phd global security

Security Studies

Topics of study include:

• Grand strategies of the major powers.
• Arms competitions.
• Coercive diplomacy.
• Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
• Rapid shifts in regional and global distributions of capabilities.
• Insurgency, civil war, and regional political instability.
• Military force composition and capability.
• Civil-military relations.
• Innovations in military technologies.

The cluster combines social science training in international security and national defense policy, focused study of specific regions of the world, and exploration of the technical and scientific aspects of proliferation, weapons innovations, terrorist and counterterrorist operations, and insurgency and counterinsurgency warfare. This is an in-residence program, though absences may be taken for approved field research.

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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Intelligence and Global Security

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This distinctive program is designed to educate, train and prepare candidates to advance in national security-based academic, government (including intelligence, military and law enforcement agencies), and private sector communities.

Considering today’s complex global security threats this degree will provide doctoral candidates with a comprehensive, multidisciplinary understanding of the confluence of threats posed by terrorist groups, lone actors, para-military guerrilla groups, rogue states’ regular armies, cyber criminals (including state actors and terrorists), climate change, governance breakdowns, and public health threats such as the naturally-occurring biological-based infectious diseases (such as the COVID-19 pandemic). This multidisciplinary program draws on the university’s robust programs in counterterrorism, cybersecurity, computer science, critical infrastructure, and others.

The Ph.D. in Intelligence and Global Security program will enable the graduating students to apply theoretical, conceptual, and practical ‘real-world’ skills in intelligence and security studies in their doctoral dissertations that are essential to enter and advance in the public and private intelligence and national security sectors.

This degree provides a path for current professionals in the Intelligence and Global Security field to explore new ground in the critical field of Intelligence and Global Security. The completion of the Ph.D. in Intelligence and Global Security program requires the student to produce, present, and defend a doctoral dissertation after receiving the required approvals from the student’s Committee and the Ph.D. Review Board.

Why Capitol?

Learn around your busy schedule

Program is 100% online, with no on-campus classes or residencies required, allowing you the flexibility needed to balance your studies and career.

Proven academic excellence

Study at a university that specializes in industry-focused education in technology fields, with a faculty that includes many industrial and academic experts.

Expert guidance in doctoral research

Capitol’s doctoral programs are supervised by faculty with extensive experience in chairing doctoral dissertations and mentoring students as they launch their academic careers. You’ll receive the guidance you need to successfully complete your doctoral research project and build credentials in the field. 

Key Faculty

Professor of Practice

Adjunct Professor

Dissertation Chair

Degree Details

This program may be completed with a minimum of 60 credit hours, but may require additional credit hours, depending on the time required to complete the dissertation/publication research. Students who are not prepared to defend after completion of the 60 credits will be required to enroll in RSC-899, a one-credit, eight-week continuation course. Students are required to be continuously enrolled/registered in the RSC-899 course until they successfully complete their dissertation defense/exegesis.

The PhD program offers 2 degree completion requirement options.

• Dissertation Option: the student will produce, present, and defend a doctoral dissertation after receiving the required approvals from the student’s Committee and the PhD Review Boards.
• Publication Option: the student will produce, present, and defend doctoral research that is published as articles (3 required) in peer reviewed journals identified by the university and the student’s Committee. Students must receive the required approvals from the student’s Committee and the PhD Review Board prior to publication.

Prior Achieved Credits May Be Accepted

Student Outcomes: 

Upon graduation, graduates will be able to:

• Integrate and synthesize theory and intel within the field of Intelligence and Global Security
• Demonstrate advanced knowledge and competencies in Intelligence and Global Security
• Analyze theories, tools and frameworks used in Intelligence and Global Security.
• Execute a plan to complete a significant piece of scholarly work in Intelligence and Global Security
• Critique human skills and practices for selecting teams that work in Intelligence and Global Security

Tuition & Fees

Tuition rates are subject to change.

The following rates are in effect for the 2024-2025 academic year, beginning in Fall 2024 and continuing through Summer 2025:

• The application fee is $100
• The per-credit charge for doctorate courses is $950. This is the same for in-state and out-of-state students.
• Retired military receive a $50 per credit hour tuition discount
• Active duty military receive a $100 per credit hour tuition discount for doctorate level coursework.
• Information technology fee $40 per credit hour.
• High School and Community College full-time faculty and full-time staff receive a 20% discount on tuition for doctoral programs.

Find additional information for 2024-2025 doctorate tuition and fees.

Need more info, or ready to apply?

Security Studies Doctorate

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Prepare for a career in international affairs, foreign policymaking, policy research or military service with this rigorous interdisciplinary program covering a wide range of issues related to international security.

The online Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in security studies will help prepare you for a career in research, teaching, foreign policymaking and military service through a broad exploration of topics, including war, civil conflicts, insurgencies, terrorism, foreign policymaking and international affairs. Students will receive an interdisciplinary education from award-winning faculty that builds on rigorous historical and social scientific research methods. The two core departments are history and political science, but students may draw on expertise and coursework from other disciplines as well.

*This estimate is for illustrative purposes only. Your hours and costs will differ, depending on your transfer hours, course choices and your academic progress. See more about tuition and financial aid.

Career Prospect Highlights

Graduation Rate

Median salary.

Nationwide Median Salary

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5-Year Nationwide Job Growth

Admission Requirements

All students are required to meet the general university admission requirements.

Additional Requirements

• Undergraduate and graduate degree from a recognized and accredited institution
• International applicants must provide an Affidavit of Financial Support and documentation of English language proficiency. Detailed information about these issues is provided on the   international students website .

Program-Specific Application Deadlines

• For fall semester: January 8 or May 7*
• Fall semester: January 8

Additional Documentation

Your application must include the following:

• See the security studies application page for details and forms.
• At least two of the three letters should be from those who can speak authoritatively to your potential to succeed in graduate studies in an academic context.
• The test scores may not be more than five years old, and they must be sent to Kansas State University directly from ETS (photocopies of scores are not acceptable).
• There is no code available for Security Studies. Please use the general Kansas State University code (6334) and inform the KSU Graduate School that your scores have been sent to K-State and should be uploaded to your online application in Security Studies.
• Official reports of Graduate Record of Examination (GRE) test scores are required for the Ph.D. program.
• An official transcript from each academic institution you have attended (including Kansas State University, if applicable) since high school.
• This should be between ten and thirty pages and representative of your best scholarly work. Term papers, thesis chapters, and copies of published articles are all examples of acceptable writing samples.
• These requirements may be waived for applicants who have earned a degree from a college or university in the United States not more than two years before the time of application.
• The fee for U.S. citizens and permanent residents of the U.S. is $65.00.
• The fee for international applicants (individuals who are neither citizens nor permanent residents of the U.S.) is $75.00.

*The application deadline can be extended to May 7 for domestic applicants who do not require funding to attend.

The security studies doctorate will prepare you for roles in research or teaching or to advance your career in fields such as:

• international affairs
• foreign policymaking
• policy research and analysis
• intelligence analysis
• military services
• homeland security
• law enforcement

A maximum of 30 credit hours may be transferred into the doctoral program. An additional 30 hours will be research hours towards the dissertation.

Required Courses (15 credits)

Historical Research Sequence (6 credits)

• HIST 911 – Historical Approaches to Security (3 credits)
• Hist 912 – Historical Methods in Security Studies (3 credits)

Political Research Sequence (6 credits)

• POLSC 900 – Advanced Research Methods I
• POLSC 901 – Advanced Research Methods II

Final Doctoral-Level Required Course (3 credits)

This course must be taken after completing the history and political science two course research sequences. Each student must complete a directed reading with the chair of the student’s doctoral committee. The course is intended to allow the student to hone his or her dissertation topic in one-on-one consultation with the doctoral chair.

• HIST 985 – Readings in History (1-3 credits)
• POLSC 985 – Readings in Security Studies (1-6 credits)

Additional Coursework (15 credits)

The other fifteen hours of coursework will be elective courses chosen in consultation with the Ph.D. committee to prepare the student for research and teaching in security studies, as well as to help prepare for the Ph.D. exams. These electives may be drawn from History, Political Science, or other disciplines. Courses outside history and political science, or below 700-level, require prior approval of the student's supervisory committee.

The intent of the Ph.D. coursework is to prepare students for writing the dissertation. Upon completion of the Ph.D. coursework students will have the research skills necessary to complete a dissertation-length scholarly study on a well-defined topic developed in consultation with their Ph.D. Chair.

Foreign Language Requirement

There is no fixed language requirement for the security studies Ph.D. program. In some cases, English language skills may be sufficient for completing the degree. In other cases, a student’s research plans may necessitate a deeper knowledge of statistical research methods rather than a foreign language skill. Different projects will ultimately require a different set of skills. Accordingly, each student’s advisory committee will determine what, if any, foreign language requirement may be necessary for the completion of the dissertation project.

Related Programs

Security Studies Ph.D.

The Security Studies PhD program at UCF is a fast-paced, focused program for people who have already completed an MA in a related field. Students complete coursework and write their dissertation in as little as three years, which makes it well-suited for advanced students, people with professional experience, and military officers who want to improve their skills in their field or make a career shift.  Our students have found academic and professional success.  In the past couple of years, despite the small size of our program, our PhD students have published in quality, peer-reviewed publications, both on their own ( Civil Wars ,  Intelligence and National Security,  and others) and with faculty ( Conflict Management and Peace Science, African Affairs, Journal of Conflict Resolution,  etc . )  Our students have been placed in research positions with respected organizations and government bureaucracies, and won a nationally competitive fellowship.

Program Timeline

First year students  develop basic research skills and receive a grounding in the literature. By the end of the year, when they hold their first meeting with the Dissertation Committee, they should be making progress towards developing their dissertation topic.

Second year students  complete their coursework and qualifying exams and start work on their dissertation proposal.  Ideally, students will complete the proposal by the end of the second year.

Third year students  work on their dissertation.  Those who chose to do so also have opportunities to teach undergraduate courses in the department.  Depending on the student and their topic, some students will complete their dissertation by the end of the third year.  Others may need continue working on it beyond the third year.

Applying to the Security Studies PhD program

Fall 2023 applications must be completed by December 1, 2022 for International Applicants and  January 15, 2023 for Domestic Applicants

Applicants to our PhD program must complete an earned Master’s Degree in Political Science, International Politics/Affairs/Relations, or a clearly related discipline before enrolling.

• Students who expect to complete their degree before beginning the program may also apply.
• Masters degrees from accredited Professional Military Education institutions (War Colleges, the Naval Post Graduate School, etc.) are usually sufficient to meet this requirement.

Students must apply on line using UCF’s online graduate applications system, and should expect to submit:

• One official transcript (in a sealed envelope) from each college/university attended.*
• A 500 word personal statement that describes their preparation for PhD-level study, research interests, and post-degree career goals
• A 2500-word writing sample that demonstrates their ability to conduct graduate-level research
• An updated resume
• Three letters of references, at least one of which must be from a faculty member associated with their MA degree.
• If a student is not a native English speaker, a TOEFL score of 90 or better on the internet-based test (iBT); or a score of 232 or better on the TOEFL computer-based test; or a score of 575 or better on the TOEFL paper-based test; or a score of 7.0 or better on the IELTS
• Program statistics and admissions data can be found by visiting the College of Graduate Studies’ website .

*Applicants applying to this program who have attended a college/university outside the United States must provide a course-by-course credential evaluation with GPA calculation. Credential evaluations are accepted from  World Education Services (WES)  or  Josef Silny and Associates, Inc.  only.

The political science department makes funding offers to most students admitted to the program. Usually these are GTA positions that are guaranteed for three years, conditional on academic progress.  Depending on budgetary constraints, students who are making good progress may be funded in their fourth year.  We nominate our best applicants for UCF’s university fellowships.  The Presidential and Trustees Fellowships fund students for four years of study; other fellowships may be shorter but will be combined with department GTA positions to support students for at least 3 years of study.    We encourage applicants to apply for outside fellowships that they may also be eligible for.

Our faculty includes world-class researchers and teachers who have published in topic journals including the  American Political Science Review ,  International Organization ,  International Security ,  International Studies Quarterly ,  The Journal of Conflict Resolution, African Affairs , and other top journals.  We have a strong record of collaborating with students and guiding them as they develop their research.

Student Highlights

Our PhD students have published in high quality journals, both on their own and in collaboration with faculty members.

UCF Class Spotlight: Political Psychology

BY JENNA MARINA LEE Class Name POS 4206 – Political Psychology Description The psychological analysis of political behavior, with emphasis on the individual rather than the…

Students’ Papers Sweep Competition

The UCF Political Science Department is proud to announce that Jennifer L. Hudson, a graduate student in the Political Science master’s program, won the FPSA…

Frequently Asked Questions

Does the department fund PhD students in the summer?

Yes, PhD students who are enrolled during the summer are funded through GTA positions. During the summer, students may enroll in our online graduate courses or do independent work with individual faculty.

Do students typically secure funding in their fourth year, if they take more than a year to finish their dissertation?

The department makes every effort to support students in their fourth year. However, the department cannot guarantee 4 th  year funding, and depending on budgetary constraints that vary year by year, may not be able to fund some or all students in their fourth year.

Do I need to be in Orlando during the summers?

No. The department offers online graduate courses in the summer to allow students to continue their studies while travelling. We encourage students to use the summer time to pursue additional training through summer graduate workshops (ICPSR, IQRM, SWAMOS, SIPP, EITM, etc.), do field research work, or engage in professional opportunities with government agencies, research institutes, or the private sector.

How important is quantitative (i.e., statistical) training for your program?

All students in our program receive basic quantitative training and basic qualitative training. Students can pursue further training in our department, through other UCF departments, and other training programs like ICPSR. While some experience with statistical methods is useful, we do not require students to have well developed methodological skills on entry.

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UMass Boston

• Global Governance & Human Security PhD

Prepare to provide intellectual leadership as an academic or practitioners in nongovernment agencies, media, national governments, think tanks, and the private sector.

UMass Boston's Global Governance & Human Security (GGHS) PhD program combines interdisciplinary knowledge with hands-on research experience to prepare you to become a creative global problem solver. Focus on solutions that matter most to individuals, communities, and nations: economic welfare and human development, ecological sustainability, peace, public health, education, human rights and political freedom, and the interrelationships among them.

Careers & Skills

Develop transdisciplinary skills in research design and methods and utilize creative, interdisciplinary approaches to understanding complicated issues facing humanity.

The interdisciplinary PhD Program prepares scholars and analysts to provide intellectual leadership as academics, researchers, or practitioners in nongovernment agencies, media, national governments, think tanks, and the private sector.

Program Strengths

Learn the structures of international governance and build management expertise for global policy challenges such as human security, environmental policies including climate change, health policies, and gender equity.

Housed within the Department of Conflict Resolution, Human Security and Global Governance .

Attend an Info Session    --> Start Your Application

Plan Your Education

How to apply.

Applicants must meet general graduate admission requirements in addition to the following program-specific requirements:

• Résumé/cv
• Two letters of recommendation
• Official transcripts (completed Bachelor’s degree required)
• Statement of purpose: In 1,500 words, provide a statement of your research and career interests and goals, your motivation for pursuing a PhD, why you are interested in an interdisciplinary PhD program, and member(s) of the faculty with whom you are interested in working.
• Writing sample: A writing sample is required (5-10 pages of original, single-authored work).

Please visit the International Graduate Applicants if applicable.

Deadlines & Cost

Deadline: February 1 for fall

Application Fee: The nonrefundable application fee is $75. UMass Boston alumni and current students that plan to complete degree requirements prior to graduate enrollment can submit the application without paying the application fee.

Program Cost Information: Bursar's website

Core Courses (18 Credits)

• CONRES 623 - Introductory Theory 3 Credit(s)
• GGHS 710 - Human Security 3 Credit(s)
• GGHS 711 - Global Governance 3 Credit(s)
• GGHS 712 - Gender and Human Security 3 Credit(s)
• GGHS 713 - International Relations Theory 3 Credit(s)
• GGHS 715 - International Organization 3 Credit(s)

Research Methods Courses (6 credits) GGHS 780 3 credit (s) Methods elective 3 credits (s)

Track Courses (12 Credits)

Complete four courses from one of the following tracks or a self-designed concentration.

Courses for the track are chosen in collaboration with the faculty advisor.

Conflict Resolution Environment Gender, Human Rights, and Human Development Global Political Economy

Electives (12 Credits)

Complete four additional courses drawn from any track or methods courses.

Up to six credits of field internship may be applied toward this requirement.

Colloquium Courses (4 Credits)

• GGHS 714 - Doctoral Colloquium in Global Governance and Human Security 2 Credit(s) - complete two semesters

Doctoral Research Courses (6 Credits)

• GGHS 781 - Doctoral Research Group 3 Credit(s) - complete two semesters

Dissertation (10 Credits)

• GGHS 899 - Dissertation Research 1-10 Credit(s)

Graduation Criteria

Complete 68 credits from 21 courses including six core courses, two research methods courses, four track courses, four electives, two colloquium courses, two doctoral research courses, and ten credits of dissertation research.

Tracks: Students select a track in conflict resolution; environment; gender, human rights, and human development; global political economy; or a self-defined concentration. Doctoral candidacy: Pass two qualifying exams in core subjects and the area of concentration. Dissertation: Compose and defend a dissertation based on original research. Language: Students must demonstrate competency in second-language research.

En Route Master’s Degree: Students may, with the approval of the program director, apply to receive an MA degree en route to the PhD. To qualify, students must complete the requirements outlined in the Global Governance and Human Security (MA) program.

Statute of limitations: Seven years.

Learning Outcomes

• a solid theoretical foundation in the concepts of global governance and human security, and in the range of actors, systems, and patterns that compose our increasingly dynamic global system
• the ability to identify, assess, and address current and emerging human security issues in their geopolitical and governance contexts
• advanced academic skills in interdisciplinary research methods and design, across a variety of methodologies

Related Programs

Global Governance & Human Security MA

Graduate Program Director Darren Kew darren.kew [at] umb.edu (617) 287-7489

Global Governance Programs Department conresglobal [at] umb.edu

Conflict Resolution, Human Security & Global Governance

UMass Boston's Department of Conflict Resolution, Human Security & Global Governance offers a diverse range of programs and research opportunities where you will learn to manage conflict, build security, and govern local and global organizations.

The McCormack School

Learn more about the McCormack School, a nationally recognized leader in public service education dedicated to social justice and equity.

PhD in Global Security

A PhD in global security is an opportunity to investigate in-depth global security issues and develop a rigorous academic research piece. Supported by academics and current security practitioners, students on PhD programmes in global security narrow their focus and study to specific topics and conduct literature and field-based research. Global security PhD topics often focus on niche areas of security and intelligence practice and aim to develop actionable research to improve policies.

Studying a PhD in global security often follows several years of experience in the security industry. Graduates with PhDs in global security often go onto further academic research or lectureships within universities on the subject of security. They can also be employed in government, international organisations and think-tanks as resident researchers.

MPhil/PhD Security and Intelligence Studies by Research – University of Buckingham

The University of Buckingham offers a PHD or MPhil in Security and Intelligence Studies. The doctoral research position is within in the Centre for Security Studies which hosts many prominent academics conducting research into global security issues. The PhD in Security and Intelligence allows students to investigate in depth a specific area of international security based on a submitted research proposal. Previous PhD graduates have investigated the judicial system, security and intelligence agencies, counter-terrorism in Pakistan and the use of soft power as a tool of statecraft in inter-African relations. The MPhil or PhD in Security and Intelligence Studies at the University of Buckingham aims for students to develop systemic understanding and critical analysis of the current worldwide security context through in-depth independent study. Research can be carried out over three years full-time of six years part-time.

Entry requirements for the MPhil or PhD in Security and Intelligence Studies at the University of Buckingham are a first- or second-class master’s degree. English language requirements include an IELTS score averaging above 6.5 with 6.0 on all components or a TOEFL score of 87 with minimum component scores of listening 21, reading 22, speaking 23 and writing 21.

Fees for UK and EU students to do the MPhil or PHD in the University of Buckingham are 22,950 GBP. For overseas students’ fees are 41,850 GBP. The university has a wide range of scholarships and bursaries but says students need to have an offer of a place before they can apply for funding.

Intelligence and Security Studies PhD – Brunel University

The PHD in Intelligence and Security Studies at Brunel University in London allows students to research the areas of intelligence organisations, security management and analysis. Hosted in the Brunel Centre for Intelligence and Security Studies, which combines research from law, engineering, politics and history with in-depth academic study of global security. The PhD especially recruits students who have broad working experience in the field of security and intelligence, allowing them to research in-depth on security developments and intelligence policy. Students on the PhD Intelligence and Security Studies at Brunel University work as part of a research team, allowing them to work together on large-scale policy and consultancy projects. Brunel University has a range of academics who supervise students on the Intelligence and Security Studies PHD and can provide additional practical knowledge to the research.

UK applicants to the PHD in Intelligence and Security Studies at Brunel University need a first or upper-second class honours degree and often need a master’s qualification. EU and overseas students need the equivalent. All applicants must submit a written personal statement and pass an interview. English language requirements are a IELTS score 6.5 (with minimum of 6 in all areas), a Pearson score of 58 (51 in all sub-scores) or a TOEFL result of 92 (minimum 20 in all areas).

Fees for the Intelligence and Security Studies PhD at Brunel University are 4,407 GBP for UK students studying full-time and 2,203 for UK students studying part-time per year. International students pay 15,860 GBP for full-time study and 7,930 GBP for part-time for each year. Brunel University does have funding support for some research students.

PhD Study, National Security College – Australian National University

The PhD programme at the National Security College combines knowledge of worldwide security developments and policies with academic research skills Students undertake extensive independent research into the security field directed by a panel of experts in global security. The National Security College sits within the Australian National University (ANU) and provides study and research into crucial national and international security challenges, as well as focusing on the development of innovative security policies. Research at the National Security College has been completed in national, regional and global security, counterterrorism and countering violent extremism and security futures. The college has also seen research completed in national security policy and practice and cyber security.

Admission requirements to study a PhD at the National Security College are a 2.1 honour degree or international equivalent in a relevant programme such as security studies, international relations, political science or the humanities. Applicants also need to submit a theses proposal. English language requirements for non-Australian or English-speaking nationals, or applicants without two years previous study in English, are a IELTS total band score 6.5 with a score of at least 6.0 in all components or a TOEFL score of 570 and a Test of Written English (TWE) score of 4.5.

Information on fees should be sought from the college. As the National Security College sits within the Australian National University, students can access a wide range of scholarships. To be eligible for ANU scholarships depends the area of study and type of student applying.

Security Studies PhD – University of Central Florida

The University of Central Florida offers a PhD in Security Studies. The doctoral research programme allows students to investigate global security trends with in-depth analysis. In the first-year students work on developing research skills and conduct a literature review related to their specific research topic. At the end of the year they present a proposal to the Dissertation Committee. The second year focuses on coursework and qualifying exams, whilst also beginning the doctoral theses which is completed in the final year. Students from the Security Studies PhD at the University of Central Florida have been placed in research positions in government agencies and international bodies. The PhD is directed by security practitioners with a wide range of background and knowledge in the security field.

Applicants to the Security Studies PhD at the University of Central Florida require a master’s degree from a university or an accredited professional military education institution. Applicants also need to submit a 2500-word sample writing piece, previous degree transcripts and a 500-word professional statement. Non-native English speakers need a TOEFL score of 90 or a IELTS score of 7.0 or better.

Information on costs and fees can be obtained from the University of Central Florida. The University of Central Florida’s Political Science Department provides funding aid to most students admitted to their programmes. This includes the Presidential and Trustees Fellowships fund which can support students for four years of study.

Security Studies Ph.D. – Princeton School of Public and International Affairs

The five-year PhD in Security Studies at the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs is designed for students to undertake rigorous, expansive and in-depth research into the area of global security. The doctoral programme encourages students to explore the causes, effects, history and impact of national and international security events, whilst completing a piece of unique academic research. The Security Studies PhD at the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs covers such areas as grand strategies of the major powers, arms competitions and coercive diplomacy. Students can also investigate insurgency, civil war, and regional political instability, military force composition and capability and civil-military relations. The PhD in Security Studies at the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs is an in-residence programme, although time away may be taken for field research.

Details of entry requirements and fees can be got directly from the university.

Ph.D. in Public Policy (Online) – National Security Policy

Liberty University has a three-year online PhD in Public Policy with a focus on security. The programme has students develop research and policies on national security, as well as investigating contemporary security trends. With a particular focus on national security, the Liberty University PhD provides students with chance to research national resilience, counter-terrorism and intelligence policy and practice. Students doing the PhD in Public Policy (Security) at Liberty University cover several key subject areas including foundations of statesmanship and public policy, foreign policy, globalization, and statesmanship, policy analysis and statesmanship and introduction to national security policy. The course encourages students to analyse security problems and produce actionable solutions. The doctoral programme is led by current and former public policy and security practitioners.

Admissions requirements for the PhD in Public Policy, National Security Policy at Liberty University are a master’s degree of 3.0. Applicants must also complete and admission application, pay a fee, provide transcripts for previous study and prove English proficiency.

The online PhD in Public Policy, National Security Policy at Liberty University costs 595 USD per credit hour. The course has sixty credit hours. Liberty University has a wide range of scholarships, including potential awards for family heritage, ethnicity, study majors, religious affiliations, disabilities and for members of the armed forces.

Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences – Obuda University

Obuda University in Budapest, Hungary, hosts the Doctorial School on Safety and Security Sciences. The aim of the school is to provide technical teaching and research in safety and security, as well as encouraging a challenge to traditional thinking around global security. The school also aims to blend academic research with the development of practical methods that can be implemented in the current worldwide security context. The Doctorial School on Safety and Security Sciences at Obuda University covers research areas such as safety science and human-machine-environment analysis techniques. Research at the school has also been undertaken in the area of critical infrastructure protection research.

Information on entry requirements and fees to undertake PhD research at the Obuda University Doctorial School on Safety and Security Sciences can be sought from the University.

Doctor of Defense and Strategic Studies

Protect, advise and serve across the world

This professional doctoral degree prepares you for high-level roles in today’s security community.

Explore the policies, theories and methods used in diplomacy and defense. Advise on security issues.

Get the best training and knowledge as you study under experts in the field.

Have an invaluable asset for your career.

• Get started
• Review program requirements

Why earn a doctoratal degree in defense and strategic studies?

Study on your schedule

This program is perfect for the working professional. You can take courses fully online, in-person (Washington, D.C.) or a hybrid of both. Go to school full-time or part-time. Complete your degree from anywhere.

Achieve your career goals

The job market needs highly skilled and educated national security professionals. Work in government, defense, international affairs, diplomacy and other areas. Serve in a variety of policy and field positions.

Have a deeper focus

Your classes cover advanced topics like nuclear strategy, intelligence, security affairs and cyber warfare – among others. Dr. Keith Payne, a world-renowned strategist and defense analyst, teaches the capstone course, “Advanced Nuclear Strategy, Deterrence and Arms Control.”

Learn from the best

Your faculty and guest speakers are current/former national security experts. They know the field and have hands-on experience in the topics they teach.

The defense and strategic studies (DSS) department is located in the Washington, D.C. metro area, in the nearby suburb of Fairfax, Virginia. Our student body is diverse, with a mix of traditional, mid-career and active-duty military.

Want to know more? Review frequently asked questions .

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Innovative Research

The Schmidt Program on Artificial Intelligence, Emerging Technologies, and National Power fosters research and teaching that spans the disciplines of computer science, data science, economics, engineering, history, international relations, law, philosophy, physics, and political science.

Recent Publications

ISS scholars, practitioners, and students collaborate on pioneering research of the highest quality. See highlights of recent publications

Furthering Dialogue

ISS hosts lectures, symposia, workshops, and conferences to further advance the dialogue around important topics in security studies.

International Security Studies

A research hub of the Jackson School dedicated to the study of international history, grand strategy, and global security

Founded in 1988, ISS is a research hub of the Jackson School dedicated to the study of international history, grand strategy, and global security.

Get to know the members of the ISS community.

ISS supports outstanding programs in which scholars, practitioners, and students collaborate on pioneering research of the highest quality. 

Fellowships & Awards

Each year, ISS hosts a number of promising young scholars who conduct cutting-edge research at Yale.

Stay up to date on the latest news from ISS.

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Public Policy PhD in National Security Studies

Transfer credits, next start date, help protect america’s future by pursuing a public policy phd in national security policy.

Do you want to play an integral role in creating effective policies designed to keep our nation safe? Perhaps you’ve worked in the public sector or national defense for some time, and you’re searching for a valuable, terminal degree that can help you maximize your earning potential and take your career to new heights. If you have a passion for public policy and national defense and you’d like to prepare for a research-based career that allows you to serve as an advocate for policies you believe in, our PhD in Public Policy – National Security Policy is a great option.

Throughout American history, the United States has faced countless domestic and international security threats. The study of national security challenges isn’t just an academic subject — it is crucial to America’s sovereignty. At Liberty, we recognize the importance of studying public policy and national security, and we’ve designed our public policy PhD in national security studies program with full awareness of the national security challenges that the United States faces. Our PhD in Public Policy – National Security Policy has been designed to help you anticipate and confront both foreign and domestic threats. 

Through our flexible and affordable online courses, you will study a wide range of national security issues — including operational strategy, lawmaking, policy implementation, and law enforcement — that can help equip you to combat foreign and domestic threats to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Liberty University’s PhD in Public Policy – National Security Policy can provide you with well-rounded training in the essential theories and practices of government and policymaking while also giving you deep insight into national security challenges and potential solutions. 

How long is a PhD in Public Policy? Liberty’s online PhD in Public Policy – national security strategy takes students an average of 3 years to complete. With no set login times and and most courses offered in a convenient 8-week format , you can complete your degree at Liberty on a schedule that works for you.

Our PhD in counseling online degree is taught by professionals with real-world experience in clinical and leadership settings. The PhD in Counseling program curriculum builds on your knowledge and expertise to grow critical thinking, leadership, and clinical skills. Whether you are seeking to expand in your current role or explore other areas within the counseling field, our PhD in Counseling online program is designed to equip you with the knowledge and training you need.

Why Choose Liberty’s PhD Degree in Public Policy – National Security Policy?

This degree is more than an ordinary PhD in national security and strategic studies online. Our public policy and national security PhD can help make you a principled, well-rounded public policy expert who has an advanced understanding of national security policy, public policy, and political science. 

By specializing in national security, you can become better equipped to manage the most challenging security issues of our time. The knowledge and applicable biblical values you gain through this program can help you make a greater legislative impact on policymaking. With these tools, you can be equipped to conduct research, work with policymakers, and implement laws that help increase the quality of life for the people in your jurisdiction.

Our PhD in Public Policy – national security studies is taught by a distinguished group of expert professors who have a vested interest in your success. We realize that college is about more than writing essays and taking exams, which is why our professors are available for mentorship and professional guidance. You can learn from the experience of our instructors as you work towards the completion of your public policy PhD and pursue job positions upon graduation.

At Liberty, you’ll benefit from nearly 40 years of learning, growing, adapting, and innovating for the distance learner. You can be confident that we’ve taken the time to learn what’s important to you, and we look forward to working with you to accomplish your personal and career goals. Each course within our public policy doctoral program is taught from a Christian worldview, and we believe our focus on ethics and moral decision-making as they relate to public policy development helps set us apart from other universities.

Military Tuition Discount We want to help you find the doctoral degree you want — at a price you’ve earned. As a thank-you for your military service, Liberty University offers eligible current and former service members like you or your spouse multiple pathways to earn a doctoral degree for only $300/credit hour . Find out how you can take advantage of this unique opportunity as you work towards your goal of reaching the pinnacle of your profession — for less.

What Will You Learn in Our Doctoral Degree in Public Policy – National Security Studies? 

Our online doctoral degree in public policy – national security can help train you to effectively shape national security policies in the areas of legislation, communications, politics, and international relations. This degree allows you to take advanced courses in policy and governmental functions as well as conduct in-depth, meaningful research as you write your dissertation.

Liberty’s public policy online PhD in security studies is divided into 4 sections: core policy courses, research-focused courses, national security courses, and a dissertation sequence. In the public policy section of this PhD program, you will study the foundations of public policy, natural law, government, and the Gospel’s role in public policy. You will also explore the Founding Era, the US Constitution, contemporary challenges to the Constitution, federalism, and competing visions of statesmanship.

The research courses of our online doctorate in public policy – national security studies offer an overview of quantitative and qualitative research methods for policymakers, policy analysis and research design, and data analysis for policymakers. This section of our PhD program in public policy administration and national security is designed to prepare you for the research you will conduct as you write your dissertation. 

Our national security courses will guide you through studies in the relationship between public policy and national security efforts, historic national security policies, and research in national security policy. Your dissertation consists of 5 sequential courses that conclude with a dissertation defense where you will present your findings to our Helms School of Government faculty.

Through our PhD in Public Policy – National Security, you can become a more knowledgeable and prepared professional who is capable of navigating complex policy issues and mitigating national security threats. Whether you want to work in the defense sector, as a member of a legislative body, or at a think tank, our public policy PhD in national security studies can help you accomplish your career goals. Partner with us and take your career to new heights. 

PhD in Public Policy Featured Courses

• PLCY 700 – Foundations of Public Policy
• PLCY 802 – Competing Visions of Statesmanship
• PLCY 805 – Policy Analysis and Research Design
• PLCY 880 – Introduction to National Security Policy Studies

Benefits of Choosing Liberty University’s Online PhD in Public Policy – National Security Policy

We are recognized by multiple institutions for our academic quality, affordability, and accessibility . Our commitment to excellence also helped us rank in the top 10% of Niche.com’s best online schools in America . Earning your online degree from a nonprofit university with this kind of recognition can help set you apart from others in your field.

• The majority of tuition for undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral programs has not increased in 9 years. While many other online colleges have raised tuition, Liberty has been able to keep costs low as a nonprofit university.
• Liberty University is regionally accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges ( SACSCOC ).
• This program is mostly offered in an 8-week course format with no set login times!
• You can complete our online PhD in Public Policy with a specialization in national security policy in as little as 3 years.
• You will be taught by expert professors who have years of real-world experience in public policy and national security.

What Can You Do with a Public Policy PhD in National Security?

Our PhD in Public Policy – national security studies is designed to help equip you for a number of career options. By successfully completing our public policy and national security PhD program, you can become prepared to pursue the following career options:

• Counterterrorism analyst
• Federal agent
• Government employee
• Intelligence analyst
• National security policy researcher
• Professor (higher education)
• Senior public policy analyst

PhD in Public Policy Degree Online Program Information

• This program falls under the  Helms School of Government .
• Download and review the  Degree Completion Plan .
• View the Graduate Government Course Guides   (login required) .

  Apply Now     Request Info

Admission Requirements for Liberty’s PhD in Public Policy

A regionally or nationally accredited master’s degree with a 3.0 or above GPA is required for admission in good standing. Please visit our  admission requirements page  for more detailed admissions-related information.

All applicants must submit the following:

• Admission application
• Application fee*
• Official college transcripts
• Proof of English proficiency (for applicants whose native language is other than English)

*There is no upfront application fee; however, a deferred $50 application fee will be assessed during Financial Check-In. This fee is waived for qualifying service members, veterans, and military spouses – documentation verifying military status is required.

*Some restrictions may occur for this promotion to apply. This promotion also excludes active faculty and staff, military, Non-Degree Seeking, DGIA, Continuing Education, WSB, and Certificates.

Apply FREE This Week*

Other programs you may be interested in

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Next Start Date: May 13, 2024

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Doctor of Philosophy (PHD)

Criminal Justice: Homeland Security

Public policy: economic policy, public policy: foreign policy, looking for a different program.

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Director : John P. Wilson, PhD

The Master of Arts in Global Security Studies is an innovative two-year program designed to prepare individuals for careers in public service, the private sector or the non-governmental organization (NGO) arena to contribute in the ever-expanding global civil society. The Global Security Studies program leverages the interdisciplinary strengths of four world-class entities: the School of International Relations in the USC Department of Political Science and International Relations, the USC Shoah Foundation, the USC Spatial Sciences Institute and the USC Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies.

Building upon a substantial undergraduate background in social sciences or relevant professional experience in domains such as international relations, political science, public policy, environmental science and geographic information science, the Global Security Studies program provides the background for professions in areas requiring an understanding of human conflict and threats to peace and security. Global security issues can arise from natural disasters, humanitarian crises, environmental vulnerability, public health issues, terrorist attacks, political violence, genocide, food/resource accessibility challenges and other natural and manmade occurrences.

The overarching goal of the curriculum is to provide students with the abilities to develop a deep, comprehensive understanding of the human impacts from socio-political and environmental crises, combined with cutting-edge analytical methodologies and technologies that support policy research, analysis and recommendations. Students delve more deeply into one of three concentration areas: Intelligence and Security, Global Security and Intervention or Environmental Security.

Hallmarks of this program include developing competencies to:

• effectively identify, acquire and analyze data, especially geo-referenced data;
• formulate policy strategies that support stability in contemporary global settings;
• capture testimonies through real-time interviewing techniques and use the power of testimonial narrative in support of policy goals; and
• develop briefing and presentation skills necessary for professionals at the forefront of policy change.

The program curriculum also emphasizes experiential learning approaches. During the summer semester bridging the first and second year of the program, students participate in a practicum that includes a problems-based learning (PBL) policy exercise, followed by a multi-week full-time internship. The internship options are identified by the program faculty and staff, and include organizations with long-standing relationships with the USC Shoah Foundation, the USC Dornsife Washington, DC Program and the Vrije Universiteit Brussels.

In the second year of the program, students apply policy skills mastered in their first-year courses, the PBL workshop and internship experience to identify a human security policy issue, provide a comprehensive review of related existing literature and current research and offer possible policy prescriptions aimed at mitigating the impact of the problem explored.

Throughout the program, students will work with faculty and advisers from the faculty program board, which includes individuals with distinguished careers in international relations, national security, geospatial intelligence and policy.

Required Core Courses (32 Units)

• GSEC 501 Foundations of Global Security Units: 4
• GSEC 510 Security and Global Governance Units: 4
• GSEC 530 Human Impact of Genocide and Mass Violence Units: 4
• GSEC 597 Global Security Practicum Units: 8
• SSCI 577 Human Security and Disaster Management Units: 4
• SSCI 581 Concepts for Spatial Thinking Units: 4
• SSCI 588 Remote Sensing for GIS Units: 4

Concentration (8 units)

Selected in consultation with an adviser, students are required to take two courses in one of three concentration areas.

Intelligence and Security

Global security and intervention.

• Environmental Security 

Recommended courses are as follows:

• GSEC 511 Transnational Crime and Global Illicit Networks Units: 4
• GSEC 512 National Intelligence and Global Security Units: 4
• GSEC 521 Human Security and Humanitarian Intervention Units: 4
• GSEC 522 Global Human Rights Units: 4

Environmental Security

• ENST 500 Interdisciplinary Approaches to Environmental Studies Units: 4
• ENST 520 Environmental Law and Policy Units: 4

Units Required: 40

Global Security, MA

On this page:.

At a Glance: program details

• Location: online
• Second Language Requirement: No

Program Description

Degree Awarded: MA Global Security

The MA in global security is an interdisciplinary, fully online program designed to aid professional advancement in government, military, nonprofit and private sector careers. Students are trained to critically engage international security issues in a comprehensive manner.

The Master of Arts program in global security is based on four key pillars: enabling innovative strategic thinking, developing analytic tools, supporting critical interdisciplinary engagement, and encouraging flexible and resilient approaches to the inherently complex challenges of current and future global security.

Students may pursue the master's degree from anywhere in the world, study while working full time or part time and may advance at their own pace.

This fully online program is highly flexible and designed for students from various backgrounds and with existing responsibilities. Students may complete their degree from anywhere in the world and proceed at their own pace. MA in Global Security students can:

• Advance their careers in global security, international relations, intelligence, diplomacy, and other related fields. In an age where global security impacts nearly every aspect of our lives, the possibilities are endless.  See what past graduates have done with their MA in Global Security degree .
• Learn from and network with leading professionals in the global security arena. Our highly engaged faculty include top advisors, military strategists, humanitarian leaders, award-winning journalists and renowned scholars.  See who you’ll be learning from .
• Connect with fellow students all over the world, engage in weekly discussions, attend exclusive events with faculty and students, and gain access to our growing alumni networks in Phoenix and Washington, DC.  See what events you’ll have access to as a student or graduate of the program .
• Work closely with the Future Security Initiative (FSI), a collaborative research & policy hub linking ASU and New America, that includes experts and thought leaders in Washington, D.C. Learn more about FSI.

Concentrations

The MA in Global Security also offers a Cybersecurity Concentration option as well as an Irregular Warfare Concentration option. Both are embedded in the MA in Global Security program. 

Degree Requirements

30 credit hours including the required capstone course (GSC 550)

Required Core (3 credit hours) GSC 501 War, Conflict and Security (3)

Electives or Research (24 credit hours)

Culminating Experience (3 credit hours) GSC 550 Capstone (3)

Additional Curriculum Information For electives, students take eight courses from a restricted list for a total of 24 credit hours. Students should contact the academic unit for the approved course list. Other coursework may be used with approval of the academic unit.

Admission Requirements

Applicants must fulfill the requirements of both the Graduate College and The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

Applicants are eligible to apply to the program if they have earned a bachelor's or master's degree in any field, from a regionally accredited institution.

Applicants must have a minimum cumulative GPA of 3.00 (scale is 4.00 = "A") in the last 60 hours of their first bachelor's degree program, or applicants must have a minimum cumulative GPA of 3.00 (scale is 4.00 = "A") in an applicable master's degree program.

All applicants must submit:

• graduate admission application and application fee
• official transcripts
• letters of recommendation
• resume or curriculum vitae
• personal statement
• proof of English proficiency

Additional Application Information An applicant whose native language is not English must provide proof of English proficiency regardless of their current residency.

Applicants must submit at least one letter of recommendation for admission. Applicants may submit additional letters.

The application requires a two- to three-page personal statement.

Expand your horizons with cutting-edge curriculum designed and taught by world-class faculty. Coursework is designed to develop a holistic perspective on complex global problems, to view contemporary issues through a practitioner’s lens, and to send students out with practical skills for careers in global security. Learn more about the curriculum.

Flexible Degree Options

Accelerated program options.

This program allows students to obtain both a bachelor's and master's degree in as little as five years. It is offered as an accelerated bachelor's and master's degree with:

BS - Political Science -->

Bs - political science.

Website | Locations: TEMPE,ONLNE

BA - Global Studies -->

Ba - global studies, ba - political science -->, ba - political science.

Acceptance to the graduate program requires a separate application. During their junior year, eligible students will be advised by their academic departments to apply.

Next Steps to attend ASU

Learn about our programs, apply to a program, visit our campus, application deadlines, career opportunities.

Graduates possess a grounded and relevant understanding of major global trends and critical analytic skills, improving their capacity to succeed in multiple career paths related to domestic and international security.

Career area examples include:

• conflict zone and post-war reconstruction
• global security intelligence (public and private sector)
• humanitarian and human rights
• policy analysis
• regional affairs
• risk assessment (public and private sector)
• U.S. military advancement

Graduate Certificate

Those interested in the curriculum but who do not need a full master's degree should consider a Graduate Certificate in Global Security and Competitive Statecraft. The certificate program is specifically designed to expand knowledge in strategic statecraft, global security, or military strategy. It is a fully online, 15-credit hour, non-degree program taught by a cadre of senior experts in national security, diplomacy, cybersecurity, and statecraft. Learn more about the Certificate in Global Security and Competitive Statecraft .

Attend Online

ASU offers this program in an online format with multiple enrollment sessions throughout the year. Applicants may view the program description and request more information here .

Program Contact Information

If you have questions related to admission, please click here to request information and an admission specialist will reach out to you directly. For questions regarding faculty or courses, please use the contact information below.

• [email protected]
• 480/965-8563

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About This Track

In a world of rapid innovation in the biological sciences, the emergence of new diseases, and changing environmental pressures, health security risks to the global community are a rising concern. This program will train future researchers studying major biological and health security risks who could contribute unique voices to the academic community and ultimately inform global policies that will shape future preparation and responses to health security and global catastrophic biological risks.  Graduate students in this program will learn skills that relate to prevention, preparedness, and response to potential health security threats. Topic areas are wide ranging, with a common thread of reducing health security threats or their impacts and increasing resiliency of communities to global catastrophic biological risks.

Competencies

Identify major health security threats; characterize the human, social, economic and political risks they pose to societies; and demonstrate the importance of public health to national security

Apply risk assessment principles to program planning, implementation and goals, particularly in the context of emergency response and health security problems

Examine the origin and evolution of major US and international organizations and initiatives to prevent, detect, and respond to health security threats; and assess those areas of health security where preparedness is strongest and where additional progress is needed

Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies to enhance health security and prevent or mitigate health security threats

Synthesize and communicate important health security information in a way that enables political leaders and policymakers to take appropriate action

Track Faculty

Gigi gronvall, phd ; global catastrophic biological risks, biotechnology and health  security, tara kirk sell, phd ; global catastrophic biological risks, emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and decision making, monica schoch-spana, phd ; health security, public health preparedness, public engagement, crystal watson, drph ; global catastrophic biological risks, risk assessment, crisis decision making.

Browse an overview of this program's requirements in the JHU  Academic Catalogue  - See Track Requirements for Health Security and explore all course offerings in the Bloomberg School  Course Directory .

All full-time PhD students will receive the following support for the first four years of the program: full tuition, stipend, individual health insurance, University Health Services clinic fee, vision insurance, and dental insurance.

Need-Based Relocation Grants Students who  are admitted to PhD programs at JHU   starting in Fall 2023 or beyond can apply to receive a $1500 need-based grant to offset the costs of relocating to be able to attend JHU.   These grants provide funding to a portion of incoming students who, without this money, may otherwise not be able to afford to relocate to JHU for their PhD program. This is not a merit-based grant. Applications will be evaluated solely based on financial need.  View more information about the need-based relocation grants for PhD students .

Questions about the program? We're happy to help.

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White House releases new global health security strategy

The Biden administration yesterday unveiled a new Global Health Security Strategy, which spells out the steps the United States will take over the next 5 years to prevent, detect, and effectively respond to biological threats.

In a statement , President Joe Biden said Americans have witnessed the profound impact of the COVID pandemic and how the global challenge had local consequences. "No sector of society was immune. That's why—as my Administration worked to end the COVID-19 pandemic—we've also focused on ensuring our nation is prepared for any future pandemic, outbreak, or biological threat."

Building on COVID lessons

In a fact sheet , the White House said the strategy builds on lessons learned during the pandemic and describes steps to meet goals outlined in the 2022 national biodefense strategy and 2022 pandemic prevention legislation that was passed as part of the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023.

Three overarching goals include strengthening global health security capacities through bilateral partnerships, mobilizing political commitment, financing and leadership to achieve health security, and leveraging health security linkages between health security and complementary programs.

Details of the strategy are covered in a 64-page document . The White House notes targets for 2024, which include achieving and sustaining health capacity goals in 50 more countries and strengthening country ownership and resource mobilization. The White House also signaled that it would incorporate equity and social inclusion factors to protect all people from infectious disease threats.

1 in 5 adults with diabetes experienced functional decline during pandemic

A study yesterday based on Canadian adults with diabetes found that roughly 20% experienced functional decline for the first time during the pandemic, including challenges with activities of daily living, including climbing stairs, getting in and out of chairs, and walking several blocks.  

The study, published in the Canadian Journal of Diabetes , was based on participants in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. The study included 6,045 adults who reported no functional limitations from 2015 through 2018.

People with diabetes were more likely to be men (60.7% vs 46.2%), obese (36.5% vs 18.6%), and have one or more chronic condition (36.0% vs 29.6%), compared to adults without diabetes.

Income may play a role

A total of 18.9% of adults with diabetes reported a functional limitation with an onset after 2020, compared to 13.2% of adults without diabetes. Overall, the odds of developing at least one functional limitation outcome was 1.28-fold higher (95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.60) among people with diabetes compared to those without.

For both adults with or without diabetes, the greatest risk factor for developing a functional limitation was earning less than $50,000 annually.  

People with low socioeconomic status face disproportionate stressors over their lifetime that may adversely impact their physical functioning in older age

"People with low socioeconomic status face disproportionate stressors over their lifetime that may adversely impact their physical functioning in older age, such as working more physically demanding jobs, worse nutrition, and living in areas with less greenspace and walkability," said co-author Paul Villeneuve, PhD, in a press release from the University of Toronto.  

COVID-19 caused 21% excess of respiratory infections last winter, analysis finds

A new study based on German data shows that SARS-CoV-2 caused a 21% excess of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) during the winter of 2022-23. The study was published this week in the International Journal of Infectious Diseases and suggests COVID-19 will add a significant burden during cold and flu seasons.  

The study was based on answers to an online survey about ARIs during the past 7 months sent to 70,000 registered participants in a digital health study in March 2023. At that point, 3 years after the pandemic began, many people in Germany and elsewhere no longer regularly tested for COVID-19, or testing at home and did not report official results.  

A total of 37,708 participants reported 54,813 ARIs, including 9,358 SARS-CoV-2 infections confirmed with either at-home or clinical tests. Twenty-eight percent—10,638 people—reported no infections.

There were 45,455 ARIs without a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, the authors said. For 11,699 of those, no SARS-CoV-2 test was available, while the others had a negative test. The proportion of positive tests among all conducted tests was 21%.

Adults 30 to 39 hit hardest  

The highest incidence for all ARIs was observed in December 2022, with 26 infections per 100 people. Adults aged 30 to 39 years had the highest cumulative incidence, with 208 infections per 100 people across the 7 months.  

"Decision makers need to be aware of this burden to adapt and create new policies with the goal of reducing infection incidences, for example by establishing new strategies on vaccinations." the authors wrote.  

Decision makers need to be aware of this burden to adapt and create new policies with the goal of reducing infection incidences

"While the risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections is reduced due to the achieved immunity in the population, we will likely face a higher burden of ARI than before the pandemic, even if no new SARS-CoV-2 variants will appear," the authors concluded. "This additional burden of ARI has to be considered particularly with respect to the implications for the work force."

WHO prequalifies simplified version of oral cholera vaccine

Amid a severe shortage of oral cholera vaccine and outbreaks in many countries, EuBiologics and the International Vaccine Institute (IVI) announced this week that the World Health Organization (WHO) has prequalified Euvichol-S, a new oral cholera vaccine (OCV) produced with a simplified method that can streamline formulation and manufacturing by 40% compared to its existing vaccine.

Prequalification means the vaccine meets the WHO's quality, efficacy, and safety standards, which paves the way for United Nations agencies and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, to buy vaccine for countries experiencing outbreaks.

EuBiologics now able to supply 3 vaccines

EuBiologics, based in South Korea, said it will now be able to supply three oral cholera vaccines. Efficacy for Euvichol-S was show last year in a phase 3 trial in Nepal in 2023. Development was supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. 

After scale-up, the vaccine will be mass produced at two facilities in South Korea starting in the second quarter of the year. 

Julia Lynch, MD, who directs IVI's cholera program, said in the statement, "The addition of Euvichol-S to global health market will contribute to easing the shortage of OCV supply amid a dire global cholera situation. IVI will continue efforts to enhance the availability of OCV worldwide and develop new and improved vaccines that are equally safe, effective, and affordable."

GSK announces promising data for gonorrhea treatment

New data released today by GSK show that the oral investigational antibiotic gepotidacin was non-inferior to the current standard treatment for uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea.

The British drugmaker announced in a press release that results from the phase 3 EAGLE-1 trial showed that two doses of gepotidacin had a 92.6% success rate for the primary end point of microbiologic response at the test-of-cure visit 3 to 7 days after treatment, compared with a 91.2% success rate for intramuscular ceftriaxone and oral azithromycin. The safety and tolerability profile was consistent with results seen in earlier trials.

"These results highlight the potential of gepotidacin as a new oral treatment option given the rising incidence of gonorrhoea worldwide including drug resistant infections," said Chris Corsico, GSK's senior vice president for development. "The imperative for innovative treatments has never been clearer."

First-in-class antibiotic

Gepotidacin is a first-in-class triazaacenaphthylene antibiotic that works by inhibiting bacterial DNA replication. It's also being developed as a treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infections. 

Gonorrhea is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, with an estimated 82 million cases each year globally. While the combination of ceftriaxone and azithromycin is the recommended treatment for uncomplicated gonorrhea in most countries, rising resistance to both drugs is threatening its effectiveness. And because the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium has developed resistance to every other antibiotic that's been used for treatment, treatment options are limited.

GSK said the results from the EAGLE-1 trial will be presented later this month at the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Global Congress in Barcelona, Spain. 

These results highlight the potential of gepotidacin as a new oral treatment option given the rising incidence of gonorrhoea worldwide including drug resistant infections.

Study finds high exposure to antibiotics among Australian infants

Analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial in Australia found that at least two thirds of children were exposed to antibiotics in the first 2 years of life, researchers reported today in the Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.

Looking at data from a subset of 1,201 infants enrolled in the BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine) for Allergy and Infection Reduction (MIS BAIR) trial, conducted in Melbourne, researchers from the Murdoch Children's Institute found that exposure to at least one course of antibiotics was 43% at age 1 and 67% at age 2, with the highest first antibiotic prescription rate from 9 to 18 months. In total, 26.5% of infants were inappropriately treated with antibiotics in the first year of life, with the largest proportion of inappropriate prescriptions (44%) occurring from 9 to 12 months.

The most common diagnoses for which antibiotics were prescribed were respiratory tract infections from 0 to 6 months and otitis media (ear infection) from 6 to 12 months. The most frequently prescribed antibiotics prescribed were amoxicillin (59%) and cefalexin (7%).

Risk factors for antibiotic exposure

Multivariable regression analysis found that delivery by caesarean section (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 1.9), birth in winter (aOR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.4), maternal antibiotic exposure during the last trimester (aOR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.3), cessation of breastfeeding by 6 months (aOR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.0), and daycare attendance (aOR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.8) were the primary factors associated with antibiotic use from 0 to 12 months.

The study authors note that the observed antibiotic exposure rate is higher than reported in most European countries. 

"Antibiotic exposure in the first 2 years of life in Australia is higher than in many other high-income countries," they wrote. "Future studies should focus on strategies to reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing."

In case you missed it

This week's top reads, wisconsin confirms another county affected by cwd in deer.

The 3-year-old buck was found dead in the town of Wautoma, within 10 miles of the Marquette and Portage county borders.

Avian flu virus detected in more Michigan dairy herds and on another large layer farm

Along with multiple detections now in dairy cows, avian flu has also hit 2 massive farms housing egg-laying hens in the state.

Study: Pathogens that cause surgical infections may be coming from patients' skin

The study authors say the findings could have implications for infection-prevention strategies. 

USDA scientists weigh avian flu vaccine for cows; virus may be spreading from cattle to poultry

Questions about transmission and clinical disease in cows need to be answered before vaccine development takes shape.

US measles cases top 120 as LA County tracks case with multiple exposures

The visitor to Los Angeles County had visited Universal Studios and several other public places.

Global health groups propose new terminology for pathogens that spread through the air

The group steered away from defined cutoff points such as "droplets" and "aerosols" that scientists have used to distinguish larger particles from smaller particles.

Tazewell County, Virginia reports first CWD case

The Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources confirmed the fatal prion disease in a buck harvested by a hunter in November 2023.

Many healthcare workers unsure about COVID vaccine boosters for themselves, kids

Healthcare worker vaccine reluctance can compromise patient care, the authors say.

Avian flu virus detected in South Dakota dairy herd

Today's announcement raises the number of affected states to 8.

CDC: Spike in measles cases poses threat to US elimination status

Most imported cases this year occurred in US residents who were unvaccinated or had an unknown vaccination status.

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Best Global Universities for Mechanical Engineering in Russia

These are the top universities in Russia for mechanical engineering, based on their reputation and research in the field. Read the methodology »

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Here are the best global universities for mechanical engineering in Russia

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New U.S Global Health Security Strategy Advances Commitment to Protect Americans and People Around the World from Emerging Health Threats

CDC plays critical role in new whole-of-government approach

For Immediate Release: Tuesday, April 16, 2024 Contact: Media Relations (404) 639-3286

Advancing the Administration’s commitment to protect the American people from the next pandemic, the White House today released The United States Government Global Health Security Strategy (GHSS) 2024 , which acknowledges that the United States and the international community can only achieve global, sustainable health security by working with all countries.

“Global health security is national security, and CDC is proud to contribute its expertise, investments and rapid response to protect the health and safety of the American people and the world,” said CDC Director Mandy Cohen, M.D., M.P.H, who spoke at today’s launch event. “CDC’s decades of global health investments, training and scientific diplomacy strengthen global capacity in labs, data, emergency response and the public health workforce. The U.S. is a safer place by allowing us to detect and rapidly respond to outbreaks at their source.”

As the strategy makes clear, health systems continue to be overburdened following years of responding not only to COVID-19 but a number of concurrent health emergencies, including mpox, Ebola, cholera, polio, dengue, and malaria. These outbreaks have weakened health systems, led to attrition among health workers, and set back efforts to address other challenges such as HIV and vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs), like measles. The challenge of rebuilding health systems, however, also offers an opportunity to build greater resilience against future emergencies.

CDC Roles and Responsibilities

The GHSS delineates roles and responsibilities, which are reflective of the CDC’s core capacities as a science-driven leader in global public health. These are to:

• Implement and coordinate CDC programs to build capacity relevant to health security domestically and globally.
• Provide technical and scientific expertise in public health to partner countries, bilateral and multilateral institutions, and United States’ policymakers and leaders to achieve global health security goals.
• Provide technical and scientific expertise in public health to partner countries, bilateral and multilateral institutions, and US policymakers and leaders to assess and develop health security capacity and respond to health threats.
• Play a leading role, in conjunction with other relevant departments and agencies in addressing infectious disease outbreaks.
• Use data, modeling, and analytics to prevent, detect, and respond to outbreaks in real-time and to drive effective decision-making.
• Maintain staff internationally who advance collaboration with multisectoral partners and serve as a first line of defense against infectious diseases originating overseas.

Building on Decades of Global Expertise

While the strategy is new, CDC’s focus on building sustainable, resilient, country-owned health systems is not. Through large-scale initiatives like the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), CDC has long supported partner governments to address critical, immediate health needs and strengthen their ability to prevent, detect, and respond to emerging health threats through improvements in disease surveillance, laboratory networks, emergency management, and workforce development. Through its unique peer-to-peer relationships with ministries of health, its partnerships with non-governmental organizations and civil society, and staff in more than 60 country offices and six regional offices, CDC has not only been on the frontlines of efforts to control HIV, malaria, TB, and vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs), but has built global health security capacity at the same time.

For example:  

• CDC works with countries to establish or strengthen their own national public health institutes (NPHIs) to protect community health and contain disease close to the source. Since 2011, CDC has helped develop and strengthen NPHIs in more than 40 countries.
• CDC’s flagship global program, the Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP) , trains a workforce of field epidemiologists (“disease detectives”) around the world building the necessary skills to collect, analyze, and interpret data and contribute to evidence-based decisions. Since the first FETP was established in Thailand in 1980, CDC has helped train more than 18,000 disease detectives in over 80 countries.
• Through CDC’s Public Health Emergency Management (PHEM) Fellowship , participants learn public health emergency management principles and gain a working knowledge of the functioning of an emergency operations center to better coordinate an effective response. The fellowship has trained 177 fellows from more than 45 countries and the African Union.
• In collaboration with several multilateral partners, CDC established the Global Laboratory Leadership Program (GLLP) to mentor current and emerging leaders to build, strengthen, and sustain national laboratory systems.

Consistent with this U.S. Global Health Security Strategy, CDC is continuing to leverage the agency’s global efforts to help build health security capacity. This includes through CDC’s new Global Health Strategic Framework that seeks to: stop health threats at their source before they spread to the United States; contain disruptive outbreaks; use global data for disease prevention and mitigation programs in the U.S.; and save lives and improve health globally.

The full strategy document can be found at United States Global Health Security Partnerships – United States Department of State .

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Whether diseases start at home or abroad, are curable or preventable, chronic or acute, or from human activity or deliberate attack, CDC’s world-leading experts protect lives and livelihoods, national security and the U.S. economy by providing timely, commonsense information, and rapidly identifying and responding to diseases, including outbreaks and illnesses. CDC drives science, public health research, and data innovation in communities across the country by investing in local initiatives to protect everyone’s health.

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Secretary Becerra Statement on U.S. Global Health Security Strategy

The United States must be in position to prevent, detect, and respond to public health crises – including infectious disease threats at home and abroad.  The Global Health Security Strategy does that. This strategy promotes a One Health approach – an approach that is collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary — and recognizes the interconnection between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment as well as the importance of coordination across government, business, and civil society. We are committed to contributing to the Pandemic Fund, including $700 million to date, addressing financing gaps and building stronger regional and global institutions that can drive innovation, offering reliable public health guidance, and implementing a rapid response to global health emergencies.

This strategy will strengthen our public health systems, prioritize the health of people around the globe and develop systems that can prevent, detect, and fight every kind of biological danger. Strengthening global health security is a national security priority, and is essential to protect the health, lives, and economic well-being of the American people. These steps confirm that the Biden-Harris Administration is delivering on the President’s commitment to protect the American people from the next pandemic.

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Amazon’s security chief says he would be ‘astonished’ if cybersecurity professionals are laid off due to AI

Hello and welcome to Eye on AI.

Beware, cybersecurity professionals, AI is coming for your jobs—or so the theory goes. 

The rationale is something like this: AI tools will eventually handle a lot of the grunt work involved in protecting computer systems, like automatically scanning files for suspicious behavior and writing summaries of its findings. Therefore, there will be less work for humans and possibly layoffs .

But Steve Schmidt, Amazon’s chief security officer, disputed the jobs-killing argument and said there’s more than enough cybersecurity work to go around. 

“I would be astonished if AI drives layoffs in the security industry,” he told Fortune .

That’s because of the big gap in available talent and the number of open jobs in the security industry right now, said Schmidt, one of Amazon’s famous “s-team” executives—or senior leaders—who reports directly to CEO Andy Jassy. 

The global cybersecurity workforce headcount of 5.5 million is at a record high , according to ISC2, a nonprofit that trains security professionals. But even that’s insufficient to meet industry demands. Companies worldwide need 4 million additional cyber professionals to secure their systems, a number that has grown annually since 2021 when ISC2 estimated the shortage at 2.7 million. 

It’s not just Amazon that is unlikely to cut cybersecurity jobs due to AI. Other chief security officers Schmidt has spoken with told him they won’t cut their staff either because of the technology, according to Schmidt. They will just get more done with AI’s help, he said. 

The optimism comes as layoffs have plagued the security industry over the last year, hitting both cyber companies and cyber teams within businesses. Five U.S. security giants—Secureworks, Rapid7, Proofpoint, Splunk, and Okta—have cut 1,880 workers combined since August. Most cited cost reduction as the reason for the layoffs. None of them pointed the finger at AI. 

In the larger tech world, Meta’s layoffs of 21,000 employees since late 2022—part of an effort to make the company more efficient—included some workers focused on website security , though the exact number is unclear. Microsoft also cut “hundreds” of U.S.-based security employees last year due to the economic downturn, Business Insider reported. 

Whether or not AI played a role in these layoffs, the fear about the technology taking over cybersecurity jobs has some basis. Human labor is expensive, and the salaries of security engineers have increased in recent years due to the shortage of talent, said Unal Tatar, assistant professor of cybersecurity at the State University of New York at Albany who has worked in the field for two decades. 

“The major budget line is people,” he told Fortune. “AI never gets sick. It doesn’t take time off, and it can run 24/7.” 

That’s not a problem at Amazon, though, according to Schmidt. Speaking about AI tools, he said, “I don’t see them replacing the really skilled security engineers that I have.” 

Cyber security is playing chess on a unicycle

Schmidt described his job as solving a puzzle, playing chess, and practicing psychology at the same time. AI tools can lighten the load for security engineers, but as hackers also get their hands on the technology, it can mean adding a new level of difficulty—unicycling or knitting, for example—to Schmidt’s juggling.

Just as engineers can use AI to do their jobs better, adversaries can use AI to quickly and more efficiently hack into computer systems. Large language models can help write more persuasive phishing emails, for example. Hackers can also use AI to invent new ways to take advantage of people, like cloning the voice of a loved one and asking for money over the phone. 

“Our industry is one where there is no lack of opportunity to improve,” Schmidt said. “It is always a race.”

The biggest beneficiaries of AI will be small- and medium-sized businesses that can’t afford big teams to create and maintain sophisticated defenses. For example, companies creating their own software can use AI products to review their code and suggest ways to make it more secure. 

“Where we will see some phenomenal jumps in the not-so-distant future is empowering people who don’t have the security teams that I do, who don’t have the level of expertise that my team has,” he said. 

Amazon has a generative AI assistant that helps clients write code, among its many AI products. It also sells Bedrock , a service that helps companies build custom generative AI based on existing large language models. And Amazon, of course, benefits when companies buy its services. 

Tatar agreed that AI won’t cause any significant layoffs in the security industry, at least in the short term. The technology isn’t ready yet, he said, but even when it is, it will take time for customers and investors to support its adoption. 

Where AI tools could have an impact on the workforce, however, is with entry-level jobs, Tatar said. Even now, early-career roles are few and far between because many open jobs require years of experience. If AI begins to take on the job responsibilities of early career security analysts, he said, it could become harder for new college graduates to find work.

Please let me know what you think about the future of cybersecurity careers.

With that, here’s more AI news.

Rachyl Jones [email protected]

AI IN THE NEWS

Trouble in the ranks of Google DeepMind. Alphabet last year merged its two AI research units, Google Brain and DeepMind, under DeepMind founder Demis Hassabis. But the two groups already had tensions between them, and Hassabis is unhappy with the arrangement, according to new reporting from The Information . After being allowed a loose leash to pursue AI research at DeepMind, Hassabis now faces pressure to produce products that Alphabet can sell. Hassabis is frustrated with the change, sources who spoke to The Information said. In the article, a DeepMind spokesperson denied any tensions between the AI research teams and denied any frustration from Hassabis. 

The marketplace for AI training data is booming. Big Tech companies are racing to buy vast troves of photos and videos from secret suppliers to train their AI models, Reuters reported . The $2.5 billion market of buying training data could grow to $30 billion in a decade, Business Research Insights said. Photo services Shutterstock and its competitor Freepik have licensed their images to some AI companies, and image hosting site Photobucket is in discussions to do so, according to Reuters. News organizations including the Associated Press and Axel Springer have also made licensing agreements with OpenAI while the New York Times has sued OpenAI and Microsoft over the matter. 

When companies can’t buy training data, they may skirt rules to take it. Companies including OpenAI, Google, and Meta have ignored internal policies and considered breaking the law to get their hands on the massive amount of data necessary to train their AI models, a New York Times investigation found . According to a Google internal message, a change to the company’s terms of service last year was partly motivated by gaining access to user data in Google Docs and restaurant reviews on Google Maps to develop its AI products. OpenAI and Google have both transcribed YouTube videos to train their AI models, the Times found, which could violate copyright laws. 

Meta discussed buying publishing house Simon & Schuster. The social media company last year considered buying the book publisher to access its library and train Meta’s AI models on the writings, the Guardian reported , citing a New York Times investigation. Meta had reportedly used almost every English book, poem, and essay on the internet to train its models and needed more content. The publisher sold to private equity firm KKR in August.

AI is the diamond of the century, Dimon says. Jamie Dimon, the JPMorgan Chase CEO, told investors in an annual shareholder letter on Monday that AI will have as big of an impact on society as the printing press, electricity, and the internet. The bank employs more than 2,000 AI and machine learning experts and sees more than 400 use cases for the technology, including in marketing and fraud detection, he said. Read more about the letter with CNBC . 

EYE ON AI RESEARCH

Will AI reduce credit quality for tech companies? AI-related revenues will reach nearly $650 billion in the next four years, S&P Global Ratings said in a report published Monday . The semiconductor industry is the breakout winner for the increased spending across the AI sector, and hardware companies are beginning to benefit as well. But it will take some time for the software and services sectors to begin generating meaningful revenue, S&P Global Ratings analyst Andrew Chang said in the report. Many credit issuers will benefit from the investment cycle, but some will be “disrupted,” the agency said. 

FORTUNE ON AI

AlphaSense, a Goldman Sachs-backed AI research startup valued at $2.5B, gears up for IPO as it crosses $200M in annual recurring revenue —by Jessica Mathews 

Open source AI is booming, but OpenAI’s GPT-4 is still the big winner with corporate customers—for now —by Sharon Goldman

Elon Musk’s friends are reportedly looking to help raise $3 billion for his AI startup as it plays catch-up with rivals OpenAI and Anthropic —by Jason Ma

‘Social order could collapse, resulting in wars’: 2 of Japan’s top firms fear unchecked AI, warning humans are ‘easily fooled’ —by Chris Morris

Top portfolio manager at a $194 billion asset manager breaks down her top 3 AI stocks for the next decade—and one honorable mention flying under the radar —by Will Daniel

Vinod Khosla is betting on a former Tesla autopilot engineer who quit to build small AI models that can reason —by Sharon Goldman  

AI CALENDAR

April 15-16: Fortune Brainstorm AI London (Register here )

May 7-11: International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) in Vienna

May 21-23 : Microsoft Build in Seattle

June 5: FedScoop’s FedTalks 2024 in Washington, D.C.

June 25-27: 2024 IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Singapore

July 15-17 : Fortune Brainstorm Tech in Park City, Utah (Register here )

Aug. 12-14: Ai4 2024 in Las Vegas

EYE ON AI NUMBERS

$11.6 billion .

That’s how much the U.S. government will give Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, the world’s most valuable chipmaker, in grants and loans to build semiconductor factories in Arizona, according to Bloomberg . The investment is part of President Joe Biden’s efforts to ramp up chip production in the U.S.—chips are a necessary component to AI growth—as China makes headway on its own semiconductor industry. The Taiwanese company will receive $6.6 billion in grants and up to $5 billion in loans.

This is the online version of Eye on AI, Fortune 's weekly newsletter on how AI is shaping the future of business. Sign up for free .

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