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Welcome to the LearnPython.org interactive Python tutorial.

Whether you are an experienced programmer or not, this website is intended for everyone who wishes to learn the Python programming language.

You are welcome to join our group on Facebook for questions, discussions and updates.

After you complete the tutorials, you can get certified at LearnX and add your certification to your LinkedIn profile.

Just click on the chapter you wish to begin from, and follow the instructions. Good luck!

Learn the Basics

Hello, World!
Variables and Types
Basic Operators
String Formatting
Basic String Operations
Classes and Objects
Dictionaries
Modules and Packages

Data Science Tutorials

Numpy Arrays
Pandas Basics

Advanced Tutorials

List Comprehensions
Lambda functions
Multiple Function Arguments
Regular Expressions
Exception Handling
Serialization
Partial functions
Code Introspection
Map, Filter, Reduce

Contributing Tutorials

The Python Tutorial ¶

Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-level data structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming. Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application development in many areas on most platforms.

The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are freely available in source or binary form for all major platforms from the Python web site, https://www.python.org/ , and may be freely distributed. The same site also contains distributions of and pointers to many free third party Python modules, programs and tools, and additional documentation.

The Python interpreter is easily extended with new functions and data types implemented in C or C++ (or other languages callable from C). Python is also suitable as an extension language for customizable applications.

This tutorial introduces the reader informally to the basic concepts and features of the Python language and system. It helps to have a Python interpreter handy for hands-on experience, but all examples are self-contained, so the tutorial can be read off-line as well.

For a description of standard objects and modules, see The Python Standard Library . The Python Language Reference gives a more formal definition of the language. To write extensions in C or C++, read Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter and Python/C API Reference Manual . There are also several books covering Python in depth.

This tutorial does not attempt to be comprehensive and cover every single feature, or even every commonly used feature. Instead, it introduces many of Python’s most noteworthy features, and will give you a good idea of the language’s flavor and style. After reading it, you will be able to read and write Python modules and programs, and you will be ready to learn more about the various Python library modules described in The Python Standard Library .

The Glossary is also worth going through.

1. Whetting Your Appetite

2.1.1. Argument Passing
2.1.2. Interactive Mode
2.2.1. Source Code Encoding
3.1.1. Numbers
3.1.2. Text
3.1.3. Lists
3.2. First Steps Towards Programming
4.1. if Statements
4.2. for Statements
4.3. The range() Function
4.4. break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops
4.5. pass Statements
4.6. match Statements
4.7. Defining Functions
4.8.1. Default Argument Values
4.8.2. Keyword Arguments
4.8.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments
4.8.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters
4.8.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments
4.8.3.4. Function Examples
4.8.3.5. Recap
4.8.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists
4.8.5. Unpacking Argument Lists
4.8.6. Lambda Expressions
4.8.7. Documentation Strings
4.8.8. Function Annotations
4.9. Intermezzo: Coding Style
5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks
5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues
5.1.3. List Comprehensions
5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensions
5.2. The del statement
5.3. Tuples and Sequences
5.5. Dictionaries
5.6. Looping Techniques
5.7. More on Conditions
5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types
6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts
6.1.2. The Module Search Path
6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files
6.2. Standard Modules
6.3. The dir() Function
6.4.1. Importing * From a Package
6.4.2. Intra-package References
6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories
7.1.1. Formatted String Literals
7.1.2. The String format() Method
7.1.3. Manual String Formatting
7.1.4. Old string formatting
7.2.1. Methods of File Objects
7.2.2. Saving structured data with json
8.1. Syntax Errors
8.2. Exceptions
8.3. Handling Exceptions
8.4. Raising Exceptions
8.5. Exception Chaining
8.6. User-defined Exceptions
8.7. Defining Clean-up Actions
8.8. Predefined Clean-up Actions
8.9. Raising and Handling Multiple Unrelated Exceptions
8.10. Enriching Exceptions with Notes
9.1. A Word About Names and Objects
9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example
9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax
9.3.2. Class Objects
9.3.3. Instance Objects
9.3.4. Method Objects
9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables
9.4. Random Remarks
9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance
9.6. Private Variables
9.7. Odds and Ends
9.8. Iterators
9.9. Generators
9.10. Generator Expressions
10.1. Operating System Interface
10.2. File Wildcards
10.3. Command Line Arguments
10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination
10.5. String Pattern Matching
10.6. Mathematics
10.7. Internet Access
10.8. Dates and Times
10.9. Data Compression
10.10. Performance Measurement
10.11. Quality Control
10.12. Batteries Included
11.1. Output Formatting
11.2. Templating
11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts
11.4. Multi-threading
11.5. Logging
11.6. Weak References
11.7. Tools for Working with Lists
11.8. Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Creating Virtual Environments
12.3. Managing Packages with pip
13. What Now?
14.1. Tab Completion and History Editing
14.2. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter
15.1. Representation Error
16.1.1. Error Handling
16.1.2. Executable Python Scripts
16.1.3. The Interactive Startup File
16.1.4. The Customization Modules

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Code Conquest

The 50 best websites to learn python.

April 15, 2016 by Code Conquest

Python is an elegant, high-level programming language that is relatively easy to learn and includes multiplatform support.

The latter feature is important because generally as a developer you would need to learn multiple languages to cross the barrier between platforms. On mobile, for instance, Android uses Java while Apple’s iOS uses Swift or Objective-C. There are tools to easily port apps and software between separate platforms, but they come with their own set of drawbacks. It’s always better to create a native app.

Python is so deep and easy to learn, that it is one of the most recommended languages among education and research markets. A lot of students start their coding or programming journey by learning Python.

According to a report from Tiobe , Python was in the top five most popular languages for 2016 right at number 5. During the same period last year (April 2015) it was in position number 8. Through that info, you can see just how popular the language has become in such a short time.

It helps that there is an abundance of online tutorials, courses, and educational books about the language.

Just to provide a frame of reference, you could learn the absolute basics of Python within just the first hour of working with the language. The best Python tutorials will actually have you coding simple apps in that time, as well. Obviously, you’re not going to be able to whip up a full-scale application with that small amount of training, but you’ll know enough to dive in and get started.

Where Should You Start?

Python is considered to be one of the easiest programming languages to learn, and because it harbors an incredible amount of depth it is extremely versatile. You can use the language for anything from web development to game development.

Plus, the language serves as a gateway to other, similar languages like PHP, Ruby, and much more.

The best way to learn – especially when it comes to a programming language – is by doing. Therefore, the best way to start learning Python is to choose a lesson or course that peaks your interest and jump in.

When it comes to learning how to code , it is fairly easy to teach yourself.

You don’t need to spend thousands of dollars for a degree or one of the popular coding boot camps. One of the best ways to hone your skills is through practice. That is, trial and error.

To help you get started, we have compiled a huge list of resources that will either help you get started with Python or broaden your understanding if you already know the basics.

We’ll explain which of the options below are more suitable to your tastes — whether you’re at a beginner, intermediate or expert level.

Top 50 Websites to Learn Python

Keep in mind, the first ten resources on this list are some of the best around. The following forty, then, are not listed in any particular order.

1. Code Academy

Code Academy is a free, online learning center for all things programming. They offer lessons in a variety of languages and topics, not just Python.

What makes it special, is that you can write code directly in your browser and see the results pan out live. This is useful when you’re starting out because it eliminates the need to setup a development environment for practice exercises.

This portal is best suited for beginner to intermediate coders. During your time working with Python through Code Academy, you’ll build your own tip calculator tool, and a board game based on Battleship.

Python topics you will learn include common syntax, strings and console output, conditional and control flow, loops, functions, file input and output, lists and dictionaries, and much more.

Price: Free

2. TutorialsPoint

TutorialsPoint is another site like Code Academy that offers free tutorials with the option to test out code directly in a browser window.

They offer one of the most comprehensive tutorials for novice coders that will take you through the basics and beginner stages of the language all the way to expert level tasks. You will learn how to set up a Python development environment, write basic syntax, work with variables, operators and loops, and much more.

What makes TutorialsPoint’s guide so comprehensive is that it also covers advanced Python topics like database access, CGI, and game programming, the use of multithreading, XML processing, networking, GUI design, and more.

3. Codementor.io

Codementor is designed for intermediate to expert developers who are already working with the language in question. There are some tidbits for beginners scattered throughout, but this is certainly not a portal for novice coders to spend a majority of their time.

Each post on the site is a separate tutorial that covers a specific focus, like sorting Git Authors in an app with code, integrating Node.js with Python, using Python decorators and more.

4. PythonChallenge

If you’re the type of person that would much rather be challenged and put under a small amount of pressure to increase your learning capacity, PythonChallenge is right up your alley.

It isn’t the prettiest site in existence; actually, the design is downright ugly. However, the challenges and lessons you will participate in are invaluable to learning Python. There are 33 levels to master currently, with over 2,000,000 visitors to the site to date.

5. Google’s Python Class eBook

Due to the nature of the material, Google’s Python Class eBook is best suited for intermediate to experienced coders. It is well written and clearly explains various concepts related to Python, yet it’s more about programming theory as opposed to the practical application of it. Therefore, you won’t find any step-by-step tutorials or in-depth guides.

This makes it a great travel companion for Python developers who want to stay in the loop while they are on the move.

There are multiple books available, and you can download companion exercises to execute locally on your machine. This allows you to work with and test out different snippets of code.

6. Python.org

When in doubt, you can always turn to the official documentation for a language. Python.org is the official channel for the developers of Python, so you can find plenty of references, materials, and resources on working with the language.

As you’d expect, they have a great beginner’s tutorial that will walk you through the basics. Then, you’ll learn about more advanced topics like different Python libraries, distributing modules, and much more.

7. Learn Python the Hard Way eBook

Once again the challenge is the main focus. Learn Python the Hard Way is a free eBook that you can read in full. The online version can be accessed from any device including mobile, and is always free. If you want a paper or digital copy of the book – to read offline – you’ll need to pony up some cash ($30).

Apparently, more than 1.5 million people have read this eBook annually. That’s an impressive number, even more so if they all went on to work with Python in some form or another.

8. LearnPython.org

One of the first ideas we discussed is that it’s best to learn by doing. LearnPython.org has designed a platform where you can do exactly that. Rather than spend your time combing over an endless stream of text, this website allows you to participate in interactive tutorials. You get to work with the Python language right in your browser.

You’ll start with the infamous “Hello World,” tutorial and move on to more advanced topics if you stick with the course. This portal is best for beginner to intermediate level coders.

9. Invent with Python eBook

Another way to learn and retain knowledge is to ensure you are having fun and enjoying yourself while you do so. That’s the driving idea behind the Invent with Python eBook .

Every tutorial, tip, and lesson have to do with serving a specific purpose through the use of Python. For instance, the book

For instance, the book Invent Your Own Computer Games with Python will teach you how to make games. With each progressive lesson, the games get more complex and require a more advanced use of the language. By the time you’re done, you’ll have a firm grasp of Python – enough to strike out and build applications or games on your own.

The online versions of the books can always be accessed for free, but there are options to purchase them for access offline too, for a price.

10. Dive into Python 3

Dive into Python 3 is an online book that covers the difference between working with Python 3, as opposed to Python 2. Since it’s licensed under a Creative Commons license you can also download HTML and PDF versions of the book for free.

This book is a great resource for all coders from beginner to experienced, and there’s material here for everyone.

11. Python for Beginners

Although Python for Beginners has been idle for some time it’s under new management. Recently, the site received a design overhaul and some new content in the form of a beginner’s Python tutorial.

As for the regular content on the site, you’ll find a long list of Python coding guides and snippets that you can use in your own projects. For this reason, the site is ideal for Python developers of all skill levels, even those with considerable experienced under their belts.

12. Pythonspot

As the name suggests, Pythonspot is a great place to find a variety of Python-centric resources and tutorials. All content is separate into categories by skill level, tutorial type (like GUI and Network guides), and platform (Android, iOS, etc).

13. Learning Python Magic Methods

Magic method is an advanced concept for object-oriented programming languages. Unfortunately, the official Python documentation doesn’t explain it well.

Refekkettler – the creator of Learning Python Magic Methods – created the site to remedy that problem. Obviously, the material is for intermediate to advanced level Python developers.

It’s essentially an online resource guide; you can also download a PDF version for access offline if need be.

14. AfterHoursProgramming.com

The AfterHoursProgramming tutorial features a native code simulator that allows you to write and deploy code from your browser. It starts off with some basic and simple concepts and moves to more advanced topics. For instance, later exercises walk you through building web applications with some neat interactivity features.

At the end of the course, you can take a pretty extensive quiz to test retention of the knowledge you learned.

15. theNewBoston Basic Python Tutorials

theNewBoston is a popular training crew, renowned for their in-depth video tutorials hosted on YouTube. They have a series of tutorials on Python 3.4 Basics that are phenomenal, especially for newbies.

16. NewCircle Python Fundamentals Training

NewCircle Training is another great channel for coding and beginner tutorials on a variety of subjects. They offer a Python Fundamentals Training series which is just as invaluable as anything else on this list. Video tutorials are excellent if you’re more of a visual learner.

17. A Byte of Python Online Book

Written by Swaroop, A Byte of Python is a beloved online tutorial book that serves as a great beginner resource, as well as a future resource for intermediate coders who might need to look back at thorough documentation.

18. Coursera Python Course by Rice University

Like Code Academy, Coursera offers free online courses for those willing to learn. Most of the courses on Coursera, however, are affiliated with actual colleges and universities.

The Python Course is provided by Rice University and is offered as a 7-course series in two separate parts. It must be followed over the course of several weeks (so you’ll need to have time set aside for this), and you have to register for the online classes like you would at a local college or university. The good news is that it’s free to register and attend the courses.

If you want a certificate to show for your hard work you’ll need to pay extra.

19. Think Python Online Book

This resource also comes in the form of an online book. You can purchase the paper version of Think Python via Amazon if you are so inclined. Otherwise, access to the online version is free.

The book actually aims to teach beginners computer science fundamentals and programming basics. To better explain these topics, it does so by relating the information to Python. So, you’ll learn both the foundation of programming and Python language at the same time.

20. Getting Started with Django Video Series

Django is a convenient, development framework built on the Python language. A framework essentially makes a developer’s job easier by implementing a more modular form of a language.

The Getting Started with Django video series is a great way to introduce yourself to the framework and get a much better understanding of Python in the process.

21. Code School’s Try Python Interactive Coding Environment

If you’re the type of go-getter that doesn’t want to bother with sorting through a heap of text-based tutorials and guides, Code School’s Try Python is just for you.

It throws you into the thick of things and provides an online, interactive environment to begin coding with Python right away.

22. Interactive Python

Runestone Interactive offers a plethora of open-source, online textbooks, for beginner and intermediate level coding classes. Many of them focus on Python, especially their Interactive Python series.

All books are free to access and use, but you’ll want to register for an account (also free) so that you can save your spot – unless you plan to read the textbooks in one sitting, which is highly unlikely.

23. Code Nerd Python Tutorial Videos

Video tutorials are an excellent way to soak up knowledge and skills, and Code Nerd’s Python Tutorial series is no exception to that rule.

The videos are easy to follow, well-written, and cover a range of important topics related to Python.

24. Python Fundamentals

The Python Fundamentals course hosted on Pluralsight isn’t free, unfortunately. However, it happens to be one of the most thorough and informative guides on Python you’ll find. Not only does it explain how to use Python, and elaborate on what certain functions of the language are for, it also explains the natural order of the language. This helps you better understand why things are a certain way in Python compared to other languages.

Keep in mind the price listed below is for a Pluralsight subscription and earns you access to their entire database of tutorials and content, not just this one.

Price: $299 annually ($24.92/mo)

25. Learning to Program Version 3

Alan Gauld is both a moderator and regular contributor for the Python tutor mailing list. He also happens to be responsible for Learning to Program . The site offers beginner tutorials designed to introduce programming newbies to the basic fundamentals of coding.

Version 3 – which is the version linked – centers on the use of Python Version 3.

26. Intro to Computer Science

Udacity is another free online training platform, which hosts an excellent – and free – Intro to Computer Science course. Even though the focus is on computer science and programming as a whole, you’ll primarily be working with Python for the exercises and projects.

During the course, you’ll learn how to build your own web crawler, search engine, and social network using Python.

27. Python Crash Course

Python Crash Course affords several assumptions, the first being that you’re already an experienced developer and understand object oriented programming.

The course is comprised of a series of documents and presentation slides, that are meant to serve as a teaching aid.

28. Python Tutor

Python Tutor is a portal to learn the basics of programming and become familiar with a bunch of languages including Python, Java, JavaScript, C++, Ruby and more.

29. Real Python

Real Python is a premium online course with multiple subscription levels. With your purchase, you’ll gain access to over 1,300 pages of content, 9 hours of video, exercises, sample files, and course assignments.

Price: Starts at $60

30. Full Stack Python

This portal is for intermediate to experienced developers. If you are already proficient in Python, but would like some more guidance on where to go next, check out Full Stack Python .

You’ll be assigned individual projects to complete like building a certain type of web app, website demo, or module.

31. PythonLearn

If you are familiar with the concept of informatics, PythonLearn is a resource portal you might be interested in. Naturally, it is meant for developers that work with Python on a regular basis.

32. CS for All

Written by professors at Harvey Mudd College, CS for All explores the foundation of computer science through the use of Python. The content is straightforward and accessible, and it was clearly structured to accommodate the layman. That’s not to say experienced developers can’t look to it as a resource, however.

33. Twilio Blog: Python Projects Tag

The versatile company Twilio has turned their blog into something of an authority on all things technology-based. The Python Projects tag narrows down visible content to posts that are directly related to Python.

Each tutorial explores a unique project that you can complete using the language. Some examples include sending selfies without servers using Python, developing a personal ISS tracker, and generating Choose Your Own Adventure style presentations.

34. Intro to Programming with Python

Despite the fact that this resource has another generic sounding name, Introduction to Programming with Python is a great place to find information on Python from basic to intermediate topics. There’s even a section dedicated to what you should do after completing the tutorial.

35. Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist

O’Reilly, the popular training book provider, has made Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist available for free online.

There are links to purchase a physical or digital copy of the book too.

36. Web Development: How to Build a Blog

This free Udacity course was created by Steve Huffman, one of Reddit’s founders. As the title suggests, Web Development: How to Build a Blog walks you through basic web development concepts and teaches you how to build web applications with Python.

It is for intermediate coders that already have some experience with the language. Beginners can always start with the Intro to Computer Science or Programming Foundations with Python courses.

37. Learning Python by Matt Makai

Renowned developer Matt Makai wrote a useful post on his personal blog about Learning Python as a beginner. Most importantly, it talks about the best place to start if you have no former programming knowledge and provides some valuable resources – some of which are already on this list.

38. Python for You and Me

Like most of the other free online books in this resource list, Python for You and Me starts with the basics and slowly builds to more complex topics. It made the list because once you complete the main content you can try your hand at creating your first Flask web app using the provided tutorial.

39. Practical Business Python

Practical Business Python is a niche blog that delivers Python scripts, snippets and tutorials to be used in the world of business. You’ll learn about creating advanced Excel workbooks, using Python for data analysis tasks, and much more.

40. Talk Python to Me

Talk Python to Me is an online podcast that features discussions from devs and thought leaders who actually spend their time working with Python. It’s a great way to pick up tips, tricks, and insights from some of the industry’s best influencers.

Because it’s a podcast, you can listen to episodes while you code, or complete other training programs.

41. Learn Python 3 in Y Minutes

This online guide is designed for experienced developers who are migrating from another language. If you already know the basics but want to better understand how Python is structured as a language, Learn Python 3 in Y Minutes is your poison.

42. The Elements of Python Style

The Elements of Python Style is essentially a style guide for the Python programming language. It helps establish a community standard that all developers would do well to follow. This is a valuable resource for everyone, but intermediate to experienced developers will definitely get the most use out of it.

43. The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Python

Borrowing inspiration from the sci-fi novel – and movie – of a similar name, The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Python is a massive reference about the language. There are also introductory guides about the Python dev community, which can be valuable for those just starting out.

44. OverAPI.com

A great resource for Python Cheat Sheets and other handy language printouts. This site has been around for a long time and has a very cool graphic representation of popular cheatsheets.

45. Awesome-Python

Because Python is so versatile and easy-to-use, developers have come up with a great many tools to use with the language. Awesome-Python is a downloadable list that reveals a ton of frameworks, libraries, and software you can work with as a Python developer.

46. Python Weekly

Python Weekly is a free, email newsletter that keeps you up-to-date on all the Python happenings and current events. You’ll get information about new tutorials, videos, potential projects, and much more.

47. CheckiO

Gamification is real big these days, and it also happens to be a great way to turn otherwise boring tasks into fun, addictive achievements.

CheckiO takes the process of learning programming and turns it into a game. If you can’t stand reading, watching videos, or listening to podcasts this is sure to steal your attention.

48. Learn Python Programming Fundamentals by Building a PyPet

Remember the Tamagotchi craze from the 90’s? If for some reason you don’t, they were cute, digital pets that kids – and adults – could spend their free time taking care of and playing with. Despite how exhausting that sounds, they were a lot of fun.

This Python Programming Fundamentals course will teach you the basics of the language, all while you work on building your own PyPet – a custom, Python version of a Tamagotchi. It’s a pretty fun and unique way to learn.

49. The Python Guru

The Python Guru is yet another beginner-friendly resource for learning the language.

50. Python Tips

Already know how to use Python and just looking for some tips and tricks you can file away for use later? Python Tips is a blog that includes regular content updates all related to the Python language.

That’s a Huge List of Mobile App Development Websites and Resources!

After reading through the list, you should be able to find at least one website or resource to aid in your mission to learn Python .

If you’d prefer to learn through a more educational or collegiate format, give one of the popular online code schools a try such as Treehouse , Lynda or Code School .

Disclosure of Material Connection : Some of the links in the post above are “affiliate links.” This means if you click on the link and purchase the item, I will receive an affiliate commission. Regardless, I only recommend products or services I use personally and believe will add value to my readers.

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About Python Programming

Why learn Python ?

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Python resources, python introduction.

Get Started With Python
Your First Python Program
Python Comments

Python Fundamentals

Python Variables and Literals
Python Type Conversion
Python Basic Input and Output
Python Operators

Python Flow Control

Python if...else Statement
Python for Loop
Python while Loop
Python break and continue
Python pass Statement

Python Data types

Python Numbers, Type Conversion and Mathematics
Python List
Python Tuple
Python Sets
Python Dictionary
Python Functions
Python Function Arguments
Python Variable Scope
Python Global Keyword
Python Recursion
Python Modules
Python Package
Python Main function

Python Files

Python Directory and Files Management
Python CSV: Read and Write CSV files
Reading CSV files in Python
Writing CSV files in Python
Python Exception Handling
Python Exceptions
Python Custom Exceptions

Python Object & Class

Python Objects and Classes
Python Inheritance
Python Multiple Inheritance
Polymorphism in Python(with Examples)
Python Operator Overloading

Python Advanced Topics

List comprehension
Python Lambda/Anonymous Function
Python Iterators
Python Generators
Python Namespace and Scope
Python Closures
Python Decorators
Python @property decorator
Python RegEx

Python Date and Time

Python datetime
Python strftime()
Python strptime()
How to get current date and time in Python?
Python Get Current Time
Python timestamp to datetime and vice-versa
Python time Module
Python sleep()

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Precedence and Associativity of Operators in Python
Python Keywords and Identifiers
Python Asserts
Python Json
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Best Python Homework Help Websites (Reviewed by Experts)

Many teens are fond of technology in all its manifestation. As they grow up, their interest becomes rather professional, and many of them decide to become certified coders to create all those games, software, apps, websites, and so on. This is a very prospective area, which will always be in high demand. Yet, the path to the desired diploma is pretty complicated. Not all assignments can be handled properly. As a result, many learners look for professional help on the Internet.

Smart minds are aware of custom programming platforms that help with all kinds of programming languages. It’s hard to define which one is better than the others because all legal and highly reputed platforms offer pretty much the same guarantees and conveniences of high quality. This is when our comprehensive review will be helpful for students. We have checked the best Python homework help websites. We have opted for Python because of 2 reasons. Firstly, this is one of the most popular and widely used coding languages. You will surely have to master it. Secondly, only one language helps to narrow down your choice. So, read on to find out the possible options that really work.

6 Top Python Assignment Help Websites to Solve All Your Issues

It is good to have a rich choice of coding options. But, the abundance of choices can also be overwhelming. Here are some top recommendations to make the choice easier:

These are the top Python assignment help websites, according to the research of our quality control experts. Let’s look at each of them individually, focusing on a unique benefit offered by each site. This data may help you to define the type of aid you need – high quality, top speed, cheap prices, and so on.

Python Programming Homework Help – How to Choose the Right Site?

When it comes to choosing a custom coding site, you may be puzzled for a long time. There are many great options, and each seems to offer flawless Python programming assignment help. How to define the best platform in the niche? Well, the first step is to create a wish list. It should include the features you expect to get from a pro platform.

Secondly, use the comparison method. You need to shortlist all the options and check what exactly each of them offers. While one offers cheaper prices, another one is faster. So, the choice should be based on your priorities. We have already created a list of the most beneficial sites for you. The last task is to compare them after you read more detailed descriptions.

We’ve shortlisted the most beneficial sites for you. What you’ll be left with is to compare them and pick the one that suits your needs best.

1. CodingHomeworkHelp.org: A Top-Rated Solution for Python Homework

This is when our comprehensive review will be helpful for students. We have checked the best Python homework help websites. We have opted for Python because of 2 reasons.

Our first option is called CodingHomeworkHelp , and it has the highest average rating, according to our experts. They’ve given it 9.8 out of 10 possible, which is surely a great achievement. The combination of conditions and guarantees makes it nearly ideal for students needing Python homework help. Let’s take a look at its main features:

Outstanding quality. This custom coding agency is famous for the quality of its aid, which is always as high as the client desires. It employs only certified and skilled solvers who can meet the demands of the strictest educators and employers (if you already work).
Timely aid . This platform has delivered almost 97% of all its orders on time. This indicator proves that you may not worry about your time limits. Its specialists are fast enough to meet the shortest timeframes.
Unique projects . Its experts do all the orders from scratch. It means they never reuse even their own projects. They take into account the slightest details and make every project unique. Your code will surely differ from others, and it will be free of any signs of plagiarism. Don’t worry about this matter.
Quite cheap prices . You will be pleasantly impressed by the price policy offered by this coding agency. It is quite cheap and fair. Ordinary students will be able to afford its professional aid. Moreover, they can count on great discounts and promos to save up even more of their funds.
Effective customer support . This site offers a very welcoming and fast team of customer support, which consists of great consultants. They are always at work and provide clear answers to the questions related to the policies of this agency. The answers come in a couple of minutes or so.

2. DoMyAssignments.com: Affordable Python Assignment Assistance

The second site we’d like to recommend is DoMyAssignments , boasting a strong rating of 9.7 out of 10 stars. This impressive score reflects the site’s commitment to excellence, and you can be confident that it can satisfy all your coding needs to the fullest. With a team of real professionals, each selected through a special onboarding process that consists of several stages, only the most gifted specialists make the cut.

How can they assist with your Python assignment? They offer individualized solutions at the cheapest prices among our reviewed sites. You can even modify the order to fit your budget, considering factors like quality, type, size, and urgency.

Besides, the site ensures other vital benefits. Make allowances for them here below:

Quick assistance : The experts at DoMyAssignments are known for their speed and diligence. An impressive 96% of all their orders were delivered without delays, and 79% were completed long before the deadline . These achievements demonstrate their commitment to timely delivery, even for the most urgent tasks.
Full privacy : Security is a priority at DoMyAssignments. They ensure the confidentiality of your private data and never share it with third parties. With effective antivirus software and encrypted billing methods, you can trust that you’re 100% safe when using their platform.
24/7 support : Need help at any hour? DoMyAssignments runs 24/7, providing immediate access to competent technicians via live chat. Whether you have urgent questions about their policies or need clarification on specific details, you can expect fast and clear answers.
Individual approach : Personalized service is a standout feature of DoMyAssignments. You can contact your helper at predetermined hours to discuss your project’s progress. This direct communication allows for real-time updates and changes, offering a convenient way to ensure that your project aligns perfectly with your requirements.

You should also know that it practices an individual approach. You are welcome to contact your helper during the predetermined hours. Just discuss with him or her when both of you can be online and check the progress of your project. It’s a fast and convenient way to offer changes on demand and without delays.

3. AssignCode.com: Fast and Reliable Python Homework Help

If speed is your priority, AssignCode is an excellent choice. How fast can you do my Python homework? Well, a lot depends on the demands you have. Nonetheless, most projects are completed there in 4–5 hours only!

Thus, you can place an order even later at night to get it done early in the morning. Just be sure you set manageable conditions. If it’s so, your order will be accepted and completed according to your demands. It will be delivered on time. As for other vital guarantees, you may count on:

Great quality. This company has a professional staff, which consists of outstanding programmers. They all have confirmed their qualifications and were trained to match the top demands of every high school, college, or university. They can help even already working coders who face some issues at the moment.
Fair prices. You will surely like the prices set by this coding company. They are quite cheap, and ordinary students will not face problems with ordering professional help on this site. There is a possibility to quickly regulate the prices online. You only need to change the quality, type, volume, or deadline of your assignment. A refund guarantee is given as well.
All kinds of features . This platform is able to satisfy the slightest demands of the strictest customers. Everything will be done exactly as you want, and can contact your helper directly. He or she will offer all the necessary skills to complete your project perfectly. The platform’s specialists handle all assignment types. Python is only one of the possible areas of their competence.
A responsive customer support team. In case you don’t understand some policies or limits of this company, turn to its team of support. It consists of polite and knowledgeable operators. They work day and night to provide detailed responses in about 2 minutes or so.

Also read: The 10 Commandments of Coding: Study, Learn and Put into Practice

4. CWAssignments.com: Unique and Customized Python Assistance

Many students cannot create unique projects in coding, and that is why they may require the unique Python assignment help of CWAssignments . Its rating is 9.4 out of 10, which is a sign of a top-class coding site.

It does all the projects anew and never uses the projects of other coders. Its experts don’t reuse even their old assignments. The new conditions are taken into account and fulfilled uniquely. It also offers other vital benefits. These are as follows:

Reasonable pricing . You will not spend too much if you request assistance there. The site sets relatively cheap prices and offers full customization of the orders. This puts you in full charge of the total cost. Fill out the compulsory fields and change them to see how you can impact the cost to stop when it suits your budget.
Top quality. The agency hires only educated and talented coders. They surely understand how to handle any assignment in computer science, engineering, and math. They stick to the official requirements of all educational institutions and can satisfy even the most scrupulous educators. Thus, your chance to get an A+ grade sufficiently increases.
A personified approach. You may get in touch with your solver whenever his or her aid may be required. Just set a reasonable schedule when both of you can be online to discuss the peculiarities of your order. The specialists will provide updated reports to let you know where your project stands.
Total online confidentiality . This is a reliable and respectful coding platform that always protects the private data of its clients. It never shares any facts about them with anyone else. It utilizes effective software that protects its databases from all types of online dangers. Thanks to the billing methods offered by the site, you may not worry about your transactions within it. They are encrypted and hidden from other users.

5. HelpHomework.net: Personalized Approach to Python Coding

Many learners seek personalized attention for their coding projects. If you need a tailored approach to Python homework help, HelpHomework is the place to go. It offers flexible scheduling for real-time collaboration with your solver.

Simply coordinate a schedule to be online with your solver, using your preferred instant messenger for quick updates. Along with this personalized approach, the platform also provides other key guarantees, including:

Outstanding Quality: This platform hires only certified coders who pass a rigorous selection process. They’re trained to handle any assignments in computer science, engineering, and math, ensuring precise completion to boost your success.
Plagiarism-Free Projects: The platform ensures uniqueness in every project. Though coding may seem repetitive, the specialists craft each project from scratch, meeting educators’ expectations for originality.
24/7 Support and Supervision: Visit this site anytime, day or night. It operates around the clock, with kind operators ready to provide swift, detailed responses in live chat.
Reasonable Prices: Offering affordable rates to fit students’ budgets, the company allows you to customize your order’s price by adjusting the project’s quality, size, type, and deadline.

6. CodingAssignments.com: A Wide Range of Python Experts at Your Service

A rich choice of specialists is significant to all. If you want to be sure that you will always find the kind of help with Python assignments or other programming languages, you should opt for CodingAssignments .

This highly reputed coding company boasts over 700 specialists. Thus, you will never be deprived of some privileges. You will find perfect solvers for whatever coding project you must do. The company likewise provides the next benefits:

On-time deliveries. The experts of the company value the precious time of their customers. They polish all the necessary skills and master the most effective time management methods to meet really short deadlines. Just provide manageable terms. If the assignment is too large and urgent, place it as early as you can. The specialists will check the odds and will surely accept it if it can be completed within the stated period of time.
Fair pricing . You can count on relatively cheap prices when you deal with this programming site. Thus, common students will be able to afford its aid. Besides, you can count on pleasant promo codes and discounts to save up even more of your funds. Thanks to the refund guarantee, all your investments are secured.
Full online anonymity. Don’t worry about your online safety when you visit this site. It guards its databases and your private information with reliable antivirus software. The site never reveals any details about its customers to anybody else.
Hourly supervision . This coding platform operates 24 hours round the clock to let its customers place urgent orders even late at night. Find the chat window and specify the problem you’re facing. There are always operators at work. They provide detailed answers in a couple of minutes or faster.

Also check: Python Course for Beginners Online FREE

FAQs About The Best Python Homework Help Websites

Let’s answer some of the commonly asked questions around our topic of discussion today.

Can I pay someone to do my Python assignment?

Using a legal online coding site requires payment, so choose wisely as different sites set different prices. While 2 sites offer the same level of quality, it would not be wise to choose the one with a more expensive price policy. You’d better study this case before you place the first order.

How can I pay someone to do my Python homework?

To pay for Python homework, register on the site and add a billing method such as PayPal, Visa, or Pioneer. The methods are very convenient and safe. Make sure your debit or credit card has enough money. When you place an order, you will pay the price automatically. The money will be in escrow until the job is done. Check its quality, and if it suits you, release the final payment to your solver.

How can I receive assistance with Python projects?

You can receive professional coding assistance by finding the right coding platforms and hiring the most suitable Python experts. Conduct thorough research to identify the most reliable and suitable sites.

One of the components of your research is surely reading reviews similar to ours. It helps to narrow down the list of potential helping platforms.

Once you’re on the site, check its top performers. Although their prices are higher, you will be safe about the success of your project. Yet, other experts with low ratings can suit you as well. Just check their detailed profiles and read reviews of other clients to be sure they can satisfy all your needs. Hire the required solver, explain what must be done, and pay to get it started.

Where can I get help with Python programming?

You can find Python programming homework help on the Internet. Open the browser and write an accurate keyword search combination.

It may be something like this – the swiftest or cheapest, or best coding site. Check the results, read customers’ reviews, check the reviews of rating agencies (like ours), compare the conditions, and select the most beneficial option for you.

What kind of guarantees can I expect from Python help services?

If you want to find help with Python projects and you will be treated fairly, you need to know the main guarantees every highly reputed programming site is supposed to ensure. These are as follows:

High quality
Availability of all skills and assignments
An individual approach
Full privacy of your data
Timely deliveries
100% authentic projects
24/7 access and support
Refunds and free revisions

These are the essential guarantees that every legitimate coding site must provide. If some of them lack, it may be better to switch to another option. These guarantees are compulsory, and you should enjoy them all automatically.

Online Python IDE

Build, run, and share Python code online for free with the help of online-integrated python's development environment (IDE). It is one of the most efficient, dependable, and potent online compilers for the Python programming language. It is not necessary for you to bother about establishing a Python environment in your local. Now You can immediately execute the Python code in the web browser of your choice. Using this Python editor is simple and quick to get up and running with. Simply type in the programme, and then press the RUN button! The code can be saved online by choosing the SHARE option, which also gives you the ability to access your code from any location providing you have internet access.

About Python

Python, which was initially developed by Guido van Rossum and made available to the public in 1991, is currently one of the most widely used general-purpose programming languages. Python's source code is freely available to the public, and its usage and distribution are unrestricted, including for commercial purposes. It is widely used for web development, and using it, practically anything can be created, including mobile apps, online apps, tools, data analytics, machine learning, and so on. It is intended to be straightforward and uncomplicated, much like the English language. When compared to other programming languages such as C++, Java, and C#, it is a lot simpler to read and write Python programs. Because of its excellent productivity and efficiency, it has become a very popular choice for use as a programming language.

To learn more about Python check out some of the following links.

python.org
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Why Learn Python?

Python is a simple language to pick up. It has a simple syntax, and the code is quite easy to read.
Python is useful in a wide variety of contexts. It is put to use in the creation of quick application development, data science, Internet of Things, and web applications, among other things.
When compared to most other programming languages, it enables you to develop applications using a smaller number of lines of code.
It has a very huge community behind it, and there are active forums for users to participate in.
The presence of Third Party Modules contributes to the increased power of the Python programming language.
The user is able to easily solve difficult problems with the help of extensive support libraries (for example, NumPy, which is used for numerical computations and Pandas, which is used for data analytics).
It includes extremely user-friendly data structures, which simplify both the design of the code and the reasoning behind it.
The number of people using Python is constantly on the rise. It has quickly become one of the most widely used programming languages.

Features of Online Python Compiler (Interpreter)

Design that is Uncomplicated and Sparse, along with Being Lightweight, Easy, and Quick to Use
Version 3.8 of Python is supported for interactive program execution, which requires the user to provide inputs to the program in real time.
Options for a dark and light theme, as well as a customised code editor with additional themes, are helpful for novices learning and practising Python.
Options to Undo or Redo Changes Made in the Code Editor Options to Copy or Download the Results of the Program Expandable Output Terminal Options to Undo or Redo Changes
A hint for the frequently occurring problems in Python
Interactive Python Shell Advanced Python module support relevant to Data Science, including Pandas and NumPy Coding sharing functionality allows you to save your code in the cloud, where it can be retrieved whenever and wherever there is internet connectivity.

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Modifying a python script to output data to a file

I am enhancing the cricket scoreboard project at Build Your Own Scoreboard (wordpress.com) Normally the board is updated via a web interface which is served by a Raspberry Pi, which then outputs data to an Arduino. As part of this process the Pi saves a file called score.json which is just a string of data in this format: {“total”:“-45”,“wickets”:“2”,“overs”:“-9”,“runsreq”:“-50”,“bata”:“–0”,“batb”:“–0”,“target”:“-90”,“batanumber”:“-1”,“batbnumber”:“-2”,“dltarget”:“000”,“lastwkt”:“-22”,“pship”:“-23”,“lastman”:“-12”} This json file is then used by a separate html page which is a display for any spectators

However some of our matches have to be scores with an official app. So someone kindly wrote an integration script which is below.

Everything works fine EXCEPT the app integration scrpt doesn’t create the json file, so the spectator scoreboard doesn’t work

Is it possible to add code to do this into the python script?

I know some of the variables in the json file are not used in the python script, but I’m hoping that once the script forks for the variables it has I’ll be able to work out how to add others. (Or how to adjust the spectator board to just show the data that is available)

A minimal snippet is:

This will overwrite pre-existing files, doesn’t support ‘at’ mode (appending json to json is unlikely to produce valid json), and only uses the default encoding (probably utf-8).

Many thanks for your reply but as I said I didn’t write the original script so I don’t really understand it. Where do I put your code in the py file? Does it just get added, or does some of the existing code need to be removed?

The first line is best at the top, among the other imports. Otherwise feel free to copy and paste the rest of it in where you think is best (before the function is called). It defines a function. Call it whereever in your code (after it is defined) that you want to write a json-able object to a json file:

Thanks James, I appreciate you taking the time again but I’m no programmer so I have no idea how to do that Would it be possible for you to put your code in to my py file & paste it in here please. If you add just say BatTotal, wickets & overs & make that output to the json file, I’ll then understand enough to be able to add my other variables. The json file does need to be created in the format in my original post as that’s what the spectator.html file expects.

You’re welcome Tony. I’m tied up with work unfortunately. But maybe someone else can help, or come up with their own solution.

It is probably worth ensuring that the file is UTF-8. JSON for use outide tiny niche closed environments is required to be UTF-8 by RFC8259, section 8.1: RFC 8259 - The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format

This is easily done by updating the open() call:

Isn’t the “t” in “wt” redundant?

Time to learn, at least a bit. Otherwise you’ll be in the same situation later with other problems.

Note that all the suggestions below are untested !

If it were me doing this, I’d be:

putting the stuff which sends the current score into its own function
calling that function at each place required
modifying the function to also write your score.json file

By putting it all in a function you get to write it just once and get it correct, and then calling it ensures that this is done the same way every time.

FIRST: take a copy of the current version of the script in case you mangle something horribly. And also for reference.

THEN: modify your script.

See this code:

which occurs at least twice in the script? Put it into a function like this:

Define that function up the top of the script, just above the first occurence of the code your’re replacing. You can’t use a function before it’s defined, so this comes ahead of the main code which will call it.

Then modify the rest of the script to remove (or, better in the short term, comment out) the current code. So the first chunk would become:

and do the same in the othe part of the script which does this. Make sure to keep the indentation of the script the same: the call to the function ( update_scoreboard() ) has to be indented the same as the with -statement you’re replacing.

Make that change and check that things still work.

Now modify the script to write the JSON file.

First import the json module, at the top of the script with the other imports, with this line:

In the update_scoreboard function, add code like the examples James provided, eg:

Notice that this makes Python dict (dictionary) containing the various fields you want in the JSON file (“total” and so forth). The values come from the variables which store them, just as they did when you defined the Scoreboard string earlier. Fill it out for all the fields you need to supply.

You can also print it out ahead of writing the file to see if it looks correct.

With this new code, the function would look like this:

It is, but it’s also harmless. (You have a typo there, btw: it should be encoding with no second e .)

Thank you for suck a helpful & comprehensive reply, it is much appreciated. I will make the modifications on my ‘test Pi’ as soon as I can & report back.

Good spot - cheers. I got mixed up with the UTF-8 default of str.encode and bytes.decode (it’s locale dependent for open )

Yes, but explicit is better than implicit.

I think of JSON as a standard for text data, independent of binary implementation. No encoding is mentioned here: JSON This one doesn’t mention UTF-8, but does mention UTF-16 as an example, to explain surrogates: https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-404_2nd_edition_december_2017.pdf

You’re quite right, of course. Personally, I just feel a JSON parser that rejects non-UTF-8 encodings is needlessly picky.

And PSA: if strict compliance with any JSON standard is required then the default settings of Python’s json library can’t be relied on:

This module does not comply with the RFC in a strict fashion, implementing some extensions that are valid JavaScript but not valid JSON. In particular: Infinite and NaN number values are accepted and output; Repeated names within an object are accepted, and only the value of the last name-value pair is used.

I ran into this when generating random json files for property based testing.

Results I added the def update_scoreboard code and then commented out the lines you said, making sure of the indentation as you said. But the Play Cricket Scorer app couldn’t see the scoreboard over BlueTooth. This is my py file:

So back to the original py file I added the import json line & then added the score_data code to both instances of the code scoreboard = “4” code, but this was the same, the app couldn’t see the board. This is that py file

I suspect it’s me being daft, but I can’t see what I’ve done wrong.

The new code only writes the score.json file. (Also, I do not see the code to write that file in the function in your modified script.) I do not know how the score.json file is communicated to the html page. Maybe it needs to be written into a specific place.

Does the script with the function in it continue to behave as the original script did? That is the first thing to ensure - that you have not broken existing functionality.

Then add the JSON code and check that it seems to be writing the score.json file with sensible looking contents (by looking at the file from outside, maybe in an editor).

Then find out how the score.json file is supposed to be used - I don’t know what mechanism is involved there. As you described it it sounded like the primary shortcoming was that the script didn’t write the file at all. When you’ve got that working, then it is time to find out what uses the file and where it expects to look for it.

Isn’t the “t” in “wt” redundant? Yes, but explicit is better than implicit.

I think of JSON as a standard for text data, independent of binary implementation. No encoding is mentioned here: JSON This one doesn’t mention UTF-8, but does mention UTF-16 as an example, to explain surrogates: https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-404_2nd_edition_december_2017.pdf You’re quite right, of course. Personally, I just feel a JSON parser that rejects non-UTF-8 encodings is needlessly picky.

Sure. Python’s json lib reads strings, and lets the file open deal with the encoding.

But if we’re writing a JSON file for consumption by something else we should make the effort to ensure it’s UTF-8.

Hi Cameron. First I added the function and commented out the lines you said but when I started the app it couldn’t see the board. That’s the first py file I posted above. The serving py file is just me trying to add the other stuff without the Runcton. Could you please look at the first py file to see if you can find my mistake.

UPDATE - I’ve put the first segment in the code again & I can see the board on the scoring app. Now to try adding the second part.

OK, so I added the function & commented out as you said & I CAN see the scoreboard from the app. So I moved on to the second part, but I CAN’T see the board. I ran the python code in Terminal & this was the result:

pi@scoreboard:~ cd /usr/local/bin/scoreboard pi@scoreboard:/usr/local/bin/scoreboard python uart-peripheral.py 4,–0,0,-0,—# /dev/ttyACM0 connected! Data Sent: 4,–0,0,-0,—# (‘score_data =’, {‘total’: ‘–0’, ‘overs’: ‘-0’, ‘wickets’: ‘0’}) Traceback (most recent call last): File “uart-peripheral.py”, line 63, in update_scoreboard() File “uart-peripheral.py”, line 48, in update_scoreboard with open(‘score.json’, ‘w’, encoding=‘utf-8’) as jsonf: TypeError: ‘encoding’ is an invalid keyword argument for this function pi@scoreboard:/usr/local/bin/scoreboard $

Here’s my py file:

We like to enclose computer output in code fences as we do for code, makes things easier to read and preserves the characters. So:

Ah. You’re invoking your script like this:

and it looks like on your Pi the python command is Python 2. Try invoking the script like this:

The transition from Python 2 to Python 3 was used as an opportunity to make some significant breaking changes to the language. Among them are two affecting your script:

the print statement became a function with brackets like other function calls
the open() function grew an encoding parameter to indicate how text should be encoded as bytes (in Python 2 text kind of is just bytes and an encoding parameter doesn’t make great sense)

First: see if python3 is (or can be) installed on your system. There’s really little call for Python 2 these days.

Alternatively (less preferred): If you don’t have python3 already and can’t install it, we’ll change your script to be Python 2. For this, the immediate thing is to discard the encoding parameter entirely:

It happens that your JSON data are all ASCII compatible and so the encoding doesn’t matter.

Removing the encoding has cleared that error, now it’s complaining about write permissions on the json file with python2 Running it with python3 it complains about improper indentation in line 83. So I’ve tried replacing that with no indents, & also 8 spaces. I then get an ‘invalid syntax’ error on line 83

The json file is located in /var/www/html, do we need to define the load & save path to the json file somewhere?

Removing the encoding has cleared that error,

Ok, sticking with python 2 then.

now it’s complaining about write permissions on the json file with python2

It’d do that with python 3 too.

Running it with python3 it complains about improper indentation in line 83. So Iv’e tried replacing that with no indents, & also 8 spaces. I then get an ‘invalid syntax’ error on line 83

It’s important to see these in context. Python should be citing the offending line. Looking at the code:

Line 83 is the UpdateScoreboard = True , which is pretty obviously not indented the same as the ScoreData = WriteReturn[3:] line.

The specific number of spaces doesn’t matter so much (2, 4, 8, whatever), but it is essential that lines in the same block are all indented by exactly the same number of spaces. Example:

Here, the if and else must have the same indent. And the print(1) and print(2) must have the same indent. The print(3) and the print(4) must have the same indent. They don’t need to be the same indent as the first 2 print s. (But we usually do to keep things readable.)

The json file is located in /var/www/html so I added sys.path.append (‘var/www/html’) on the line after import.sys but it still complains

The sys.path variable has nothing to do with this. It is just the list of places where Python looks when you run an import statement. Nothing more.

What you have is a permissions problem.

You will find that the files in /var/www/html are owned by a different user. You’re the user pi , and these will be something else like www-data . Don’t change that!

All you need is an existing file /var/www/html/score.json file to which you have write access. So you’ll need to hand make that. Untested example:

In the example above, the pi$ is supposed to be your prompt as the user pi (you have something a bit longer, but I hope you get the point). The # is the prompt for root (the superuser). The commands above do the following:

sudo su - : use the sudo command to get a root prompt, ahd shell running the the root user
as root , we cd into the directory where you want the corw.json file to be
we create the file with the touch command (technically this is for updating the modification time of the file, but it will create it if it isn’t there)
change the ownership of the file to the pi user (you) with the chown command
give the file public read permission using the chmod command ( a+r means “all plus read”) so that everyone can read it; importantly this makes it possible for the web server to read it, which is needed for it to display it to users
exit the root shell, returning to the pi user shell

Now you should have a /var/www/html/score.json file which is owned by you, so that you can write data into it.

Have a look at the directory after all this:

You should see the file score.json in there, owned by the pi user, ready for your use.

You want the path to the file in your open() call. So change this:

I’m so grateful for all your help, & I’m very sorry I’m not better at this.

I’ll park the access to the json file for now until I get the py file working properly. I wonder whether changing permissions would remove the html permissions to it. Maybe I’ll make it create a separate json file & create a separate spectator board pointing at that json. TBH that might be easier than creating all the extra variables in the json output.

I’ve modified the indent to remove that error, it now moans about line 101. I’ve tried 0,4,8,12 & 16 indents, I just don’t know what it needs to line up with!

I’m happy to use whichever python , this is a standalone system (no internet) so it won’t matter from a security standpoint