part of speech in english and yoruba

• Parts of Speech in Yoruba

In English language, there are eight parts of speech namely: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections. In Yorùbá language, there are also eight parts of speech namely: 1. Nouns Oro oruko 2. Pronouns 3. Verbs Oro Ise 4. Adjectives 5. Adverbs 6. Conjunctions Oro asopo (e.g. ati, abi, sugbon) 7. Prepositions 8. Pronominal Both languages have seven similar parts of speech. The only difference is that English language has interjection while Yorùbá language has pronominal.

Nouns in Yoruba

Pronouns in yoruba.

• Verbs in Yoruba

Adverbs in Yoruba

Adjectives in yoruba, click here to share this on facebook.

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Global Yoruba Lexical Database v. 1.0

Introduction.

The Global Yoruba Lexical Database v. 1.0 is a set of related dictionaries providing definitions and translations for over 450,000 words from the Yoruba language and its variants: Standard Yoruba (over 368,000 words), Gullah (over 3,600 words), Lucumí (over 8,000 words) and Trinidadian (over 1,000 words).

Yoruba is a Niger-Congo language (sub classification: Kwa > Yoruboid) spoken natively by nearly 20 million people, the vast majority of them in southwestern Nigeria. There are also approximately a half million Yoruba speakers in Benin, as well as speakers in Togo and Ghana and among the emigrant populations in the United States and the United Kingdom. In addition, roughly two million people in Nigeria speak Yoruba as a second language.

The Yoruba language diaspora is wide, stretching from southwestern Nigeria and Benin westward to the Caribbean and islands along the southeastern United States coast. Yoruba and other African dialects arrived in the Americas and the Caribbean as a consequence of the Atlantic slave trade. Throughout the region, Yoruba dialects blended with each other and with languages like Spanish and French to form a variety of creoles such as Gullah in the United States and Nagô in Brazil. Many of those creoles have become the language of liturgy and music in Cuba, Brazil, Argentina, Trinidad, Jamaica and parts of the United States and Canada. The ultimate goal of this dictionary is to provide coverage for all Yoruba dialects across the globe. For that reason, it will continue to be a work in progress.

The current standard orthography is tone-driven. Yoruba has three tones: a high tone, a middle tone and a low tone. Each syllable in a Yoruban word must have at least one tone and long vowels may have two tones. While there are no explicit rising or falling tones, combinations of the languages three basic tones may produce the same effect. Grammatically, Yoruba is a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) language. Verbs have no infinitive forms, past or present tense and typically have only a single syllable. Discrete auxiliary words provide information on the verb tense. Nor do Yoruba nouns have plural or singular form their number derives from the context in which the word occurs.

The Yoruba dialect continuum consists of over fifteen varieties, with considerable phonological and lexical differences among them and some grammatical ones as well. Peripheral areas of dialectal regions often have some similarities to adjoining dialects. Standard Yoruba is a koine used for education, writing, broadcasting, and contact between speakers of different dialects. It is also called Literary Yoruba, common Yoruba, or simply Yoruba without qualification. Though in large part based on the Ò?yò? and Ibadan dialects, it incorporates several features from other dialects and has a simplified vowel harmony system and some other features not found in other Yoruba dialects.

This release encompasses the following languages and dialects:

The dictionaries in this publication are presented in two formats, Toolbox databases and XML. Short for The Field Linguists Toolbox, Toolbox is a lexicographical database system published by SIL . SIL makes Toolbox freely available for download . In order to use the Global Yoruba Lexical Database v. 1.0, Toolbox must first be installed on the users local computer.

The orthography of the text in the databases conforms to that presented to students in the Nigerian school system. The basic Yoruba alphabet is:

a b d e e? f g gb h i j k l m n o o? p r s s? t u w y

The letter g b is a digraph, two letters that combine to form a single phoneme. In written Yoruba, gb functions as a single letter. In the Toolbox presentation, this has been taken into account and the software sorts the words accordingly in all functions. The XML presentation has been sorted according to the above alphabet but is a static, flat file. For that reason, developers creating applications from the XML files will need to take into account the digraph when writing searching and reporting functions. As Yoruba is a tonal language, the written language uses additional diacritic marks to denote tones. The orthography uses three tones:

• Low: denoted with a grave symbol ( ) as in à
• Mid: plain letter without diacritics
• High: denoted with an acute ( ´ ) symbol as in á

Both the Toolbox and XML presentations encode the text in Unicode UTF-8 using normalized form C . Unicode normalized forms govern the order in which letters and characters are composed and processed by software systems. Normalized form C is the standard form used by most web systems and is a W3C standard for the web. The Toolbox presentation uses the Aria Unicode MS font for display. The Tahoma and Lucida Grande fonts will also display the Yoruba alphabet under UTF-8 encoding. Since XML only provides information about document structure, fonts are not specified in the XML versions of the dictionaries.

Displaying non-Western letters: Windows users will need to install and configure their computers for Extended Language support. To do this, open the Windows Control Panel and click the Regional and Language Options icon. In the Regional and Language Options window that opens, select the Languages pane. Under the Supplemental Language Support section, check both check boxes and click okay. Windows will as for your install disc and will install the modules needed to properly display complex and non Western letters. If users do not have their Windows install disc, they should contact their local system administrator to install Extended Language Support.

For an example of the data in this database, please review this sample entry (jpg) from the Yoruba-English Lexicon.

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Yoruba Grammar

Welcome to the 8th lesson about Yoruba grammar . We will first learn about prepositions , negation , questions , adverbs , and pronouns including: personal, object and possessive pronouns.

We will start with prepositions . In general, they are used to link words to other words. For example: I speak Yoruba and English the preposition is [ and ] because it connects both words Yoruba and English . The following is a list of the most used prepositions in Yoruba.

Preposition Grammar Rules

The following examples use prepositions in different ways and places to demonstrate how they behave in a sentence.

Negation in Yoruba

Now let's learn how to make a negative sentence ( negation ). For example: Saying no , I can't , I don't ... The following examples use negation in different ways and places to demonstrate how they behave in a sentence.

Questions in Yoruba

Now let's learn how to ask questions ( interrogative ). Such as: what , why , can you ...? Here are some common examples:

More of the interrogative form, now in a sentence:

Adverbs in Yoruba

It's time to learn the adverbs in Yoruba. But what is an adverb? In general, adverbs modify verbs and adjectives. For example: You speak fast . The adverb is [ fast ] because it describes the verb and answers the question how do you speak? . Here is a list of the most common ones:

The following examples use the adverbs in different ways and places to demonstrate how it behaves in a sentence.

Pronouns in Yoruba

We're almost done! This time we will learn the pronouns in Yoruba. In general, a pronoun can be used instead of a noun. For example instead of saying my teacher speaks 3 languages , you can use the pronoun he , and say he speaks 3 languages . Here is a list of the most common ones:

I think it's better to put the above example in a sentence to better assist you. The following examples use pronouns in different ways and places to demonstrate how they behave in a sentence. We will start with the personal pronouns.

The object pronoun is used as a target by a verb, and usually come after that verb. For example: I gave him my book . The object pronoun here is him . Here are more examples:

One more thing you need to know is the demonstrative pronouns . They're very easy to learn.

I hope you learned a lot about the Yoruba grammar in this lesson. Please check out our main menu here for more lessons: homepage . The next lesson is below, have fun!

Yoruba/Adverbs

Yoruba adverbs are part of speech. Generally they're words that modify any part of language other than a noun. Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives (including numbers), clauses, sentences and other adverbs. Here are some examples:

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USAGE OF FIGURES OF SPEECH

Yoruba Library in her unrelenting efforts to make Yoruba Language available to the nooks and crannies, and make it a world-class language has created yet another comprehensive explainer video titled “The Right Usage of Figures of Speech”. This video will explain everything you need to know about Figures of Speech, Usage and Classifications, examples and so on. For easier access, it is watchable online. If you have any question or observation, do notify us by using comment box below. Also, do you want us to cover or write a detailed article on a particular topic that really interests you? Have your say here ! Finally, learning never stops. Check out other interesting videos brought to you from the stable of Yoruba Library such as Nigerian Currency , Parts of Speech , Top 5 Venomous Snakes etc.

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Yoruba, a tonal language, is spoken by nearly 40 million of the 185 million people living in Nigeria (2016 World Bank estimates). Some two hundred thousand Yoruba speakers also live in neighboring Benin and Togo. In Nigeria, Yoruba claims the second most speakers nationwide behind only English, the former language of colonial British Nigeria. In turn, Yoruba along with the two other national indigenous languages (Ibo and Hausa) are hegemonizing smaller, local languages throughout the country. Yoruba is part of the Yoruboid branch of the Niger-Congo language family, of which there are some 1,500 other languages. It includes numerous loanwords from English and as a result of the slave trade was important in Brazil, Cuba and other American countries.

Published in Lagos, Nigeria in 1885,  Iwe Alọ  is a collection of nearly 200 riddles and puzzles written in Yoruba. The author, Nigerian born David Brown Vincent, changed his name to Mojola Agbebi and preferred African to European fashion, due largely to his anti-colonial sentiment. After his ordination as a Baptist minister in Liberia in 1894, he summed-up his feelings: “I believe every African bearing a foreign name to be like a ship sailing under foreign colours and every African wearing a foreign dress is like the jackdaw in peacock feathers.” The print edition of  Iwe Alọ,  housed in the Bancroft Library, is part of the renowned  Yoruba collection of William and Berta Bascom ,  which comprises some 470 volumes with plenty of examples of similarly early Yoruba language publications. The digitized edition of the  Iwe Alọ  is freely available through the HathiTrust Digital Library.

Contribution by Adam Clemons Librarian for African and African American Studies,  Doe Library

Select print editions at Berkeley:

• Iwe Alọ . Foreward by D.B. Vincent. Lagos: General Printing Press, 1885.

The Languages of Berkeley: An Online Exhibition Copyright © 2021 by individual contributors of this online library exhibition is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Yoruba Grammar

The Yoruba grammar allows you to manipulate the vocabulary to obtain multiple forms of a word. The grammatical rules below are the most important in Yoruba and help connect words or shape the structure. We start with the prepositions:

Questions and Adverbs

To ask questions, use the following:

Some of the most important time adverbs:

Most commonly used pronouns in Yoruba:

To express the possession of something [possessive form]:

Grammar in a sentence

Some random verbs to show how it's being used:

Some extra grammatical structures:

The above Yoruba grammar can provide tools to use in coordination with the Yoruba vocabulary to obtain some popular Yoruba phrases .

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Part-of-Speech tagging of Yoruba Standard, Language of Niger-Congo family

International Journal of Computer and Information Sciences

The utilization of corpora is a critical phase of systems of Natural Language Processing (NLP) based on statistical methods. This point is crucial for less equipped and less computerized languages like African languages. This paper aimed to design a yoruba corpus. Yoruba is an African language of Niger-Congo family. It is spoken by more than thirty million people around the world and particularly in Nigeria and Benin. The main motivation of this work was to obtain training data for PoS taggers and to provide applications of Yoruba Language Processing (YLP) with a basic tool. The tagging was performed with SVMTool one of the Part-of-Speech taggers widely used. The preprocessing of the text general outline has been ensured by Perl scripts. The corpus with 312,562 words, formed from the Web, was annotated with an accuracy of 98.04%. This annotated corpus might be used in translation system.

Related Papers

Sina Zarrieß

ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing

chinedu uchechukwu

Part-of-speech (POS) tagging is a well-established technology for most Western European languages and a few other world languages, but it has not been evaluated on Igbo, an agglutinative African language. This article presents POS tagging experiments conducted using an Igbo corpus as a test bed for identifying the POS taggers and the Machine Learning (ML) methods that can achieve a good performance with the small dataset available for the language. Experiments have been conducted using different well-known POS taggers developed for English or European languages, and different training data styles and sizes. Igbo has a number of language-specific characteristics that present a challenge for effective POS tagging. One interesting case is the wide use of verbs (and nominalizations thereof) that have an inherent noun complement , which form “linked pairs” in the POS tagging scheme, but which may appear discontinuously. Another issue is Igbo’s highly productive agglutinative morphology, ...

International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC) , Aniegwu Godwin

Most languages, especially in Africa, have fewer or no established part-of-speech (POS) tagged corpus. However, POS tagged corpus is essential for natural language processing (NLP) to support advanced researches such as machine translation, speech recognition, etc. Even in cases where there is no POS tagged corpus, there are some languages for which parallel texts are available online. The task of POS tagging a new language corpus with a new tagset usually face a bootstrapping problem at the initial stages of the annotation process. The unavailability of automatic taggers to help the human annotator makes the annotation process to appear infeasible to quickly produce adequate amounts of POS tagged corpus for advanced NLP research and training the taggers. In this paper, we demonstrate the efficacy of a POS annotation method that employed the services of two automatic approaches to assist POS tagged corpus creation for a novel language in NLP. The two approaches are cross-lingual and monolingual POS tags projection. We used cross-lingual to automatically create an initial 'errorful' tagged corpus for a target language via word-alignment. The resources for creating this are derived from a source language rich in NLP resources. A monolingual method is applied to clean the induce noise via an alignment process and to transform the source language tags to the target language tags. We used English and Igbo as our case study. This is possible because there are parallel texts that exist between English and Igbo, and the source language English has available NLP resources. The results of the experiment show a steady improvement in accuracy and rate of tags transformation with score ranges of 6.13% to 83.79% and 8.67% to 98.37% respectively. The rate of tags transformation evaluates the rate at which source language tags are translated to target language tags.

Prof Sunday Ojo

Igbo is a resource-scarce Nigerian African language of Bantu language phylum, lacking elctronic linguistic resources in sufficient quantity and quality for the development of human language technologies. Developing Natural Language Processing (NLP) pipeline tools for such a language could be challenging, due to the need to balance the linguistics semantics robustness of the tool with computational parsimony. A Part-ofSpeech (POS) tagger is a challenging NLP tool to develop for the language because of its morphological richness poses computational linguistics challenge that could affect the effectiveness of the entire NLP system. In this paper, the experience in developing a POS tagger for the language using the Hidden Markov Model (HMM is presented. It is an on-going project, developed using a small corpus. The results give an approximate accuracy score of 73%, which needs to be improved upon.

Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University

Ikechukwu Onyenwe

Prof. Chinedu Uchechukwu , Ikechukwu Onyenwe , Mark Hepple

This project aims to develop linguistic resources to support computational NLP research on the Igbo language. The starting point for this project is the development of a new part-of-speech tagging scheme based on the EAGLES tagset guidelines, adapted to incorporate additional language internal features. The tags are currently being used in a part-of-speech annotation task for the development of POS tagged Igbo corpus. The proposed tagset has 59 tags.

Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences

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