research aptitude net paper 1

UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes 2023: Paper 1 Research Notes PDF

UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes 2023: Are you preparing for UGC NET Paper 1? Do you have the latest Research Aptitude UGC NET Notes PDF?

Don’t worry! Here we have provided the latest UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes. You can easily check the UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes and also able to download the PDF.

Table of Contents

UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes 2023 | Research Aptitude PDF For Notes

UGC NET Exam, the exam which tests the eligibility of Indian Nationals for ‘Assistant Professor’ or for ‘Junior Research Fellowship and Assistant Professor both in Indian Universities and Colleges.

UGC NET Paper 1 Notes

Research Aptitude for UGC NET PDF is an essential part of the 2023 NTA NET Exam. With proper preparation and UGC NET Paper 1 notes, you can easily attempt all the questions of Research Aptitude in UGC NET exam Paper-I correctly.

Download UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes PDF Here

Go through the UGC NET Paper 1 Syllabus 2023 for Environmental Science.

UGC NET Research Aptitude Topics

UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes 2023 covers the topics given below:

Research: Meaning, characteristics, and types.
Steps of Research
Research Ethics
Methods of Research
Paper, articles, workshops, seminars, conferences, and symposiums
Thesis writing: Its characteristics and format

About Research Aptitude:

More typical, lengthy, and technical
Questions are based on learning concepts as well as their application
Needs proper practice.
Weightage- 10 -15 percent i.e. 5 -7 questions carrying two marks each

What is Research Aptitude? | UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes

Research means to search for the existing thing ‘something’ that remains unknown to us. So, Research means finding out something new on a topic that already exists.

It is a searching process for finding new information about the things we already know.
It is a scientific examination for searching for important information on a specific topic.
It can also be referred to as a ‘voyage of discovery’.

So, you can summarize the meaning of research as:

An attitude of inquiry/search/investigation,
A scientific and objective effort was made to uncover facts,
Hence, requires the application of scientific methods.

Some Important Definitions of UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes

Here you can check some important definitions of research according to some well-known scholars:

Young PV defines it as, “Research may be defined as the systematic method of discovering new facts or verifying old facts, their sequences, interrelationships, causal explanations and the natural laws which govern them.”
Kerlinger defines it as, “Research is a systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomenon.”
John W. Best defines it as, “Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may leave to development of generalizations, principles or theories result in prediction and possibly ultimate control of events.”

Characteristics of Research | UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes

Some of the characteristics of research in UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes are as given below:

It is a scientific examination.
Scientific means it requires the use of scientific methods and procedures. That is, methods and procedures which have been tried and tested; and can produce similar or somewhat similar results on each application.
The results or information that we get through scientific methods can be used to develop concepts and theories of their own.

Other Important UGC NET Paper 1 Notes

You should have the following study materials to boost your exam preparation for the NTA UGC NET exam.

Click on the link to access other important notes related to the UGC NET Paper 1 exam.

Teaching and Research Aptitude PDF Notes
Communication Notes
Comprehension Notes
Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude Notes
Information and Communication Technology Notes
Logical Reasoning Notes
Data Interpretation Notes
People And Environment Notes
Higher Education System Notes

Types of Research

Here you will find the various types of research as given below

Fundamental Research

Also known as basic or pure research.
This kind of research helps to generate new information in a fundamental fashion.
This is generally based on the principle of generalization. Sometimes, it can experiment in a laboratory also.
Fundamental research can take shape in two ways- either in the form of a new theory or the development of some existing theory.

Applied Research

You should know that the theories developed by fundamental research are further applied to actual operational fields or populations.
Applied research is useful because it provides convincing evidence of the usefulness of basic research or theory.
It aims at the collection of data for verifying existing theories and models and helps to find a solution for real-life problems or situations.

Action Research

It is action-oriented research that is undertaken to find an immediate solution to a problem. Sometimes, the researcher himself or herself can take action and sometimes an authority takes the necessary steps or action.

Descriptive Research

It is the description of the state of affairs as they are, in their own right. This means the researcher has no control over the variables. He or she should describe it as it is.
Some of the methods used for descriptive research are field surveys, case studies, and interviews.

Analytical Research

Here a researcher has to do an analysis using logic and reasoning on previously existing data.
This is usually an in-depth study. This works under a constrained set of variables.
This requires the use of critical thinking and evaluation.

Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is concerned with numbers. It is carried out to study a phenomenon that can be expressed in numbers.
Quantitative is usually deductive in nature and begins with a given theory.
Statistical concepts and software (such as STATA, R) are used to carry out this kind of research.

Qualitative Research

Qualitative research is done to study the phenomenon that can be explained beyond numbers, that is, in a qualitative manner.
Qualitative is usually inductive in nature and begins with a social reality followed by the construction of the theory around it.

Conceptual Research

Conceptual research is usually undertaken by philosophers or thinkers to reinterpret an existing idea. However, some researchers use a conceptual framework to study business or market phenomena.
This kind of research doesn’t involve conducting experiments. It is abstract in nature.

Other Important Study Materials For UGC NET Exam

Click on the link to access other study materials related to the UGC NET exam.

UGC NET Syllabus
UGC NET Subjects
UGC NET Books
UGC NET Exam Pattern
UGC NET Date Sheet
UGC NET Admit Card
UGC NET Exam Centre
UGC NET Exam Analysis
UGC NET Answer Key
UGC NET Result
UGC NET Cut-Off
UGC NET Certificate
UGC NET Career Scopes

We have covered the detailed guide on UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes 2023. Feel free to ask us any questions in the comment section below.

FAQ- UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes

What is the weightage of ugc net research aptitude notes.

Research Aptitude weightage- 10 -15 percent i.e. 5 -7 questions carrying two marks each for UGC NET.

What kind of question is there on UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes?

UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes consist of questions based on learning concepts as well as their application.

What are the topics in Research Aptitude?

Read the above blog for the complete topics in Research Aptitude.

What is Research Aptitude?

Research Aptitude is an attitude of inquiry/search/investigation, a scientific and objective effort made to uncover facts, Hence, requires the application of scientific methods.

How can I get a UGC NET research aptitude notebook?

Go through the above blog to get a UGC NET research aptitude notebook.

What are the books for Teaching & Research Aptitude for UGC NET PDF?

Here are the books for Teaching & Research Aptitude for UGC NET PDF: 1) UGC-NET/JRF/SET Teaching & Research Aptitude (General Paper-I) 2) NTA UGC (NET/SET/JRF ) 2023: Paper I – Teaching & Research Aptitude

How can I get a research aptitude solved paper?

Candidate can get research aptitude solved paper NTA UGC- Net/JRF Solved Papers Teaching & Research Aptitude Paper-I.

Can I get UGC NET research aptitude notes in PDF format?

Yes, You can download research aptitude notes in PDF format from the link mentioned in the above article.

What is research aptitude?

An attitude of inquiry/search/investigation, a scientific and impartial endeavor to find information, is known as research aptitude.

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Hlo, I want to know about paper ll Please help me to know about paper ll also. And thanks for this page it would really be helpfull for us.

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Ugc net research aptitude - notes, ques, books, syllabus.

NTA had included Research Aptitude in UGC NET Paper 1 to test the ability of aspirants in the education field. It covers almost 14-18 marks in the exam. Research involves the collection and analysis of data to increase the understanding of a topic or issue.

So, if you are preparing for the NET Exam, then you should understand the concepts of UGC NET Research Aptitude.

Here are the complete details of Research Aptitude for UGC NET like syllabus, notes, important questions asked in the exam and more.

What is Research Aptitude Test?

Research Aptitude Test Syllabus

Research Aptitude Notes for UGC NET Paper 1

Types of Research for UGC NET Paper 1

Steps of Research Aptitude

UGC NET Research Aptitude Questions

Ugc net paper 1 research aptitude books, nta net research aptitude preparation tips.

Start your studies with the updated syllabus of Research Aptitude for UGC NET and plan your preparation smartly. Download Free PDF Now !!

What is Research Aptitude for UGC NET?

The word research is derived from the Latin word “to know”. It is the art of Scientific Investigation that indicates to search for something new i.e., new ideas, new conclusions, and new theory.

There are several definitions of Research Aptitude defined by the different professors:

According to Young PV, “Research is “the systematic method of discovering new facts or verifying old facts, their sequences, interrelationships, causal explanations, and the natural laws which govern them”.

According to Clifford Woody, “Research comprises defining and redefining the problems formulating a hypothesis or suggesting solutions, collecting, organizing, and evaluating data, making deductions and researching conclusions, and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the hypothesis”.

According to Professor Lundberg, “A systematic method through which observed information and data are classified, generalized and verified is known as research”.

UGC NET Paper 1 Research Aptitude Notes PDF Free Download

Research Aptitude Syllabus for UGC NET

Research Aptitude is part of UGC NET Paper 1 . It Includes 6 main topics and 12 subtopics in unit 1 like the meaning, its types, and characteristics, etc.

Below, you can check the complete Research Aptitude Test syllabus released by the official.

Once you know the complete syllabus of Research Aptitude, it is essential to have quality notes along with a proper study plan.

At Eduncle, we are providing you with the UGC NET Research Aptitude study material designed by the experts. You can also get the free PDF of UGC NET Previous Year Papers , syllabus, model papers, study plan, etc. from the table given below.

Also, you can use the free UGC NET Rank Predictor to check the expected All India percentile score.

Research Aptitude for NTA NET - Important Types of Research

There are several types of research covered in the NTA NET Paper 1 Exam. Here, we have provided some important types that are generally included in the Research Aptitude Syllabus for UGC NET .

Fundamental Research - It is pure and theoretical research based on the principle of generalization. Fundamental Research is directed towards finding information that has a broad base application.

Applied Research - This type of research discovers a solution for some specific problem such as identifying social, economic, or political trends. It may affect society or firms.

Descriptive Research - It is a qualitative study carried out to learn about people’s preferences. Descriptive Research makes a proper and logical description of a problem by collecting true, realistic information through surveys.

Analytical Research - This kind of research analyzes the facts or information which is already available using logic and reasoning. It is completely based on secondary data.

Conceptual Research - It does not involve conducting any practical experiments. Conceptual Research is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to interpret innovative ideas such as Newton’s Theory.

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11 Steps of Research Aptitude for UGC NET

It is the procedure through which proper research is analyzed and maintained for presentations. There are 11 steps of Research included in the NET Exam Syllabus . You can check them below:

Step 1: Formulation of the Research Problem:

The first step of a research journey is the formulation of a research problem or topic.

Researchers define the area of research by identifying the problem or research topic. They decide the area of interest of a particular subject or a study of the previous year’s research work.

Step 2: Developing Research Proposal:

After selecting the research topic or problem, the second step is to develop a plan of investigation for the Research Proposal.

Step 3: Development of Working Hypothesis:

After creating the research proposal, it is necessary to assume the situations and to do research studies which are known as hypotheses.

Step 4: Preparing Research Design:

It is the conceptual framework on which the research to be done. The main aim of research design is to take maximum output with minimum possible expenditure, time, and effort.

Step 5: Determine Sample Design:

A population is divided into small subgroups derived as a sample of the study. The sample design is a framework, or road map, that serves as the basis for the selection of a survey sample.

Step 6: Collection of Data:

The collection of data can be divided into two categories:

Primary Data: It can be collected through new experiments, surveys, group discussions, questionnaires, etc.

Secondary Data: This type of data has already been collected & passed by someone else through the statistical process.

Steps 7: Execution of The Research Project:

The execution or implementation of research is important as the Researcher observes that the project is executed systematically.

Step 8: Analysis of Data:

After collecting the data, it should be arranged properly and classified into two categories -

Irrelevant Data - It should be separated.

Relevant Data - It is coded into symbols so that it may be tabulated.

The tabulation is a part of a technical procedure that has classified data in the table form.

Step 9: Hypothesis - Testing:

After analyzing the data, the researcher can test the framed hypothesis in different ways like chi-square, F-Test, T-Test, etc. It will help you to know whether it can be accepted or rejected.

Steps 10: Interpretation and Recommendation:

The collected data is analyzed, summarized, linked with the research objective and explained by finding new theories, recommended new concepts and principles.

Steps 11: Report Writing and Presentation:

At last, scholars make a report and complete the research data in detail. It is presented in simple language and attractive style by using charts, graphs, illustrations wherever necessary and relevant.

Download Free Research Aptitude PDF and Start Learning Now

Here we have provided some important Research Aptitude Questions PDF for UGC NET. These questions will help you for quick revision in your exam preparation.

Check the following questions that are asked in the exam:

Know what type of questions are asked in the exam by solving NTA NET Last 5 Exams Question Papers. Download Here !!

Below are some best Research Aptitude books suggested by the toppers. You can refer them for your exam preparation.

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UGC NET Paper 1 Syllabus

Ugc net paper 1 syllabus - download pdf for ugc net paper 1.

UGC NET Paper 1 Syllabus includes various topics related to teaching and research aptitude, general awareness, reasoning ability, and communication skills. It remains the same for all candidates, despite their chosen subject for Paper 2. Hence, we can say that every candidate who appears for the UGC NET exam must prepare well for the UGC NET Paper 1 syllabus and have a thorough understanding of the topics.

In this article, we will discuss UGC NET paper 1 in-depth and go through the syllabus and how to prepare it to ace the exam. Also, candidates can download the UGC NET Paper 1 syllabus PDF below.

UGC NET Paper 1 Syllabus – PDF Download

Downloading the UGC NET Paper 1 Syllabus PDF will help them review the topics and subtopics anytime and anywhere. It is easy to access and is a useful tool to curate a structured study schedule before the exam. By referring to the syllabus PDF, candidates can ensure that they don’t miss out any important topics in the syllabus for UGC NET Paper 1.

UGC NET Paper 1 Syllabus ensures that candidates possess the essential attributes for teaching and research positions in Indian universities and colleges. Thus, it covers the following units and sub-units to assess candidates on their understanding of:

Teaching Aptitude:

Teaching – Concept, Levels, and Objectives
Evaluation Systems
Learner’s Characteristics
Factors affecting Teaching
Teaching Methods in Institutions of Higher Learning
Teaching Support System – Traditional, Modern, and ICT Based

Research Aptitude :

Research ethics and methods
Steps of Research
Application of ICT In Research
Research Methods
Thesis and Article Writing
Research Ethics

Communication :

Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication
Effective communication in different contexts
Barriers to Communication
Mass-Media and Society

Comprehension :

Reading and analyzing passages

Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude:

Different types of Reasoning
Mathematical Aptitude
Number and Letter Series, Coding-Decoding

Data Interpretation :

Data and Governance
Graphical Representation and Mapping of Data
Quantitative and Qualitative Data
Sources, Acquisition, and Classification of Data

Logical Reasoning:

Venn Diagrams
Indian Logic: Means of Knowledge
Understanding the Structure of Arguments
Evaluating and Distinguishing Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Pramanas – Anumana, Pratyaksha, Shabda, Upamana, Arthapatti, and Anupalabddhi

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) :

ICT And Governance
Digital Initiatives in Higher Education
ICT: General Abbreviations and Terminology
Basics of the Internet, Intranet, E-Mail, Audio, And Video-conferencing

People, Development, and Environment :

Human and Environment Interaction
Impacts of Pollutants on Human Health
Development and Environment – Millennium Development and Sustainable Development Goals
Natural Hazards and Disasters – Mitigation Strategies
Environmental Issues
Natural and Energy Resources
Environmental Protection Act (1986)

Higher Education System :

Policies, Governance, and Administration
Value and Environmental Education
Evolution of Higher Learning and Research in Post-Independence India
Professional, Technical, and Skill-Based Education
Institutions of Higher Learning in Ancient India
Oriental, Conventional, and Non-Conventional Learning Programmes In India

UGC NET Paper 1 Syllabus PDF

Candidates should download the UGC NET Paper 1 syllabus PDF as it provides an overview of the topics and subtopics included in the Paper 1 exam. It gives candidates a clear understanding of what they need to study and prepare for the exam. Hence, the syllabus PDF is a vital resource for effectively preparing the syllabus. Candidates can find the direct link to download the UGC NET paper 1 syllabus PDF below:

> UGC NET Paper 1 Syllabus PDF Download

UGC NET Paper 1 Syllabus in Hindi

UGC NET पेपर 1 सिलेबस में शिक्षण और अनुसंधान योग्यता, सामान्य जागरूकता, तर्क क्षमता और संचार कौशल से संबंधित विभिन्न विषयों की एक विस्तृत श्रेणी शामिल होती है। यह सभी अभ्यर्थियों के लिए समान होता है, चाहे वे पेपर 2 के लिए कौनसा विषय चुना हो। UGC NET पेपर 1 सिलेबस के अंतर्गत मुख्य विषय हैं:

शिक्षण योग्यता
अनुसंधान योग्यता
डेटा व्याख्या
सूचना और संचार प्रौद्योगिकी
गणितीय तर्कशक्ति और कौशल
तार्किक तर्कशक्ति
लोग, विकास और पर्यावरण
उच्च शिक्षा प्रणाली

Books to Prepare for UGC NET Paper 1

To cover the syllabus comprehensively, it is crucial to have access to the best study material. Here are some recommended books to prepare for the syllabus for UGC NET Paper 1:

FAQs on UGC NET Paper 1 Syllabus

Has ugc net paper 1 syllabus changed.

UGC NET Paper 1 Syllabus has not changed in the past few years. Candidates can refer to the syllabus mentioned in this article and start preparing. If there are any changes in the syllabus for Paper 1, NTA authorities will inform on their website, and we will update the syllabus accordingly.

How to prepare for UGC NET Paper 1?

To prepare for UGC NET Paper 1, candidates must go through the syllabus and exam pattern carefully. Next, they must create a realistic study plan to cover the syllabus on time and follow it in a disciplined manner. Lastly, using reliable books is critical to thoroughly cover the UGC NET paper 1 syllabus.

Is UGC NET Paper 1 Syllabus the same for all subjects?

Yes, UGC NET Paper 1 syllabus is the same for all subjects. This means that no matter which subjects the candidate has chosen for Paper 2, they must study the topics mentioned above for Paper 1.

Where can I find UGC NET Paper 1 Syllabus PDF download option?

Aspirants can find the UGC NET Paper 1 syllabus PDF option in the article above. Or, they can click the link here to download the comprehensive syllabus for Paper 1 and begin their preparation.

UGC NET Paper 1 syllabus PDF

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UGC NET Study Notes for Paper 1, Download PDF

UGC NET Study Notes for Paper 1 has been available in below article. Candidate can Download PDF for UGC NET Study Notes Subjec wise and Topic wise.

Table of Contents

UGC NET June 2024 Exam will be held on 10-22 June 2024 for June Cycle. Candidates who are preparing for UGC NET Examination should have precise planning and strategy to crack UGC NET Exam. Here we are providing UGC NET Study Notes for Paper 1 subject wise to help candidates in UGC NET Examination. The detailed UGC NET Study Notes topic wise has been mentioned below.

UGC NET Study Notes 2024

The UGC NET Study Notes 2024 is a comprehensive guide for candidates preparing for the UGC NET exam. UGC NET Study Notes 2024 covers all the topics in the syllabus of both Paper 1 and Paper 2 in a clear and concise manner. UGC NET Study Notes 2024 are also supplemented with examples and practice questions to help candidates understand the concepts better. Here in this article we are providing UGC NET Study Notes 2024 for Paper 1 Subjects.

UGC NET Study Notes 2024 Subject wise

UGC NET Study Notes 2024 Subject wise has been provided below. Candidate can check the UGC NET 2024 Study Notes Subject wise for 83 subjects in below article. Candidate must check the PDFs for better preparation of UGC NET Exam 2024. UGC NET Study Notes 2024 are crucial for candidates preparing to crack this national-level exam. These notes provide summaries of important concepts, key theories, and relevant information specific to each of the UGC NET subjects.

UGC NET Study Notes for Paper 1

UGC NET Study Notes for Paper 1 serve as a comprehensive resource designed to assist aspirants in mastering the foundational concepts and topics essential for success in the UGC NET examination. These study notes encompass a wide spectrum of subjects including teaching aptitude, research methodology, reasoning, comprehension, and general awareness.

They offer concise yet detailed explanations, practice questions, and relevant examples to enhance the candidate’s understanding and problem-solving abilities. These study materials are indispensable for candidates seeking to excel in the Paper 1 section of the UGC NET exam, providing them with the knowledge and skills necessary to perform exceptionally well in this crucial paper.

UGC NET 2024 Paper 1: Overview

The UGC NET paper 1 intend to assess the teaching/ research aptitude of the candidate. It will primarily be designed to test the reasoning ability, reading comprehension, divergent thinking, and general awareness of the candidate.

For each correct response, the candidate will get 2 marks.
There is no negative marking for an incorrect response

UGC NET Paper 1 Exam Pattern

UGC NET Paper 1 Exam Pattern will help candidate plan their timetable and strategize their study in the most effective way. There are a total of ten sections/subjects in UGC NET Paper 1 Exam 2024.

UGC NET Paper 1 Subjects include Research Aptitude, Teaching Aptitude, Communication, Reasoning, Reading Comprehension, Information & Communication Technology, Maths, etc. Those who are appearing for UGC NET Exam can download the UGC NET Exam Pattern from the given below links.

UGC NET Study Notes for Paper 1 Subject Wise

UGC NET Paper 1 Study Notes include Research Aptitude, Teaching Aptitude, Communication, Reasoning, Logical Reasoning, People & Environment and Higher Education System: Governance, Polity & Administration.

UGC NET Teaching Aptitude Study Notes

Teaching Aptitude is an important component of the University Grants Commission National Eligibility Test (UGC NET) examination. It assesses the candidates’ understanding of the various aspects of teaching and their ability to effectively impart knowledge to students. Here are UGC NET Teaching Aptitude to crack the exam

UGC NET Reasoning Study Notes

The UGC NET exam includes a section on Reasoning, which aims to assess candidates’ logical thinking and analytical abilities. Here are UGC NET Reasoning to crack the examination.

UGC NET Communication Study Notes

The UGC NET examination includes a section on Communication, which evaluates candidates’ knowledge and understanding of various aspects of communication. Here are UGC NET Communication Study Notes for the exam preparation.

UGC NET Comprehension Study Notes

The UGC NET exam includes a section on Comprehension, which assesses candidates’ reading comprehension skills and their ability to understand and analyze written passages. Here are UGC NET Comprehension Study Notes in below table

UGC NET Research Study Notes

Research plays a crucial role in the UGC NET examination, particularly in the Paper 1 section. Research Aptitude section of UGC NET evaluates candidates’ understanding of research methods, techniques, and processes. It assesses their knowledge of various aspects of research, including problem formulation, research design, data collection and analysis, interpretation of findings, and ethical considerations.

UGC NET Higher Education Study Notes

The UGC NET examination includes a section on Higher Education, which focuses on assessing candidates’ knowledge and understanding of various aspects related to higher education system in India.

UGC NET People & Environment Study Notes

The UGC NET examination includes a section on People and Environment, which aims to assess candidates’ knowledge and understanding of the interactions between human society and the environment.

UGC NET ICT Study Notes

The UGC NET examination includes a section on ICT, which aims to assess candidates’ knowledge and understanding of Information Communication technology.

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What is the date of the UGC NET exam 2024?

UGC NET 2024 exam will be conducted soon by the NTA.

What is the validity of the UGC NET?

There is no valid for the post of Assistant Professor. However, the JRF award letter is valid for a period of three years starting from the day of issuance of the letter.

Is PhD compulsory to appear for UGC NET?

No, PhD is not compulsory to appear for the UGC NET exam.

Study Notes

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Research Aptitude Notes for UGC NET Paper 1

Table of Contents

UGC NET (National Eligibility Test) is noted to be a national level exam which is operated by NTA (National testing Agency) on behalf of the University Grants Commission. It is for approving the eligibility of aspirants for the respective posts of ‘Assistant Professor’ or ‘Junior Research Fellowship’.

The UGC NET 2022 online registrations and application shall begin in March 2022 on the official website after the release of the official announcement.

Research Aptitude – UGC NET

Research is the innovative and organized work undertaken to improve the stock of knowledge. It concerns the collection and analysis of data to improve the understanding of a topic or issue.

NTA had had Research Aptitude in UGC NET Paper 1 to test the proficiency of aspirants in the education field. It covers nearly 14-18 marks in the exam.

So, if you are training for the NET Exam, then you should understand the visions of UGC NET Research Aptitude.

Here are the entire details of Research Aptitude for UGC NET like syllabus, notes, tips asked in the exam, and more.

Download Entri App for Notes Regarding UGC NET Exam!

Research Aptitude Syllabus for 2022 UGC NET Paper 1

Research Aptitude is a component of UGC NET Paper 1. It Includes 6 major topics and 12 subtopics in unit 1 like the meaning, its types, characteristics, etc.

Through the given details you can check the whole Research Aptitude Test syllabus released by the official.

The students should follow the syllabus and also study materials to elevate their exam preparation for the UGC NET exam. Here are the precise notes for the exam preparation.

Research means to search for the existing thing ‘something’ that remains unknown to us. So, Research indicates to find out something new on the topic that already existed.

It is a searching procedure for discovering new information about the things we already know.
It is a scientific examination for searching for necessary information on a distinct topic.
It can also be directed to as a ‘voyage of discovery.

So, you can rephrase the meaning of research as:

An attitude of exploration/inquiry/investigation,
A scientific and objective action made to uncover truths,
Hence, needs the application of scientific methods.

John W. Best describes research as,

“Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may leave to development of generalizations, principles or theories result in prediction and possibly ultimate control of events.”

Important Types of Research

There are various types of research covered in the NTA NET Paper 1 Exam. Here, we have delivered some significant types that are typically included in the Research Aptitude Syllabus for UGC NET .

Fundamental Research – It is refined and theoretical research established on the principle of generalization. Fundamental Research is headed towards finding information that has a wide base application.

Applied Research – This type of research discovers a resolution for some specific issue such as identifying social, economic, or political trends. It may concern society or firms.

Descriptive Research – It is a qualitative study carried out to know about people’s choices. Descriptive Research creates a proper and logical explanation of a problem by collecting true, realistic information through surveys.

Analytical Research – This kind of research examines the facts or information which is already functional using logic and reasoning. It is based on secondary data.

Conceptual Research – It does not implicate fulfilling any practical experiments. Conceptual Research is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to invent new concepts or to interpret innovative ideas such as Newton’s Theory.

Characteristics of Research

The characteristics of research in UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes are as shown below:

Research is a scientific examination.
Scientific indicates it demands the use of scientific methods and techniques. That is, methods and techniques which have been tried and tested; and can deliver similar or somewhat similar results on each application.
The results or data that we get through scientific approaches can be used to design concepts and theories of their own.

Positivism and Post-Positivism Approach

Positivism:

Positivism claims the existence of a true and objective reality that can be studied by involving the methods and principles of natural sciences and scientific inquiry.
It claims that the object of study is independent of researchers; knowledge is discovered and confirmed through direct observations or dimensions of phenomena; facts are set by taking apart a phenomenon to examine its parts.
The role of the researcher is to deliver material for the evolution of laws by testing theories.
Positivists believe in five principles which include
Phenomenalism: (knowledge demonstrated by the senses can be considered as knowledge).
Deductivism (the goal of theory is to develop hypotheses that can be tested to make laws),
Inductivism (the group of facts that delivers the basis for laws and knowledge).
Objectivism (science should be value-free)
Scientific statements

Post positivism:

Post Positivism is believed a contemporary paradigm that formed as a result of the criticism of positivism.
The positivists and post positivists also accept the existence of a single reality.
They acknowledge that truth can never be fully known and steps to understand reality are limited owing to the human beings’ sensory and intellectual limitations.
The purpose of post-positivist research is also a prediction and description.
Positivists and post positivists also seek to be objective, neutral and confirm that the findings fit with the existing knowledge base.
Unlike positivists, they acknowledge and spell out any preconceptions that may impact objectivity.
Positivism and post-positivism were blocked from use in this study for several causes.
Methods of Research

Experimental Research: Experimental Research has three elements as

All autonomous variable is handled.
All the other variables except (independent variables) are kept constant.
The result of manipulation of the independent variable on the dependent variable is monitored.
It starts with a question regarding the relationship between two or more variables. Simultaneously, the researcher creates one or more hypotheses to declare the nature of the expected relationship. The experiment is the event designed and carried out by the
a researcher who attempts to get evidence.

Historical Research:

In this sort of research, the independent variable or variables have already appeared in which the researcher begins with observation of a dependent variable or variables.
It generally concentrates on the historical part of an issue of interest or problem.

Descriptive Research:

It is a quantitative research procedure. In plain words, descriptive research is linked to describing the phenomenon, watching, and creating assumptions from it.
The reality of learning requests and field studies are the direct substance of descriptive research.
The fundamental features of this strategy are that the professional has no power over the factors; he can just convey what has occurred or what’s going on.

Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is involved with numbers. It is carried out to examine a phenomenon that can be described in numbers.
Quantitative is usually deductive and starts with a given theory.
Statistical ideas and software (such as STATA, R) are utilized to carry out this sort of research.

Qualitative Research

Qualitative research is accomplished to study the phenomenon that can be defined beyond numbers, that is, in a qualitative manner.
Qualitative is usually inductive and starts with a social reality followed by the structure of the theory around it.

Visit Our Entri App for More Notes on UGC NET General Paper 1

Steps of Research

It is the process through which proper research is examined and carried out for presentations. There are 11 steps of Research contained in the NET Exam Syllabus .

Step 1: Formulation of the Research Problem:

The foremost step of a research journey is the formulation of a research situation or topic.

Researchers describe the area of research by determining the problem or research topic. They choose the area of interest of a certain subject or a study of the previous year’s research work.

Step 2: Developing Research Proposal:

After choosing the research topic or problem, the second step is to design a plan of research for the Research Proposal.

Step 3: Development of Working Hypothesis:

After completing the research proposal, it is essential to assume the situations and to do research studies that are known as hypotheses.

Step 4: Preparing Research Design:

It is the abstract framework on which the research is to be done. The primary purpose of the research strategy is to take maximum output with minimum possible expenditure, time, and effort.

Step 5: Determine Sample Design:

A population is split into small subgroups derived as a sample of the analysis. The sample design is a framework that functions as the basis for the choice of a survey sample.

Step 6: Collection of Data:

The collection of data can be split into two categories:

Primary Data: It can be gathered through new experiments, surveys, group discussions, questionnaires, etc.

Secondary Data: This type of data has already been gathered & passed by someone else through the statistical method.

Steps 7: Execution of The Research Project:

The execution or performance of research is important as the Researcher follows that the project is executed systematically.

Step 8: Analysis of Data:

After gathering the data, it should be placed properly and classified into two categories –

Irrelevant Data – It should be divided.

Relevant Data – It is coded into symbols so that it may be arranged.

The arrangement is a part of a technical procedure that has organized data in the table form.

Step 9: Hypothesis – Testing:

After examining the data, the researcher can test the framed hypothesis in various ways like chi-square, F-Test, T-Test, etc. It will help you to understand whether it can be taken or left.

Steps 10: Interpretation and Recommendation:

The gathered data is examined, summarized, linked with the research objective, and presented by finding new theories, recommended new concepts and principles.

Steps 11: Report Writing and Presentation:

At last, scholars make a report and conclude the research data in detail. It is presented in simple language and appealing manner by using charts, graphs, illustrations wherever essential and applicable.

Thesis and Article Writing

The thesis is a treatise that illustrates the completion of the scholarly aspiration of the student. A good thesis should be precise and have a logical structure that should help the reader’s

understanding of the argument being delivered and not unobtrusive. To accomplish this objective, the layout and physical appearance of the thesis should fit a set pattern.

Title of the Research Project
Name of the researcher
Purpose of the research project
Date of Publication

This section included the contents of the report, either in chapters or in subheadings.

List of Tables

This section contains the title and page number of all tables.

List of Figures

This section includes the title and page number of all graphs, pie charts, etc.

Acknowledgments

Here, the researcher may acknowledge Institute Principal, Faculty Guide, research guide and technical guide, research participants, friends, etc. And this section presents the research setting out purposes and objectives. It contains a justification for the research.

Theoretical Framework and Review of Literature

This section is contained all your background research, which may be received from the literature review. You must reveal where all the information has come from, so remember to keep a whole record of everything you read. If you do not do this, you could be charged with plagiarism which is a form of academic theft. When you are directing to a certain use the Harvard system.

Research design

This section contains all practical details observed for research. After reading this, any curious party should be capable to reproduce the research study. The techniques used for data collection, how many people took part, how they were selected, what device was used for data collection, how the data was interpreted etc.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

If you have completed a large quantitative survey, this section may include tables, graphs, pie charts, and associated statistics. If you have completed a qualitative piece of research, this section may be descriptive prose.

Summary and Conclusion

In this section, you sum up your findings and conclude them, perhaps concerning other research or literature.

Recommendation

If you have completed a piece of research for a hotel or any other client organization, this section could be the most significant part of the report. A list of clear guidance that has been created from the research is included. Sometimes, this section is included at the starting of the report.

Suggestion for Further Research

It is valid in both academic reports and work-related reports to contain a section that demonstrates how the research can be continued. Perhaps some results are inconclusive, or perhaps the research has thrown up many more research questions that ought to be handled. It is useful to possess this section because it indicates that you are conscious of the broader picture and that you are not attempting to cover up something which you feel may be lacking in your work.

List of References/Bibliography

The list of references includes details only of those works cited in the text.
A bibliography contains sources not cited in the text, but which are appropriate to the subject.
Small research projects will require only a reference section. It contains all the literature to which you have referred in your report.
Application of ICT in Research

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an umbrella term that contains any communication device or application, enclosing: radio, television, cellular phones, computer, and network hardware and software, satellite systems, and so on, as well as the different services and applications associated with them, such as videoconferencing and distance education.

Typically, ICT helps the researcher in the following research-related chores:

Identify research areas & identify relevant information sources through searching various online portal
Literature survey & critically analyses general information for further reading
use the details to extend and communicate knowledge across subject area fields with the vast community
Choose Methods for research
Data Collection – manage information/data collectively
Referencing
Present/share / disseminate Instantaneous information exchange despite geographical distances, cost less accumulation of data and documents
Search numerous databases and electronic resources simultaneously
retrieve results in a common format to consume
link to other individual databases for more technical searching &select favored resources and e-journals, save searches and records and set up email alerts.

The part & application of ICT in research and Higher Education academic work can be largely divided into 4 main areas:

Communication – How ICT has transformed the way the researcher communicates with other parties.

Information Transfering – How quickly & efficiently the information can be transferred across the globe.

Simulation – Virtual Lab & robotic experiments

Evaluation– Different devices and technology for feedback and evaluation.

UGC NET General Paper 1 Notes PDF Available Here

Research Ethics

There are different reasons behind the low standard of research in different study fields, but

the most significant reason is connected to the ethics of research. These ethical issues are not an unexplored thing it was presented by ‘Plato’ twenty-four hundred years ago. Newly

UGC- endorsed list of journals were made to provide published papers that are of a high standard along with the purpose to perform research in an ethical way. The guidelines involve many possible contexts including teaching, working research, paper publication, or misconduct along with disciplinary processes.

Research Ethics is a group of guidelines that support researchers to perform research successfully. The main principles revolve around the research process, data collection, interpretation of data, report publication, thesis, confidentiality, obfuscation, and plagiarism.
Ethics are near related to ethics and value, it defines norms for conduct that distinguishes between ‘what is wrong’ & ‘what is right’.
It enables a research culture that attaches to ‘relevant legislation governing the protection of the dignity, rights, safety and privacy of those affected in research;’ ‘provide clear and easily available guidance on best ethical practice and regulatory conditions; ‘offer help and activity to staff and students and any others.
The Policy document includes not just the things that constitute ethical research but also applies out the ‘Ethical Review Process’ and the part of the University Research Ethics Committee.
The researcher and the team are accountable for guarding the dignity, rights, security, and well-being of the participants enrolled in the study. They should have the proper credentials and competence in research methodology and should be conscious of and concede with the scientific, medical, ethical, legal, and social requirements of the research proposal.
The ECs are accountable for confirming that the research is performed following the aforementioned principles.

UGC NET – Research Aptitude Books

How to prepare for ugc net research aptitude exam.

What does it take to grab the UGC NET exam? Well, it needs tremendous commitment and concentration with a sound study plan, hard work, and wise preparation.

The Entri Learning App provides quality study material and the best advice to assist you in your NET Exam Preparation .

Here we discussed some tips and tricks of Research Aptitude for the UGC NET Exam. These will support you score better in the exam.

Know the entire syllabus and create a study plan by covering the following important topics:

Meaning and characteristics of Research
Types of Research.
Positivism and Post Positivistic Approach to Research

Comprehend the basic concepts of research so that you can have in-depth learning of it. Learn all the significant definitions during the exam day. Solve previous year’s question papers and UGC NET Mock Test Papers to know your strong and weak zones. Avoid stuffing for better learning methods to concentrate more on understanding the real meanings and methods.

The study notes provided here have connected all these topics and explained them in an easier way. Along with these notes, it is good to have explored the UGC NET Research Aptitude Books that cover all the topics. Make sure you have the right book for practice that will help you to get good marks.

Apart from all these tips, it is very crucial to be confident and stay positive. Without that nothing can be accomplished. Stay clear and attain your goals.

Students training for the UGC NET Paper 1 comprehend that Teaching Aptitude is one of the most significant sections of the paper 1 syllabus. The primary objective of UGC NET EXAM PAPER is to access the teaching and research quality of the candidates. Through this article, the Entri Learning App is desired at collecting all required details and UGC NET Paper 1 Notes for better study.

Download the Entri Learning App for the Information Regarding UGC NET!

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Education Articles

UGC NET 2024 Important Topics for Paper 1 (Teaching and Research Aptitude)

Updated On: February 14, 2024 11:38 am IST

UGC NET 2024 Syllabus for Paper 1

Ugc net 2024 important topics for paper 1, ugc net 2024 paper-1 preparation tips .

The National Testing Agency (NTA) annually conducts the University Grants Commission National Eligibility Test (UGC NET exam) to assess candidates' eligibility for the positions of Assistant Professor and Junior Research Fellowship (JRF). This examination is scheduled to be held twice in the year 2024, in both June and December. The NTA has already announced dates for the UGC NET 2024, scheduled from June 10 to June 21, 2024 . Every year, the NTA administers the UGC NET exam in 83 subjects in Computer-Based Test (CBT) mode, determining eligibility for JRF and the Assistant Professor role. As the upcoming June cycle draws near, candidates may be pondering over the crucial topics and strategies for UGC NET 2024. This article will shed light on these essential subjects, the UGC NET exam pattern 2024 , and the best approach for effective UGC NET 2024 preparation.

Also Check:

UGC NET Exam Pattern for Paper-I

All the candidates who have applied for the UGC NET exam, Paper 1 is compulsory for every applicant. The UGC NET Paper 1 has a total of 10 sections. Here are the number of questions and allocated marks for each section of UGC NET Paper 1:

Also Read: UGC NET Question Papers 2024 - Download PDFs

The University Grants Commission (UGC) has prescribed the syllabus for the UGC NET June 2024 cycle for 83 subjects. The NTA UGC NET syllabus 2024 has been provided by the University for Paper 1 and Paper 2 (83 subjects). The UGC NET syllabus Paper 1 comprises topics from Teaching and Research Aptitude and the Paper 2 syllabus differs for all 83 subjects. The Paper-I for UGC NET 2024 will consist of the following subjects as syllabus:

Teaching Aptitude

Research Aptitude

Communication

Reading Comprehension

Data Interpretation

Logical Reasoning

Information & Communication Technology (ICT)

People & Environment

Higher Education System

On the other hand, Paper-II will depend on the subject chosen by the candidate.

UGC NET Paper 1 syllabus 2024 comprises topics from General Paper on Teaching and Research Aptitude, which is common and mandatory for all candidates. Check the complete UGC NET syllabus for Paper 1 below. There are some important topics in UGC NET exam which the students must cover to score high in the exam. These important topics as per the different subjects are given in the table below.

1. Teaching Aptitude

Through the teaching aptitude, the skills and knowledge of the candidate in terms of teaching methods will be determined. This will examine the various knowledge domain of the student such as problem-solving skills, student management, teaching methods, etc. Some of the important topics for teaching aptitude are:

Teaching: Concept, objectives, levels of teaching (memory, understanding and reflective), characteristics and basic requirements
Learner’s characteristics: Characteristics of adolescent and adult learners (academic, social, emotional and cognitive), individual differences
Factors affecting teaching: Teacher, Learner, Support material, Instructional facilities, Learning environment and Institution
Methods of teaching in higher learning institutions: Teacher-centred vs learner-centred methods; offline vs online methods (Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs, etc.).
Teaching support system : Traditional, modern and ICT based
Evaluation systems: Elements and types of evaluation, evaluation in Choice Based Credit Systems in higher education, computer-based testing, innovations in evaluation systems

2. Research Aptitude

Through the research aptitude, the candidates will be examined in the domain of research in different subjects and how to complete the research. Some of the important topics to cover for research aptitude are:

3. Communication

Through communication, the efficiency of the candidate will be examined in terms of exchanging ideas, conveying a message, speech, signals, behaviour and thoughts. Some of the important topics for communication are:

Communication: Meaning, types and characteristics of communication
Effective communication: Verbal and non-verbal, inter-cultural and group communications, classroom
communication Barriers to effective communication
Mass-media and society

4. Reading Comprehension

Through reading comprehension, the efficiency of the candidate will be tested on the basis of reading efficiency and answering questions related to that. There is no specific topic to prepare for reading comprehension. The candidates can read daily newspapers, and practice reading comprehensions to score well in this section.

5. Mathematical Reasoning

This section will test the reasoning skill of the candidate in terms of mathematical computations and logics. Some of the important topics for Mathematical Reasoning are:

6. Logical Reasoning

This section will be testing the ability of the candidate in terms of problem-solving and logical thinking. Most of the questions in this section will be related to logics interpretation and brain-teasing. Some of the important topics for Logical Reasoning are:

Understanding the structure of arguments: Argument forms, structure of categorical propositions, mood and figure, formal and informal fallacies, uses of language, connotations and denotations of terms, the classical square of opposition
Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning
Venn diagram : Simple and multiple use for establishing validity of arguments
Indian Logic: Means of knowledge
Pramanas: Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implication) and Anupalabddhi (Non-apprehension) Structure and kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference)

7. Data Interpretation

This section will examine the proficiency of the candidates in terms of using the data given to solve the questions. Some of the important topics related to Data Interpretation are:

8. Information & Communication Technology (ICT)

Through this section, the candidates will be examined on the basis of their knowledge in terms of IT and other related topics such as audiovisual systems, operating systems, middleware, storage, etc. Some of the important topics to cover for Information & Communication Technology (ICT) are:

9. People & Environment

This section will evaluate the proficiency of the candidate in terms of environment-related concepts. Some of the important topics for People & Environment are:

Environmental protection and development: Millennium Development Goals
Environment-human interaction: Environmental effects of anthropogenic activity
Environmental concerns: local, regional, and worldwide; noise pollution, solid, liquid, biomedical, toxic, and electronic waste; and climate change and its socioeconomic and political implications.
Impacts of pollutants on human health
Natural and energy resources: Solar, Wind, Soil, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass, Nuclear and Forests
Natural hazards and disasters: Mitigation strategies Environmental Protection Act (1986), National Action Plan on Climate Change, International agreements/efforts -Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit, Convention on Biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International Solar Alliance

10. Higher Education System

This section will evaluate the efficiency of the candidate in terms of the higher education system characteristics and latest process changes. Some of the important topics related to Higher Education System are:

Also Read : UGC NET 2024 Detailed Syllabus of All Subjects

Follow the syllabus of central universities to cover the maximum topics in the exam Make a timetable that ensures that the candidate can cover all the topics of the syllabus leaving time for revision and practice.
Practice the previous year's question papers, it will help the candidates to know the exam pattern and sections that get maximum weightage in the question paper.
Take the mock tests in the exam conditions to prepare for the exam day Practice for accuracy and speed. It will help the candidates with time management
Take frequent breaks while preparing for the UGC NET exam 2024. Relaxing the mind can take out the best in the exam.

Are you feeling lost and unsure about what career path to take after completing 12th standard?

Say goodbye to confusion and hello to a bright future!

There are several changes made this year, you can get an updated syllabus in this page.

Yes, you need to attempt both paper 1 & paper 2.

The syllabuses for the two exams are different. The areas of teaching and reasoning ability, research aptitude, understanding, divergent thinking, and general awareness are covered in the syllabus for paper 1 that is the same for everyone. The second paper's syllabus is depending on the candidate's subject preference. It evaluates how well-versed and knowledgeable a candidate is in the corresponding field. There are 83 subjects for which the NTA UGC NET is offered.

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Steps of Research Process | Research Aptitude | Paper 1

Research Process: The research process is like undertaking a journey. For a research journey, there are two crucial decisions to make:

What you want to find out about or what research questions (problems) you want to find answers to;
How to go about finding their answers?

There are practical steps through which you must pass on your research journey to find answers to your research questions.

The path to finding answers to your research questions constitutes research methodology.

At each operational step in the research process, you are required to choose from a multiplicity of methods, procedures, and models of research methodology, which will help you to best achieve your objectives.

Steps in Research Process

Formulating the Research Problem
Extensive Literature Review
Developing the Objectives
Preparing the Research Design including Sample Design
Collecting the Data
Processing and Analysis of Data
Preparation of the Report or Presentation of Results (Formal write-ups of conclusions reached)

Step 1. Formulating Research Problem

It is the first and most crucial step in the research process. The main function is to decide what you want to find out about.

Sources of research problems: Research in social sciences revolves around four Ps:

People: a group of individuals
Problems: examine the existence of certain issues or problems relating to their lives; to ascertain the attitude of a group of people towards an issue
Programs: to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention
Phenomena: to establish the existence of regularity.

In practice, most research studies are based upon at least a combination of two Ps.

Every research study has two aspects:

Study population:

People: individuals, organizations, groups, communities. (They provide you with the information or you collect information about them)

Subject area:

Problems: issues, situations, associations, needs, profiles
Program: content, structure, outcomes, attributes, satisfactions, consumers, Service providers, etc.
Phenomenon: cause-and-effect relationships, the study of a phenomenon itself ( Information that you need to collect to find answers to your research questions)

You can examine the professional field of your choice in the context of the four Ps in order to identify anything that looks interesting.

Considerations in selecting a research problem:

These help to ensure that your study will remain manageable and that you will remain motivated.

Interest : a research endeavour is usually time-consuming and involves hard work and possibly unforeseen problems. One should select a topic of great interest to sustain the required motivation.
Magnitude: It is extremely important to select a topic that you can manage within the time and resources at your disposal. Narrow the topic down to something manageable, specific and clear.
Measurement of concepts : Make sure that you are clear about the indicators and measurement of concepts (if used) in your study.
Level of expertise : Make sure that you have an adequate level of expertise for the task you are proposing since you need to do the work yourself.
Relevance : Ensure that your study adds to the existing body of knowledge, bridges current gaps and is useful in policy formulation. This will help you to sustain interest in the study.
Availability of data : Before finalizing the topic, make sure that data are available.
Ethical issues : How ethical issues can affect the study population and how ethical problems can be overcome should be thoroughly examined at the problem formulating stage.

Steps in Formulation of a Research Problem:

Working through these steps presupposes a reasonable level of knowledge in the broad subject area within which the study is to be undertaken. Without such knowledge, it is difficult to clearly and adequately ‘dissect’ a subject area.

Step 1: Identify a broad field or subject area of interest to you.
Step 2: Dissect the broad area into subareas.
Step 3: Select what is of most interest to you.
Step 4: Raise research questions.
Step 5: Formulate objectives.
Step 6: Assess your objectives.
Step 7: Doublecheck.

So far, we have focused on the basis of your study, the research problem. But every study in social sciences has a second element, the study population from whom the required information to find answers to your research questions is obtained.

As you narrow the research problem, similarly, you need to decide very specifically, who constitutes your study population, in order to select the appropriate respondents.

Step 2. Reviewing the Literature

The essential preliminary task in order to acquaint yourself with the available body of knowledge in your area of interest.
A literature review is an integral part of the entire research process and makes valuable contribution to every operational step.
Reviewing literature can be time-consuming, daunting and frustrating, but is also rewarding.

Its functions are:

Bring clarity and focus to the research problem;
Improve methodology;
Broaden knowledge;
Contextualise findings.

Bring clarity and focus to the research problem:

The process of reviewing the literature helps you to understand the subject area better and thus helps you to conceptualise your research problem clearly and precisely. It also helps you to understand the relationship between your research problem and the body of knowledge in the area.

Improve methodology:

A literature review tells you if others have used procedures and methods similar to the ones that you are proposing, which procedures and methods have worked well for them, and what problems they have faced with them. Thus, you will be better positioned to select a methodology that is capable of providing a valid answer to your research questions.

Broaden knowledge base in the research area :

It ensures you to read widely around the subject area in which you intend to conduct your research study. As you are expected to be an expert in your area of study, it helps fulfil this expectation. It also helps you to understand how the findings of your study fit into the existing body of knowledge.

Contextualise findings:

How do answers to your research questions compare with what others have found? What contribution have you been able to make into the existing body of knowledge? How are your findings differ from those of others? For you to be able to answer these questions, you need to go back to your literature review. It is important to place your findings in the context of what is already known in your field of enquiry.

Procedure for reviewing the literature:

Search for existing literature in your area of study;
review the literature selected;
develop a theoretical framework;
develop a conceptual framework.

Step 3 – Formulation of Objectives (Hypothesis)

Objectives are the goals you set out to attain in your study.
They inform a reader what you want to attain through the study.
It is extremely important to word them clearly and specifically.

Objectives should be listed under two headings:

Main objectives (aims);
Sub-objectives.

The main objective is an overall statement of the thrust of your study. It is also a statement of the main associations and relationships that you seek to discover or establish.

The sub-objectives are the specific aspects of the topic that you want to investigate within the main framework of your study.

They should be numerically listed.
Wording should clearly, completely and specifically communicate to readers.
Each objective should contain only one aspect of the Study.
Use action-oriented words or verbs when writing objectives.

Identifying Variables:

In a research study, it is important that the concepts used should be operationalised in measurable terms so that the extent of variations in respondents’ understanding is reduced if not eliminated.

Techniques about how to operationalise concepts, and knowledge about variables, play an important role in reducing this variability.

Their knowledge, therefore, is important in ‘fine-tuning ’ your research problem.

For example:

‘Jet Airways’ is a perfect example of quality cabin service.
Food in this restaurant is
The middle class in India is getting more

When people express these feelings or preferences, they do so on the basis of certain criteria in their minds. Their judgement is based upon indicators that lead them to conclude and express that opinion.

These are judgements that require a sound basis on which to proclaim. This warrants the use of a measuring mechanism and it is in the process of measurement that knowledge about variables plays an important role.

An image, perception or concept that can be measured – hence capable of taking on different values – is called a variable.

Concepts are mental images or perceptions, and therefore, their meaning varies markedly from individual to individual.

Difference between Concept and Variable:

A concept cannot be measured whereas a variable can be subjected to measurement by crude/refined or subjective/objective units of measurement. It is therefore important for the concept to be converted into variables.

Measurement of Scales (Types of DATA)

There are four types of data that may be gathered in social research , each one adding more to the next. Thus, ordinal data is also nominal, and so on.

A useful acronym to help remember this is NOIR (French for ‘black’).

Nominal or Categorical:

A nominal scale enables the classification of individuals, objects or responses into subgroups based on a common/shared property or characteristic. A variable measured on a nominal scale may have one, two, or more subcategories depending upon the extent of variation.

For example : ’ water ’ or ‘ tree ’ has only one subgroup, whereas the variable “ gender ” can be classified into two sub-categories: male and female. ‘ Hotels ’ can be classified into —- sub-categories.

The sequence in which subgroups are listed makes no difference as there is no relationship among subgroups. Nominal items are usually categorical, in that they belong to a definable category, such as ’employees’.

Ordinal or Ranking Scale:

Besides categorizing individuals, objects, responses or property into subgroups on the basis of common characteristic, it ranks the subgroups in a certain order. They are arranged either in ascending or descending order according to the extent a subcategory reflects the magnitude of variation in the variable.

For example : ‘income’ can be measured either quantitatively (in rupees and paise) or qualitatively using subcategories ‘above average’, ‘average’ and ‘below average’. The ‘distance’ between these subcategories are not equal as there is no quantitative unit of measurement. ‘Socioeconomic status’ and ‘attitude’ are other variables that can be measured on an ordinal scale.

Interval Scale:

An interval scale has all the characteristics of an ordinal scale. In addition, it uses a unit of measurement with an arbitrary starting and terminating points.

For example :

Celsius scale: 0*C to 100*C Fahrenheit scale: 32*F to 212*F Attitudinal scales: 10-20 21-31 31-40 etc

Ratio Scale:

A ratio scale has all the properties of nominal, ordinal , and interval scales plus its own property: the zero point of a ratio scale is fixed, which means it has a fixed starting point. Since the difference between intervals is always measured from a zero point, this scale can be used for mathematical operations.

The measurement of variables like income, age, height, and weight are examples of this scale. A person who is 40 years old is twice as old as one who is 20 years old.

Parametric vs. Non-parametric:

Interval and ratio data are parametric and are used with parametric tools in which distributions are predictable (and often Normal).

Nominal and ordinal data are non-parametric and do not assume any particular distribution. They are used with non-parametric tools such as the Histogram.

Continuous and Discrete Variables:

Continuous Variables are measured along a continuous scale, which can be divided into fractions, such as temperature. Continuous variables allow for infinitely fine sub-division, which means if you can measure sufficiently accurately, you can compare two items and determine the difference.

Discrete variables are measured across a set of fixed values, such as age in years (not microseconds). These are commonly used on arbitrary scales, such as scoring your level of happiness, although such scales can also be continuous.

Constructing Hypotheses:

As a researcher, you do not know about a phenomenon, but you do have a hunch to form the basis of certain assumptions or guesses. You test these by collecting information that will enable you to conclude if your notion was right.

The verification process can have one of the three outcomes. Your hunch may prove to be:

partially right; or

Without this process of verification, you cannot conclude anything about the validity of your assumption.

Hence, a hypothesis is an intelligent guess, hunch, assumption, suspicion, assertion, or an idea about a phenomenon, relationship, or situation, the reality or truth of which you do not know. A researcher calls these assumptions/ hunches hypotheses, and they become the basis of an inquiry.

In most studies, the hypotheses will be based upon your own or someone else’s observation.

Hypotheses bring clarity, specificity, and focus on a research problem, but are not essential for a study .

You can conduct a valid investigation without constructing formal hypotheses.

Functions of Hypotheses:

The formulation of the hypothesis provides a study with focus. It tells you what specific aspects of a research problem to investigate.
A hypothesis tells you what data to collect and what not to collect, thereby providing focus to the study.
As it provides a focus, the construction of a hypothesis enhances objectivity in a study.
A hypothesis may enable you to add to the formulation of a theory. It allows you to conclude what is true or what is false accurately.

Types of Hypotheses

Null Hypotheses
Alternative Hypotheses

Null Hypotheses: A null hypothesis is a type of hypothesis used in statistics that proposes that no statistical significance exists in a set of given observations. The null hypothesis attempts to show that no variation exists between variables or that a single variable is no different than its mean. It is presumed to be true until statistical evidence nullifies it for an alternative hypothesis.

Alternative Hypotheses: The alternate hypothesis is just an alternative to the null. For example, if your null is “I’m going to win up to $1000” then your alternate is “I’m going to win more than $1000.” Basically, you’re looking at whether there’s enough change (with the alternate hypothesis) to be able to reject the null hypothesis.

Step 4 – Preparing Research Design

Research design is the conceptual structure within which research would be conducted.

The function of the research design is to provide for the collection of relevant information with minimal expenditure of effort, time, and money.

The preparation of research design, appropriate for a particular research problem, involves the consideration of the following:

Objectives of the research study.
Method of Data Collection to be adopted
Source of information (Sample Design)
Tool for Data collection
Data Analysis– qualitative and quantitative

Objectives of the Research Study: Objectives identified to answer the research questions have to be listed, making sure that they are:

numbered, and
the statement begins with an action verb.

Methods of Data Collection: There are two types of data

Primary Data – collected for the first time
Secondary Data – those which have already been collected and analysed by someone else.

METHODS OF PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION

Observation Method: Commonly used in behavioural sciences. It is the gathering of primary data by the investigator’s own direct observation of relevant people, actions, and situations without asking from the respondent.

Survey Method: Survey Method Approach is most suited for gathering descriptive information.

Contact Methods: Information may be collected by

Personal interview

Experiment Methods: Also called Empirical Research or Cause and Effect Method , it is data-based research, coming up with conclusions that are capable of being verified with observation or experiment.

Experimental research is appropriate when the proof is sought that certain variables affect other variables in some way. e.g.

Tenderisers (independent variable) affect cooking time and texture of meat( dependent variable) .
The effect of substituting one ingredient in whole or in part for another such as soya flour to flour for making high protein bread.
Develop recipes to use products.

Further Reading: Research Methods | Experimental, Historical, Descriptive, Qualitative and Quantitative

Determining Sample Design:

Researchers usually draw conclusions about large groups by taking a sample.

A Sample is a segment of the population selected to represent the population as a whole. Ideally, the sample should be representative and allow the researcher to make accurate estimates of the thoughts and behaviour of the larger population.

Types of Sampling:

Probability sampling: A sampling procedure in which each element of the population has a fixed probabilistic chance of being selected for the sample.
Non-probability sampling: Sampling techniques that do not use chance selection procedures but rather rely on the personal judgment of the researcher.

Probability sampling is further divided into the following:

1. Simple Random Sample: A probability sampling technique in which each element has a known and equal probability of selection. Every element is selected independently of every other element, and the sample is drawn by a random procedure from a sampling frame. This method is equivalent to a lottery system in which names are placed in a container, the container is shaken, and the names of the winners are then drawn out in an unbiased manner. To draw a simple random sample, the researcher first compiles a sampling frame in which each element is assigned a unique identification number. Then random numbers are generated to determine which elements to include in the sample.

2. Systematic Sampling: In systematic sampling, the sample is chosen by selecting a random starting point and then picking every ith element in succession from the sampling frame.25 The sampling interval, i, is determined by dividing the population size N by the sample size n and rounding to the nearest whole number. For example, there are 100,000 elements in the population, and a sample of 1,000 is desired. In this case, the sampling interval, i, is 100. A random number between 1 and 100 is selected. If, for example, this number is 23, the sample consists of elements 23, 123, 223, 323, 423, 523, and so on.

3. Stratified Random Sample: Population is divided into mutually exclusive (heterogeneous) groups (strata) then random sampling is drawn from each group (stratum).

It is a two-step process in which the population is partitioned into subpopulations or strata. The strata should be mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive in that every population element should be assigned to one and only one stratum and no population elements should be omitted. Next, elements are selected from each stratum by a random procedure, usually Simple Random Sampling.

4. Cluster (area) sample: The population is divided into mutually exclusive groups (Homogeneous) such as blocks, and the researcher draws a sample of the group to interview.

A two-step probability sampling technique where the target population is first divided into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive sub-populations called clusters, and then a random sample of clusters is selected based on a probability sampling technique such as SRS. For each selected cluster, either all the elements are included in the sample, or a sample of elements is drawn probabilistically.

Differences between Stratified Sampling and Cluster Sampling

(Source: Marketing Research, Malhotra) Non-Probability Sampling is further divided into the following:

1. Convenience sampling: Convenience sampling attempts to obtain a sample of convenient elements. The selection of sampling units is left primarily to the interviewer. Often, participants are selected because they happen to be in the right place at the right time.

2. Judgemental sampling: It is a form of convenience sampling in which the population elements are selected based on the judgement of the researcher. The researcher, exercising judgement or expertise, chooses the elements to be included in the sample because it is believed that they are representative of the population of interest, or are otherwise appropriate.

3. Quota sampling: It is a two-stage restricted judgemental sampling. The first stage consists of developing control categories or quotas of population elements. In the second stage, sample elements are selected based on convenience or judgement.

4. Snowball Sampling : A strategy used to gather a sample for a research study, in which study participants give the researcher referrals to other individuals who fit the study criteria. Snowball samples cannot be generalized to the population because they are not selected randomly. Snowball samples are usually used to investigate groups that have some unique, rare, or unusual quality and groups in which members know each other through an organization or common experience. For example, snowball samples might be used to identify marathon runners or cancer survivors who attend support groups.

TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION (RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS)

The construction of a research instrument or tool for data collection is the most important aspect of a research project because anything you say by way of findings or conclusions is based up the type of information you collect, and the data you collect is entirely dependent upon the questions that you ask of your respondents. The famous saying about computers- “garbage in garbage out”- is also applicable for data collection. The research tool provides the input into study, and therefore, the quality and validity of the output (the findings), are solely dependent on it.

Guidelines to Construct a Research Tool :

The underlying principle behind the guidelines suggested below is to ensure the validity of your instrument by making sure that your questions relate to the objectives of your study.

Step I: Clearly define and individually list all the specific objectives or research Questions for your study.

Step II: For each objective or research questions, list all the associated questions That you want to answer through your study.

Step III: Take each research question listed in step II and list the information required to answer it.

Step IV: Formulate question(s) to obtain this information.

Questionnaire:

A questionnaire consists of a set of questions presented to a respondent for answers. The respondents read the questions, interpret what is expected and then write down the answers themselves.

Interview Schedule: It is called an Interview Schedule when the researcher asks the questions (and if necessary, explain them) and record the respondent’s reply on the interview schedule.

Because there are many ways to ask questions, the questionnaire is very flexible. The questionnaire should be developed and tested carefully before being used on a large scale.

There are three basic types of a questionnaire:

Closed-ended
Combination of both

Step 5: Collection of Data

Having formulated the research problem, developed a study design, constructed a research instrument, and selected a sample, then collect the data from which you will draw inferences and conclusions for the study. Depending upon your plans, you might commence interviews, mail out a questionnaire, conduct experiments and/or make observations.

Step 6: Processing and Analysing Data

Processing and analysing data involves a number of closely related operations which are performed with the purpose of summarizing the collected data and organizing these in a manner that they answer the research questions(objectives).

The Data Processing operations are:

1. Editing- a process of examining the collected raw data to detect errors and omissions and to correct these when possible.

2. Classification – a process of arranging data in groups or classes on the basis of common characteristics. Depending on the nature of the phenomenon involved.

3. Tabulation – Tabulation is the process of summarizing raw data and displaying the same in compact form for further analysis. It is an orderly arrangement of data in columns and rows. Tabulation is essential because:

It conserves space and reduces explanatory and descriptive statements to a minimum.
It facilitates the process of comparison.
It facilitates the summation of items and the detection of errors and omissions.
It provides the basis for various statistical computations.

Tabulation may also be classified as simple and complex tabulation. Simple tabulation generally results in one-way tables that supply answers to questions about one characteristic of data only. Complex tabulation usually results on two-way tables (which give information about two inter-related characteristics of data), three-way tables or still higher-order tables, also known as manifold tables.

Also Read: How to Write A Research Paper

Data Analysis Methods:

Qualitative Data Analysis: Qualitative data analysis is a very personal process with few rigid rules and procedures. For this purpose, the researcher needs to go through a process called Content Analysis.

Content Analysis means analysis of the contents of an interview in order to identify the main themes that emerge from the responses given by the respondents.

Quantitative Data Analysis: This method is most suitable for large well designed and well-administered surveys using a properly constructed and worded questionnaire. Data can be analysed either manually or with the help of a computer.

Data Analysis Using a Computer: If you want to analyse data using a computer, you should be familiar with the appropriate program. In this area, knowledge of computers and statistics plays an important role.

The most common software is SPSS. However, data input can be a long and laborious process, and if data is entered incorrectly, it will influence the final results.

Step 7: Reporting the Findings

Writing the report is the last, and for many, the most challenging stage of the research process. The report informs the world what you have done, what you have discovered, and what conclusions you have drawn from your findings. The report should be written in an academic style. Language should be formal and not journalistic.

Further reading: How to Write a Research Report or Article

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UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes 2023: Paper 1 Research Notes PDF

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UGC NET Paper 1 Notes

UGC NET Research Aptitude Topics

What is Research Aptitude? | UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes

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Characteristics of Research | UGC NET Research Aptitude Notes

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Types of Research

Fundamental Research

Applied Research

Action Research

Descriptive Research

Analytical Research

Quantitative Research

Qualitative Research

Conceptual Research

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Research Aptitude Notes for UGC NET Paper 1