how to cite pew research chicago

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Chicago Style / How to Cite a Report in Chicago/Turabian

How to Cite a Report in Chicago/Turabian

Reports are a commonly cited type of resource and are usually published by government agencies, non-profit organizations, or corporations. In Chicago style, citations for reports are similar to citations for books, although their formatting may change slightly depending on the type of information available for a report. This guide will show you how to create notes-bibliography style citations for print and online reports using the 17th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style .

Guide Overview

• Citing an online report
• Citing a print report
• Citing a report with the same author and publisher

Citing an Online Report

Chicago style online report citation structure:.

• First name Last name, Title of Work (Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication), URL.

Bibliography:

Last name, First name. Title of Work . Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication. URL.

Chicago Style Online Report Citation Example:

• Yulia Gorbunova, Laws of Attrition: Crackdown on Russia’s Civil Society After Putin’s Return to the Presidency (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2013), https://www.hrw.org/reports/2013/04/24/laws-attrition.

Gorbunova, Yulia. Laws of Attrition: Crackdown on Russia’s Civil Society After Putin’s Return to the Presidency. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2013. https://www.hrw.org/reports/2013/04/24/laws-attrition.

Note:  With this source, the report only specifies a publication country. To find the city of publication and other bibliographic data, search for the ISBN or publication title on a website like WorldCat.org (in this case, it is New York).

Citing a Print Report

Chicago style print report citation structure:.

• First name Last name, Title of Work (Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication).

Last name, First name. Title of Work . Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication.

Chicago Style Print Report Citation Example:

The main difference between the citation for an online report and a print report is that a URL will not be included for a print report.

• Turnitin, What’s Wrong with Wikipedia?: Evaluating the Sources Used by Students (Oakland: iParadigms, LLC, 2013).

Turnitin. What’s Wrong with Wikipedia?: Evaluating the Sources Used by Students . Oakland: iParadigms, LLC, 2013.

Citing a Report with the Same Author and Publisher

Often, for reports published by organizations, corporations, or government agencies, a specific author is not named. In this instance, you can usually treat the author and the publisher as the same entity. When citing a report where the author and the publisher are the same, the publisher’s name can be used in the author slot in addition to the publisher slot.

Chicago Style Report Citation Structure:

• Organization/Company Name, Title of Report , (Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication), URL.

Organization/Company name. Title of Report. Publisher City: Publisher, year of publication. URL.

Chicago Style Report Citation Example :

• Microsoft, Annual Report 2021 , (Redmond, WA: Microsoft, 2021), https://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar21/index.html.

Microsoft. Annual Report 2021 . Redmond, WA: Microsoft, 2021. https://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar21/index.html.

Note:  If the report was not written by the publisher and an author name still cannot be found, omit the author field and begin the citation with the title of the report instead. 

Chicago Formatting Guide

Chicago Formatting

• Book Chapter
• Conference Paper
• Musical Recording

Citation Examples

• Thesis or Dissertation
• Encyclopedia
• Sheet Music
• YouTube Video

How useful was this post?

Click on a star to rate it!

We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!

Let us improve this post!

Tell us how we can improve this post?

Chicago Citation Examples

Writing Tools

Citation Generators

Other Citation Styles

Plagiarism Checker

Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.

Get Started

• Article Databases
• Google Scholar
• Interlibrary Services
• Research Guides
• Staff Directory
• Study Rooms
• Citation Linker
• Digital Collections
• Digital Commons
• Reference Tools
• Special Collections
• All Resources
• Ask-A-Librarian
• Borrowing & Renewals
• Computing & Printing
• Copyright@Wayne
• Course Reserves
• Equipment Checkout
• Instruction
• Research Support
• Rooms & Spaces
• The Publishing House
• Technology Support
• All Services
• Arthur Neef Law Library
• Purdy/Kresge Library
• Reuther Library
• Shiffman Medical Library
• Undergraduate Library
• Accessibility
• Desktop Advertising
• Maps & Directions
• All Information
• Appointments
• WSU Login Academica, Canvas, Email, etc.
• My Library Account Renew Books, Request Material, etc.
• Make a Gift
• back to Wayne.edu
• Skip to Quicklinks
• Skip to Sitemap
• Skip to Main Navigation
• Skip to News
• Interlibrary Loan

Information

How to cite references using chicago style/turabian.

• Getting Started
• Finding Help
• Books & E-Books (including Chapters)
• Scholarly Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers
• Electronic Sources (including websites)
• Sound Recordings
• Video Recordings
• Images, Photos, and Artworks
• Miscellaneous/Special
• ChatGPT and Chicago Style/Turabian
• Footnotes/Endnotes
• More Guides & Examples

Chicago Style Examples Handout

Available for print or download.

• Chicago/Turabian Citation Style [Handout]

Other Relevant Guides

• How to Cite References Using APA Style
• How to Cite References Using MLA Style
• Reference Tools - Citation Style Guides

About Citing References Using Chicago Manual of Style

Welcome to the guide for Citing References Using Chicago Manual of Style!

We hope that you will find this guide a useful starting place for information on Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition and Turabian. We have assembled a core collection of resources available through the Wayne State University Library System, as well as high quality, freely available web resources. This guide is a collaborative work-in-progress, developed with the suggestions and feedback from students and faculty.

Note: Turabian style is built on Chicago Manual of Style, with s pecific requirements for the formatting of class papers, theses, or dissertations. The general formatting rules are:

-margins of atleast one inch on all sides, -single, readable font (arial, times new roman, etc.) with a font size equivalent to at least 12-point times new roman, -double-spaced in all areas (exceptions are block quotes, table titles and figure captions, lists in appendixes, table of contents, footnotes /endnotes, and bibliographies/reference lists), ai disclaimer.

Do not use AI to suggest references to read/cite

Please be aware that ChatGPT and other AI services can produce incorrect, made-up references that cannot be sourced. While some individual parts of an AI-generated reference may be accurate (such as the journal name, article or book title or an author) the whole reference does not usually exist so cannot be found by our library team.

If you have a reference that you cannot find, our team may ask where it came from so that we can ensure it is legitimate before attempting to find it. If you need assistance, please use our 24/7 library chat service. 

Chicago Manual of Style Online

• Chicago Manual of Style Online, 17th ed. The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice.

This online manual includes a Citation Quick Guide ,  Chicago Style Q&A , and Video Tutorials .

Create a Citation Now!

• ZoteroBib ZoteroBib creates a bibliography in the style you need, including APA, MLA and Chicago/Turbaian. Just enter the from URL, title, DOI and other information, select your style and Zotero will compile a formatted citation list.
• Learn more about ZoteroBib

More Chicago Style Guides

• The Writer's Handbook: Chicago/Turabian Documentation Guide The University of Wisconsin - Madison provides a quick resource for citing references in papers using the Chicago Style Manual, 17th ed.
• Purdue OWL: Chicago Manual of Style Formatting & Style Guide This resource offers examples for the general format of Chicago Style research papers, endnotes/footnotes, and bibliographic citations.
• Citation Style Chart A handy side-by-side comparison of APA, MLA and Chicago styles.
• Sample Research Paper in Chicago Style

Citation Management Apps

• Citation Management Compare [Handout] This provides a comparison of EndNote Desktop, EndNote Online, Zotero and RefWorks citation management applications

Zotero Citation Manager (Beginner Level)

Zotero is a free app that lets you create and save a library of your sources, take notes, and use those sources with Word, Google Docs, or LibreOffice to integrate the citations in your paper and create a properly formatted bibliography. Recommended for Undergraduates and all levels of students in the Social Sciences or Humanities. You need to have your own personal computer in order to use the word processor integration to create bibliographies

• Learn more about Zotero

RefWorks Citation Manager (Beginner Level)

RefWorks is a cloud-based licensed citation management app available free to all Wayne State students, faculty, and staff. It can collect citations from databases and Google Scholar, format bibliographies in lots of citations styles, and works with Word and Google Docs to insert citations and build reference lists as you write. Recommended for Undergraduates. RefWorks is also a good option if you work on lots of group research projects, or use public computers and need a cloud-based option.

• Learn more about RefWorks

EndNote Citation Manager (Advanced Level)

EndNote citation management software is licensed software available for purchase (at a significantly discounted rate) by all Wayne State students, faculty and staff. It can format bibliographic entries in almost every citation style and works with most word processors to insert citations and build reference lists as you write. Citation information can be entered manually or export directly from the library's online databases. Recommended for Graduate Students in the Sciences or Engineering.

• Learn more about EndNote
• Next: Finding Help >>
• Last Updated: Oct 19, 2023 1:40 PM
• URL: https://guides.lib.wayne.edu/Chicago
• Borrowing & Renewals
• Computing & Printing
• Rooms & Spaces
• Maps & Directions
• Make Appointment

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

This section contains information on The Chicago Manual of Style  (CMOS) method of document formatting and citation. These resources follow the seventeenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style (17t h e dition), which was issued in 2017.

Please note that although these resources reflect the most recent updates in the The Chicago Manual of Style  (17 th  edition) concerning documentation practices, you can review a full list of updates concerning usage, technology, professional practice, etc. at  The Chicago Manual of Style Online .

Introduction

The Chicago Manual of Style  (CMOS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation, and as such, it has been lovingly dubbed the “editor's bible.”

The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the two CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB) , which is used by those working in literature, history, and the arts. The other documentation style, the Author-Date System, is nearly identical in content but slightly different in form and is preferred by those working in the social sciences.

Though the two systems both convey all of the important information about each source, they differ not only in terms of the way they direct readers to these sources, but also in terms of their formatting (e.g., the position of dates in citation entries). For examples of how these citation styles work in research papers, consult our sample papers: 

Author-Date Sample Paper

NB Sample Paper

In addition to consulting  The Chicago Manual of Style  (17th edition) for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. Turabian's  Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations  (8th edition). This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMOS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts.

Notes and Bibliography (NB) in Chicago style

The Chicago Notes and Bibliography (NB) system is often used in the humanities to provide writers with a system for referencing their sources through the use of footnotes, endnotes, and through the use of a bibliography. This offers writers a flexible option for citation and provides   an outlet for commenting on those sources, if needed. Proper use of the Notes and Bibliography system builds a writer’s credibility by demonstrating their accountability to source material. In addition, it can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental uncredited use of source material created by others.

Introduction to Notes

In the Notes and Bibliography system, you should include a note (endnote or footnote) each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary. Footnotes are added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, while endnotes are compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document.

In either case, a superscript number corresponding to a note, along with the bibliographic information for that source, should be placed in the text following the end of the sentence or clause in which the source is referenced.

If a work includes a bibliography, which is typically preferred, then it is not necessary to provide full publication details in notes. However, if a bibliography is not included with a work, the first note for each source should include  all  relevant information about the source: author’s full name, source title, and facts of publication. If you cite the same source again, or if a bibliography is included in the work, the note only needs to include the surname of the author, a shortened form of the title (if more than four words), and the page number(s). However, in a work that does not include a bibliography, it is recommended that the full citation be repeated when it is first used in a new chapter.

In contrast to earlier editions of CMOS, if you cite the same source two or more times consecutively, CMOS recommends using shortened citations. In a work with a bibliography, the first reference should use a shortened citation which includes the author’s name, the source title, and the page number(s), and consecutive references to the same work may omit the source title and simply include the author and page number. Although discouraged by CMOS, if you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, it is also possible to utilize the word “Ibid.,” ( from the Latin ibidem, which means “in the same place,”) as the corresponding note. If you use the same source but a draw from different new page, the corresponding note should use “Ibid.” followed by a comma and the new page number(s).

In the NB system, the footnote or endnote itself begins with the appropriate full-sized number, followed by a period and then a space.

Introduction to Bibliographies

In the NB system, the bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given work. This page, most often titled Bibliography, is usually placed at the end of the work preceding the index. It should include all sources cited within the work and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited but provide further reading.

Although bibliographic entries for various sources may be formatted differently, all included sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) are arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. If no author or editor is listed, the title or, as a last resort, a descriptive phrase may be used.

Though useful, a bibliography is not required in works that provide full bibliographic information in the notes.

Common Elements

All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title, and publication information.

Author Names

The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name first and separating the last name and first name with a comma; for example, John Smith becomes Smith, John.

Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation marks .

Publication Information

The year of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name .

Punctuation

In a bibliography, all major elements are separated by periods.

For more information and specific examples, see the sections on  Books  and  Periodicals .

Please note that this OWL resource provides basic information regarding the formatting of entries used in the bibliography. For more information about Selected Bibliographies, Annotated Bibliographies, and Bibliographic Essays, please consult Chapter 14.61 of  The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition).

Columbia University Libraries

Polling, surveys, & public opinion: citing sources.

• Background Information
• Local Opinion Polls
• International Opinion Polls
• Tracking Polls

Citing Sources

Citation management software.

Capture and organize citations from the Web, journals, library catalogs, etc.

A free, open-source program from the George Mason University.

• Citing Government Documents A guide created by the Government Information Librarian at Columbia
• Effective Writing in the Public Sector Available in hard copy in Lehman Reference, JF1525.R46 S83 2014
• Writing Public Policy: A Practical Guide to Communicating in the Policy Making Process Available in h ard copy in Lehman Reference, JF1525.C59 S64 2010

Writing Style Manuals

• APA Website For help with APA style citation try the Instructional Aids, Tutorials, and Guides   The Manual of the American Psychological Association is also available in the libraries. Call Number: BF76.7 .P83
• MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing
• Chicago Style Guide Website
• For help citing sources, visit the Quick Guide to see examples of how to use Chicago-style citation.
• Turabian Style Guide Website A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations: Chicago style for students and researchers Call Number: LB2369 .T8 2007
• << Previous: Tracking Polls
• Last Updated: Sep 27, 2022 11:45 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.columbia.edu/polls
• Donate Books or Items
• Suggestions & Feedback
• Report an E-Resource Problem
• The Bancroft Prizes
• Student Library Advisory Committee
• Jobs & Internships
• Behind the Scenes at Columbia's Libraries

Cite Sources: Chicago/Turabian Style

• Chicago/Turabian Style
• Citation Tools

NB? Parenthetical? Turabian? Choosing a Documentation System

The Chicago Manual Style  includes two systems:  notes-bibliography and author-date . The notes-bibliography style presents citation information in footnotes within the text and in a bibliography at the end of the text. In the author-date , or parenthetical, system brief citations in parenthesis appear within the text and a list of references at the end of the text.  Turabian is based on  The Chicago Manual of Style , but is slightly simplified for student use. Your professor will indicate which system you should use. 

• Chicago Manual of Style Online The complete 16th and 17th editions of The Chicago Manual of Style with tools such as sample correspondence, proofreaders' marks, and a quick guide to citation.

Helpful Resources

• Chicago Style Quick Guide
• Turabian Online
• Purdue OWL Chicago Guide

Example Papers

Sometimes it's helpful to see an example of all of the parts of a citation style in action. These Sample Papers, courtesy of the Purdue OWL, shows what a perfectly-formatted paper should look like. 

NB Sample Paper

Author Date Sample Paper

Notes-Bibliography Style

Notes-bibliography documentation is discussed in  Chapter 14 . The first note includes all citation information, any subsequent reference is shortened. Footnotes are single-space and the first line is indented. List page numbers consulted in note. The bibliography is single-spaced and indented after the first line.

Here's some examples of different citations for the notes-bibliography documentation style. 

Need more help? More information, including even more examples, can be found on the Purdue OWL's Chicago Guide: Books.    The exact rules in the CMOS can be found here .

Need more help? More information, including even more examples, can be found on the Purdue OWL's Chicago Guide: Periodicals.   The  exact rules  in the  CMOS  can be found  here .

Need more help? More information, including even more examples, can be found on the Purdue OWL's Chicago Guide: Periodicals. The  exact rule s in the  CMOS  can be found  here .

Need more help? More information, including even more examples, can be found on the Purdue OWL's Chicago Guide: Books . The  exact rules  in the  CMOS  can be found  here .

Music Materials

Here's some examples of different music citations for the notes-bibliography documentation style. 

Need more help? More information, including even more examples, can be found on the Purdue OWL's Chicago Guide: Multimedia.    The exact rules in the CMOS can be found here .

Trying to cite a musical score? Scores are cited like books. See here for more information .  

Author-Date Style

Author-date documentation is discussed in  Chapter 15 . The parenthetical text citation includes only author's last name, year, and page number.  The reference list entry provides all of the citation information.

Here's some examples of different citations for the author-date documentation style. 

Need more help? The exact rules in the CMOS can be found here .

Need more help? The  exact rules  in the  CMOS  can be found  here .

Need more help? The  exact rule s in the  CMOS  can be found  here .

• << Previous: APA Style
• Next: MLA Style >>
• Last Updated: Sep 15, 2023 11:19 AM
• URL: https://belmont.libguides.com/citation

Chicago Style Guide, for 17th Edition

• Paper Formatting
• Style Handbooks
• Footnotes vs. Endnotes
• Books / E-books
• Interviews / Personal Communications
• Audiovisual Materials
• Shortened Citations
• Author-Date References
• Books / E-Books
• Journal Articles
• Magazine Articles
• Newspaper Articles
• Interviews / Personal Communication
• Website / Webpage

Chat or Zoom with WOU Library

About This Guide

Introduction

The 'Chicago Style' utilizes two systems of source documentation in each document: The first system uses page notes, called  footnotes or endnotes , as well as a  bibliography page . The second system is called  author-date and is similar in layout to APA. Author-date  is also paired with a bibliography .

Both  footnote/endnote  and  author-date  style have their own unique set of rules and should not be used at the same time.

Use the navigation tabs to learn more about each system of citation as well as the other aspects of writing within the Chicago style, such as how write your bibliography , and how to  format your paper .

NoodleTools

NoodleTools  helps you write citations in MLA, APA, or Chicago format, and create annotated bibliographies. It also has tools to create notecards, draft an outline of your paper and keep track of "To Do" tasks. Citations can be exported directly to your Google Drive, or to Word or other formats.

How to Set-up and Use NoodleTools

• Next: Paper Formatting >>
• Last Updated: Nov 13, 2023 4:07 PM
• URL: https://research.wou.edu/chicago

Citation Styles Guide

• Getting Started
• APA This link opens in a new window
• See also: Zotero & Mendeley This link opens in a new window
• See also: Preventing Plagiarism This link opens in a new window

St. Kate's Chicago Resources

• Chicago Style 17th edition Quick Guide A short overview of Chicago style footnotes, references, and formatting.

Quick Examples

Journal Article

Short Note: Dunn and Farnsworth, “We are the Revolution,” 149.

Long Note: Kevin Dunn and May Summer Farnsworth, “’We are the Revolution’: Riot Grrrl Press, Girl Empowerment, and DIY Self-Publishing,” Women’s Studies 41, no. 2 (2012): 149. doi:10.1080/00497878.2012.636334.

Bibliography: Dunn, Kevin and Mary Summer Farnsworth. “’We are the Revolution’: Riot Grrrl Press, Girl Empowerment, and DIY Self-Publishing.” Women’s Studies 41, no. 2 (2012): 136-157. doi:10.1080/00497878.2012.636334.

Short Note: Dubar-Ortiz, Indigenous Peoples’ History, 24-25.

Long Note: Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States (Boston: Beacon Press, 2014), 24-25.

Bibliography: Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne. An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States. Boston: Beacon Press, 2014.

Short Note: RUSA, “Using Primary Sources.”

Long Note: Reference and User Services Association (RUSA), “Using Primary Sources on the Web,” last modified January 10, 2008, http://www.ala.org/rusa/sections/history/resources/pub s/usingprimarysources.

Bibliography: Reference and User Services Association (RUSA). “Using Primary Sources on the Web.” Last modified January 10 2008. http://www.ala.org/rusa/sections/history/resour ces/pubs/usingprimarysources.

Official Chicago Manual of Style Resources

• Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide A quick overview of Chicago style citation and links for further information.

Additional Chicago Resources

• Citing Archives or Special Collections General information on how to cite materials from archives and special collections.
• Chicago Style Sample Paper A sample paper using the Chicago style posted by Purdue OWL.
• Purdue OWL - Chicago Style Guide An alternative online guide to Chicago Style and formatting.
• << Previous: AMA
• Next: Turabian >>
• Last Updated: Jul 28, 2023 11:48 AM
• URL: https://libguides.stkate.edu/citationstyles

©2024 St. Catherine University Library , St. Paul, Minnesota, USA

• Collections
• Research Help
• Teaching & Learning
• Library Home

Chicago Citation Style Guide

About chicago style.

• Note-Bibliography Basics
• Author-Date Basics
• Citing Journal Articles
• Citing Newspaper Articles
• Citing Magazines
• Citing Websites & Blogs
• Sound Recordings
• Radio Program (Podcast)
• Broadcast Radio & TV
• Video Recordings (DVD/VHS)
• TV & Video (Web)
• Images & Art
• Reference Materials
• Religious Texts
• Legal & Government Documents
• Dissertations & Theses

This guide is a general overview of how to cite common types of sources using the two versions of Chicago style for student writing, 16th edition.

The Chicago Manual of Style  consists of two basic documentation styles:

Notes-Bibliography (NB) is common in art history, theology, history, and other humanities disciplines

NB format uses footnotes and endnotes with a bibliography at the end of the document to record sources

Author-Date (AD) is sometimes used in the social sciences

In the  Author-Date  system, sources are cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author's last name and date of publication and expanded upon in a list of references at the end of the document, where full bibliographic information is provided.

• Chicago manual of style online This link opens in a new window The Chicago Manual of Style Online is completely searchable and easy to use, providing quick answers to your style and editing questions. The Chicago Manual of Style Online also provides convenient Tools, such as sample forms, letters, and style sheets.
• Next: Note-Bibliography Basics >>
• Last Updated: Feb 13, 2024 2:03 PM
• URL: https://libguides.wvu.edu/chicago

Chicago Manual of Style - How to Cite Your Sources

• Overview & Citation Guide Portal
• Formatting the Paper
• Author-Date
• Notes and Bibliography

Basic Citation Structures

When to include a doi or url, citing web resources video.

• Citation Builders

Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Web Page.”  Publishing Organization or Name of Website in Italics . Publication date and/or access date if available. URL.

Online Article

Last, First M. “Article Title.” Website Title. Month Date, Year Published. Accessed Month Date, Year. URL.

Online Database

Last, First M. “Article Title.”  Journal Title, Series, Volume, no. Issue (Month Date, Year Published): Page(s). Accessed Month Date, Year. URL.

Lastname, Firstname.  Podcast Episode Title . Podcast audio. Title of Podcast. File Type, 27:8. Date Accessed. URL

Online Multimedia

Lastname, Firstname of Performer, Writer or Creator.  Title of Text . Indication of Medium, Running Time. Publication Date. URL.

For more examples visit OWL Purdue Online Writing Lab.

In CMS citations a DOI may be required. If there is no DOI, a URL may be used instead, but only if it is a stable URL.

• << Previous: Notes and Bibliography
• Next: Citation Builders >>
• Last Updated: Mar 1, 2024 12:33 PM
• URL: https://libguides.regiscollege.edu/chicago

Chicago Format & Citation Style: Notes and Bibliography, 17th Edition

• Chicago Style
• Why & When to Cite
• General Guidelines
• Primary Sources

Social Media

Artificial intelligence (ai).

• Audiovisual & Multimedia
• Report an Error / Question

Citations should include as much of the following as can be determined: title or description of the specific page, title or description of the site as a whole, owner or sponsor of the site, date of publication or last update, and a URL.

For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, include an access date.

FOOTNOTE format and examples:

1 “Title of Page in Quotation Marks,” Title of Website, Institution/Owner of Website, updated Date, URL

2 Author's first name last name, “Title of Page,” Institution/Owner of Website, Date published or updated, URL.

3 “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

4 Google, “Privacy Policy.”

5 Janna Anderson and Lee Rainie, “The Future of Well-Being in a Tech-Saturated World,” Pew Research Center, April 17, 2018, http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/04/17/the-future-of-well-being-in-a-tech-saturated-world/.

6 Anderson and Rainie, "Tech-Saturated World."

BIBLIOGRAPHY format and example:

Author's last name, first name or Institution. "Title of Page in Quotation Marks." Institution/Owner of Website. Updated Date. URL.

Anderson, Janna, and Lee Rainie. “The Future of Well-Being in a Tech-Saturated World.” Pew Research Center. April 17, 2018. http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/04/17/the-future-of-well-being-in-a-tech-saturated-world/.

Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

1 Author's first name last name, "Title of Post in Quotation Marks," Title of Blog in Italics (blog), Title of Larger Publication in Italics (if any), date, URL.

2 Deb Amlen, "One Who Gives a Hoot," Wordplay (blog), New York Times , January 26, 2015, http://wordplay.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/26/one-who-gives-a-hoot/.

3 Amlen, "Gives a Hoot."

Author's last name first name. "Title of Post in Quotation Marks." Title of Blog in Italics (blog). Title of Larger Publication in Italics (if any), date. URL.

Amlen, Deb. "One Who Gives a Hoot." Wordplay (blog). New York Times , January 26, 2015. http://wordplay.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/26/one-who-gives-a-hoot/.

1 Author's first name last name or Institution (screen name, if any), "Title or Text of post (up to the first 160 characters) in Quotation Marks," Type of post, date, URL.

2 Conan O'Brien (@ConanOBrien), “In honor of Earth Day, I'm recycling my tweets,” Twitter, April 22, 2015, https://twitter.com/ConanOBrien/status/590940792967016448.

3 O'Brien, "In honor of Earth Day."

4 Pete Souza (@petesouza), “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit,” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016, https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

5 Souza, “President Obama.”

6 Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

7 Chicago Manual of Style, "singular they."

Author's last name, first name or Institution (screen name, if any). "Title or Text of post (up to the first 160 characters) in Quotation Marks." Type of post, date. URL.

Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

O'Brien, Conan (@ConanOBrien). “In honor of Earth Day, I'm recycling my tweets.” Twitter, April 22, 2015. https://twitter.com/ConanOBrien/status/590940792967016448.

Souza, Pete (@petesouza). “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit.” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016. https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

FOOTNOTE format and example:

1 Parent Co's Medium Name, response to query from author, date accessed.

2  OpenAI's ChatGPT, response to query form author, February 15, 2023.

Parent Co's Medium Name, Response to "query." Website, Parent Co, date accessed, URL.

OpenAI's ChatGPT, Response to "Explain to general audiences the possible causes and effects of climate change." ChatGPT, OpenAI, February 15, 2023, https://chatgpt.pro.

• << Previous: Primary Sources
• Next: Audiovisual & Multimedia >>
• Last Updated: Feb 14, 2024 9:50 AM
• URL: https://libguides.uwf.edu/chicagonotesbib

PAL Research Guide

• Get Started
• Understanding Call Numbers
• Find Plays and Scripts
• Find Scores and Songs
• Find Streaming Performances (Audio & Video)
• PAL Tutorials
• Is This Resource Scholarly?
• Using Google Scholar
• Research Tips
• Writing Help
• Advanced Search Techniques
• Start Your Research
• Researching Music
• Researching Theatre

Chicago Style

• Books & Playscripts
• Journal Articles, Magazines, & Reviews
• Dissertations & Theses
• Music Scores
• Dictionaries & Encyclopedias (Grove/Oxford Music Online)
• Recordings & Performances
• Titles of Works & Words Not in English
• Music Education
• Theatre & Musical Theatre
• Diversity in the Performance Hall
• Chamber Music
• Schenkerian Analysis
• Ethnomusicology
• Performer Resources

Roosevelt University has copies of the most recent edition of the Chicago Manual of Style available for you to browse and reference. 

Chicago-style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. If you already know which system to use, follow one of the links above to see sample citations for a variety of common sources. Notes and Bibliography is generally used for the arts.

• Notes and Bibliography Examples from Chicago Style
• Purdue Owl General Formatting Includes sample paper, text formatting, and citations

• << Previous: Plagiarism
• Next: Books & Playscripts >>
• Last Updated: Mar 22, 2024 11:24 AM
• URL: https://libguides.roosevelt.edu/PALResearchGuide

Sign in to Your Personal/Admin Account

With an admin account, you can also access customisation features on this platform to display to your institutional users.

Don't have a personal account yet? Sign up now. --> Sign up now.

Change Password

Sign up via facebook.

[email protected]

Additional info required

Are you sure you want to reset the form?

Your mail has been sent successfully

Are you sure you want to remove the alert?

Your session is about to expire! You will be logged out in

Do you wish to stay logged in?

We're sorry, but that page can’t be found.

Please visit our Home page or try using the Search, Explore or Browse links above to find what you are looking for.

Delete This?

Are you sure you want to remove the page from "My Saved Items"?

Subscription Required

This item is only available to the members of institutions that have purchased access. If you belong to such an institution please Log In

SIGN in to your personal account

Use your personal account to save 'favourite' articles, chapters and books. Sign In now

Don't have a personal account yet? Sign Up now

Citation Options

$articlemlacitations

Getting your document ready for printing...

Your document is ready. please click here to proceed., your download is in progress and will appear in your browser shortly, share this via....

Clip has been saved successfully

Citation guides

All you need to know about citations

How to cite “Pew” by Catherine Lacey

Apa citation.

Formatted according to the APA Publication Manual 7 th edition. Simply copy it to the References page as is.

If you need more information on APA citations check out our APA citation guide or start citing with the BibguruAPA citation generator .

Lacey, C. (2020). Pew . Granta Books.

Chicago style citation

Formatted according to the Chicago Manual of Style 17 th edition. Simply copy it to the References page as is.

If you need more information on Chicago style citations check out our Chicago style citation guide or start citing with the BibGuru Chicago style citation generator .

Lacey, Catherine. 2020. Pew . London, England: Granta Books.

MLA citation

Formatted according to the MLA handbook 9 th edition. Simply copy it to the Works Cited page as is.

If you need more information on MLA citations check out our MLA citation guide or start citing with the BibGuru MLA citation generator .

Lacey, Catherine. Pew . Granta Books, 2020.

Other citation styles (Harvard, Turabian, Vancouver, ...)

BibGuru offers more than 8,000 citation styles including popular styles such as AMA, ASA, APSA, CSE, IEEE, Harvard, Turabian, and Vancouver, as well as journal and university specific styles. Give it a try now: Cite Pew now!

Publication details

This is not the edition you are looking for? Check out our BibGuru citation generator for additional editions.

• Circulation
• Start Your Research
• Subject & Course Research Guides
• Computers, Printing & Additional Services
• Success Centers
• Faculty Circulation
• eRes & Online Storage
• Schedule a Library Orientation
• Research Skills & Information Literacy
• Find Books & eBooks
• Find Articles
• Find Credible Websites
• Citing Your Sources
• Hours & Holidays
• Library Map
• Library Staff
• Mission, Policies & Outcomes

Statistics & Data: Chicago Style

• Find Websites
• Statistical Data by Subject
• MLA Citations
• APA Citations
• Chicago Style

Chicago Nuts & Bolts

What is Chicago Manual of Style?

The Chicago Manual of Style sets the standard for scholarly publishing in the Humanities. Chicago offers two citation formats, the author-date reference format and the standard bibliographic format, each of which provides conventions for organizing footnotes or endnotes, as well as bibliographic citations.

Why is it Important to Cite Your Sources for Your Research Papers?

Citing sources and creating a Bibliography/Works Cited List:

• ​​​​ Gives credit to the author(s)
• Illustrates your ability to locate & evaluate appropriate sources
• Provides evidence for the arguments and conclusions in your paper
• Prevents plagarism and copyright infringement

Citation Styles

• MLA Citation Style
• APA Citation Style
• Chicago Citation Style

What is MLA Style?  

MLA (Modern Language Association) style specifies guidelines for formatting papers. MLA style also provides a system for referencing sources through parenthetical citations in essays and Works Cited pages.

• MLA Handbook Plus This link opens in a new window The go-to resource for writers of research papers and anyone citing sources in MLA format. Watch the How to use MLA Handbook video and guide more... less... MLA Handbook Plus includes the full text of the ninth edition of the handbook, the second edition of the MLA Guide to Digital Literacy, and the MLA Guide to Undergraduate Research in Literature, as well as a video course that teaches the principles of MLA documentation style through a series of short videos paired with quizzes, plus a final assessment.

• Success Centers-Chaffey College Need more help? Contact the Success Centers for tutors and workshops on citing your sources.
• MLA Formatting and Style Guide From Owl Purdue University Writing Lab Helps you better understand how to cite sources using MLA Style, including the list of works cited and in-text citations.

What is APA Style?  

APA format is the official style of the  American Psychological Association  (APA) and is commonly used to cite sources in psychology, education, and the social sciences.  Most importantly, the use of APA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of material by other authors .

• APA 7th Edition References/In-Text Citations
• APA 7th Edition Sample Paper
• Chaffey College Success Centers Need more help? Contact the Success Centers for tutors and workshops on citing sources.
• OWL at Purdue University Writing Lab - APA Formatting and Style Guide Overview of APA (American Psychological Association) style and where to find information with different APA resources.

What is Chicago Style?

The Chicago Manual of Style  sets the standard for scholarly publishing in the Humanities.  Chicago  offers two citation formats, the author-date reference format and the standard bibliographic format, each of which provides conventions for organizing footnotes or endnotes, as well as bibliographic citations.  Most importantly, the use of the Chicago style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of material by other authors .

• OWL at Purdue University Writing Lab - Chicago Formatting and Style Guide Information on The Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation.

Avoid Plagiarism by Citing Sources

Bainbridge State College. "Plagiarism: How to Avoid It."  YouTube . YouTube, 5 Jan. 2010. Web. 19 Oct. 2014.

A transcript is in process for this video. If you need assistance, please contact the Reference Librarian at  [email protected].

Citations Galore!

https://blog.writersdomain.net/2014/06/17/this-aint-your-high-school-english-class-why-plagiarism-is-a-big-deal/

Works Cited Generators on the Web

• KniteCite Service

What Is Plagiarism?

pla·gia·rism (noun)

The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own. Synonyms - copying, infringement of copyright, piracy, theft, stealing. Informal - cribbing "accusations of plagiarism." Source: Google Definition

Plagiarism can be intentional or unintentional.

Consequences of Plagiarism Here at Chaffey

• verbal warning or written reprimand
• failing grade for an assignment
• failing grade in the course
• removal from class
• restitution
• Chaffey College Standards of Student Conduct
• Chaffey College Student Handbook
• << Previous: APA Citations
• Last Updated: Feb 7, 2024 12:07 PM
• URL: https://libguides.chaffey.edu/statisticsanddata

Thursday, February 23: The Clark Library is closed today.

Chicago Style (17th Edition) Citation Guide: How to Cite: Other

• Introduction
• Journal Articles
• Magazine/Newspaper Articles
• Books & Ebooks
• Government & Legal Documents
• Secondary Sources
• Videos & DVDs
• How to Cite: Biblical & Catholic Sources
• How to Cite: Other
• Short Form & Ibid.
• Additional Help

Table of Contents

Chatgpt or other ai language tool, class handouts, conference proceedings or presentation, dissertations, images / artwork, lecture notes (taken by a student or otherwise not public).

Music Score

Personal/Unpublished Works/Blogs

Powerpoint slides, review of book, play, movie, poem, etc., song or album.

Sound Recording from Naxos Music Library

Twitter (Tweets)

Bibliography:

All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

All citations should use first line indent, where the first line of the footnote should be indented by 0.5 inches; all subsequent lines are not indented.

Footnotes should be the same font size and style as the rest of your paper.

See instructions for how to insert footnotes in Microsoft Word.

Guidance for citing ChatGPT and similar AI tools is emerging while continuing to be debated   ( more from Chicago ).

For student papers or research articles, cite the AI language tool as a footnote. Don't cite AI tools in a bibliography or reference list unless you can provide a public link to the conversation. 

Footnote example (if information about the prompt has been included within the text of your paper):

1. Text generated by ChatGPT, March 7, 2023, OpenAI, https://chat.openai.com/chat. 

Footnote example (including information about the prompt):

1. ChatGPT, response to "Explain how to make pizza dough from common household ingredients," March 7, 2023, OpenAI, https://chat.openai.com/chat. 

2. Gemini, response to "What is Carrie Mae Weems' most influential work and what are its themes?," February 16, 2024 https://gemini.google.com/app.

From Moodle:

30 Minute Seder. "The Haggadah That Blends Brevity with Tradition." THE 205 A&B Course Website . Accessed September 19, 2017. https://learning.up.edu/moodle/pluginfile.php/767995/mod_resource/content/1/Haggadah.pdf.

1. 30 Minute Seder, "The Haggadah That Blends Brevity with Tradition,"  THE 205 A&B Course Website , accessed September 19, 2017, https://learning.up.edu/moodle/pluginfile.php/767995/mod_resource/content/1/Haggadah.pdf.

Gray, George. "The Babylonian Creation Story (Enuma Elish)." Class handout, Theology 205, University of Portland, Portland, OR, September 5, 2017. 

1. George Gray, “The Babylonian Creation Story (Enuma Elish)" (class handout, Theology 205, University of Portland, Portland, OR, September 5, 2017), 2. 

Published Conference Proceedings

Chang, Steve S., et al., editors.  Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 12-15, 1999: General Session and Parasession on Loan Word Phenomena. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society, 2000.

1. Steve Chang et al., eds,  Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 12-15, 1999: General Session and Parasession on Loan Word Phenomena ( Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society, 2000) .

Oral Presentation at Conference

Stein, Bob. “Reading and Writing in the Digital Era.” Paper presented at the Discovering Digital Dimensions, Computers and Writing Conference,  West Lafayette, IN, May 23 2003

1. Bob Stein, “Reading and Writing in the Digital Era.” (presentation, Discovering Digital Dimensions, Computers and Writing Conference, West Lafayette, IN, May 23, 2003).

Richardson, Dionna D. "Purloined Subjects: Race, Gender, and the Legacies of Colonial Surveillance in the British Caribbean." PhD diss., University of Akron, 2019. https://login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2322785001?accountid=14703.

1. Dionna D. Richardson, "Purloined Subjects: Race, Gender, and the Legacies of Colonial Surveillance in the British Caribbean" (PhD diss., University of Akron, 2019), 20, https://login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2322785001?accountid=14703.

Image from a Website

Botticelli, Sandro. Madonna of the Eucharist. 1470. Oil on canvas. Accessed January 6, 2017. http://www.catholictradition.org/Galleries/gallery2-22.jpg.

1. Sandro Botticelli, Madonna of the Eucharist, 1470, oil on canvas, accessed January 6, 2017, http://www.catholictradition.org/Galleries/gallery2-22.jpg.

Image from a Book

When citing an image within a book, in your bibliography, cite the book in which you found the image.

In your footnote, cite information about the image as well as the book in which you located the image.

Pearce, John.  American Painting,1560-1913 . New York: McGraw, 1964. 

1. Mary Cassatt. "Mother and Child," oil on canvas, 1889 (Wichita Art Museum, Wichita, KS), in  American Painting,1560-1913  by John Pearce (New York: McGraw, 1964), slide 22. 

Image from a Library Database

Bingham, George Caleb. Daniel Boone Escorting a Band of Pioneers . 1851. Oil on canvas. Washington University. https://library.artstor.org/asset/CARNEGIE_3940005.

1. George Caleb Bingham, Daniel Boone Escorting a Band of Pioneers,  1851, oil on canvas, Washington University, https://library.artstor.org/asset/CARNEGIE_3940005.

Gray, George. “Genesis 1-3.” Class lecture, University of Portland, Portland, OR, September 24, 2018.

1. George Gray, "Genesis 1-3" (lecture, University of Portland, Portland, OR, September 24, 2018).

Music Scores

Liszt, Franz.  Hamlet: Symphonic Poem No. 10 for Full Orchestra . New York: Edition Eulenburg, 1960.

1. Franz Liszt,  Hamlet: Symphonic Poem No. 10 for Full Orchestra (New York: Edition Eulenburg, 1960).

Brussat, Frederic. “Beyond Ideas of Wrongdoing and Rightdoing.” Civility & Spirituality (blog). December 11, 2014. http://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/blogs/posts/civilityspirituality/301/beyond-ideas-of-wrongdoing-and-rightdoing.

1. Frederic Brussat, “Beyond Ideas of Wrongdoing and Rightdoing,” Civility & Spirituality (blog), December 11, 2014, http://www. spiritualityandpractice.com/ blogs/posts/civility-spirituality/301/beyond-ideas-of-wrongdoing-and-rightdoing.

Flax-Clark, Aidan. “Stonewall 50: The Sound of Memory.”  Library Talks .  June 23, 2019. Podcast, MP3 audio, 49:24. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/stonewall-50-the-sound-of-memory/id804982781?i=1000442439582.

1. Aidan Flax-Clark, “Stonewall 50: The Sound of Memory," June 23, 2019 in  Library Talks, p odcast, MP3 audio, 25:22, https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/stonewall-50-the-sound-of-memory/id804982781?i=1000442439582.

Gray, George. "Week 2: Exodus." PowerPoint presentation, Theology 205, University of Portland, Portland, OR, September 3, 2017. 

1. George Gray, “Week 2: Exodus" (PowerPoint presentation, Theology 205, University of Portland, Portland, OR, September 5, 2017).

Prestwich, Michael. Review of Chivalry in Medieval England  by Nigel Saul.  The American Historical Review  118, no. 1 (2013): 235-36. https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/118.1.235.

1. Michael Prestwich, review of Chivalry in Medieval England  by Nigel Saul,  The American Historical Review  118, no. 1 (2013): 235, https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/118.1.235.

Music citations may begin with either the artists's name or the name of the composer, depending on the focus of the recording.  Include the date of the recording, the published date, or both.  The footnote may begin with the title of the song rather than the artist's name.

Chanticleer. "Shenandoah." Track 11 on I Have Had Singing: A Chanticleer Portrait.  Chanticleer Records, 1994, Spotify. 

1. “Shenandoah,” track 11 on Chanticleer, I Have Had Singing: A Chanticleer Portrait , Chanticleer Records, 1994, Spotify.

Ellington, Duke.  All Star Road Band . With Duke Ellington Orchestra. Recorded May 31, 1964. Signature/CBS Special Products, 1989, compact disc.

1. Duke Ellington,  All Star Road Band, with Duke Ellington Orchestra, recorded May 31, 1964, Signature/CBS Special Products, 1989, compact disc.

Sound Recordings from Naxos Music Library

“Kyrie.” Mass for Four Voices . Composed by William Byrd. Performed by Oxford Camerata. 1992. Streaming music, 2:25. https://portland.nml3.naxosmusiclibrary.com/ catalogue/8.550574.

1. Kyrie,” in  Mass for Four Voices, composed by William Byrd, performed by Oxford Camerata, 1992, streaming music, 1:10, https://portland.nml3.naxosmusiclibrary.com/ catalogue/8.550574.

Pew Research Center. "United States: Believe in God or a Higher Power in 2017, by Age Group." Chart. January 11, 2019.  Statista . https://www.statista.com/statistics/955432/united-states-belief-in-god-by-age/.

1. Pew Research Center, "United States: Believe in God or a Higher Power in 2017, by Age Group," chart, January 11, 2019,  Statista,  https://www.statista.com/statistics/955432/united-states-belief-in-god-by-age/.

Write out the actual Tweet in the citation and keep spelling and grammar the same as in the original, even if there are errors. When quoting the Tweet, beside grammatical and spelling errors in the original Tweet, write [sic] in square brackets to indicate the errors are not your own. E.g., if the Tweet was "It isn't you're fault the media is violent", write: "It isn't you're [sic] fault the media is violent."  Only include the time stamp if it is relevant or if you are citing multiple citations on the same day.

Athar, Sohaib (@ReallyVirtual). "Helicopter hovering above Abbottad at 1AM is a rare event." Twitter, January 4, 2013. https://twitter.com/reallyvirtual/status/64780730286358528?lang=en.

1. Sohaib Athar (@ReallyVirtual), "Helicopter hovering above Abbottad at 1AM is a rare event," Twitter, January 4, 2013, https://twitter.com/reallyvirtual/status/64780730286358528?lang=en.

• << Previous: How to Cite: Biblical & Catholic Sources
• Next: Short Form & Ibid. >>
• Last Updated: Feb 19, 2024 1:49 PM
• URL: https://libguides.up.edu/chicago

How to Cite a Survey in Different Citation Styles

When you’re trying to build a case for something or need to increase credibility for a particular argument, a great way to start is to cite a survey . You can do this by finding an existing, published survey that supports your position, or by creating your own survey and sending it out, hoping that the majority of responses will favor what you believe to be true. 

Create your first survey, form or poll now!

Regardless of your survey results , however, it’s necessary to let your audience know where and how you obtained the information in your report. That’s when using survey citations—and the right research citation format —comes into play.

What is a Citation?

No, we’re not talking about that traffic citation you got a while back. In the world of research and writing, a citation is how you inform readers that a reference or quote you’re using in your research came from another source. 

Citations also provide your audience with a method of finding the source again. In an internet blog such as this, it could be as simple as including a hyperlink that directs the reader to the original site housing the information you referenced. 

When it’s not possible to link, such as in a printed piece, it’s important to include the following information:

• Author’s (or authors’) name(s)
• Title of the work
• Publisher’s name
• Publication date
• Page(s) or section(s) referenced

Benefits of Citing Sources

Because of the wealth of information at our fingertips online, “borrowing” information without giving credit is all too common. So, the most obvious benefit of properly citing an outside source is that it protects you from accusations of plagiarism. But there are other great benefits:

• Citing outside sources lends credibility to your ideas or arguments.
• Citing sources shows that significant research was involved.
• If the information you’re citing happens to be wrong or inaccurate, adding a citation absolves you of having to take full ownership of the misinformation.

Sourcing a Survey and Survey Citation Formats

When you want to reference a survey, you need to let readers know where the survey results came from. Otherwise, they may not believe you. Sourcing and citing a survey properly comes down to whether you conducted the survey yourself or are referencing a published survey as well as which citation style you are using. There are three citation formats:

• Modern Language Association (MLA) style
• American Psychological Association (APA) style
• Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS)

Citing a Survey You Conducted

When citing a survey that you conducted on your own, clarify that you designed and distributed the survey in the body of your content rather than citing it at the end of the survey. You should explain the methodology you used (e.g., “an online survey distributed to 1,000 graduate students”). While not necessary, including the survey itself, either as an appendix or through an online link, helps your audience better understand the methodology. You may even choose to disclose data sets, being sure to remove any personal or private information, in a spreadsheet.

Speaking of anonymity, if you refer to a comment made by a respondent in your survey, always refer to them as “a respondent,” not by name. You can, however, give them pseudonyms to avoid repetition as long as you note that the names have been changed to protect privacy.

Citation Styles : MLA vs APA vs Chicago

There is no standard citation format . Which citation format you use will depend upon your field of research, your educational institution, or the publication you’re writing for. 

How to Cite a Survey in APA and MLA Styles

MLA and APA guidelines are similar. In both citation styles, you should use in-text citations that correlate with a “Works Cited” list as the end of the report. For example, say you were referencing a statistic from this Pew Research Center survey on internet usage, published by Andrew Perrin and Madhu Kumar. In the body of your report, you’d cite the authors’ last names and the page number (since this is a web page, use page 1) and put their words into quotations. 

Today, everyone is online. In fact, “about three-in-ten U.S. adults say they are ‘almost constantly’ online” (Perrin & Kumar 1). 

Then, in your “Works Cited” list at the end of the report, you’d give the complete details or the citation.

Perrin, Andrew, and Kumar, Madhu. “About three-in-ten U.S. adults say they are ‘almost constantly’ online.” Pew Research Center , 25 July 2019, p. 1

How to Cite a Survey in Chicago Style

In CMOS, you would instead include a superscript number that correlates to the source, which will be noted at the bottom of the page and in the Bibliography at the end of the report (similar to a “Works Cited” page). So, in the body of your report, that same sentence would look like this:

Today, everyone is online. In fact, “about three-in-ten U.S. adults say they are ‘almost constantly’ online” .¹ 

At the end of that same page, you would insert a small footnote with that superscript number attached for reference:

1 Perrin, Andrew, and Kumar, Madhu. About three-in-ten U.S. adults say they are ‘almost constantly’ online. (Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, 2019)

Again, this same information would appear, in a list along with other citations, in a final Bibliography at the end of the report.

It’s important to understand that we’re painting with a broad brush; citing surveys with MLA, APA , and CMOS comes with little quirks, and there are exceptions to many rules. To gain a full understanding of how to cite surveys with each citation format, you may want to refer to Purdue University’s Online Writing Lab (OWL) which gets very in-depth.

Citing surveys and other data in your research is a great way to build a case for something or increase credibility for a particular argument. Now that you have a better understanding of how to cite a survey and what the three citation formats are, you’re probably ready to start creating your survey! SurveyLegend offers both fun and professional survey templates you can use for any industry, and they’re responsive, so they’ll scale down to the size of a smartphone. Swing by the SurveyLegend website and take a tour of our capabilities to discover all that you can do.

Which citation method do you prefer? (Hey, that’s a good topic for a survey…) Let us know in the comments!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

In research and writing, a citation is noting in your text that you are referencing or quoting another source.

Citing outside sources gives credibility to your argument, shows that research was conducted, and absolves you from taking full ownership of misinformation if the source happens to be inaccurate.

Modern Language Association (MLA) style, American Psychological Association (APA) style, and Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS).

Which citation format you use will depend upon your field of research, your educational institution, or the publication you’re writing for. 

Jasko Mahmutovic

Related Articles You Might Like

7 Ways To Avoid Gender Bias In Surveys

We talk a lot about the different types of survey bias at SurveyLegend. From non-response bias to confirmation bias, introducing any type of bias into your survey can render...

How to Create a Valentine’s Day Survey, Poll, or Quiz

From the US to the UK, Australia to Argentina, Valentine’s Day is celebrated in many countries around the world (other countries that acknowledge the holiday include Canada, France, Germany,...

How To Gather Data with a Proper Quantitative Survey in 10 Steps

“Statistics are the triumph of the quantitative method,” wrote 20th century Franco-English writer and historian Hilaire Belloc. Today, acquiring quantitative data is easier than ever using online surveys, a...

Privacy Overview

 Today's Hours

• Centre College Grace Doherty Library
• ACTIVE Library Website

Citing Sources

• About Citing
• Chicago/Turabian
• Citation Tools
• How to find an article's DOI

ASA style is the citation style of the American Sociological Association.

ASA Style Resources

• ASA Quick Tips
• Purdue Owl - ASA reference page formatting

Citation Examples

Books (One author)

Blankenhorn, David. 2007. The Future of Marriage . New York: Encounter Books.

Books (Multiple authors)

Fiorina, Morris P., Samuel J. Abrams, and Jeremy C. Pope. 2005. Culture War? The Myth of a      Polarized America . New York: Pearson Longman.

Essay or Chapter in Book

England, Paula, Karen Christopher, and Lori L. Reid. 1999. "Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Wages."      Pp. 139–82 in Latinas and African American Women at Work: Race, Gender, and Economic      Inequality , edited by I. Browne.New York: Russell Sage.

Journal Article (Scholarly)

Quillian, Lincoln. 2008. "Does Unconscious Racism Exist." Social Psychology Quarterly 71(1):6–11.

Journal Article (Online scholarly)

Geiger, Jeffrey. 2004. "Special Relationships: British Higher Education and the Global      Marketplace." PMLA 119(1):58-68. (Retrieved from JSTOR on February 2, 2010).

Magazine Article

Wilson, Edward O. 1998. "Back from Chaos." Atlantic Monthly , March, pp. 41-62.

Newspaper Article

Krugman, Paul. 2008. "Crisis of Confidence." New York Times , April 14, p. A27.

Pew Research Center. 2009. Pew Internet and American Life Surveys, March 2000–December      2008. Retrieved March 12, 2009 (http://www.pewinternet.org/trends      /Internet_Adoption_Jan_2009.pdf).

Writing Center

Visit the Writing Center

Get help at any stage of the writing process -- from finding a topic to revising a draft. No appointment needed!

Location: Crounse 113A (basement level, hallway to right of Vahlkamp Theater doors) Hours: Sunday - Thursday * 2:00-4:00pm and 7:00-11:00pm *closed for breaks and exam weeks

Visit the center for questions or call 859-238-6511.

• << Previous: APSA
• Next: Chicago/Turabian >>
• Last Updated: Nov 15, 2023 2:28 PM
• Subjects: Reference
• URL: https://library.centre.edu/citing_sources