration and development, it could bring much-needed relief to those affected by this condition.

What are the most recent clinical trials for sleep apnea?

Recent clinical trials for sleep apnea offer promising advancements in the field. Oxygen plus supportive care (OXT) has shown potential benefits for patients with sleep apnea, with Phase 2 trials becoming available on 9/27/2023. Additionally, Atomoxetine-plus-Oxybutynin (AtoOxy) and Acetazolamide/Eszopiclone have exhibited positive results in Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies conducted as of September 2023. Another notable trial is Ato-oxy, which reached Phase 2 availability on 8/1/2023. Furthermore, a health communication message intervention study focusing on sleep apnea has progressed to Phases 1 and 2 since June 2023. These recent developments provide hope for improved treatment options and greater understanding of this complex condition affecting many individuals worldwide.

What sleep apnea clinical trials were recently completed?

Recently, there have been several notable clinical trials focused on sleep apnea that have reached completion. These studies represent significant advancements in the field and provide valuable insights into potential treatment options.

Other Trials to Consider

Patient Care

Alpha Lipoic Acid 600 MG Oral Tablet

Atomoxetine-plus-oxybutynin (atooxy), bexagliflozin, [c11]acetate and hed pet, single arm mouthguard, positional sleep belt, adenotonsillectomy, popular categories.

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Popular guides.

Learn More About Sleep Apnea Research Studies

Clinical Trials

Central sleep apnea.

Displaying 4 studies

The purpose of this non-randomized post market study is to collect clinical data on the safety and effectiveness of the remedē System in a real-world setting.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether use of the app to recommend positive airway pressure (PAP) masks reduces patient-initiated request for mask changes during the first 90 days of PAP use., and to evaluate whether use of the app results in improved patient satisfaction with PAP experience during the first 90 days of PAP use.

The purpose of this study is to retrospectively review the charts of 200 patients for whom overnight oximetry data, pulmonary function tests, as well as echocardiographic data have been obtained as part of routine clinical assessment. In so doing, the hope is to assess the risk of sleep disorder breathing, as evidenced by the oxygen desaturation index (ODI) on overnight oximetry assessment.

The purpose of this study is to compare prevalence of sleep apnea and sleep disturbance in post-COVID-19 infected patients who had been symptomatic to COVID negative participants as controls. A sleep testing device will assess for sleep disordered breathing and the results will be aggregated to compare if a significant increase (any difference) in the prevalence of sleep disordered breathing diagnosis between the two groups. Sleep questionnares data will be obtained. A second part of this study will involve using a Fitbit consumer wearable device to obtain sleep and activity data on participants for 2 months in duration. 

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If CPAP doesn’t work for your obstructive sleep apnea , there may be another option.

We are looking for volunteers with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea to be a part of the osprey study assessing a new treatment option that may help improve, or resolve, obstructive sleep apnea..

*Volunteers will receive all study-related care, including the cost of the HGNS Therapy device, at no cost. Participants may be paid for each study visit they complete.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep apnea impacting almost one billion people in the world. It can make getting proper sleep a challenge, affecting many aspects of your life.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep apnea, impacting almost one billion people in the world. 1 It can make getting proper sleep a challenge, affecting many aspects of your life. The OSPREY Study is researching the effectiveness of a new medical device for moderate to severe OSA. If you qualify and choose to participate you will have access to a new treatment option that may help improve, or resolve, your OSA.

sleep apnea research study near me

You may be eligible to participate if you:

  • Are 22 years or older
  • Have been diagnosed with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea
  • Have refused, or cannot tolerate, CPAP therapy

* As a study participant, all study-related care will be provided at no cost to you including the Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS) device. Participants may be paid for each study visit they complete.

Participate

What happens if I sign up? We will match you to a research center in your area that needs volunteers with obstructive sleep apnea or notify you when one becomes available. The study team will then contact you, and you may have the opportunity to participate if qualified.

If you think you might like to participate in the OSPREY Study or would like more information, please enter your information below so we can see if you may qualify and can contact you about the study. Keep in mind that participation is entirely voluntary. If you do decide to take part in the study, you may change your mind about participating at any time.

About Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea is the most common type of sleep apnea, impacting almost one billion people in the world. 1 It occurs when the muscles of your tongue and upper airway collapse during sleep. When this happens, it can become difficult to breathe, or you may even stop breathing, intermittently throughout the night. This cycle causes poor sleep and reduces the amount of oxygen being supplied to your brain and other organs. Even though OSA is common, many people are untreated or undertreated which can result in other health issues. CPAP is the most common treatment for obstructive sleep apnea, but studies show that almost 50% of patients give up on using CPAP. 2 The OSPREY study is researching the effectiveness of a new medical device for moderate to severe sleep apnea. If you qualify and choose to participate you will have access to a new treatment option that may help improve, or resolve, your obstructive sleep apnea.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a research study.

A research study (also called a clinical trial) is a medical study that helps to answer important questions about an investigational drug or device – these may include how well an investigational study drug, or device, works for a certain condition. All medications and devices must be tested in clinical research studies before they can be approved and prescribed to patients.

Why are research studies important?

A research study is the process by which new and innovative medications, treatments and devices are approved and brought to market, so people can live happier and healthier lives. Even over-the-counter medications, such as NSAIDs, you may have used to counteract a headache, have gone through the clinical research study process before it was available at your local pharmacy.

What is the purpose of the OSPREY Study?

The OSPREY Study is a multi-center study researching the effectiveness of a new medical device (aura6000 ® System) for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea in patients who have failed or are unwilling to use CPAP.

What will the OSPREY Study involve?

In this study, researchers are looking at the safety and efficacy of the aura6000 ® System by its effect on reducing the frequency of apneas and hypopneas (slow and shallow breathing). The study involves up to 17 visits over a 16-month period. The study is broken into 4 parts: 1. Screening: Participants visit the research center to review health history and answer questions. During this time, a few sleep studies are done to make sure HGNS therapy is the right option. 2. Implant: During a same-day outpatient procedure, the aura6000 ® HGNS device is implanted beneath the skin. 3. Group Assignment: Participants are randomly assigned into one of two groups. Group 1 will have the device turned on after 1-month, whereas Group 2 will have the device turned on after 7 months 4. Follow Up: Participants visit the research center and sleep lab regularly for overnight sleep tests. These visits allow the study team to program the device and see if the implant is helping. There are also questionnaires that participants fill out to measure sleep quality. About aura6000 ® HGNS Therapy Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS) Therapy was first established as an obstructive sleep apnea treatment option in 2014. The aura6000 ® HGNS system does not involve the use of masks or hoses and is less invasive than some other sleep apnea therapies currently used. To receive the aura6000 ® system, a small device, similar to a pacemaker, is implanted under your skin just below the collarbone during a short outpatient procedure. Most patients will go home the same day. The device works by sending mild pulses to the hypoglossal nerve located in the neck, just below your jaw. These pulses travel along the nerve to your tongue, providing muscle tone to help keep your airway open while you sleep.

Is there a cost to participate?

There is no cost to participate in the OSPREY Study. If you decide to take part:

  • You will receive study-related care throughout the study from a team of experienced doctors and nurses.
  • You will receive all study-related care, including the HGNS device, at no cost.
  • You may be paid for each study visit you complete.

What else do I need to consider?

The study team will be able to explain more about what the OSPREY Study will involve, and it is up to you to decide if you want to take part. Participation in this study is voluntary. Whether or not you decide to participate in this study will not affect your current or future relationships with your doctors. If you decide to participate, you are free to withdraw at any time without affecting those relationships.

How far is the research site?

We match you to a research center within a close travel distance from your home. If we are not running the study in your area currently, with your permission, we will keep you in our database and reach out once a research center in your area becomes available. If, at any time, you decided you no longer want your information stored, you can opt out and we will delete your details.

About the OSPREY Study

The OSPREY Study is researching the effectiveness of a new medical device for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea. If you qualify and choose to participate you will have access to a new treatment option that may help improve, or resolve, your sleep apnea. About 150 participants across approximately 20 sites in the United States will be enrolled in the OSPREY Study for approximately 16 months. Study participants will receive all study-related care at no cost, including the Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS) device. Participants may be paid for each study visit they complete.

Who can take part in the OSPREY Study?

Participants will receive study-related care throughout the study from a team of experienced doctors and nurses.

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Sleep Research

Research focus.

Our research team aims to gain a greater understanding of sleep and sleep disorders, with the hope that this will lead to improvements in the treatment of sleep disorders. Our active studies focus on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and include the testing of different treatments for OSA, as well as studying the concurrence of OSA with other medical conditions such as COPD and HIV. We are also interested in the control of breathing, and how a person's breathing changes when exposed to low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels.

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If you're interested in being a research subject, take a look at our active studies to see what we're working on.

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If you're not sure you qualify, fill out our volunteer registry form and we'll find the right study for you!

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Clinical Trials and Research Studies

Clinical trials, study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of armodafinil in children and adolescents with excessive sleepiness associated with narcolepsy, sar231893-lps15497- "dupilumab effect on sleep in ad patients", natural history study of synucleinopathies, once-nightly sodium oxybate for treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy in narcolepsy, north american prodromal synucleinopathy consortium, bright light as a countermeasure for circadian desynchrony, a study of the safety and effectiveness of adx-n05 for excessive daytime sleepiness in subjects with narcolepsy, adaptive neurostimulation to restore sleep in parkinson's disease, more studies, insomnia treatment program.

Fiona Barwick, PhD, DBSM

Purpose:  This clinical trial investigates three 6-week digital programs, one app-based and two online, for improving sleep in individuals with insomnia. All three programs - Full Sleep, Path to Better Sleep, and Sleep Hygiene Education - are based on cognitive and / or behavioral principles that can improve sleep. All three treatment condition include daily lessons about sleep along with sleep questionnaires, sleep tracking and sleep skills that are delivered either online or through a phone app. In addition, Full Sleep includes a bedside device that will help to track sleep.

Payment offered for participation

Time needed from participant:  15 minutes per day to complete an app-based or online sleep diary and review information in an app-based or online CBT-I program.

To qualify, you must:

  • Be 18+ years old
  • Have a diagnosis of insomnia or suspected insomnia
  • Have access to the internet and an iphone, Android or other smart phone device  

Coordinator Contact: Cris Moreno (650) 721-7576 [email protected]

Applying 3D Upper Airway Ultrasound Imaging to Clinical Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Purpose:  To “see” the airway: how it collapses during snoring for our patients with obstructive sleep apnea remains a challenge. At Stanford, we started a study using ultrasound imaging to “see” your airway in a non-invasive manner without radiation.

PI:  Clete Kushida, MD, PhD / Stanley Liu, MD, DDS

Study status:  Open, enrollment ongoing

Coordinator Contact: Neehar Thumaty [email protected] (650)721-7574

Sleep and Oxygen Levels

Makoto Kawai, MD, D.Sc.

Purpose:  to participate in groundbreaking research examining sleep and measures of brain oxygen levels simultaneously.  

Time needed from participant:

  • Spend 6-8 hours of active participation
  • You will be asked to complete one sleep assessment (polysomnography)  
  • Be a healthy individual, 60+ years old
  • Be able to travel to Stanford to complete some questionnaires  

Coordinator Contact: Isabelle Cotto (650) 723-2795 [email protected]

Upper Airway Training for OSA

Clete Kushida, MD, PhD

Purpose:  To see if playing a musical instrument-training program can improve OSA

  • 21-50 years old
  • Diagnosis of mild to moderate OSA
  • HST scheduled or recently performed  

Time needed from participant:  Approximately 12 weeks depending on OSA severity

Coordinator Contact: Adrian Ekelmans (650) 721-5489 [email protected]

UVN-G3031 for Narcolepsy 1 or 2

Emmanuel Mignot, MD, PhD

Purpose:  To study the safety and efficacy of study drug SUVN-G3031 as a possible treatment for NT1 and NT2

  • 18-50 years old
  • Diagnosis of narcolepsy type 1 or 2
  • MSLT within 15 years showing ≤ 8 minutes with 2 or more SOREMPs
  • An ESS score of ≥ 12  

Time needed from participant:  Up to 7 weeks of active participation. At least 5 clinic visits during that period

Coordinator Contact: Vivian Liu (650) 721-5489 [email protected]

Blood biomarkers study in REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

Purpose:  studying neuroinflammation and immune protective factors in patients with RBD

PI:  Emmanuel H. During, MD

Co-PI:  Emmanuel Mignot, MD, PhD

Research Coordinator: Ana Cahuas (research coordinator) 650 721 5489,  [email protected]

Home diagnosis of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) using wearable sleep trackers

Purpose:  developing a machine learning method to diagnose RBD in the home environment with wrist-worn actigraphy

Research Coordinator:   Ana Cahuas (research coordinator) 650 721 5489,  [email protected]

For more information: https ://www.ClinicalTrials.gov

Participant’s right questions, contact: 1-866-680-2906

Velocity Clinical Research logo

Sleep Apnea Study

Now enrolling in greenville, raleigh, and rockville.

● Now Enrolling

About this research study

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common of the more serious sleep disorders and affects approximately twenty million people in the United States. OSA manifests as episodes of hypopnea (shallow breathing) or apnea (paused breathing) due to repetitive collapse or obstruction of the pharyngeal airway during sleep. These episodes may lead to awakening from sleep or sleep fragmentation which can lead to daytime sleepiness and/or neuropsychological impairment.

Velocity is now enrolling people for a study of an investigational medication for sleep apnea.

Eligible participants...

  • Must be 18 years of age and older
  • Must have been previously diagnosed with sleep apnea
  • Are not able to, or do not want to use CPAP treatment
  • Do not need insurance to join this study

For more information, complete the form on this page. After you submit your information, a Velocity enrollment specialist will call you to talk about the study. There is no obligation to participate — you can decide if the study is right for you.

After you submit your information, a Velocity enrollment specialist will contact you.

Participating in a study is an important decision — we’re here to help you before, during, and after studies.

Please note: Health insurance is NOT required to join.

Is participation voluntary after I submit my information?

Yes. Participation in a study is entirely voluntary. In the informed consent process, you’ll learn about the product being studied, the participant’s role in the study, potential side effects, the number of visits that may be required, and more. Participants must sign an informed consent form to join the study.

Will I receive compensation?

While participation in a clinical study is voluntary, you may be paid for study-related time. After you submit your information, a Velocity enrollment specialist will call you to talk about the study. Staff at the research clinic will discuss possible payment with you.

Enter your info

By entering your email address and/or phone number on this form, you represent that you are at least 18 years of age and consent to receiving communications (e.g., call, SMS, text, and/or email) from Velocity and/or the research site(s) involved with the clinical trials that appear on this website. Message and data rates may apply. You may reply with STOP to a text message. For full details, refer to Velocity's privacy policy and website terms of use . Submissions on this website are not monitored 24/7. Do NOT submit personal health or medical information on this form. If you are enrolled in a trial and have questions, please call your research site.

Study Locations

Greenville, south carolina • velocity clinical research, raleigh, north carolina • velocity clinical research at raleigh neurology, rockville, maryland • velocity clinical research.

©2023 Velocity Clinical Research | All Rights Reserved | Privacy Policy

sleep apnea research study near me

If CPAP doesn’t work for you, there may be another option.

We are looking for volunteers with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to be a part of the OSPREY research study.

The OSPREY Study

Who can take part, are 22 years or older;, have been diagnosed with moderate to severe osa; and, have refused, or cannot tolerate, cpap therapy., about aura6000® hgns therapy, see if you may qualify, what happens during the study.

The OSPREY study is accepting volunteers in the US with moderate to severe sleep apnea. The study involves up to 17 visits over a 16-month period. The study is broken into 4 parts:

  • Screening: Participants visit the research center to review health history and answer questions. During this time, a few sleep studies are done to make sure HGNS therapy is the right option.
  • Implant: During a same-day outpatient procedure, the aura6000® HGNS device is implanted beneath the skin.
  • Group Assignment: Participants are randomly assigned into one of two groups. Group 1 will have the device turned on 1-month after implant, whereas Group 2 will have the device turned on 7 months after implant.
  • Follow Up: Participants visit the research center and sleep lab regularly for overnight sleep tests. These visits allow the study team to program the device and see if the implant is helping. There are also questionnaires that participants fill out to measure sleep quality.

If you are eligible for the study, the study team will contact you to give you more information so you can make an informed decision about participating. The study team will be available at every step along the way to support you and answer your questions. If you qualify, and decide to participate, all study-related care will be given at no cost to you.

What is a clinical study?

What is hgns therapy, how does hgns therapy work, what are my rights as a study participant, why is clinical research important, who runs clinical studies, what does it mean to participate, what happens if i sign up.

sleep apnea research study near me

Participate in Research

Your lived experience is invaluable.

People who volunteer to participate in sleep and sleep disorders research play a critical role in advancing science and medicine. Without volunteers willing to participate, clinical research studies simply would not be possible.

There are various ways to get involved in research—from taking online surveys to participating in focus groups or enrolling in clinical trials. We are sharing links to various sleep and sleep disorder research opportunities and clinical trials here to help raise awareness about clinical research efforts in our community. Not everyone will be eligible for every study; please click the links to read details and follow up with the research teams directly with any questions.

Current Sleep and Sleep Disorder Research Opportunities:

Mayo clinic idiopathic hypersomnia (ih) research study.

sleep apnea research study near me

Mayo Clinic researchers on the Arizona and Florida campuses are enrolling participants in a research study on Idiopathic Hypersomnia (IH). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of low sodium oxybate (LSO) on total sleep time as measured by 24-hour polysomnography. Participant eligibility includes age, gender, type and stage of disease, and previous treatments or health concerns. Learn more and contact the study team to discuss study eligibility and potential participation at mayo.edu .

Jazz Pharmaceuticals: XYLO Study

sleep apnea research study near me

The XYLO Study is a clinical study looking at blood pressure in people with narcolepsy. To take part, you must be taking or will be taking a high-sodium oxybate. Some people in this study will participate from home (virtual participants). They will have some home visits with study staff and some telemedicine visits by phone and/or video call. Other people will visit a study center (clinic participants) and will have some telemedicine visits. Please visit the study website at www.xyloforbp.com to learn more.

Jazz Pharmaceuticals: DUET Study

The DUET Study will evaluate daytime and nighttime effects of XYWAV® (low-sodium oxybate oral solution), also known as JZP258, in people with idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) or narcolepsy (Type 1 or Type 2). To learn more about the DUET Study, contact Clinical Trial Disclosure and Transparency at 215-832-3750 or [email protected].

Jazz Pharmaceuticals and IQVIA: NT1, NT2, or IH

Jazz Pharmaceuticals and IQVIA are currently looking for individuals (≥18 years of age) who have been diagnosed with NT1, NT2, or IH to take part in a paid research interview study. This study will help researchers learn more about what it is like to live with NT1, NT2, or IH, including: impacts on daily life, a better understanding of NT1, NT2, or IH, and how to best measure symptoms and impacts of NT1, NT2, or IH.

NAPS Consortium on REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

sleep apnea research study near me

The NAPS Consortium on REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) has established a registry for individuals living with RBD, partners and family of someone diagnosed with RBD, and those wanting to learn more about RBD. This information is used to identify study participants, assist care teams providing care to individuals with RBD, and to study RBD treatments and outcomes.

PPMI: Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative

sleep apnea research study near me

The Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) is recruiting people with REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD). PPMI is a landmark study sponsored by The Michael J. Fox Foundation. It aims to better understand and measure Parkinson’s disease, including before movement symptoms begin. This information could lead to new treatments.  Through PPMI, scientists also could learn more about the biology and experience of RBD.

To learn more and get started, call 866-525-PPMI or email  [email protected]

KP1077.D01: A Clinical Study in Adults with Idiopathic Hypersomnia (IH)

sleep apnea research study near me

NOW ENROLLING adults (18 years and older) with IH. This study is being conducted by KemPharm, Inc to evaluate the safety and efficacy of KP1077 capsules in patients with IH. KP1077 capsules contain serdexmethylphenidate (SDX), a prodrug of dexmethylphenidate. It is an investigational medication for treating excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and other symptoms of IH, including sleep inertia (difficulty of waking up in the morning), and brain fog (lack of focus and mental clarity; forgetfulness and confusion).

CANADA: Studying brain profiles of narcolepsy type 1, type 2 and IH

sleep apnea research study near me

To better understand the brain of people with narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia, Concordia University (Montreal – Canada), is looking for patients that are willing to participate in scientific research. The goal of this study is to learn more about the causes and brain effects of hypersomnia. We are currently looking for people with narcolepsy or idiopathic hypersomnia that are between 18-64 years old. It may be required to temporarily stop medication to participate (e.g. 2 days for stimulants) and compensation for participation and travel expenses will be offered. For more information, please contact [email protected] .

Boston Children’s Hospital – Pediatric Narcolepsy Online Survey

Boston Children's Hospital

Currently there is no clinical tool to assess the broad symptoms of pediatric narcolepsy and their impact on daily functioning. We are a group of researchers from different academic hospitals (Boston Children’s Hospital, Stanford University, Geisinger Medical Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, and National Jewish Health) testing a pediatric narcolepsy patient reported outcomes tool to assess pediatric narcolepsy symptoms and their effect on daily functioning and quality of life. Our goal is to develop a clinical survey that can improve the care of pediatric narcolepsy.

Open Enrollment for TENOR Research Study

sleep apnea research study near me

The Transition Experience of persons with Narcolepsy taking Oxybate in the Real-world (TENOR) study is enrolling individuals with narcolepsy who are transitioning from Xyrem to Xywav within the previous or upcoming 7 days. This study is entirely virtual and was designed with the help of a patient advisory board and input from narcolepsy specialists. As a part of your participation, you will receive reports summarizing your self-reported data throughout the study. At the end of the study, you will receive a consolidated report of your personal data.

ClinicalTrials.gov

sleep apnea research study near me

Looking for more opportunities? ClinicalTrials.gov is a database of privately and publicly funded clinical studies conducted around the world. You can search for actively recruiting studies that you may be able to participate in or learn about new interventions/treatments that are being considered.

Thank you to all those who consider participating in sleep and sleep disorder research and clinical trials. Your efforts help to build a brighter future! 

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More Evidence Sleep Apnea Harms Thinking, Memory

By Dennis Thompson HealthDay Reporter

sleep apnea research study near me

MONDAY, March 4, 2024 (HealthDay News) -- Sleep apnea could have detrimental effects on the brain, causing memory or thinking problems, a new study suggests.

People suffering from sleep apnea are about 50% more likely to also report having memory or thinking problems, compared to those without sleep apnea, researchers say.

“These findings highlight the importance of early screening for sleep apnea,” said researcher Dr. Dominique Low , a clinical fellow with the Boston Medical Center.

Sleep apnea occurs when people stop and restart breathing repeatedly as they sleep. Symptoms include snoring, gasping and breathing pauses.

U.S. Cities With the Most Homelessness

sleep apnea research study near me

People with sleep apnea often suffer from unexplained fatigue and mood swings, because their breathing interruptions continually wake them as their blood oxygen levels dip. They are unable to settle into a deep and nourishing sleep.

For this study, researchers surveyed nearly 4,300 people about their sleep quality, memory and brain function.

About a quarter of the participants reported symptoms of sleep apnea.

Of those with sleep apnea, a third (33%) reported memory or thinking problems, compared to just 20% of people without sleep apnea.

Low plans to present her study at the American Academy of Neurology annual meeting, which takes place in April in Denver. Research presented at medical meetings should be considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal.

Low said the findings point to the importance of taking sleep apnea seriously.

“Effective treatments like continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machines are readily available,” Low said in a meeting news release. “Quality sleep, along with eating a healthy diet, regular exercise, social engagement and cognitive stimulation, may ultimately reduce a person’s risk of thinking and memory problems, improving their quality of life.”

More information

Johns Hopkins Medicine has more about the health effects of sleep apnea .

SOURCE: American Academy of Neurology, news release, March 3, 2024

Copyright © 2024 HealthDay . All rights reserved.

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Tags: sleep disorders , memory

sleep apnea research study near me

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Study links apnea issues to memory, thinking problems

NEW YORK, March 3 (UPI) -- Sufferers of sleep apnea may be more likely to experience memory or thinking problems, a new preliminary study suggests.

The research, based on a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults, was released Sunday and will be presented at the 76th annual meeting of the American Academy of Neurology in Denver that begins April 13.

While the study found that participants with sleep apnea symptoms had higher odds of memory or thinking problems, it did not determine whether the disorder causes cognitive decline.

This common condition causes repeated breathing interruptions during sleep, potentially lowering blood oxygen levels. Symptoms include snorting, gasping and breathing pauses. People with sleep apnea also have morning headaches or difficulty staying on task.

The new study included 4,257 individuals from age 20 to older than 80. They replied to a questionnaire inquiring about sleep quality, as well as memory and thinking problems.

Those who reported snorting, gasping or breathing pauses during sleep were classified as having sleep apnea symptoms. Those who reported difficulty remembering, periods of confusion, trouble concentrating or decision-making problems were classified as experiencing memory or cognitive symptoms.

A total of 1,079 participants reported symptoms of sleep apnea. Of those with symptoms, 357 people, or 33%, said they had memory or thinking problems compared to 628 people, or 20%, without sleep apnea symptoms.

The survey revealed that people who reported sleep apnea symptoms were about 50% more likely to also report experiencing memory or thinking problems compared to people without these symptoms.

Researchers adjusted for other variables that could play a role in memory and thinking problems -- including, race, gender and education.

Proactive measures

"Given the prevalent underdiagnosis and undertreatment of sleep apnea, proactive measures in screening and managing sleep apnea are needed," Dr. Dominique Low, the study's author and a neuromuscular fellow in the department of neurology at Boston Medical Center, wrote in an abstract to be presented at the meeting.

Low told UPI that effective treatments such as continuous positive airway pressure, or CPAP, machines are readily available to help.

"Quality sleep -- along with eating a healthy diet, regular exercise, social engagement and cognitive stimulation -- may ultimately reduce a person's risk of thinking and memory problems, improving their quality of life," she said.

This research is among other large-scale studies to examine the relationship between brain health and disrupted sleep, said Dr. Sudha Tallavajhula, medical director of the TIRR Memorial Hermann Neurological Sleep Medicine Center in Houston. She was not involved in the study.

"Sleep apnea is associated with a high risk of developing cognitive impairment. Previous studies have suggested that the brain develops cumulative neuronal damage over years of suffering from this disorder," Tallavajhula said, noting the importance of treating sleep apnea "as a potentially reversible factor underlying cognitive decline."

Toxins eliminated

As the brain stays active during the day, it produces toxins, such as amyloid, which are eliminated during efficient sleep, said Dr. Anna Burke, medical director of the Alzheimer's & Memory Disorders Program at Barrow Neurological Institute in Phoenix.

When sleep apnea impedes this clearance process, it can damage the brain. This leads "to a 'chicken or the egg' question of whether impaired sleep, particularly in midlife, leads to cognitive impairment or if it's one of the first warning signs of cognitive impairment," Burke said.

She added that "if you want to improve your chance of maintaining your cognitive health as you age, prioritize sleep and address conditions such as sleep apnea that can affect it."

About 5 to 15% of the U.S. population and perhaps as many as 1 billion people worldwide have sleep apnea, said Dr. Jonathan Marcus, an associate professor of clinical neurology and division chief of sleep medicine at the University of Rochester Medical Center in Rochester, N.Y.

In addition to potential cognitive impairment, people with sleep apnea "often experience significant daytime sleepiness and have significantly increased risk for cardiovascular disease like heart attacks and strokes," Marcus said.

Many patients with sleep apnea have trouble with attention, concentration and memory, said Dr. Katherine Sharkey, an associate professor of medicine and psychiatry and human behavior at the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University in Providence, R.I.,

Scary experience

"In my experience, memory difficulties can be very scary for patients -- they worry it is a sign of Alzheimer's disease or some other irreversible dementia," said Sharkey, a sleep medicine physician. "Interestingly, these cognitive issues are often the symptoms that improve the most when we treat sleep disordered-breathing."

She said she would recommend that people not attribute concentration or memory problems solely to aging. They also shouldn't ignore these symptoms or be afraid to pursue a medical evaluation.

People with sleep apnea symptoms should ask their doctor if it's worth having a sleep study, said S. Justin Thomas, director of the University of Alabama at Birmingham's Behavioral Sleep Medicine Clinic.

"If you have difficulties thinking or remembering things, speaking with your physician about your sleep may help identify a potential contributor," Thomas said.

Adults typically need seven to eight hours of quality sleep every night. "Conditions like sleep apnea can compromise quality sleep and should be treated," said Dr. David Shaha, sleep lab and sleep fellowship director at the University of Iowa Health Care in Iowa City.

CPAP remains the gold-standard treatment for sleep apnea. Yet, there are many misconceptions among clinicians and patients, said Tallavajhula, who is also an associate professor in the department of neurology at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston) Medical School.

"Very often, once the initial discomfort is addressed, most patients tolerate CPAP seamlessly long term," she said. "It is one of the few medical interventions with high efficacy and minimal adverse effects."

Utilizing a CPAP machine can assist people who have apnea, which can lead to issues with memory and thinking. Penn Medicine

ScienceDaily

Researchers identify distinct sleep types and their impact on long-term health

Poor sleep habits are strongly associated with long-term chronic health conditions, according to decades of research. To better understand this relationship, a team led by researchers in Penn State's College of Health and Human Development identified four distinct patterns that characterize how most people sleep. These patterns are also predictive of long-term health, the researchers said.

Soomi Lee, associate professor of human development and family studies at Penn State, led a team in identifying these sleep patterns and their correlation to overall health. Their results were published in Psychosomatic Medicine.

Using a national sample of adults from the Midlife in the United States study, the team gathered data on approximately 3,700 participants' sleep habits and their chronic health conditions across two time points 10 years apart. The data included self-reported sleep habits, including sleep regularity and duration, perceived sleep satisfaction and daytime alertness, as well as the number and type of chronic conditions.

Researchers used the data to identify four different sleep patterns.

Good sleepers, who are characterized by optimal sleep habits across all datapoints.

Weekend catch-up sleepers, who are characterized by irregular sleep, specifically short average sleep duration, but longer sleep times on weekends or non-workdays.

Insomnia sleepers, who are characterized by sleep problems related to clinical insomnia symptoms, including short sleep duration, high daytime tiredness and a long time to fall asleep.

Nappers, who are characterized by mostly good sleep but frequent daytime naps.

Researchers found that more than half of participants were identified as insomnia sleepers or nappers, both of which are suboptimal sleep patterns. Additionally, being an insomnia sleeper over the 10-year period was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of chronic health conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and depression.

Results also showed that people were unlikely to change their sleep pattern over the course of the 10 years. This was especially true for insomnia sleepers and nappers. The MIDUS study may not represent the entire population, researchers said, as it primarily comprises healthy adults, but -- despite this -- most participants displayed suboptimal insomnia sleeper or napper sleep patterns.

"These results may suggest that it is very difficult to change our sleep habits because sleep health is embedded into our overall lifestyle. It may also suggest that people still don't know about the importance of their sleep and about sleep health behaviors," Lee said. "We need to make more efforts to educate the public about good sleep health. There are sleep hygiene behaviors that people could do to improve their sleep, such as not using cell phones in bed, exercising regularly and avoiding caffeine in the late afternoon."

While the sleep patterns were seemingly not age-related, researchers found that older adults and retirees were more likely to be nappers. They also found that those with less education and those facing unemployment were more likely to be insomnia sleepers.

According to Lee, the fact that phase of life and economic conditions can influence longstanding sleep patterns suggests that societal and neighborhood influences -- including economic stressors and access to health resources -- may have significant effects on individual health and, in this case, sleep habits.

All these findings strongly suggest the need for programs and interventions to promote healthy sleep and sleep habits, the researchers said. The identification of distinct sleep patterns also suggests that these prevention programs should not be one-size-fits-all and can be targeted based on a variety of factors, including the risk of chronic conditions and socioeconomic vulnerability.

"Sleep is an everyday behavior," Lee said. "Sleep is also modifiable, So, if we can improve sleep almost every day, what outcomes might we see after several months, or even several years? Better sleeping habits can make many significant differences, from improving social relationships and work performance to promoting long-term healthy behaviors and healthy aging."

Other researchers from Penn State on the team included Orfeu Buxton, professor of biobehavioral health and associate director of Clinical and Translational Science Institute, and David Almeida, professor of human development and family studies. Additional collaborators included Claire E. Smith, assistant professor of psychology, University of South Florida; Meredith Wallace, associate professor of psychiatry and biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh; Sanjay R. Patel, professor of medicine and epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh; and Ross Andel, professor in the Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University.

The National Institutes of Health's National Institute on Aging funded this study.

  • Insomnia Research
  • Sleep Disorder Research
  • Diseases and Conditions
  • Chronic Illness
  • Sleep Disorders
  • Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Disorders and Syndromes
  • Obstructive sleep apnea
  • Sleep disorder
  • Delayed sleep phase syndrome
  • Sleep apnea
  • Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
  • Sleep deprivation
  • Rapid eye movement

Story Source:

Materials provided by Penn State . Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference :

  • Soomi Lee, Claire E. Smith, Meredith L. Wallace, Orfeu M. Buxton, David M. Almeida, Sanjay R. Patel, Ross Andel. 10-year Stability of an Insomnia Sleeper Phenotype and Its Association with Chronic Conditions . Psychosomatic Medicine , 2024; DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000001288

Cite This Page :

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Risk factors for post-COVID-19 condition in previously hospitalised children using the ISARIC Global follow-up protocol: a prospective cohort study

Ismail m. osmanov.

1 Z.A. Bashlyaeva Children's Municipal Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia

2 Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia

29 These authors contributed equally to this article

Ekaterina Spiridonova

3 Dept of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia

Polina Bobkova

Aysylu gamirova, anastasia shikhaleva, margarita andreeva, oleg blyuss.

4 School of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK

Yasmin El-Taravi

Audrey dunngalvin.

5 School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork City, Ireland

Pasquale Comberiati

6 Dept of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

Diego G. Peroni

Christian apfelbacher.

7 Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Faculty of Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany

Jon Genuneit

8 Pediatric Epidemiology, Dept of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany

Lyudmila Mazankova

9 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

Alexandra Miroshina

Evgeniya chistyakova.

10 Dept of Paediatrics and Paediatric Rheumatology, Institute of Child's Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia

Elmira Samitova

Svetlana borzakova.

11 Research Institute for Healthcare Organization and Medical Management of Moscow Healthcare Dept, Moscow, Russia

Elena Bondarenko

Anatoliy a. korsunskiy, irina konova, sarah wulf hanson.

12 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Gail Carson

13 ISARIC Global Support Centre, Nuffield Dept of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Louise Sigfrid

Janet t. scott.

14 MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK

Matthew Greenhawt

15 Dept of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy/Immunology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA

Elizabeth A. Whittaker

16 Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

Elena Garralda

17 Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK

Olivia V. Swann

18 Dept of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

19 Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK

Danilo Buonsenso

20 Dept of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy

21 Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy

22 Center for Global Health Research and Studies, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy

Dasha E. Nicholls

Frances simpson.

23 Coventry University, Coventry, UK

Christina Jones

24 School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK

Malcolm G. Semple

25 Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

26 Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK

John O. Warner

27 Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK

Piero Olliaro

Daniel munblit.

28 Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia

Associated Data

Please note: supplementary material is not edited by the Editorial Office, and is uploaded as it has been supplied by the author.

Supplementary material ERJ-01341-2021.Supplement

This one-page PDF can be shared freely online.

Shareable PDF ERJ-01341-2021.Shareable

The long-term sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children remain poorly characterised. This study aimed to assess long-term outcomes in children previously hospitalised with COVID-19 and associated risk factors.

This is a prospective cohort study of children (≤18 years old) admitted to hospital with confirmed COVID-19. Children admitted between 2 April 2020 and 26 August 2020 were included. Telephone interviews used the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) COVID-19 Health and Wellbeing Follow-up Survey for Children. Persistent symptoms (>5 months) were further categorised by system(s) involved.

518 out of 853 (61%) eligible children were available for the follow-up assessment and included in the study. Median (interquartile range (IQR)) age was 10.4 (3–15.2) years and 270 (52.1%) were girls. Median (IQR) follow-up since hospital discharge was 256 (223–271) days. At the time of the follow-up interview 126 (24.3%) participants reported persistent symptoms, among which fatigue (53, 10.7%), sleep disturbance (36, 6.9%) and sensory problems (29, 5.6%) were the most common. Multiple symptoms were experienced by 44 (8.4%) participants. Risk factors for persistent symptoms were: older age “6–11 years” (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.37–5.75) and “12–18 years” (OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.41–5.4), and a history of allergic diseases (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.04–2.67).

Conclusions

A quarter of children experienced persistent symptoms months after hospitalisation with acute COVID-19 infection, with almost one in 10 experiencing multisystem involvement. Older age and allergic diseases were associated with higher risk of persistent symptoms at follow-up.

Short abstract

A quarter of children experienced persistent symptoms months after COVID-19 infection, with almost one in 10 experiencing multisystem involvement. Older age and allergic diseases were associated with higher risk of persistent symptoms at follow-up. https://bit.ly/3vqeEmZ

Introduction

Emerging data suggest that a substantial proportion of people experience ongoing symptoms including fatigue and muscle weakness, breathlessness, and neurological problems more than 6 months after the acute phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [ 1 , 2 ]. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as “long COVID”, a term defined by patient groups, and also known as post-COVID-19 syndrome, the post-COVID-19 condition [ 3 ] or “COVID long-haulers” [ 4 , 5 ]. Recent population data from the UK reported that the highest prevalence of long COVID after 12 weeks was among those aged 25–34 years (18.2%) and lowest in those aged 2–11 years (7.4%) [ 6 ].

Evidence on post-acute COVID-19 condition and long-term outcomes in children is still limited to small studies, with more than half having at least one persisting symptom 4 months after COVID-19 infection [ 7 ]. However, a recent publication from Australia by S ay et al. [ 8 ] suggested that only 8% of children aged 0–19 years (median 3 years) had ongoing symptoms 3–6 months after predominantly mild COVID-19 infection. The limitation of the study as acknowledged by the authors was the low age range. This mandates the inclusion of larger numbers, particularly of older children, in future studies [ 8 ].

There is a need to assess the long-term consequences of COVID-19 in paediatric populations [ 9 ], to inform clinicians, researchers and public health experts, to address the impacts of this condition on those affected and their families, and to inform discussions on vaccination of children. This cohort study aimed to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for long-term COVID-19 outcomes in children post-hospital discharge. We used the standardised follow-up data collection protocol developed by the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) Global Paediatric COVID-19 Follow-up Working Group [ 10 ].

Study design, setting and participants

This is a prospective cohort study of children (≤18 years old) admitted with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to Z.A. Bashlyaeva Children's Municipal Clinical Hospital in Moscow, Russia. This large tertiary university hospital can accommodate up to 980 children at a time and served as the primary COVID-19 hospital for children residing in Moscow city. Children admitted to the hospital during the first wave of the pandemic, between 2 April 2020 and 26 August 2020, with reverse transcriptase PCR-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection were included. The parents of these children were contacted between 31 January 2021 and 27 February 2021 to complete a follow-up survey for this study.

The acute-phase dataset included demographics, symptoms, comorbidities, chest computed tomography, supportive care and clinical outcomes at discharge. This study was approved by the Moscow City Independent Ethics Committee (abbreviate 1, protocol number 74). Parental consent was sought during hospital admission and consent for the follow-up interview was sought via verbal confirmation during telephone interview.

Interviews were undertaken by a team of medical students with experience gained in previous COVID-19 research [ 2 , 11 ] who underwent standardised training in telephone assessment, REDCap data entry and data security. Assessments were conducted via interviews with the parents/carers. Nonresponders were contacted by telephone three times before considering them lost to follow-up. Information about the current condition and persisting symptoms was collected using version 1.0 of the ISARIC COVID-19 Health and Wellbeing Follow-Up Survey for Children, to assess patients’ physical and psychosocial wellbeing and behaviour, with local adaptations (additional questions related to the presence and duration of signs/symptoms were included), translated into Russian. The protocol was registered at The Open Science Framework [ 12 ]. The follow-up survey documented data on demographics, parental perception of changes in their child's emotional and behavioural status (including reasons for change: COVID-19, pandemic or both), previous vaccination history, hospital stay and readmissions, mortality (after the initial index event), history of newly developed symptoms between discharge and the follow-up assessment, including symptom onset and duration, and overall health condition compared with prior to the child's COVID-19 onset ( supplementary material ). To assess the prevalence of symptoms over time parents were asked the following questions: “Within the last seven days , has your child had any of these symptoms, which were NOT present prior to their Covid-19 illness? (If yes, please indicate below and the duration of the symptom/s)” and “Please report any symptoms that have been bothering your child since discharge that are not present today. Please specify the time of onset and duration of these symptoms”.

Data management

REDCap electronic data capture tools (www.project-redcap.org) hosted at Sechenov University (Moscow, Russia) and Microsoft Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) were used for data collection, storage and management [ 13 , 14 ]. The baseline characteristics, including demographics, symptoms on admission and comorbidities, were extracted from electronic medical records and entered into REDCap.

Exposure and outcome variables

For the purposes of this study, we defined “persistent symptoms” as symptoms present at the time of the follow-up interview and lasting for >5 months. These were subcategorised into respiratory, neurological, sensory, sleep, gastrointestinal, dermatological, cardiovascular, fatigue and musculoskeletal ( supplementary table S1 ), as informed by previously published literature [ 15 , 16 ] and ISARIC Global Paediatric COVID-19 Follow-up Working Group discussions.

Allergic diseases were defined as the presence of any of the following: asthma, allergic rhinitis, eczema or food allergy. Participants’ age categories were based on Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Pediatric Terminology [ 17 ]. Severe disease was defined as having received noninvasive ventilation, invasive ventilation or admission to the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) during hospital admission.

Health status before COVID-19 and at the time of the interview was assessed using a 0–100 wellness scale [ 18 ], where 0 was the worst possible health and 100 was the best possible health.

Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics were calculated for baseline characteristics. Continuous variables were summarised as median (interquartile range (IQR)) and categorical variables as frequency (percentage). The Chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test was used for testing hypotheses on differences in proportions between groups. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for testing hypotheses on differences between groups.

We performed multivariable logistic regression to investigate associations of demographic characteristics, comorbidities (limited to those reported in ≥5% of participants), presence of pneumonia and severity of COVID-19 during acute infection with persistent symptom categories present at the time of the follow-up interview. We included all participants for whom the variables of interest were available in the final analysis, without imputing missing data. The differing denominators used indicate missing data. Odds ratios were calculated together with 95% confidence intervals.

UpSet plots were used to present the coexistence of persistent symptom categories. Two-sided p-values were reported for all statistical tests; a p-value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using R version 3.5.1 ( https://cran.r-project.org ). Packages used included dplyr, lubridate, ggplots2, plotrix and UpSetR.

Patient and public involvement

The survey was developed by the ISARIC Global Paediatric COVID-19 Follow-up Working Group and informed by a wide range of global stakeholders with expertise in infectious diseases, critical care, paediatrics, epidemiology, allergy/immunology, respiratory medicine, psychiatry, psychology and methodology, and patient representatives. The survey was distributed to the members of the patient group and suggestions from parents/carers were implemented.

All 853 children hospitalised with suspected СOVID-19 between 2 April 2020 and 26 August 2020 were discharged alive ( figure 1 ). Of 836 patients with accurate contact information, parents of 518 PCR-positive children agreed to be interviewed (response rate 62%) and were included in the analysis.

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Flow diagram of patients with COVID-19 admitted to Z.A. Bashlyaeva Children's Municipal Clinical Hospital between 2 April 2020 and 26 August 2020. # : relatives unable to describe the child's health; relatives not willing to refer interviewers to the child's parents/carers; inability to speak Russian.

Median (IQR) age was 10.4 (3–15.2) years (range 2 days–18 years) and 272 (52.1%) were girls. Median (IQR) follow-up time since hospital admission was 268 (233–284) days. Children had a median (IQR) of 8 (4–9) years of formal school education and a median (IQR) of 4 (3–5) family members were residing in the household ( table 1 ).

Demographic characteristics of patients with COVID-19 admitted to Z.A. Bashlyaeva Children's Municipal Clinical Hospital

Data are presented as n/N (%) or median (interquartile range), excluding missing values. PICU: paediatric intensive care unit. # : all cases of diabetes were type 1.

The most common pre-existing comorbidity in this cohort was food allergy (13% (67/514)), followed by allergic rhinitis and asthma (9.7% (50/514)), gastrointestinal problems (9.3% (48/514)), eczema (8.8% (45/514)), and neurological conditions (8.8% (45/514)). Parents of 55.3% (284/514) of children did not report any comorbidities. Fever (83.6% (427/511)), cough (55.7% (284/510)), rhinorrhoea (54.3% (278/512)) and fatigue (38.9% (197/506)) were the most common presenting symptoms at the time of hospital admission ( supplementary table S2 ). 37.3% (192/515) of patients had pneumonia during the hospital stay; 2.7% (14/515) had severe disease, which required noninvasive ventilation/invasive ventilation or admission to the PICU. Treatments received during hospital admission are presented in supplementary table S3 .

At the time of the follow-up interview, parents of 24.7% (128) of children reported at least one persistent symptom, with fatigue 10.6% (53/496), insomnia 5.19% (26/501), disturbed smell 4.7% (22/467) and headache 3.5% (17/486) being the most common. Detailed information on symptoms and duration is presented in supplementary table S4 .

The prevalence of the symptoms present at the time of discharge declined over time ( figure 2 ). The number of children with fatigue fell from 15.8% (82/518) at the time of discharge to 8.8% (45/513) 6–7 months later, altered sense of smell from 8.7% (45/518) to 4.7% (24/514), sleep disturbance from 7.5% (39/518) to 5.8% (30/515), altered sense of taste from 5.6% (29/518) to 3.1% (16/515), headache from 4.6% (24/518) to 3.5% (18/517) and breathing difficulties from 3.9% (20/518) to 1% (5/517). The prevalence of the most common symptoms, including symptoms that developed some time after discharge, is shown in supplementary figure S1 .

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Duration of the most common symptoms (post-discharge) in children who experienced symptoms at the time of discharge. The calculations are based on responses to the questions: “Within the last seven days , has your child had any of these symptoms, which were NOT present prior to their Covid-19 illness? (If yes, please indicate below and the duration of the symptom/s)” and “Please report any symptoms that have been bothering your child since discharge that are not present today. Please specify the time of onset and duration of these symptoms”.

With regard to persistent symptom categories ( supplementary table S1 ), fatigue was the most commonly reported in 10.6% (53/498) of patients at the time of assessment, followed by sleep disturbance 7.2% (36/501), sensory 6.2% (29/467), gastrointestinal 4.4% (22/499) and dermatological 3.6% (18/496) problems. A smaller number of patients experienced neurological 3% (14/465), respiratory 2.5% (12/489), cardiovascular 1.9% (9/470) and musculoskeletal 1.8% (9/489) problems long-term.

A total of 8.5% (44) of participants reported persistent symptoms from more than one category at the time of the follow-up assessment. The most commonly co-occurring categories were fatigue and sleep problems in 1.9% (10) of children, and fatigue and sensory problems were present in 1.5% (8) of children. 2.7% (14) of children had persistent symptoms from three or more different categories. Coexistence of persistent symptom categories at the time of follow-up is presented in the UpSet plot in figure 3 .

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UpSet plot representing the coexistence of persistent symptom (present at the time of follow-up interview and lasting for >5 months) categories at follow-up assessment. The values represent the number of individuals experiencing a persistent symptom category or combination of categories. Dark blue lines link multiple symptoms indicated by dark blue circles.

The scores on the wellness scale for children with one or two or more persistent symptoms significantly declined when compared with before COVID-19 onset, from 90 (80–100) to 82.5 (70–93.8) and from 90 (80–95) to 70 (60–80) (p<0.001 for all comparisons), respectively. Children who did not experience any persistent symptoms did not report any significant changes in wellness when asked to compare with how they felt before their acute COVID-19 illness. We also assessed emotional difficulties, social relationships and activity levels in children ( supplementary tables S4 and S5 ). Parents related the following changes to COVID-19 illness and not to the pandemic in general: less eating in 4.5% (23/512) of children, less sleeping in 3.5% (18/511) and more sleeping in 2% (10/511), reduced physical activity in 4.7% (24/512), and child becoming less emotional in 4.3% (22/511). In contrast, parents attributed changes to social activities to the pandemic in general rather than to COVID-19 illness: 12% (58/485) of children were spending less time with their friends in person, while 13% (61/470) were spending more time with friends remotely, with less than 1% of parents attributing these changes to COVID-19 illness. 23% (110/478) of children were spending more time watching television, playing video/computer games or using social media for educational purposes, with 92.9% of parents associating these changes with the pandemic in general rather than COVID-19 illness.

In multivariable regression analysis, older age was associated with persistent symptoms ( figure 4a ). When compared with children <2 years of age, those aged 6–11 years had OR 2.57 (95% CI 1.29–5.36) for persistent symptoms and those aged 12–18 years had OR 2.52 (95% CI 1.34–5.01). Another predictor associated with persistent symptoms was allergic diseases (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.04–2.67). Similar patterns were seen for children with coexistence of persistent symptoms from two or more categories: 6–11 years of age OR 2.49 (95% CI 1.02–6.72) and 12–18 years of age OR 3.18 (95% CI 1.43–8.11), both versus <2 years of age ( figure 4b ).

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Multivariable logistic regression model to identify pre-existing risk factors for long COVID. Odds ratios (with 95% confidence intervals) for the presence of a) any category of persistent symptoms (n=127) at the time of follow-up and b) two or more coexisting categories of persistent symptoms (n=73) at the time of follow-up. Neurological conditions and allergic diseases are specified in table 1 . Odds ratios are plotted on a log scale.

We ran an additional regression analyses using “age” as a continuous variable which gave a similar result ( supplementary figure S2 ). When subgroup analyses were performed in the age group ≥6 years, severe acute COVID-19 was associated with persistent symptoms (OR 6.14, 95% CI 1.27–43.94) and excessive weight and obesity with coexistence of persistent symptoms from two or more categories (OR 2.89, 95% CI 1.12–7.15) ( supplementary figure S3 ).

To the best our knowledge, this is the largest prospective paediatric cohort study with the longest follow-up assessing symptom prevalence and duration of long COVID in children and adolescents with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection post-hospital discharge. We found that a quarter of children and adolescents had persistent symptoms at the time of follow-up, with fatigue, sleep disturbance and sensory problems being the most common. Almost one in 10 reported multisystem impacts with two or more categories of persistent symptoms at the time of follow-up. Children in mid-childhood and adolescence (aged 6–18 years) were at higher risk of persistent symptoms at the time of follow-up. Although prevalence of symptoms declined over time, a substantial proportion experienced problems many months after discharge.

Although many children experienced symptoms such as fatigue, disturbed smell and taste, sleep and respiratory problems, hair loss, and headaches at the time of hospital discharge, we witnessed a steady decline in symptom prevalence over time. This was particularly evident for fatigue and smell disturbance. Prevalence of some symptoms such as headache and sleep problems declined slower, which may be driven by psychological mechanisms rather than pathophysiological virus infection effects [ 19 ]. A limitation of these findings is that symptom onset and duration was recalled at the single follow-up interview in our study; this may be overcome with repeated follow-ups at appropriate intervals to limit potential recall imprecision. There are very few studies assessing long COVID in children and adolescents; a previous smaller study from Italy found similar persisting symptoms during a shorter follow-up [ 7 ]. In line with our results, previous research demonstrated symptoms fading over time in adults [ 15 ]; however, data are still limited as most of the published cohort studies do not measure the duration of symptoms, but rather assess their presence at a single follow-up.

We found that almost one in 10 children had multisystem impacts with two or more categories of persistent symptoms present at the time of follow-up. Similar numbers were previously reported in the Russian adult population [ 2 ] and patients with clusters of different symptoms were described in the UK [ 20 ]. Patients with multisystem involvement will represent the primary target for the development of future research and intervention strategies.

Age was significantly associated with persistent symptom presence at the time of follow-up, with children aged ≥6 years being at higher risk. To the best of our knowledge, risk factors for long COVID in children have not been investigated in previous studies, so we may draw comparisons with the data from adult cohorts only. Previous data suggest that long COVID is prevalent in adults [ 1 , 2 , 20 – 23 ] and that age is associated with a higher risk of long COVID [ 20 , 22 ]. An Australian follow-up study of 151 children (median 3 years) who had predominantly mild acute COVID-19 found only 8% with ongoing long COVID symptoms [ 8 ]. As acknowledged by the authors of that study, low median age may be the main reason for the low long COVID prevalence and our study substantiates this. We also found that in children aged ≥6 years, severe acute COVID-19 was associated with persistent symptoms and excessive weight and obesity with multisystem involvement, but confidence intervals were wide and these findings require confirmation on a larger sample size to make any firm conclusions.

We found that allergic diseases in children were also associated with a higher risk of long COVID. This is in agreement with adult studies from Russia [ 2 ] and the UK [ 20 ] reporting asthma to be associated with the development of long COVID. Recent data suggested that COVID-19 consequences may be linked with mast cell activation syndrome [ 24 ] and the T-helper type 2-biased immunological response in children with allergic diseases may be responsible for an increased risk of long-term consequences from the infection. This highlights the importance of further research on potential underlying immunological and autoimmune mechanisms of long COVID [ 25 ].

Apart from physical symptoms, we also assessed emotional and behavioural changes. Although most parents reported no changes, one in 20 parents noticed changes in their children that they attributed to COVID-19 illness rather than the general situation during the pandemic. These included changes in eating, sleeping, emotional wellbeing and physical activities. Over one in 10 parents noted that their children were spending less time in face-to-face communication and more time interacting with their friends remotely, and spending time online for both educational and noneducational purposes. These changes were largely attributed to the general situation during the pandemic rather than to COVID-19 illness. The “lockdown” measures were implemented in Moscow in the middle of March and lasted until June 2020. Restrictions included self-isolation, closure of public places, including schools/universities, social distancing, etc. The pandemic resulted in an increase in anxiety levels among the population, which was associated with increased media consumption [ 26 ]. The effect of the pandemic, illness or both should be further studied in future research.

A major strength of this study is that it was based on the ISARIC COVID-19 Health and Wellbeing Follow-Up Survey for Children, which will assist with data harmonisation and comparison with other international studies in the future. Another strength is the large sample size of confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infected children and this cohort has the longest follow-up assessment of hospitalised children to date. Stratification to determine if the symptoms were persistent following COVID-19 and assessment of trends over time were other novel aspects of the study. At the same time, this cohort study has several limitations. First, the study population only included patients within Moscow, although regional clustering is common to many cohort studies published during the COVID-19 pandemic. Second, it only included hospitalised children, not representative of the paediatric population. Third, we did not have a control group of previously hospitalised children not experiencing COVID-19. Fourth, some patients may have developed additional comorbidities or complications since hospital discharge that were not appropriately captured and could potentially affect wellbeing and symptom prevalence and persistence. Fifth, parents/caregivers were interviewed in this study and not the children themselves. There is also a risk of selection bias due to recruitment of the hospitalised population and recall bias in reporting symptoms which were nonexistent at the time of follow-up, and potential selection bias with those with symptoms more likely to agree to the survey.

The study used to generate this data within the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol initiative is a prospective pandemic preparedness protocol which is agnostic to disease and has a pragmatic design to allow recruitment during pandemic conditions. The reality of conducting research in outbreak conditions does not allow for appropriate co-enrolment of a control group, which is not practical. One of the issues which has not been addressed so far in clinical research is what control group of individuals admitted to hospital during this period when hospitals were overwhelmed with COVID-19 cases could provide a valid control group. The design of this study allows us only to describe the features of COVID-19 survivors and cannot involve a control group. СOVID-19 is not just a respiratory tract infection, so there is no “one size fits all” control group. At present, to the best of our knowledge, all major publications on long COVID are uncontrolled cohorts due to the difficulties of ascertaining data among controls matched for age and sex, but most importantly matched for the same experiences during the pandemic aside from confirmed COVID-19 illness.

Our findings have implications for further research. Longer follow-up duration and repeated assessments combined with controls and sampling for further studies into the pathophysiology and immunology of post-COVID-19 illness sequelae are needed to inform case definitions and intervention trials aimed to improve long-term outcomes.

Although symptoms which were present at discharge diminished over time, even 8 months after hospital discharge many children experienced persistent symptoms, with fatigue, sensory changes and sleep problems being the most common sequelae. One in 10 children experienced multisystem involvement at the time of follow-up. Older age and allergic diseases were the main risk factors for persistent symptoms. Future work should be multidisciplinary, prospective, preferably with a control cohort, repeated sampling, and with an ability for children to report their health and wellbeing themselves, accompanied by biological sample collection to establish causative mechanisms for a better understanding of COVID-19 sequelae and help with the phenotype/endotype categorisation.

Supplementary material

Shareable pdf, acknowledgements.

We are very grateful to the Z.A. Bashlyaeva Children's Municipal Clinical Hospital clinical staff and to the patients, parents, carers and families for their kindness and understanding during these difficult times of the COVID-19 pandemic. We would like to express our very great appreciation to the ISARIC Global COVID-19 Follow-up Working Group for survey development. We would like to thank Maksim Kholopov (Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia) for providing technical support in data collection and database administration. We are very thankful to Eat & Talk, Luch, Black Market, FLIP and Academia (Moscow, Russia) for providing us the workspace in a time of need and their support of COVID-19 research. Finally, we would like to extend our gratitude to the ISARIC Global team, the ISARIC Global Adult and Paediatric COVID-19 Follow-up Working Group, and the ISARIC Global Support Centre for their continuous support, expertise and for the development of the outbreak-ready standardised protocols for the data collection.

Sechenov Stop COVID Research Team: Elina Abdeeva, Nikol Alekseeva, Anastasiia Bairashevskaia, Dina Baimukhambetova, Lusine Baziyants, Anna Berbenyuk, Tatiana Bezbabicheva, Julia Chayka, Salima Deunezhewa, Yulia Filippova, Anastasia Gorina, Cyrill Gorlenko, Margarita Kalinina, Bogdan Kirillov, Herman Kiseljow, Natalya Kogut, Mariia Korgunova, Anastasia Kotelnikova, Alexandra Krupina, Anna Kuznetsova, Anastasia Kuznetsova, Veronika Laukhina, Baina Lavginova, Elza Lidjieva, Nadezhda Markina, Daria Nikolaeva, Georgiy Novoselov, Polina Petrova, Erika Porubayeva, Kristina Presnyakova, Anna Pushkareva, Mikhail Rumyantsev, Ilona Sarukhanyan, Jamilya Shatrova, Nataliya Shishkina, Anastasia Shvedova, Valeria Ustyan, Maria Varaksina, Ekaterina Varlamova, Margarita Yegiyan and Elena Zuykova (Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia); Svetlana Gadetskaya and Yulia V. Ivanova (Dept of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia).

This article has an editorial commentary: https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02245-2021

Conflict of interest: J. Genuneit reports working as a project manager of unrestricted research grants on the composition of breast milk to Ulm University and Leipzig University with funding from Danone Nutricia Research. M.G. Semple reports grants from the Dept of Health and Social Care National Institute of Health Research UK, grants from the Medical Research Council UK, grants from the Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging & Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, outside the submitted work; he also reports a minority ownership at Integrum Scientific LLC (Greensboro, NC, USA), outside the submitted work. T. Vos reports personal fees for work on the Global Burden of Disease Study from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, outside the submitted work. C. Apfelbacher has received lecture fees from AstraZeneca, and is a member of a group developing a core outcome set for long COVID, outside the submitted work. All other authors report no relevant conflict of interests.

“Brain music” in the treatment of patients with insomnia

  • Published: May 1998
  • Volume 28 , pages 330–335, ( 1998 )

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The effects of a new nonpharmacological method of treating insomnia—“brain music”—were studied. The method is based on the transformation of the EEG into music using a special algorithm developed by the authors. Sleep polygrams were recorded and analyzed, and EEG segments corresponding to different sleep phases were identified using standard criteria, and were transformed into music. Patients listened to the resulting audio cassettes before going to sleep. Clinical, questionnaire, psychological, and electrophysiological (polysomonographic, electroencephalographic) methods were used before and after 15-day treatment courses in 58 patients with insomnia, who were divided into two groups: group 1 (44 patients) formed the experimental group, and group 2 (14 patients) formed the “placebo” group (in whom the “brain music” of a different patient was used). “Brain music” was found to have positive effects in more than 80% of the insomniac patients both from the point of view of subjective sensations and in terms of objective studies, i.e. neuropsychological and neurophysiological investigations. The high efficacy of “brain music” in patients with insomnia was combined with an absence of side effects and complications.

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Department of Nervous Diseases, Faculty of Postgraduate Professional Education and Center for Sleep Studies, I. M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy, Moscow City Sleep Center. Committee of Health of the Moscow City Council at A. A. Ostroumov City Clinical Hospital No. 33. Translated from Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S. S. Korsakova, Vol. 97, No. 4, pp. 39–43, April, 1997.

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Levin, Y.I. “Brain music” in the treatment of patients with insomnia. Neurosci Behav Physiol 28 , 330–335 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02462965

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  1. Sleep Apnea Clinical Trials

    The purpose of this study is to test the usefullness and initial effectiveness of an mHealth smartphone app to increase use of positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients treated at the Mayo Clinic Arizona Center for Sleep Medicine. Reflex Responses to Intermittent Hypoxia in Humans Rochester, MN.

  2. Clinical Trials Evaluate Experimental Drugs for Sleep Apnea

    IHL-42X is a new drug developed by Incannex Healthcare that combines dronabinol and acetazolamide. Preliminary phase II research suggests that IHL-42X may reduce the number of pauses in breathing a person with sleep apnea experiences by more than half. FDA clearance for the drug paves the way for more extensive clinical trials and underscores ...

  3. Sleep Apnea Research

    The NHLBI supports research to understand how sleep apnea affects the health and well-being of women. The NHLBI partnered with the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) to fund the NuMoM2B study. This study found that sleep deficiency and mild sleep apnea in pregnant women increase the risk of ...

  4. Sleep Apnea Syndromes Clinical Research Trials

    Sleep apnea syndromes are a group of disorders characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. These pauses can last from a few seconds to several minutes and can occur multiple times throughout the night. Sleep apnea can lead to a variety of health problems, including daytime fatigue, high blood pressure, and heart disease. Search. Location.

  5. Top 10 Sleep Apnea Clinical Trials [2024 Studies]

    Sleep Apnea research studies recruiting patients in 2024 need your help. Receive premium care & cutting edge treatments by enrolling in sleep apnea clinical trials today. ... Currently involved in three active trials dedicated to sleep apnea research, this drug has also been featured in two previous studies since its initial listing in 2008. ...

  6. Sleep Center Research Program

    Our sleep researchers come from diverse backgrounds in endocrinology, neurology, psychiatry, and pulmonary medicine. For more information about participating in clinical trials, please contact Mariah Chaney ( [email protected] ) or call 410-550-2233. If you are interested in using our resources and expertise for sleep research, visit the Center ...

  7. Central Sleep Apnea Clinical Trials

    The purpose of this study is to retrospectively review the charts of 200 patients for whom overnight oximetry data, pulmonary function tests, as well as echocardiographic data have been obtained as part of routine clinical assessment. In so doing, the hope is to assess the risk of sleep disorder breathing, as evidenced by the oxygen ...

  8. Clinical and Research Solutions to Manage Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A

    Neural apnea occurs less compared with OSA. In this review paper, we focus on the treatments of obstructive sleep apnea. OSA has a significant adverse influence on patients' health-related quality of life that increases morbidity and mortality and burdens social and psychological implications [ 8, 9 ].

  9. The OSPREY Study

    The OSPREY Study is researching the effectiveness of a new medical device for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea. If you qualify and choose to participate you will have access to a new treatment option that may help improve, or resolve, your sleep apnea. About 150 participants across approximately 20 sites in the United States will be ...

  10. Sleep Research

    Research Focus. Our research team aims to gain a greater understanding of sleep and sleep disorders, with the hope that this will lead to improvements in the treatment of sleep disorders. Our active studies focus on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and include the testing of different treatments for OSA, as well as studying the concurrence of OSA ...

  11. Clinical Trials

    Purpose: developing a machine learning method to diagnose RBD in the home environment with wrist-worn actigraphy. PI: Emmanuel H. During, MD. Study status: Open, enrollment ongoing. Research Coordinator: Ana Cahuas (research coordinator) 650 721 5489, [email protected]. For more information: https ://www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

  12. Find a Sleep Center: Sleep Study Near Me

    Looking for a sleep center? Find a sleep clinic near you where you can get a sleep study to test for sleep apnea.

  13. Find Lilly Clinical Trials

    Search Lilly clinical trials to find an appropriate trial near you or a loved one, or sign up to receive alerts on Lilly trials. ... Sleep Apnea. Trial Name. TRIUMPH-2 . Drugs: Retatrutide. Age. Phase. III . Take the Next Step. Pinned. A Study of Orforglipron (LY3502970) in Adult Participants With Type 2 Diabetes and Inadequate Glycemic Control ...

  14. Research Study Subject Recruitment

    Brigham and Women's Hospital seeks male and female volunteers aged 21 to 70, with obstructive sleep apnea or suspected sleep apnea who are not being treated, to participate in a research study investigating how medication may improve sleep apnea in some patients. The study involves one screening visit (about one hour) and four overnights ...

  15. Sleep Apnea Study

    About this research study. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common of the more serious sleep disorders and affects approximately twenty million people in the United States. OSA manifests as episodes of hypopnea (shallow breathing) or apnea (paused breathing) due to repetitive collapse or obstruction of the pharyngeal airway during sleep.

  16. Finding a Sleep Specialist in Your Area

    Sleep disorders, while common, are ... your doctor might recommend a sleep study to help diagnose your sleeping issues. ... Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: A joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 11(6), 591-592. https://pubmed.ncbi ...

  17. The OSPREY Study

    The OSPREY study is accepting volunteers in the US with moderate to severe sleep apnea. The study involves up to 17 visits over a 16-month period. The study is broken into 4 parts: Screening: Participants visit the research center to review health history and answer questions. During this time, a few sleep studies are done to make sure HGNS ...

  18. Participate in Sleep and Sleep Disorder Research

    KP1077 capsules contain serdexmethylphenidate (SDX), a prodrug of dexmethylphenidate. It is an investigational medication for treating excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and other symptoms of IH, including sleep inertia (difficulty of waking up in the morning), and brain fog (lack of focus and mental clarity; forgetfulness and confusion).

  19. More Evidence Sleep Apnea Harms Thinking, Memory

    HealthDay. MONDAY, March 4, 2024 (HealthDay News) -- Sleep apnea could have detrimental effects on the brain, causing memory or thinking problems, a new study suggests. People suffering from sleep ...

  20. Having Sleep Apnea Tied to Higher Risk for Cognitive Issues

    The study, which involved over 4,200 people, found that those with sleep apnea were about 50% more likely to have memory and thinking problems compared to those without sleep apnea. The research ...

  21. Study links apnea issues to memory, thinking problems

    NEW YORK, March 3 (UPI) --Sufferers of sleep apnea may be more likely to experience memory or thinking problems, a new preliminary study suggests.The research, based on a nationally representative ...

  22. Researchers identify distinct sleep types and their ...

    Dec. 13, 2023 — People who have very irregular sleep patterns may have a higher risk of dementia than those who have more regular sleep patterns, according to new research. The study does not ...

  23. Risk factors for post-COVID-19 condition in previously hospitalised

    Introduction. Emerging data suggest that a substantial proportion of people experience ongoing symptoms including fatigue and muscle weakness, breathlessness, and neurological problems more than 6 months after the acute phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1, 2].This phenomenon is commonly referred to as "long COVID", a term defined by patient groups, and also known as post-COVID ...

  24. "Brain music" in the treatment of patients with insomnia

    The effects of a new nonpharmacological method of treating insomnia—"brain music"—were studied. The method is based on the transformation of the EEG into music using a special algorithm developed by the authors. Sleep polygrams were recorded and analyzed, and EEG segments corresponding to different sleep phases were identified using standard criteria, and were transformed into music ...

  25. N. N. Zavadenko's research works

    N. N. Zavadenko's 143 research works with 411 citations and 4,410 reads, including: Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children: Neuroplasticity and the Possibilities of Nootropic Pharmacotherapy

  26. [The first experience of the use the Russian Β-interferon-1b biosimilar

    We summarized the 1-year experience of using the Russian Β-interferon-1b biosimilar (infibeta) in 123 patients including 65 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RMS) and 58 ...