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Assignment Operators in C

In C, the assignment operator stores a certain value in an already declared variable. A variable in C can be assigned the value in the form of a literal, another variable or an expression. The value to be assigned forms the right hand operand, whereas the variable to be assigned should be the operand to the left of = symbol, which is defined as a simple assignment operator in C. In addition, C has several augmented assignment operators.

The following table lists the assignment operators supported by the C language −

Simple assignment operator (=)

The = operator is the most frequently used operator in C. As per ANSI C standard, all the variables must be declared in the beginning. Variable declaration after the first processing statement is not allowed. You can declare a variable to be assigned a value later in the code, or you can initialize it at the time of declaration.

You can use a literal, another variable or an expression in the assignment statement.

Once a variable of a certain type is declared, it cannot be assigned a value of any other type. In such a case the C compiler reports a type mismatch error.

In C, the expressions that refer to a memory location are called "lvalue" expressions. A lvalue may appear as either the left-hand or right-hand side of an assignment.

On the other hand, the term rvalue refers to a data value that is stored at some address in memory. A rvalue is an expression that cannot have a value assigned to it which means an rvalue may appear on the right-hand side but not on the left-hand side of an assignment.

Variables are lvalues and so they may appear on the left-hand side of an assignment. Numeric literals are rvalues and so they may not be assigned and cannot appear on the left-hand side. Take a look at the following valid and invalid statements −

Augmented assignment operators

In addition to the = operator, C allows you to combine arithmetic and bitwise operators with the = symbol to form augmented or compound assignment operator. The augmented operators offer a convenient shortcut for combining arithmetic or bitwise operation with assignment.

For example, the expression a+=b has the same effect of performing a+b first and then assigning the result back to the variable a.

Similarly, the expression a<<=b has the same effect of performing a<<b first and then assigning the result back to the variable a.

Here is a C program that demonstrates the use of assignment operators in C:

When you compile and execute the above program, it produces the following result −

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Assignment operators.

Assignment operators modify the value of the object.

[ edit ] Definitions

Copy assignment replaces the contents of the object a with a copy of the contents of b ( b is not modified). For class types, this is performed in a special member function, described in copy assignment operator .

For non-class types, copy and move assignment are indistinguishable and are referred to as direct assignment .

Compound assignment replace the contents of the object a with the result of a binary operation between the previous value of a and the value of b .

[ edit ] Assignment operator syntax

The assignment expressions have the form

↑ target-expr must have higher precedence than an assignment expression.
↑ new-value cannot be a comma expression, because its precedence is lower.

[ edit ] Built-in simple assignment operator

For the built-in simple assignment, the object referred to by target-expr is modified by replacing its value with the result of new-value . target-expr must be a modifiable lvalue.

The result of a built-in simple assignment is an lvalue of the type of target-expr , referring to target-expr . If target-expr is a bit-field , the result is also a bit-field.

[ edit ] Assignment from an expression

If new-value is an expression, it is implicitly converted to the cv-unqualified type of target-expr . When target-expr is a bit-field that cannot represent the value of the expression, the resulting value of the bit-field is implementation-defined.

If target-expr and new-value identify overlapping objects, the behavior is undefined (unless the overlap is exact and the type is the same).

In overload resolution against user-defined operators , for every type T , the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

For every enumeration or pointer to member type T , optionally volatile-qualified, the following function signature participates in overload resolution:

For every pair A1 and A2 , where A1 is an arithmetic type (optionally volatile-qualified) and A2 is a promoted arithmetic type, the following function signature participates in overload resolution:

[ edit ] Built-in compound assignment operator

The behavior of every built-in compound-assignment expression target-expr op = new-value is exactly the same as the behavior of the expression target-expr = target-expr op new-value , except that target-expr is evaluated only once.

The requirements on target-expr and new-value of built-in simple assignment operators also apply. Furthermore:

For + = and - = , the type of target-expr must be an arithmetic type or a pointer to a (possibly cv-qualified) completely-defined object type .
For all other compound assignment operators, the type of target-expr must be an arithmetic type.

In overload resolution against user-defined operators , for every pair A1 and A2 , where A1 is an arithmetic type (optionally volatile-qualified) and A2 is a promoted arithmetic type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

For every pair I1 and I2 , where I1 is an integral type (optionally volatile-qualified) and I2 is a promoted integral type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

For every optionally cv-qualified object type T , the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

[ edit ] Example

Possible output:

[ edit ] Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

[ edit ] See also

Operator precedence

Operator overloading

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4.6: Assignment Operator

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Patrick McClanahan
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Assignment Operator

The assignment operator allows us to change the value of a modifiable data object (for beginning programmers this typically means a variable). It is associated with the concept of moving a value into the storage location (again usually a variable). Within C++ programming language the symbol used is the equal symbol. But bite your tongue, when you see the = symbol you need to start thinking: assignment. The assignment operator has two operands. The one to the left of the operator is usually an identifier name for a variable. The one to the right of the operator is a value.

The value 21 is moved to the memory location for the variable named: age. Another way to say it: age is assigned the value 21.

The item to the right of the assignment operator is an expression. The expression will be evaluated and the answer is 14. The value 14 would assigned to the variable named: total_cousins.

The expression to the right of the assignment operator contains some identifier names. The program would fetch the values stored in those variables; add them together and get a value of 44; then assign the 44 to the total_students variable.

As we have seen, assignment operators are used to assigning value to a variable. The left side operand of the assignment operator is a variable and right side operand of the assignment operator is a value. The value on the right side must be of the same data-type of the variable on the left side otherwise the compiler will raise an error. Different types of assignment operators are shown below:

“=” : This is the simplest assignment operator, which was discussed above. This operator is used to assign the value on the right to the variable on the left. For example: a = 10; b = 20; ch = 'y';

If initially the value 5 is stored in the variable a, then: (a += 6) is equal to 11. (the same as: a = a + 6)

If initially value 8 is stored in the variable a, then (a -= 6) is equal to 2. (the same as a = a - 6)

If initially value 5 is stored in the variable a,, then (a *= 6) is equal to 30. (the same as a = a * 6)

If initially value 6 is stored in the variable a, then (a /= 2) is equal to 3. (the same as a = a / 2)

Below example illustrates the various Assignment Operators:

Definitions

Adapted from: "Assignment Operator" by Kenneth Leroy Busbee , (Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected] ) is licensed under CC BY 4.0

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C Assignment Operators

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An assignment operation assigns the value of the right-hand operand to the storage location named by the left-hand operand. Therefore, the left-hand operand of an assignment operation must be a modifiable l-value. After the assignment, an assignment expression has the value of the left operand but isn't an l-value.

assignment-expression : conditional-expression unary-expression assignment-operator assignment-expression

assignment-operator : one of = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=

The assignment operators in C can both transform and assign values in a single operation. C provides the following assignment operators:

In assignment, the type of the right-hand value is converted to the type of the left-hand value, and the value is stored in the left operand after the assignment has taken place. The left operand must not be an array, a function, or a constant. The specific conversion path, which depends on the two types, is outlined in detail in Type Conversions .

Assignment Operators

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Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:

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What is an Operator?

In JavaScript, an operator is a special symbol used to perform operations on operands (values and variables ). For example,

Here + is an operator that performs addition, and 2 and 3 are operands.

JavaScript Operator Types

Here is a list of different operators you will learn in this tutorial.

Assignment Operators
Arithmetic Operators
Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
Bitwise Operators
String Operators
Other Operators
JavaScript Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. For example,

Here, the = operator is used to assign value 5 to variable x .

Here's a list of commonly used assignment operators:

Note: The commonly used assignment operator is = . You will understand other assignment operators such as += , -= , *= etc. once we learn arithmetic operators.

JavaScript Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic calculations . For example,

Here, the + operator is used to add two operands.

Example 1: Arithmetic operators in JavaScript

To learn about the increment and decrement operators, visit ++ and -- operator .

Note : The ** operator was introduced in ECMAScript 2016 and some browsers may not support them. To learn more, visit JavaScript exponentiation browser support .

JavaScript Comparison Operators

Comparison operators compare two values and return a boolean value, either true or false . For example,

Here, the comparison operator > is used to compare whether a is greater than b .

Example 2: Comparison operators in JavaScript

Comparison operators are used in decision-making and loops.

Note: To learn more about comparison operators, visit JavaScript Comparison and Logical Operators

JavaScript Logical Operators

Logical operators perform logical operations and return a boolean value, either true or false . For example,

Here, && is the logical operator AND . Since both x < 6 and y < 5 are true , the result is true .

Example 3: Logical Operators in JavaScript

Logical operators are used in decision making and loops. You will learn about the use of logical operators in detail in later tutorials.

Bitwise operators perform operations on binary representations of numbers.

Bitwise operators are rarely used in everyday programming. If you are interested, visit JavaScript Bitwise Operators to learn more.

JavaScript String Operators

In JavaScript, you can also use the + operator to concatenate (join) two or more strings .

Example 4: String operators in JavaScript

Note: When + is used with strings, it performs concatenation. However, when + is used with numbers, it performs addition.

Other JavaScript Operators

Here's a list of other operators available in JavaScript. You will learn about these operators in later tutorials.

JavaScript typeof

Video: javascript operators.

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JavaScript Assignment Operators

A ssignment operators.

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables in JavaScript.

Assignment Operators List

There are so many assignment operators as shown in the table with the description.

Below we have described each operator with an example code:

Addition assignment operator(+=).

The Addition assignment operator adds the value to the right operand to a variable and assigns the result to the variable. Addition or concatenation is possible. In case of concatenation then we use the string as an operand.

Subtraction Assignment Operator(-=)

The Substraction Assignment Operator subtracts the value of the right operand from a variable and assigns the result to the variable.

Multiplication Assignment Operator(*=)

The Multiplication Assignment operator multiplies a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the variable.

Division Assignment Operator(/=)

The Division Assignment operator divides a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the variable.

Remainder Assignment Operator(%=)

The Remainder Assignment Operator divides a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the remainder to the variable.

Exponentiation Assignment Operator

The Exponentiation Assignment Operator raises the value of a variable to the power of the right operand.

Left Shift Assignment Operator(<<=)

This Left Shift Assignment O perator moves the specified amount of bits to the left and assigns the result to the variable.

Right Shift Assignment O perator(>>=)

The Right Shift Assignment Operator moves the specified amount of bits to the right and assigns the result to the variable.

Bitwise AND Assignment Operator(&=)

The Bitwise AND Assignment Operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise AND operation on them, and assigns the result to the variable.

Btwise OR Assignment Operator(|=)

The Btwise OR Assignment Operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise OR operation on them, and assigns the result to the variable.

Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator(^=)

The Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise XOR operation on them, and assigns the result to the variable.

Logical AND Assignment Operator(&&=)

The Logical AND Assignment assigns the value of y into x only if x is a truthy value.

Logical OR Assignment Operator( ||= )

The Logical OR Assignment Operator is used to assign the value of y to x if the value of x is falsy.

Nullish coalescing Assignment Operator(??=)

The Nullish coalescing Assignment Operator assigns the value of y to x if the value of x is null.

Supported Browsers: The browsers supported by all JavaScript Assignment operators are listed below:

Google Chrome
Microsoft Edge
Internet Explorer

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