how to include interview in research paper

Using an interview in a research paper

Consultant contributor: Viviane Ugalde

Using an interview can be an effective primary source for some papers and research projects. Finding an expert in the field or some other person who has knowledge of your topic can allow for you to gather unique information not available elsewhere.

There are four steps to using an interview as a source for your research.

Know where and how to start.
Know how to write a good question.
Know how to conduct an interview.
Know how to incorporate the interview into your document or project.

Step one: Where to start

First, you should determine your goals and ask yourself these questions:

Who are the local experts on topic?
How can I contact these people?
Does anyone know them to help me setup the interviews?
Are their phone numbers in the phone book or can I find them on the Internet?

Once you answer these questions and pick your interviewee, get their basic information such as their name, title, and other general details. If you reach out and your interview does not participate, don’t be discouraged. Keep looking for other interview contacts.

Step two: How to write a good question

When you have confirmed an interview, it is not time to come up with questions.

Learning as much as you can about the person before the interview can help you create questions specific to your interview subject.
Doing research about your interviewee’s past experience in your topic, or any texts that they have written would be great background research.

When you start to think of questions, write down more questions than you think you’ll need, and prioritize them as you go. Any good questions will answer the 5W and H questions. Asking Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How questions that you need answered for your paper, will help you form a question to ask your interviewee.

When writing a good question, try thinking of something that will help your argument.

Is your interviewee an advocate for you position?
Are they in any programs that are related to your research?
How much experience do they have?

From broad questions like these, you can begin to narrow down to more specific and open-ended questions.

Step three: The interview

If at all possible, arrange to conduct the interview at the subject’s workplace. It will make them more comfortable, and you can write about their surroundings.

Begin the interview with some small talk in order to give both of you the chance to get comfortable with one another
Develop rapport that will make the interview easier for both of you.
Ask open-ended questions
Keep the conversation moving
Stay on topic
The more silence in the room, the more honest the answer.
If an interesting subject comes up that is related to your research, ask a follow-up or an additional question about it.
Ask if you can stay in contact with your interview subject in case there are any additional questions you have.

Step four: Incorporating the interview

When picking the material out of your interview, remember that people rarely speak perfectly. There will be many slang words and pauses that you can take out, as long as it does not change the meaning of the material you are using.

As you introduce your interview in the paper, start with a transition such as “according to” or other attributions. You should also be specific to the type of interview you are working with. This way, you will build a stronger ethos in your paper .

The body of your essay should clearly set up the quote or paraphrase you use from the interview responses,. Be careful not to stick a quote from the interview into the body of your essay because it sounds good. When deciding what to quote in your paper, think about what dialogue from the interview would add the most color to your interview. Quotes that illustrate what your interviewer sounded like, or what their personality is are always the best quotes to choose from.

Once you have done that, proofread your essay. Make sure the quotes you used don’t make up the majority of your paper. The interview quotes are supposed to support your argument; you are not supposed to support the interview.

For example, let’s say that you are arguing that free education is better than not. For your argument, you interview a local politician who is on your side of the argument. Rather than using a large quote that explains the stance of both sides, and why the politician chose this side, your quote is there to support the information you’ve already given. Whatever the politician says should prove what you argue, and not give new information.

Step five: Examples of citing your interviews

Smith, Jane. Personal interview. 19 May 2018.

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2018).

Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2018).

Reference list

Daly, C. & Leighton W. (2017). Interviewing a Source: Tips. Journalists Resource.

Driscoll, D. (2018 ). Interviewing. Purdue University

Hayden, K. (2012). How to Conduct an Interview to Write a Paper . Bright Hub Education, Bright Hub Inc.

Hose, C. (2017). How to Incorporate Interviews into Essays. Leaf Group Education.

Magnesi, J. (2017). How to Interview Someone for an Article or Research Paper. Career Trend, Leaf group Media.

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How to Add an Interview to a Research Paper

Quotations can give some breath and life to a research paper, when used appropriately. While you should not use too many quotations -- one or two per five-page paper would work -- they can highlight a point you’re trying to make from an expert in the field. If you had the opportunity to interview an authoritative source for your research paper, you need to include attribution and citations per the requirements of the style guide you use.

Adding Quotations

For the most part, try to embed quotations within a sentence. For a quote from an interview, begin your sentence by introducing the speaker, followed by the quote, as in the example :

In a personal interview February 2, 2012, the former employee said, “I considered filing a formal complaint, if not a lawsuit.”

As an alternative, you can lead into the quote with a statement before a colon, which announces the quote that supports the preceding statement. If you add words to a quotation for clarity, put those words inside brackets to indicate they were not a part of the original quote.

Use ellipsis marks (three consecutive periods preceded and followed by a space) to indicate omitted words from a quotation. Do not use ellipses at the beginning of a quote. You could also paraphrase what the interviewee said rather than use a direct quote; when you paraphrase, you should use an attribution like “according to” or “John Smith stated in a phone interview March 3, 2014” to indicate the information is from a source.

Using Block Quotes

If your interview quote is long, you will need to format it as a block quote . In Modern Language Association format, quotes that take up more than four lines of your paper must be set as a block quote. American Psychological Association suggests quotes that are 40 words or more, and Chicago Manual of Style suggests quotes of 100 words or more should be formatted as block quotes.

For APA and CMS styles, block quotes are generally indented a half inch from the left margin; MLA style requires a one-inch indentation from the left margin. This indentation is maintained for the entire quote. In all styles, do not place quotation marks around the quote; also, the in-text citation appears after the final punctuation of the quote.

In-Text Citations and Notes

After a quote, include in-text citations to indicate where the quote came from. For interviews conducted in person, over the phone or via e-mail, use the term “personal communication” in APA format, as seen in the parenthetical citation example :

(V. Pinto, personal communication, March 4, 2014).

MLA style uses author-page parenthetical citations; since no page number is available for an interview, use only the speaker’s last name in parentheses. If you mentioned the interviewee’s name in the sentence, you do not need to reiterate it with a parenthetical citation.

In CMS style, citations of unpublished interviews ideally occur in text or in notes. In a note, include the names of both the person interviewed and the interviewer; brief identifying information, such as the interviewee's profession, if appropriate; the place or date of the interview (or both, if known); and where a transcript of the interview can be found, if available.

John Smith (musicologist) in discussion with the author, February 2015.

For subsequent mentions, use a shorter footnote :

Smith, discussion.

Bibliographic Citations

APA and CMS do not require bibliographic citations for personal interviews. To cite published interviews in APA or CMS styles, follow the citation guidelines appropriate to the medium in which it was accessed.

In MLA style, follow the bibliographic citation example :

Beck, Samantha. Personal interview. 15 February 2015.

If you conducted the interview over the phone or via email, list it as a “phone” or “e-mail” rather than “personal” interview. Also in MLA style, cite the interview from a book or a video if it was not a personal communication, as in the following example :

Cohen, Joel. "An Interview With Judge Richard A. Posner." ABA Journal 1 July 2014. Print.

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: Quotations
Purdue Online Writing Lab: MLA Formatting Quotations
APA Style Blog: Block Quotations in APA Style
Purdue Online Writing Lab: General CMS Guidelines
Purdue Online Writing Lab: Reference List; Other Non-Print Sources
Purdue Online Writing Lab: MLA Works Cited; Other Common Sources
Purdue Online Writing Lab: Interviews and Personal Communication
The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th Edition: University of Chicago Press Staff

Cara Batema is a musician, teacher and writer who specializes in early childhood, special needs and psychology. Since 2010, Batema has been an active writer in the fields of education, parenting, science and health. She holds a bachelor's degree in music therapy and creative writing.

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Interviewing

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Primary research involves collecting data about a given subject directly from the real world. This section includes information on what primary research is, how to get started, ethics involved with primary research and different types of research you can do. It includes details about interviews, surveys, observations, and analyses.

Interviewing is a great way to learn detailed information from a single individual or small number of individuals. It is very useful when you want to gain expert opinions on the subject or talk to someone knowledgeable about a topic.

Types of Interviewing

Several different types of interviews exist. You should choose one based on what kind of technology you have available to you, the availability of the individual you are interviewing, and how comfortable you feel talking to people.

Face to Face Interviews: Face to face interviews are when you sit down and talk with someone. They are beneficial because you can adapt your questioning to the answers of the person you are interviewing. You will need recording equipment for the interview, and it is highly recommended that you bring two recording devices with you in case one fails.

Phone Interviews: Phone interviews can be used when you need to interview someone who is geographically far away, who is too busy to meet with you to talk, or who does not want to use video or internet-based technology.

Email Interviews: Email interviews are less personal than face-to-face or phone interviews, but highly convenient for most individuals. You may not get as much information from someone in an email interview because you are not able to ask follow-up questions in the moment or play off the interviewee’s responses. However, email interviews are useful because they are already in a digital format.

Setting Up an Interview

When setting up an interview, be sure to be courteous and professional. Explain to the person being interviewed who you are, what you want to talk them about, and what project you are working on. Don’t be discouraged if not everyone you contact is willing to be interviewed.

Interview Do's and Dont's

When conducting interviews:

Do be careful of the types of questions you ask. See the page on Creating good survey and interview questions for more information.
Do start the interview with some small talk to give both yourself and the person you are interviewing a chance to get comfortable.
Do bring extra recording equipment in case something happens to one of your recording devices.
Do pay attention to what is being said during the interview and ask thoughtful follow-up questions.
Do come to the interview prepared. You should learn as much as you can about the person you are going to interview before the interview takes place so that you can tailor your questions to them.
Don't pester or push the person you are interviewing. If the interviwee does not want to talk about an issue, you should respect that desire.
Don't stick to your questions rigidly. If an interesting subject comes up that relates to your research, feel free to ask additional questions about it.
Don't allow the person you are interviewing to continually get off topic. If the conversation drifts, ask follow-up questions to redirect the conversation to the subject at hand.

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You’ve searched through peer-reviewed journal articles. On your work table lies a tall stack of books you’ve accumulated from the expansive library shelves. You’ve bookmarked numerous e-books with helpful information for your research paper.

Yet it seems your aggregation of quality sources is still missing something to bring your paper to the next level of quality and authenticity.

That missing piece may just be quotes and information from a personal interview.

Personal interviews are considered primary research, meaning that you as the writer are collecting information right in the real world. Let’s find out what benefit they can add to your work.

WHY PERSONAL INTERVIEWS?

Primary research in the form of personal interviews gives an added layer of specialization to your accumulated information. Rather than applying your research topic to material you find, you begin with your research topic and discover information specifically relating to that topic.

Personal interviews, whether face-to-face, on the phone or over email, provide the opportunity for you to learn more about a particular topic and incorporate another credible source into your research paper.

TIPS FOR CONDUCTING THE INTERVIEW

Your first step is to find that credible source who you can talk to. Who you choose will obviously depend on your research topic—it may be a doctor, a lawyer, a business manager, a scientist, etc. But don’t just pick someone convenient with just a little bit of knowledge in some area. Select an interview subject that is credible, experienced and knows a lot about your research topic.

1) PREPARE FOR THE INTERVIEW

Before you dive into a personal interview, be prepared. Have a direction in mind for how the interview will go. It may be helpful to bring along your phone or some other device to record the interview. Think through what questions you want to ask and ensure those questions will help you in your research.

2) ASK YOUR INTERVIEWEE THEIR NAME AND OCCUPATION

Make sure you get this important information first so that you don’t forget. Ask her to spell her name so you don’t have to wonder if you got it right. Ask her to describe her occupation, daily work, experiences and any relevant certifications. Gathering this information will demonstrate the interviewee’s credibility on your research topic.

3) LISTEN AND FOLLOW-UP

Pay attention to what your interviewee is saying rather than trying to record her every word. If you don’t understand something she says, ask follow-up questions. Don’t only stick to your standard list of questions. Be open to take the conversation in a different direction.

INCORPORATE INTERVIEWS INTO YOUR PAPER

Now, you can use that valuable information to add credibility and support your research paper.

1) WEAVE CONTENT INTO YOUR PAPER.

The pages of quotes and information you’ve acquired can be used as direct quotes or paraphrases to support your main points.

As you look for what content from your interview to include in the paper, be sure those quotes or facts are relevant and add value to your main points. Just as in using content from a book or journal article source, information from interviews should be used as supplements to the content you write.

Also like book and journal article research, don’t take your interviewee’s comments out of context. Be sure his or her quote and intention match up. Maintain integrity when making decisions about what quotes to include where.

2) CITE YOUR INTERVIEW.

As you would with book or journal article sources, you’ll need to cite the information you’ve acquired from your personal interview. In writing, follow APA Style in determining what to include:

In-Text Citations

Like books and journal articles, include an in-text citation after you incorporate a direct quote or paraphrase into your research paper. Use the format:

(First initial. Last name, personal communication, Month Day, Year).

For example, if you spoke to an expert in business management practices name John Smith on Dec. 5, 2017, your citation would look like this:

Ex. (J. Smith, personal communication, December 5, 2017).

Block quotes

If you select a direct quote that is 40 words or more, arrange the content in a block quote format. A block quote means you indent a half an inch from the left margin for the entire quote. Don’t use quotation marks around the block quote. And, after the quote, include the in-text citation.

Weave in quotes

Similar to incorporating sources from books and journal articles, weave in quotes with your own content. This will make the paper flow and helps your reader know your sources.

Not in Reference List

Since your personal interview is not a published work, DO NOT include it in your Reference List at the end of your paper.

Personal interviews provide a unique level of specialized information that can really add value to your research paper. By incorporating best practices such as conducting the interview thoughtfully, weaving quotes in seamlessly and citing your source properly, you can bring your paper to the next level of quality and credibility.

At Cornerstone University, you’ll experience numerous academic support resources to equip you to succeed in your degree program, whether that’s in writing a paper or other assignment.

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How To Write An Interiew Paper: Ultimate Guide

While you’re in school and studying different subjects, it can be tricky to understand each assignment’s needs and depths, especially long-form research papers that might count for a large percentage of your total grade. Writing an interview paper can involve a lot of research, require a lot of time and effort to find and schedule interviews with the right people, and write an engaging and easy-to-read piece. So here’s your ultimate blueprint on how to write an interview paper!

What Is An Interview Paper?

How to write an interview paper, the step-by-step guide on writing an interview paper, how to start an interview paper, how to write a conclusion for an interview paper, how to format an interview paper, checklist of essentials for an impressive interview paper, topics for an interview paper.

An interview paper is an intriguing but complex assignment to write about a topic that incorporates interviews and perspectives of different people on the issue. These interviews are usually with people who are stakeholders in a problem or the general public that has been inevitably affected by a country’s policy or about a particular case that caused havoc. In addition, it can also be a descriptive piece elaborating on the personal experience or anecdote of one person.

It’s definitely a learned skill and requires a lot of effort into cultivating precise questions networking to find the best people to interview (they can range from being your family members who were involved in a particular issue or have stark opinions on your topic to policymakers and governors who contributed to either passing or striking a specific act), and finally putting it all together to communicate the varying perspectives effectively without bias.

Here’s an excerpt from an interview paper example :

With the recent upsurge in mental health and psychology, many experts in the field are celebrating the increased awareness but also worry about the dissipation of false information. Especially with social media, information is communicated from one part of the world to another within seconds. It can lead to the misuse of terms and psychological context, leading to severe harm and damage. Dr. Rosen Luis, a professor of abnormal psychology at the University of Georgia, elaborated upon the issue of false information being spread on social media in a personal interview conducted last year. “As social media penetrates the global world at a more rapid rate than anything else in the world, sensitive information like that regarding mental health can easily be misused or leveraged in incorrect circumstances due to the lack of supervision on growing platforms. Social media also creates unrealistic expectations about how a mental illness should look. There’s no one distinct way a disorder manifests in everybody and can lead to different lifestyle changes for different people.” (R. Luis, Phone Interview, Jun 22, 2021)

So you might be thinking about how to write a paper based on an interview and what are the different components of such a paper? Well, a lot goes into an article of this kind, so it’s essential to break it down into separate elements so you can tackle each with great effort and accuracy to cultivate a solid assignment and fetch a top grade!

If you have the freedom to choose your topic for the assignment, it is essential that you pick up a contentious concept that is the center of debate and leads to some civil discourse. An interview paper needs to be backed with air-tight research and credible interviews taken ethically and incorporate direct, in-depth questioning and sources.

Now you may be wondering how to include an interview in a research paper, mainly because interviews often look like scripts instead of concrete research material, so it’s important to note that while your discussions will be long-form and extensive, you’ll have to pick and choose responses from your different interviews to use as quotes or credible backing for your statements within the content of the paper.

If you have no desire to get all those knowledge or experience a long tiring writing process, you can use an opportunity to buy cheap dissertation online .

To make the writing process easier, you should be absolutely sure in what to do in each step. Here is a list of steps you need to take to get a perfect interview paper.

Step 1 – Selecting the ideal topic for your paper : The topic you end up choosing for your interview paper can genuinely make or break your grade. It’s best not to look at generalized ideas or concepts that have been established as facts, as it’s unlikely that such topics will have a large-scale difference of opinion. Searching for a good case could begin with looking for issues that cause healthy discussion, differ within groups of different cultural, political, social, or economic backgrounds, and are essential conversations to have. It’s vital to ensure that the topic doesn’t cause a threat to someone’s rights, identity, or existence.
Step 2 – Ideation and Research : Now that you’ve established your topic and a basic crux of your thesis statement, you can begin ideating the direction you want to take your paper. For instance, you choose capital punishment and its use to decrease long-term crime patterns in Singapore (known to have one of the highest percentages of the executed population via capital punishment), you’ll think about whether you want to talk about its history, grassroots change, crime statistics and also decide who all you’ll want to interview. A big part of writing an interview paper is finding people from diverse backgrounds with conflicting opinions to give your readers a 360-degree view on the issue.
Step 3 – Crafting your interview questions : After having decided your topic and doing in-depth research about the same, it’s time to curate a set of interview questions that are brief, to-the-point, and extract the information you require for your assignment. Crafting good open-ended questions is a learned skill and will improve with the number of interviews you prep for. Ensure that all your questions are about the topic, fact-checked, and easy to understand for the interviewee.
Step 4 – Taking the interviews : Once the interview blueprint is ready, you’ve to schedule and conduct interviews with the people you’re choosing to talk to (it is preferred that you conduct interviews in-person, so it is as personal and direct as possible). Be sure to ask your questions clearly and record the interviewee’s responses using a recording device so you can precisely transcribe the answers afterward. It’s crucial that your interviewee feels comfortable talking to you about the topic, especially if it is something very sensitive and personal. Good interview ethics also involve letting your respondent know they can communicate if they want something they spoke about to be scratched out of the interview.If you’re planning on using published interviews, you can skip the third and fourth steps and pick up essential quotes from the already published interviews. Remember to cite the quotes in the correct format so that you don’t get into any unnecessary plagiarism issues.
Step 5 – Creating an outline : With regards to the obtained interview responses, you’ll create a very detailed skeleton for the interview paper, so you know precisely which idea goes where. This will help you when you finally get down to writing the actual essay, as you’ll be able to keep track of your different ideas, quotes, and sources and establish an engaging flow. You can also spend some time writing transitionary sentences that you’ll use when you move from one paragraph to the next.
Step 6 – Writing the paper : Now that you’re done with all the back-end research, interviewing, and outlining, you’ve to sit down and fill in the gaps to produce a stellar essay. You have all the elements you need to decrease your distractions, be charged up, and just write it out. Contrary to popular belief, writing is actually a learned skill. Even if you don’t believe you’re as good with words as others, learning a few tips and tricks can easily elevate your writing to a notch above. Using precise and appropriate vocabulary, leveraging analogies, metaphors, and other language elements to convey your ideas, and having perfect grammar and syntax are some of the ways you can better your writing.

The basics of any paper are a thesis statement, introduction, body, and conclusion. You would’ve formulated your thesis statement while ideating the direction you wanted to take your paper in, and through the outline, you’ve hopefully followed the one-idea, one paragraph to give rise to a well-constructed body. Here’s some guidance on the two components that determine the first impression and last impression your reader has of the paper:

The introduction of your interview paper is the first thing that the reader looks at, so it’s crucial to hook the reader to keep them engaged to follow through with reading the paper. You can include:

Your thesis statement Intriguing data about your topic A quote from one of your interviewees Citing any information that’s been in the news with regards to your topic

The purpose of a catchy introduction is to connect the idea at hand to the reader’s life and intrigue them enough to learn more about the issue.

For example , if you’re writing on the capital punishment topic, beginning with an alarming statistic to depict the dire need to start a serious conversation about its effectiveness or ineffectiveness could hook the reader very well:

“ Juxtaposing the modern ideals of reformation and change, over 400 individuals have been giving the death penalty in Singapore since 1991″

Like any research paper, a firm conclusion is a must in a well-written interview paper. Since your paper will deal with some contrasting ideas, summarizing all the perspectives while shedding more light on the thesis statement will hook your reader to think about the information and views brought up in your essay long after they finish reading. Though this is one of the many assignments you’ve to write for school, interview papers dealing with conflicting real-life issues also contribute to social change via beginning civil discourse and fact-oriented discussion on important causes.

Step 7 – Citing the sources : It’s vital that after you finish the contents of your essay, you spend time formatting your interview paper in the correct format and cite all of your sources in the needed manner (e.g., MLA, APA, etc.). It’ll help provide credibility to your arguments, show that you delved into air-tight research for your topic, and protect you from any coincidental issues in plagiarism checkers.
Step 8 – Revision : It’s believed that looking at your paper, especially one you’ve spent hours on, with a fresh set of eyes, gives you a better perspective on things to change and helps you spot any missed grammar and style errors. You can finish your draft, take a nap, get back to the assignment and make the changes, read it aloud to make any mistakes more noticeable, or even ask a friend to have a read-through.

It’s essential that you know the interview paper format to be able to present a well-written, researched, and formatted assignment for an excellent grade. So here are some steps on how to write an interview paper in APA format –

If you’re citing a personal interview that you conducted in the course of writing the piece, here’s the format to follow:

Include the name of the interviewee and their qualifications, job description, and experience Mention the purpose of involving them in your research paper Incorporate a couple of quotes from their interview Cite the interview in the correct APA format

For, e.g., – (Interviewee first name initial & last name, interview format, date of interview)

If you’re citing an already published interview of someone in the field, the way you format the quotes in the paper and the bibliography should follow the format of the document in which you found the interview. Say you found an interview of a renowned politician in a social science journal that followed the MLA format; you must follow the same and cite the social science journal as your source.

To have peace of mind that you’ve done everything you needed for the perfect interview paper, here’s a short checklist you can quickly run through before submitting your assignment

Included all interviewees point’s of view Remained neutral while elaborating on others’ opinions even if you have a solid personal perspective on the subject Followed the one-idea, one-paragraph rule and included well-written transitory sentences Utilized precise and high-level vocabulary and sentence structure Proofread the essay to rid it of any grammar or syntax inconsistencies Used the correct format to cite sources within the paper and in the bibliography

What role do you think your genetics play in your character compared to your upbringing?
Are beauty standards unrealistic?
Is social media connecting or disconnecting people?
Should abortion be a topic of policy?
Should age-old prisons be reconstructed to fit modern ideas of reformation and change?
Do nursing homes contribute to the well-being of the older generation?
Should marijuana be legalized?
Should the same humanitarian and crime laws apply in times of war?
Should gun rights be ubiquitous?
Is capital punishment leading to grassroots change?
Should society be capitalist, socialist, or an amalgamation of both?
Should cloning be legal?
Is the concept of marriage as idolized as it used to be?
Is choosing to be child-free selfish?
Should the rich pay more tax?
Are our immigration policies outdated in a globalized world?
Should celebrities be more accountable for their actions than the average person?
Are companies doing enough to contribute to climate change effects?
Should holistic therapies be considered certified medical treatments?
Should upbringing be gendered?
Is having kids in a time of such turmoil ethical?
Should prostitution be legalized?
How should racism or homophobia be combated on an individual level?
College degrees and their relevance in the digital age
Going vegan v/s consuming meat: What’s better for the climate?
How important is your religion to you?
Are money and happiness correlated?
How much does early-child development affect one’s mental health into adulthood?
Is stealing ever okay?
Are arranged marriages still as popular?

Not Interested in Writing Paper by Yourself?

Getting started with an interview paper can feel intimidating, mainly since it entails so much work – in-depth research on the topic and the history of debate behind it, setting up and curating tailored interviews with people relevant to the topic, and so much more. While you juggle several courses and assignments and other extracurricular work at high school or college, it can be challenging to submit well-written papers that will put you at the top of your class.

Impressing your professor isn’t an easy task. Still, you can do it by hiring expert help that will assist you with your writing assignments and produce work that the accomplished writers will curate as per your needs, that too at highly affordable rates!

You’ll be able to buy and order a custom interview paper that will be ideated and written by thesis writing service for a cheap cost. It’s an efficient and cost-effective way to stay on top of your work, learn from experts in the field, and wow your teachers with a well-written interview paper!

Q: How should I present qualitative interview data in a research article?

As an article has a limitation in word counts, what would be the best way of presenting interview data?

Asked by Md Mahabubur Rahman on 24 Apr, 2018

Analyzing and presenting qualitative data in a research paper can be difficult. The Methods section is where one needs to justify and present the research design. As you have rightly said, there are stipulations on the word count for a manuscript.

To present the interview data, you can consider using a table. The data can be tabulated and presented succinctly in the Methods section. Or if it is a questionnaire based study, the questionnaire can be given as a part of online Supplementary Data for the manuscript – Many journals have a provision for this.

The main point to remember while presenting qualitative interview data is that the reader should not be bored with the minute details – mention the key points and themes as they relate to the research question, rather than reporting everything that the interviewees said; use charts or tables to help the reader understand the data and then highlight the most interesting findings; analyze the data rather than just describing it - use it to tell a story that focuses on answering the research question. Basically, avoid very long reports and present the main findings.

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3 Writing Up the Methods Section

Published: May 2013
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This chapter focuses on how to write up the methodological procedures of an interview study. It considers both standard formats for writing-up methodological procedures and non-traditional formats in which methodological descriptions are often integrated into the more general narrative of the text. The chapter first provides an overview of the most common elements that comprise interview reports, such as dissertations, journal articles, or monographs. It then presents three different ways of conceiving of the methods section—as a prelude to the analysis and findings, as a postscript, and as embedded in the interpretation itself. It concludes with reflections on how to deal with the idea that, in qualitative interview research, the researcher is the most important “methodological instrument.”

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How to Use Transcribed Interviews to Write Research Articles

Rev › Blog › Transcription Blog › How to Use Transcribed Interviews to Write Research Articles

Publish or perish – that’s what they tell you. The academic world thrives on quality, sustained, original knowledge production. And “publish or perish” is also an economic pressure . Frequent publishing brings funding to an institution. It also improves the prospects of the scholar.

But while academics need to reference respected, verifiable sources, nothing adds value to a paper quite like original research. A research interview can boost the value of your work as a primary source. Recorded testimony brings new facts and ideas to light.

However, the flipside of generating original research through interviews is the additional material you need to process. You need to carefully transcribe your interview to work with it and reference it, and though there are many interview transcription uses, the process can be time-consuming work. That’s why many scholars use an online transcription service.

What Are the Advantages of Using Research Interviews in Qualitative Research

Qualitative research takes a humanistic approach to exploring and understanding an issue.

The primary sources of qualitative research include interviews, focus group sessions, observation, archive documents, and field recordings. These primary sources are highly valuable to academic work. They illustrate original thinking and research, and they create material “for the record”. Although primary sources are not without bias, they can help temper the scholar’s natural bias.

Research interviews can also add valuable context to quantitative research. Interviews add color and meaning to your work, making your findings comprehensible and applicable. And they add a human element to academic work to prevent it coming across as “dry”.

Using interview transcripts is also a high-value, low-cost way to quickly generate ideas and material for your research.

Why Get A Transcription of Your Qualitative Research Interview?

Part of the value of a primary source is its dependability. Secondary sources may suffer from “broken telephone” syndrome or acquired bias. But with an interview, you’re telling the academic world: this is what I heard.

To give these findings credibility, you need a high-quality, verbatim transcript. Your peers and readers should be able to verify – and hopefully, one day cite! – your original research. You owe it to your interview subject and to your discipline to create a precise record.

But a transcript is not just for the record, it is also a valuable tool when structuring and writing your paper. You can easily copy it into your Word document and move it around. An interview transcript with a timecode is easy to annotate and return to when looking for an important detail. Re-reading the transcript at your own pace also helps you engage with the material.

Three Ways to Get an Audio Transcript of your Research Interview

So, an audio transcript is a pretty good tool. It generates ideas, improves accuracy, and lends credibility to your academic paper.

But how to do it? Let’s look at the three main options.

1. Transcribe the Interview Yourself

The old-fashioned way to transcribe an interview is to sit with your recording and write it all down yourself. The advantage of doing this is that it doesn’t cost you a thing – financially, at least. Unfortunately, it takes most people around four hours to transcribe just one hour of audio—and that’s if it’s a good, clear recording. So, the cost is to your valuable time.

Transcribing by hand is not a lot of fun unless it’s really what you like to do. It takes a lot of skipping back and forth in your digital recording. You need to keep checking back to fix typos and verify that you haven’t made a mistake in this important document. It is time and energy you could better use developing your original material.

2. Use a Human Online Transcription Service

There are two ways to transcribe your work online: hire a professional human transcriber or use automatic transcription software.

Having mentioned that transcribing is not a lot of fun, a professional human transcriber is somebody who does enjoy the process. Trained transcribers may complete the work up to twice as quickly as the uninitiated. Rev’s transcription team has the training and experience to complete your transcription to a highly accurate standard (minimum 99% accuracy guaranteed).

To use the service, simply upload your audio or digital file to your Rev account. Rev will email you with your finished transcript within 12 hours – and often, sooner. It costs $1.50 per audio minute. Optional extras include timestamps and verbatim transcription if the ums, ahs, and stutters are essential for your work.

As a side-note, if you’re not sure how you’re going to record your interview in the first place: try downloading Rev’s free voice recorder app to your phone.

3. Use Speech Recognition Software

The closest alternative to hiring a human transcriber is to use an automated transcription service. Highly-developed software “listens” to your recording and returns a written document for you to edit and use in your research. The main advantages of automated transcription over human transcription are:

Save time . A robot is doing the work, so automated transcription is near-instantaneous. Rev’s speech recognition service returns your completed transcript in under five minutes.
Save money . Rev’s automated service costs just $0.25 per minute of audio, i.e., 20 minutes for $5.

Automated transcription is great if you’re in a hurry or on a tight budget. The only reservations are that your audio recording needs to be clear with little background noise and you’ll receive a lower accuracy than human transcription. Rev’s industry-leading automated transcription is around 80% accurate or more – so you’ll want to double-check your transcript before quoting it in your paper.

Publish and Perish Ye Not

If you create qualitative research, you’ll benefit from conducting research interviews. And if you conduct interviews for your research, you need transcription.

Using an online transcription service like Rev takes the pain out of transcribing an interview. And it gives you back valuable time for knowledge production. Why not try it for your next interview?

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Home » Research Paper – Structure, Examples and Writing Guide

Research Paper – Structure, Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Research Paper

Definition:

Research Paper is a written document that presents the author’s original research, analysis, and interpretation of a specific topic or issue.

It is typically based on Empirical Evidence, and may involve qualitative or quantitative research methods, or a combination of both. The purpose of a research paper is to contribute new knowledge or insights to a particular field of study, and to demonstrate the author’s understanding of the existing literature and theories related to the topic.

Structure of Research Paper

The structure of a research paper typically follows a standard format, consisting of several sections that convey specific information about the research study. The following is a detailed explanation of the structure of a research paper:

The title page contains the title of the paper, the name(s) of the author(s), and the affiliation(s) of the author(s). It also includes the date of submission and possibly, the name of the journal or conference where the paper is to be published.

The abstract is a brief summary of the research paper, typically ranging from 100 to 250 words. It should include the research question, the methods used, the key findings, and the implications of the results. The abstract should be written in a concise and clear manner to allow readers to quickly grasp the essence of the research.

Introduction

The introduction section of a research paper provides background information about the research problem, the research question, and the research objectives. It also outlines the significance of the research, the research gap that it aims to fill, and the approach taken to address the research question. Finally, the introduction section ends with a clear statement of the research hypothesis or research question.

Literature Review

The literature review section of a research paper provides an overview of the existing literature on the topic of study. It includes a critical analysis and synthesis of the literature, highlighting the key concepts, themes, and debates. The literature review should also demonstrate the research gap and how the current study seeks to address it.

The methods section of a research paper describes the research design, the sample selection, the data collection and analysis procedures, and the statistical methods used to analyze the data. This section should provide sufficient detail for other researchers to replicate the study.

The results section presents the findings of the research, using tables, graphs, and figures to illustrate the data. The findings should be presented in a clear and concise manner, with reference to the research question and hypothesis.

The discussion section of a research paper interprets the findings and discusses their implications for the research question, the literature review, and the field of study. It should also address the limitations of the study and suggest future research directions.

The conclusion section summarizes the main findings of the study, restates the research question and hypothesis, and provides a final reflection on the significance of the research.

The references section provides a list of all the sources cited in the paper, following a specific citation style such as APA, MLA or Chicago.

How to Write Research Paper

You can write Research Paper by the following guide:

Choose a Topic: The first step is to select a topic that interests you and is relevant to your field of study. Brainstorm ideas and narrow down to a research question that is specific and researchable.
Conduct a Literature Review: The literature review helps you identify the gap in the existing research and provides a basis for your research question. It also helps you to develop a theoretical framework and research hypothesis.
Develop a Thesis Statement : The thesis statement is the main argument of your research paper. It should be clear, concise and specific to your research question.
Plan your Research: Develop a research plan that outlines the methods, data sources, and data analysis procedures. This will help you to collect and analyze data effectively.
Collect and Analyze Data: Collect data using various methods such as surveys, interviews, observations, or experiments. Analyze data using statistical tools or other qualitative methods.
Organize your Paper : Organize your paper into sections such as Introduction, Literature Review, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion. Ensure that each section is coherent and follows a logical flow.
Write your Paper : Start by writing the introduction, followed by the literature review, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. Ensure that your writing is clear, concise, and follows the required formatting and citation styles.
Edit and Proofread your Paper: Review your paper for grammar and spelling errors, and ensure that it is well-structured and easy to read. Ask someone else to review your paper to get feedback and suggestions for improvement.
Cite your Sources: Ensure that you properly cite all sources used in your research paper. This is essential for giving credit to the original authors and avoiding plagiarism.

Research Paper Example

Note : The below example research paper is for illustrative purposes only and is not an actual research paper. Actual research papers may have different structures, contents, and formats depending on the field of study, research question, data collection and analysis methods, and other factors. Students should always consult with their professors or supervisors for specific guidelines and expectations for their research papers.

Research Paper Example sample for Students:

Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health among Young Adults

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the impact of social media use on the mental health of young adults. A literature review was conducted to examine the existing research on the topic. A survey was then administered to 200 university students to collect data on their social media use, mental health status, and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. The results showed that social media use is positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. The study also found that social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) are significant predictors of mental health problems among young adults.

Introduction: Social media has become an integral part of modern life, particularly among young adults. While social media has many benefits, including increased communication and social connectivity, it has also been associated with negative outcomes, such as addiction, cyberbullying, and mental health problems. This study aims to investigate the impact of social media use on the mental health of young adults.

Literature Review: The literature review highlights the existing research on the impact of social media use on mental health. The review shows that social media use is associated with depression, anxiety, stress, and other mental health problems. The review also identifies the factors that contribute to the negative impact of social media, including social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO.

Methods : A survey was administered to 200 university students to collect data on their social media use, mental health status, and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. The survey included questions on social media use, mental health status (measured using the DASS-21), and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis.

Results : The results showed that social media use is positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. The study also found that social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO are significant predictors of mental health problems among young adults.

Discussion : The study’s findings suggest that social media use has a negative impact on the mental health of young adults. The study highlights the need for interventions that address the factors contributing to the negative impact of social media, such as social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO.

Conclusion : In conclusion, social media use has a significant impact on the mental health of young adults. The study’s findings underscore the need for interventions that promote healthy social media use and address the negative outcomes associated with social media use. Future research can explore the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing the negative impact of social media on mental health. Additionally, longitudinal studies can investigate the long-term effects of social media use on mental health.

Limitations : The study has some limitations, including the use of self-report measures and a cross-sectional design. The use of self-report measures may result in biased responses, and a cross-sectional design limits the ability to establish causality.

Implications: The study’s findings have implications for mental health professionals, educators, and policymakers. Mental health professionals can use the findings to develop interventions that address the negative impact of social media use on mental health. Educators can incorporate social media literacy into their curriculum to promote healthy social media use among young adults. Policymakers can use the findings to develop policies that protect young adults from the negative outcomes associated with social media use.

References :

Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2019). Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study. Preventive medicine reports, 15, 100918.
Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Barrett, E. L., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B., … & James, A. E. (2017). Use of multiple social media platforms and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A nationally-representative study among US young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 1-9.
Van der Meer, T. G., & Verhoeven, J. W. (2017). Social media and its impact on academic performance of students. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 16, 383-398.

Appendix : The survey used in this study is provided below.

Social Media and Mental Health Survey

How often do you use social media per day?
Less than 30 minutes
30 minutes to 1 hour
1 to 2 hours
2 to 4 hours
More than 4 hours
Which social media platforms do you use?
Others (Please specify)
How often do you experience the following on social media?
Social comparison (comparing yourself to others)
Cyberbullying
Fear of Missing Out (FOMO)
Have you ever experienced any of the following mental health problems in the past month?
Do you think social media use has a positive or negative impact on your mental health?
Very positive
Somewhat positive
Somewhat negative
Very negative
In your opinion, which factors contribute to the negative impact of social media on mental health?
Social comparison
In your opinion, what interventions could be effective in reducing the negative impact of social media on mental health?
Education on healthy social media use
Counseling for mental health problems caused by social media
Social media detox programs
Regulation of social media use

Thank you for your participation!

Applications of Research Paper

Research papers have several applications in various fields, including:

Advancing knowledge: Research papers contribute to the advancement of knowledge by generating new insights, theories, and findings that can inform future research and practice. They help to answer important questions, clarify existing knowledge, and identify areas that require further investigation.
Informing policy: Research papers can inform policy decisions by providing evidence-based recommendations for policymakers. They can help to identify gaps in current policies, evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, and inform the development of new policies and regulations.
Improving practice: Research papers can improve practice by providing evidence-based guidance for professionals in various fields, including medicine, education, business, and psychology. They can inform the development of best practices, guidelines, and standards of care that can improve outcomes for individuals and organizations.
Educating students : Research papers are often used as teaching tools in universities and colleges to educate students about research methods, data analysis, and academic writing. They help students to develop critical thinking skills, research skills, and communication skills that are essential for success in many careers.
Fostering collaboration: Research papers can foster collaboration among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers by providing a platform for sharing knowledge and ideas. They can facilitate interdisciplinary collaborations and partnerships that can lead to innovative solutions to complex problems.

When to Write Research Paper

Research papers are typically written when a person has completed a research project or when they have conducted a study and have obtained data or findings that they want to share with the academic or professional community. Research papers are usually written in academic settings, such as universities, but they can also be written in professional settings, such as research organizations, government agencies, or private companies.

Here are some common situations where a person might need to write a research paper:

For academic purposes: Students in universities and colleges are often required to write research papers as part of their coursework, particularly in the social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities. Writing research papers helps students to develop research skills, critical thinking skills, and academic writing skills.
For publication: Researchers often write research papers to publish their findings in academic journals or to present their work at academic conferences. Publishing research papers is an important way to disseminate research findings to the academic community and to establish oneself as an expert in a particular field.
To inform policy or practice : Researchers may write research papers to inform policy decisions or to improve practice in various fields. Research findings can be used to inform the development of policies, guidelines, and best practices that can improve outcomes for individuals and organizations.
To share new insights or ideas: Researchers may write research papers to share new insights or ideas with the academic or professional community. They may present new theories, propose new research methods, or challenge existing paradigms in their field.

Purpose of Research Paper

The purpose of a research paper is to present the results of a study or investigation in a clear, concise, and structured manner. Research papers are written to communicate new knowledge, ideas, or findings to a specific audience, such as researchers, scholars, practitioners, or policymakers. The primary purposes of a research paper are:

To contribute to the body of knowledge : Research papers aim to add new knowledge or insights to a particular field or discipline. They do this by reporting the results of empirical studies, reviewing and synthesizing existing literature, proposing new theories, or providing new perspectives on a topic.
To inform or persuade: Research papers are written to inform or persuade the reader about a particular issue, topic, or phenomenon. They present evidence and arguments to support their claims and seek to persuade the reader of the validity of their findings or recommendations.
To advance the field: Research papers seek to advance the field or discipline by identifying gaps in knowledge, proposing new research questions or approaches, or challenging existing assumptions or paradigms. They aim to contribute to ongoing debates and discussions within a field and to stimulate further research and inquiry.
To demonstrate research skills: Research papers demonstrate the author’s research skills, including their ability to design and conduct a study, collect and analyze data, and interpret and communicate findings. They also demonstrate the author’s ability to critically evaluate existing literature, synthesize information from multiple sources, and write in a clear and structured manner.

Characteristics of Research Paper

Research papers have several characteristics that distinguish them from other forms of academic or professional writing. Here are some common characteristics of research papers:

Evidence-based: Research papers are based on empirical evidence, which is collected through rigorous research methods such as experiments, surveys, observations, or interviews. They rely on objective data and facts to support their claims and conclusions.
Structured and organized: Research papers have a clear and logical structure, with sections such as introduction, literature review, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. They are organized in a way that helps the reader to follow the argument and understand the findings.
Formal and objective: Research papers are written in a formal and objective tone, with an emphasis on clarity, precision, and accuracy. They avoid subjective language or personal opinions and instead rely on objective data and analysis to support their arguments.
Citations and references: Research papers include citations and references to acknowledge the sources of information and ideas used in the paper. They use a specific citation style, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, to ensure consistency and accuracy.
Peer-reviewed: Research papers are often peer-reviewed, which means they are evaluated by other experts in the field before they are published. Peer-review ensures that the research is of high quality, meets ethical standards, and contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field.
Objective and unbiased: Research papers strive to be objective and unbiased in their presentation of the findings. They avoid personal biases or preconceptions and instead rely on the data and analysis to draw conclusions.

Advantages of Research Paper

Research papers have many advantages, both for the individual researcher and for the broader academic and professional community. Here are some advantages of research papers:

Contribution to knowledge: Research papers contribute to the body of knowledge in a particular field or discipline. They add new information, insights, and perspectives to existing literature and help advance the understanding of a particular phenomenon or issue.
Opportunity for intellectual growth: Research papers provide an opportunity for intellectual growth for the researcher. They require critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity, which can help develop the researcher’s skills and knowledge.
Career advancement: Research papers can help advance the researcher’s career by demonstrating their expertise and contributions to the field. They can also lead to new research opportunities, collaborations, and funding.
Academic recognition: Research papers can lead to academic recognition in the form of awards, grants, or invitations to speak at conferences or events. They can also contribute to the researcher’s reputation and standing in the field.
Impact on policy and practice: Research papers can have a significant impact on policy and practice. They can inform policy decisions, guide practice, and lead to changes in laws, regulations, or procedures.
Advancement of society: Research papers can contribute to the advancement of society by addressing important issues, identifying solutions to problems, and promoting social justice and equality.

Limitations of Research Paper

Research papers also have some limitations that should be considered when interpreting their findings or implications. Here are some common limitations of research papers:

Limited generalizability: Research findings may not be generalizable to other populations, settings, or contexts. Studies often use specific samples or conditions that may not reflect the broader population or real-world situations.
Potential for bias : Research papers may be biased due to factors such as sample selection, measurement errors, or researcher biases. It is important to evaluate the quality of the research design and methods used to ensure that the findings are valid and reliable.
Ethical concerns: Research papers may raise ethical concerns, such as the use of vulnerable populations or invasive procedures. Researchers must adhere to ethical guidelines and obtain informed consent from participants to ensure that the research is conducted in a responsible and respectful manner.
Limitations of methodology: Research papers may be limited by the methodology used to collect and analyze data. For example, certain research methods may not capture the complexity or nuance of a particular phenomenon, or may not be appropriate for certain research questions.
Publication bias: Research papers may be subject to publication bias, where positive or significant findings are more likely to be published than negative or non-significant findings. This can skew the overall findings of a particular area of research.
Time and resource constraints: Research papers may be limited by time and resource constraints, which can affect the quality and scope of the research. Researchers may not have access to certain data or resources, or may be unable to conduct long-term studies due to practical limitations.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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Write an A+ Interview Paper Using Our Tips and Examples

06 September, 2021

13 minutes read

Author: Josh Carlyle

You will quickly find yourself with your back to the wall once your teacher assigns you an interview paper. Studying is often a headache by itself, and now you have to conduct interviews. Worse yet, you probably have no idea how you can do this. Luckily, we will tell you how to write an interview paper step by step in this comprehensive guide. So prepare your favorite drink and learn how to write a top-notch interview paper.

What is an Interview Paper?

An interview paper provides an expert opinion on a specific issue. In essence, it is an interview transcript inserted somewhere between the introduction and conclusion of an academic piece.

How long should it be? It depends on the topic and the length of your interview, but most papers are within the length of 2,000 – 5,000 words. What things should you consider before writing an interview paper in the first place? Let’s check them out below.

General Aspects of Writing an Interview Paper

Academic papers require you to provide arguments based on studies, research pieces, statistics, etc. But an interview paper is different – for this type of essay, you will develop assumptions around an expert’s opinion.

Let’s imagine your essay question reads the following: “Should we ban abortions?” If you write an interview paper, you should ask someone high-powered for their consideration. Let them be an executive director of the American Gynecological & Obstetrical Society.

You would reach them via email or phone or whatever communication channel you prefer and conduct an interview. Afterward, you would put all your findings on paper.

But in practice, writing an interview paper involves many more complexities and challenges, like planning, topic research , drafting, etc.

Let’s speak straight facts: nobody will reschedule their week to meet you because you need to do some homework. You’re one of the millions of students, and the local governor or a famous scientist won’t give you an interview nine times out of ten.

So you would want to target someone less busy, like professors from other faculties of your college or some researchers within your academic environment. Hunting a bigger fish is pointless unless you’re a well-established journalist working for a popular media channel. If you struggle to find someone within your college/university, you can contact people from your circle.

Writing Outline and Structure of an Interview Paper

As you know, a typical paper consists of three parts:

Introduction. This part includes background information, the hook, the thesis statement, and the transition.
Body. It is the longest part of the paper consisting of several paragraphs. It should contain the actual interview.
Conclusion. The final part summarizes the considerations and insights of your essay.

The question is: ‘where should you put an interview transcript and how do you do this?’

To answer this question, you need to come up with the interview papers format in the first place. There are several of them:

The narrative format implies that you can use either direct or indirect speech when referring to your interviewee. If you choose this path, you can stick to a 5-paragraph essay structure, retell the considerations of your interviewee, and cite their words here and there at your discretion.

You can also choose this format if you contact several people. Check what a narrative interview paper structure looks like when you reach out to several people:

Introduction.
Paragraph #1 – the first interviewee’s perspective.
Paragraph #2 – the second interviewee’s opinion.
Paragraph #3 – the third interviewee’s thoughts.
Conclusion.

Alternatively, you can dedicate each paragraph to a particular idea of one person.

“Question and answer” will suit your needs perfectly if you interview one person. It is the simplest format used in online magazines, news reports, and other media. Your interview paper outline will look like this:

Introduction
Question #1 – Answer #1
Question #2 – Answer #2
Question #3 – Answer #3
Question #4/5/6/etc. – Answer #4/5/6/etc.
Interview analysis. You may include your thoughts on the subject matter.

Conversational

Conversational style is informal, and you can use either first-person or second-person narrative and follow a typical 5-paragraph paper structure. But writing interview papers in this lousy style might be perplexing, especially if you deal with this task for the first time.

We advise you to try the Q&A format because it’s the simplest one and takes the least time. Just imagine how much time your paper writing will take if you decide to interview three or five people.

How to Start an Interview Paper?

If you have no idea how to start an interview paper, choose the topic first. Selecting a topic for your interview paper is not a big deal, but you should keep in mind that you may not find appropriate interviewees for it.

Let’s imagine you want to explore whether the government should force people to get vaccines. This topic implies that you need to contact authorities. It might be a local lawyer, governor, or executive director of a local hospital. Well, the chances are these people will politely refuse to give an interview for your homework.

But if you choose to investigate how lockdown impacts intellectual workers, you can contact your friends or family members who work at home. In other words, it’s better to choose topics that reflect the experiences of ordinary people rather than the opinions of untouchable experts.

Asking people for their opinion about well-known facts like the Earth’s shape is a bad idea. You would want to choose high-profile debatable topics you can actually discuss.

Establish the Goal of Your Interview Essay

You have to establish the goal of your essay before researching the topic. For this, ask yourself: “What message should your interview essay deliver?” Sometimes, a topic of your choice might already explain the purpose of your essay.

Conduct Research

Interviewing someone implies that you should ask questions. But you will fail to do so if you know little to nothing about your topic. So read some case studies, news, articles, etc. Once you get the picture of your subject matter, you will come up with dozens of interview questions.

Get to Know Your Interviewee

A good interviewer always refers to the life and experience of their interviewee. If you’re lucky to work with someone you can read about on the Internet, find out as much information about them as possible. If your interviewee publishes any books, articles, or studies, you will better know them as well.

The more you know about the person, the more interview questions you can come up with. You can ask them whether the Internet tells their true story: “Is it true that you, Mr. Interviewee, support flat earthers?”

Draft Your Interview Questions

If you want a person to share their in-depth vision of the topic, you need to ask both open-ended and close-ended (“yes/no”) questions. However, you may struggle to prepare interview questions. Many students get stuck during this stage. To overcome this block, you need to learn some types of interview questions:

Opinion – What do you think of this topic?
Behavioral – What would you do in this situation?
Experience and knowledge – What do you know about the subject?
Background – How are you connected to the subject? What is your age, occupation, etc?
Emotional – How do you feel about the subject?
Sensory – What does the subject taste and feel like?

You can also think of the questions following the interviewee’s “yes” and “no” answers.

Tips for Conducting a Successful Interview

These four tips will help you conduct a productive interview on the first try:

1. Plan Your Meeting

Note that you want to interview a person in a quiet place so that nobody will distract you. This might be some cozy book store or a café. Or, you can arrange an online meeting. Make sure you have at least one hour for the interview.

2. Rehearse a bit

If you will conduct your first-ever interview, you want to practice with your friends/significant other/ family in the first place. This approach will help you identify what stage of your upcoming interview may challenge you the most.

3. Record Your Interview

You will forget about 50% of the information within an hour once you finish the interview. So don’t rely on your memory − bring a recorder instead. Why not take notes? You wouldn’t want to go red while asking your interviewee to repeat what they have just said or wait until you write down their answers.

4. Talk to Your Interviewee for a While Before You Begin

Speaking to someone you don’t know might be uncomfortable. You don’t have to attack them with your interview questions straightaway. Instead, you can exchange some casual phrases or discuss the weather. This will help you relieve stress and get comfortable with each other.

5. Explain Your Interview Protocol

It’s better to explain to your interviewee how you will conduct your interview. Tell them that you will use a recorder and introduce the discussion topic.

Interview Papers Format

In academic writing, you have to explain the purpose of your interview and introduce your interviewee in a specific “scholarly” format. The APA format interview paper has the following requirements:

Use 12-point Times New Roman.
Write a title page.
Use double spacing.
Introduce your interviewee and provide the background information – explain why this person is suitable for the interview. Mention their name and qualifications.
Use direct quotes if you cite some facts provided by the interviewee.
Use block quotes for citations longer than 40 words.

How to Write a Title Page?

The title of your paper must include your name, your institution, department, the course name and number, the teacher’s name, and the assignment date. The rules of writing the title page are the following:

The title page must be numbered.
Capitalize all major words in your title and make it bold.
Place the title of the essay three or four lines down the top of the page.
There must be one empty line before the student’s name.

Interview Papers Examples

If you’re searching for an interview essay example – check several samples below:

A narrative interview essay .
A Q&A interview format paper.
An interview with a scientist.

Interview Papers Writing Tips

The following writing tips will help you deliver the first-class interview paper:

Write the introduction at the end. Once you finish your essay, you will likely reconsider some ideas you had before you began. They will help you frame your interview essay with a captivating introduction and conclusion.
Give yourself a break after finishing your final draft. This will help you look at your paper with a fresh pair of eyes once you start editing.
Edit one type of error at a time. For example, you can reduce logical errors first and switch to grammatical mistakes afterward.
Use an active voice. If active voice makes your sentence shorter, use it without hesitation.
Check for any sample interview paper to decide on the interview questions. Perhaps, some pieces will spark your interest.

Writing Help by Handmadewriting

An interview paper doesn’t seem that intimidating once you learn how to write it step by step. First, you have to choose the subject that allows you to interview ordinary people rather than hard-to-reach ones. Then, you need to research your topic, conduct an interview, and write a paper.

You can get an A+ for this assignment with enough effort and dedication. But a doable task doesn’t necessarily mean that you must do it by yourself. If you have plenty of other assignments to do, you can ask our essay writers to craft an exemplary interview paper for you. For this, you can place an order on our website, and we will do all the dirty work.

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Knowledge Base
How to cite an interview in APA Style

How to Cite an Interview in APA Style | Format & Examples

Published on November 6, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 27, 2023.

In APA Style , published interviews are cited in a different format from interviews you conducted yourself.

An interview you conducted yourself that can’t be accessed by the reader should not be included in the reference list . Instead, it’s cited as a personal communication in the text.

To cite a published interview, follow the standard format for the source type it was published in (e.g., book , newspaper ). You can do this quickly and easily using our free APA Citation Generator .

Citing interviews you conducted, citing published interviews, frequently asked questions about apa style citations.

An interview you conducted yourself is not included in the reference list, because it is not retrievable by your readers.

The way you refer to these interviews in the text depends on whether you include a transcript of the interview in an appendix.

Quoting your research participants

If your research methodology involved conducting formal interviews with participants, transcripts of these interviews are typically included in an appendix . You don’t need citations when quoting your research participants; just mention where the transcripts can be found.

This only needs to be mentioned once; don’t refer to the appendix every time you quote from it. Similar advice applies to surveys .

Citing personal interviews

Personal interviews are those you conducted informally to obtain additional information to support your arguments. They are typically not included in an appendix.

As these are not published anywhere, they should be cited as personal communications in the text and omitted from the reference list.

Include the interviewee’s initials and last name, the words “personal communication,” and the date on which the interview was conducted.

Scribbr Citation Checker New

The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:

Missing commas and periods
Incorrect usage of “et al.”
Ampersands (&) in narrative citations
Missing reference entries

To cite a published interview, follow the format for the source type in which it was published.

The author is usually the interviewer. The name of the person interviewed is not included in the citation or in the reference list.

However, it’s important to make it clear exactly who said what when you quote from an interview conducted by someone else. In the following example, the citation incorrectly implies that the quote is from Davenport:

To make it clear that these are the words of the interviewee, not the interviewer, name the speaker directly in the sentence:

Citing a newspaper interview

To cite an interview published in a newspaper, follow the standard newspaper format, listing the interviewer in the author position.

Citing a podcast interview

To cite an interview from a podcast , follow the format for citing a podcast episode, listing the host in the author position.

Citing an interview from YouTube

To cite an interview you viewed on YouTube , follow the standard format for citing a YouTube video. Note that the person or organization that uploaded the video, rather than the person conducting the interview, appears in the author position.

Interviews you conducted yourself are not included in your reference list , but instead cited in the text as personal communications .

Published or recorded interviews are included in the reference list. Cite them in the usual format of the source type (for example, a newspaper article , website or YouTube video ).

In APA Style , all sources that are not retrievable for the reader are cited as personal communications . In other words, if your source is private or inaccessible to the audience of your paper , it’s a personal communication.

Common examples include conversations, emails, messages, letters, and unrecorded interviews or performances.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, December 27). How to Cite an Interview in APA Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved March 18, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/interview/

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How to Interview a Candidate You Don’t Immediately Click With

Hiring managers often gravitate toward people that are similar to them — but that can be damaging to organizations in the long run.

It’s often easier for interviewers to connect with candidates who have similar backgrounds, pedigrees, credentials, or perspectives. In fact, research shows that implicit bias shapes hiring managers’ perceptions of candidates in profound ways. At the same time, research also attests to the enormous benefits of diversity. As organizations experiment with new ways to attract and retain underrepresented talent, the job interview dynamic merits further attention. Fortunately, there are proven strategies for boosting your chances of “clicking” with an interviewee — and for breathing new life into interviews that appear to be on their last gasps.

When hiring managers “click” with job candidates during interviews, it can feel like magic. When they don’t, it can be tempting to write the candidate off, going through the motions of asking pro forma questions until the allotted time has passed.

Rae Ringel is the president of The Ringel Group , a leadership development consultancy specializing in facilitation, coaching, and training. She is a faculty member at the Georgetown University Institute for Transformational Leadership and founder of the Executive Certificate in Facilitation program.

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Read: Full transcript of Robert Hur’s Biden classified documents interview

Democrats on the House Judiciary Committee published on Tuesday the full transcripts of President Joe Biden's interview with the special counsel in charge of the investigation into his mishandling of classified documents.

The president's five-hour interview with Special Counsel Robert Hur was conducted over two days on Oct. 8th and 9th of last year. Lawmakers obtained the transcripts ahead of Hur's testimony to the House Judiciary Committee.

Read the full interview below:

Mandel: Sure, Greg Sankey, expand March Madness — to include more small schools

Mar 17, 2024; Nashville, TN, USA; SEC commissioner Greg Sankey looks on before the SEC Tournament championship game between the Florida Gators and the Auburn Tigers at Bridgestone Arena. Mandatory Credit: Christopher Hanewinckel-USA TODAY Sports

Three weeks of sports nirvana commenced at 6 p.m. ET on Sunday, when CBS unveiled this year’s NCAA men’s basketball tournament bracket . The beauty of March Madness is knowing that some team is about to become this year’s Florida Gulf Coast or Fairleigh Dickinson, while accepting it’s impossible to predict who it will be.

Or at least I thought it was impossible — until I read a couple of recent interviews with Greg Sankey.

The SEC commissioner has been leading the charge over the last two years to expand the NCAA Tournament beyond 68 teams, and the movement is gaining steam. The Athletic ’s Dana O’Neil reported earlier this month that “a 72- or 76-team field seems the most likely outcome.” Big 12 commissioner Brett Yormark said last week, “I think 76 is a number that’s been floated.”

“You have to give credit to teams like Saint Peter’s a couple years ago, Florida Atlantic ’s (Final Four) run,” Sankey told The Athletic ’s Kyle Tucker on Saturday . “There are great stories and we certainly want to respect those great stories, but things continue to change. There’s nothing wrong with a review.”

That’s right, folks. We need to review the most wonderful, magical sporting event in the country to be sure we aren’t leaving out behemoths like 18-15 Villanova and 19-14 Kansas State , the kind of teams likely to earn one of those eight extra spots.

We know why Sankey, Yormark and ACC commissioner Jim Phillips want tourney expansion: They know their schools will be the most likely to benefit. Which becomes even more paramount starting next year, when their leagues are all expanding to 16 members or more. But Sankey in particular is trying to sell us with a straight face this is something that would actually make the tournament better.

In an interview with ESPN.com last week, Sankey cited UCLA ’s 2021 run from the First Four to the Final Four and 2018 First Four team Syracuse making the Sweet 16 as evidence there are many more of those power-conference feel-good stories being denied their One Shining Moment because they have to save a spot for A-Sun champ Stetson.

“That just tells you that the bandwidth inside the top 50 is highly competitive,” he said. “We are giving away highly competitive opportunities for automatic qualifiers (from smaller leagues), and I think that pressure is going to rise as we have more competitive basketball leagues at the top end because of expansion.”

This, ladies and gentlemen, is complete hogwash. How do we know this? For one thing, actual on-court results from Sankey’s own conference.

From 2013 to ’17, the SEC averaged just 3.8 tournament berths per year, much to the chagrin of the conference. But a concerted effort by the league’s schools to revamp scheduling and invest more in the sport paid off. Over the next five tournaments, from 2018 to ’23, the SEC jumped to 7.0 berths per year.

So what happened when the committee started taking more teams from farther down the SEC standings? The conference’s winning percentage in tourney play dropped from .655 to .539.

Highly competitive? More like highly mediocre.

But it’s not just the SEC that has performed worse in recent years. The ACC (from .663 to .568), Big Ten (.605 to .563) and Pac-12 (.574 to .571) all saw their numbers drop in that span, too. Only the Big 12 (from .500 to .631) improved among the power football conferences. Those numbers match the popular perception that the sport is not as talented at the top as it used to be.

Meanwhile, over that same time period, those cute little Cinderellas at the bottom of the bracket got better .

From 2013 to ’17, automatic qualifiers seeded No. 11 or lower combined to win 16 games, with just one, No. 15 seed Florida Gulf Coast in 2013, reaching the Sweet 16.

From 2018 to ’23, that win total rose to 24, highlighted by No. 11 seed Loyola Chicago ’s run to the Final Four in 2018 and No. 15 seed Saint Peter’s Elite Eight appearance in 2022. In the first 33 years since the field expanded to 64 teams, no No. 16 seed toppled a No. 1 seed, but since 2018 we’ve now had two ( UMBC over Virginia and Fairleigh Dickinson over Purdue ). A No. 15 seed has reached the Sweet 16 in each of the last three seasons (Oral Roberts in 2021, Saint Peter’s in 2022 and Princeton in 2023).

Sankey is making his case on behalf of the big boys at a moment in time when the little guys are beating the big boys more frequently than ever.

The most legitimate point he and others in the sport make is that the number of tournament berths has increased by just four over 40 years while the number of Division I schools has swelled by nearly 60. It’s now at 362. In January 2023, the NCAA Transformation Committee (co-chaired by Sankey) recommended that the postseasons of all D-I sports sponsored by more than 200 schools include at least 25 percent of the participants . Men’s basketball is currently just under 19 percent.

So, let’s do it. Let’s grant those commissioners their wish and expand the field by eight.

But let’s use it to reward the top teams from outside the power conferences.

The NCAA selection process is already stacked against those teams as it is because they get so few chances to prove themselves during the regular season. By mid-March, the committee has four months of resumes to tell them that Oklahoma (4-12 in Quad 1 games) and Virginia (2-6) aren’t deserving of a bid. Whereas Indiana State , the 28-6 Missouri Valley Conference regular-season champs, played just two power-conference foes all season and therefore had only a narrow shot at an at-large berth.

But the Sycamores were good enough to finish 29th in the NET rankings, higher than several at-large teams the committee ranked as high as a No. 8 seed. They’re exactly the kind of team that might go on a run if given the opportunity. Ditto for Sun Belt regular-season champ Appalachian State (27-6), Ivy League regular-season champ Princeton (24-4) and Big West regular-season champ UC Irvine (24-9).

No one has yet articulated how a 76-team tournament would work, but presumably the bottom 24 would play a “first-round” game for the right to join the top 52 (the No. 1-13 seeds) in the main field. If so, that group would include nearly all the one-bid league representatives, thus slashing the Cinderella schools in half before they’d even get a chance to knock someone off.

Because why would America want to watch a 4 vs. 13 game between Duke and Vermont when they can get one between Duke and Oklahoma?

I’m not here to argue March Madness has to forever stay exactly the way it is today. As Sankey said, “There’s nothing wrong with a review.”

Hopefully that review concludes that the last thing March Madness needs is more underwhelming power-conference teams.

(Photo: Christopher Hanewinckel / USA Today)

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Stewart Mandel is editor-in-chief of The Athletic's college football coverage. He has been a national college football writer for two decades with Sports Illustrated and Fox Sports. He co-hosts "The Audible" podcast with Bruce Feldman. Follow Stewart on Twitter @ slmandel

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Palace Cofounder Talks Gap Collaboration: “It’s Cool, Innit, Man?”

By Cam Wolf

Image may contain Melanie C Clothing TShirt Machine Spoke Long Sleeve Sleeve Person Adult Car and Transportation

Picture ’90s-era Gap and you’ll probably conjure visions of LL Cool J rapping or khaki-clad dancers . Palace cofounder Lev Tanju , however, remembers a completely different side of the global mall megabrand. Gap’s logo hoodies and multicolored anoraks were fixtures of the San Francisco skate scene, which produced videos that Tanju obsessed over and modeled his style after. “Gap's just iconic, and it's such a big part of me growing up and a lot of the Palace family,” Tanju said.

Today, Palace is unveiling a massive new collaboration with Gap—one that finds the UK skate brand at its fun-loving best. Much like its linkups with the iconic likes of Ralph Lauren, Juventus, and the Alpine Formula 1 team, the unlikely partnership never reads like a case of David versus Goliath. Instead, the expansive collection feels closer to David getting Goliath into skating and selling him shrooms. “We're up for right fucking around, really, and doing fun stuff,” Tanju said. Palace’s designs can “read as a bit punk or a bit disruptive or a bit against the grain, which is good. I think that's what skateboarding's always brought to everything.”

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In this case, Tanju was able to highlight how skating pulled Gap into its orbit. The design process borrowed from a peak dude experience : sitting around naming obscure athletes. Without needing to even pull up old images or videos, the design team were able to recall legendary skaters and the pants, oxfords, and hoodies they wore in specific videos. The Palace x Gap collection is an ode to those classic pieces.

The most hype-inducing item from the collaboration is sure to be the reworked Gap hoodie. On this version of the ’90s staple, the iconic three-letter arc across the chest now reads “PAL.” (“GAP” is on the back.) For Tanju, taking this piece from his childhood and getting to update it feels like passing the torch. He hopes to introduce a new generation of skaters to the brand he wore when he was younger.

Image may contain Cap Clothing Hat Beanie Face Head Person Photography Portrait and Adult

Speaking of that new generation: The Gap collection marks Palace’s first-ever foray into making clothing for kids. There are plenty of reasons for this. Skateboarding is now more popular than ever among the grade-school set, and many of Palace’s employees now have children who need clothes that don’t suck. And most importantly: “It's cool, isn't it, man?” Tanju said. “When you see a little kid dressed banging, you're like, ‘Yes, mate.’” There’s even a small stuffed version of Palace’s Jeremy the Duck mascot clutching a G.

Ahead of the collaboration’s launch on March 22 at 11 a.m. ET on Gap’s and Palace’s websites, GQ caught up with Tanju about working with the Gap, designing sick clothes for kids, and giving up on the concept of exclusivity.

GQ: Gap is a massive brand. What does it mean for you to have a collaboration of this magnitude?

Tanju: Yeah, Gap's just iconic and it's such a big part of me growing up and a lot of the Palace family. We always like to do things that we feel are really honest and things that we really are excited about. We used to look at American skateboarders who wore [Gap]—it was just so accessible and it was a good price point, so we grew up in love with it really.

It was part of the skate scene in the UK, you're saying?

I was just buying into the American look so much when I was younger. I looked up to the skaters in San Francisco and that was the reason it resonated with us. The fits were always baggier and loose, and I had so many of the anoraks that you pack away into a bag. It was just part of the dress code.

This happens so much with Americana, where other countries like Japan are able to take what the US produces and reflect it back better than Americans can. Why do you think that is?

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Everything we do means something to us, but obviously most people don't know the references from being 20 in London, watching skate videos, and trying to dress like [Bay Area skater] Mike Carroll. When we were working on the lineup for the collection, me and Gareth [Skewis, Palace cofounder] sat in a room and we didn't even have images. It was just: "Remember that jacket?” “Remember these trousers?" We all grew up just skating every day, we literally watched the same videos. We'd just sit there, drop 10 names of skaters like Scott Johnson, Mike Howe, all San Francisco, Embarcadero people. We just know what it is when it comes to the Gap because it's so influential in skateboarding.

It's so funny to hear Gap spoken about through that lens. Most people associate Gap in the ’90s with its famous commercials— the khaki swing . Do you remember those?

Yeah, I remember all of them but I was looking at that stuff long after it came out. When I was younger, I was just skating, I was looking at skate magazines, and I wasn't into anything except for skating. I guess I was into clothes, but I was buying stuff from skate videos. There wasn't Instagram. I didn't have a laptop until 2008 or something.

But when I got older, I was more into the nuts and bolts of advertising. I zoomed out at that point and started looking at things differently.

Image may contain Face Head Person Photography Portrait Accessories Glasses Clothing Coat Jacket and Shirt

What are your favorite pieces from the collection?

The hoodie is just so obvious, but I love it. I grew up buying loads of these, and now we have our own one that we've designed.

Then I'd say probably the white-and-green jacket. The two-tone jackets are amazing. And then I like the camouflage oxford, because it's super plain in the front but it's got beautiful stuff going on in the back. And then the rugby's so good as well. And when we did the kids thing, I was just like, Whoa, this stuff looks so cool .

I appreciate that you guys go for the iconic pieces in these collaborations, whether it’s the Gap hoodie or Ralph Lauren Polo Bear.

That's what Palace does. We're tongue in cheek. We're fun. We do what's obvious. We're not sat there scratching our heads on how to put three arms on a Gap hoodie to make it look new and different. We just want to do understandable, nice things that mean something to us. Keeping it and passing the torch onwards really—showing the story and how much it meant to us growing up.

How did kids clothing come into this ?

It's cool, innit, man? When you see a little kid dressed banging, you're like, "Yes, mate." Especially skaters as well. Also, Palace is over 10 years old. Loads of the people that work for us are about 40; they've had kids. We want to dress them up in cool stuff and be able to make them wear Palace. And it seems like a really simple thing to just make a smaller size oxford shirt for a kid, but in reality it's actually a really hard thing to make good kids clothes. People have confidence in buying Gap for kids, so that's why we wanted to partner with the best. And then not even having to think about the blocks and how that all fits. We just tell them what we want—"Here's the adult version, and we want the kids one like this"—and they can just do it so well. And it just takes a lot of pressure off.

Image may contain Face Head Person Photography Portrait Clothing TShirt Child People Knitwear and Sweater

The doors have been blown open and there's so many young kids skateboarding, so it is amazing for us to offer them something other than just a small T-shirt.

Sporty Spice is in the commercial for this collection. Talk to me about your connection to the Spice Girls as someone who grew up in the UK.

Just massive, innit, man? It was such a massive, monumental thing when the Spice Girls came out. And Sporty Spice always wore a tracksuit. We were just looking to cast someone English as a mom and her name came up, and we were just like, perfect . She was so nice and she looks great in the tracksuit. So it's just another fun nod to parts of our culture. But we did a Spice Girls T-shirt recently as well, and it's one of my favorite ones we've done. It just felt right.

Did you have a favorite Spice Girl growing up?

It's hard. I feel like everyone just says the one they used to fancy or something like that really. I liked all of them, to be honest. Posh Spice was iconic when she was going out with Beckham, obviously. That was massive. They were both dressed so cool all the time.

Before the pandemic, there was such a premium on this idea of scarcity and things selling out immediately and going on Grailed, StockX, whatever. Doing a collaboration with the Gap flies in the face of that idea. Does that factor into your process and how does a collaboration with Gap affect that?

I don't know, man. We've done Juventus football kits now. We're 15 years old. We've done the Wimbledon kits, sponsored an F1 team. Yeah, we do small things ourselves sometimes, but things like this is just an opportunity for us to be proud and comfortable going out with a big brand. And with kids it’s different, man. I don't want five- or six-year-old kids queuing up to buy hoodies.

The world's changed so much and there are like a million brands doing 10 T-shirts; line up now and get them and they're gone. We are always just trying to set our own path and surprise people. And sometimes we'll make [very few] of something just because, and then next minute we might work with Gap. We like messing with people's perceptions of how it is. Is it a skate brand? Is it limited? You can't work with Gap and make 10 jumpers.

The point is to get some accessibly priced stuff to people who might love Gap and want something with a twist on it. Variety is the spice of life.

Image may contain Cap Clothing Hat Face Head Person Photography Portrait Adult Beanie and Baseball Cap

Do you feel like that exclusivity has lost its luster? That, to me, is one of the reasons I feel like sneaker culture has lost the heat that it had a few years ago.

I think so, man. It's also just the amount of products out there, the amount of people doing sneakers. Everyone does one, and then all of a sudden it's not new anymore, and then people are less interested because they've got it already. And it'll never be dead, but it gets so busy [and then] it'll come around again in another cycle.

One theory, looking at your collaborations over the years, is that you guys seem to get a kick out of being a corrupting force: putting the Polo Bear on a skateboard; turning the Rapha helmet into a duck; making slime green Juventus jerseys. Am I onto anything there?

Yeah, we get called disruptive a lot. You should see some of the things we haven't been allowed to do. We're all skaters that are up for doing something we're probably not supposed to do all the time, like how skating was growing up. We love doing funny stuff or things that are like, Oh, my God, that's so bad, but it's so good . We love it. It's funny to not take yourself too seriously, really. We're not chin scratchers that wear all black and try to be really cool the whole time.

We're up for right fucking around, really, and doing fun stuff. I've always been inspired by Moschino and people that were really pushing the boundaries of what is actually garish or a good print or what's too big [in terms] of branding. So it's part of Palace's DNA, really, to make the most mental skateboards or make stupid T-shirts. It's kind of just that whole core independent skate-brand mentality, really.

So we're really just doing what we know. And that sometimes is read as a bit punk or a bit disruptive or a bit against the grain, which is good. I think that's what skateboarding has always brought to everything.

See the full collection from Palace and Gap below .

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Interview transcript shows more nuance on Biden's memory than special counsel report

Tamara Keith

President Biden speaks to reporters about the special counsel report on his handling of classified documents in the Diplomatic Reception Room of the White House on Feb. 8. Evan Vucci/AP hide caption

President Biden speaks to reporters about the special counsel report on his handling of classified documents in the Diplomatic Reception Room of the White House on Feb. 8.

During more than five hours of interviews over two days last October, President Biden cracked jokes, went into great detail about the design of his Wilmington home and spoke with confidence about world events from more than a decade ago. At times, he was defiant.

He also said some combination of "I don't know," "I don't recall," "I don't specifically remember," "I have no goddamn idea" and similar phrases more than 100 times during the deposition for a special counsel review of his handling of classified documents after he left office in 2017, according to an NPR review of the transcript.

The 258-page transcript of the interviews conducted by special counsel Robert Hur on Oct. 8 and 9 paints a more nuanced portrait of the president than was described in Hur's report last month. Hur is set to testify before Congress on Tuesday about that investigation.

Special counsel Hur defended Biden classified documents probe before Congress

Special counsel testifies on Capitol Hill about Biden classified documents probe

Read the special counsel's report on Biden's handling of classified documents

The transcript shows moments where Biden felt around trying to remember the year of certain events, like Donald Trump winning the election in 2016 and the death of his son Beau. Biden recalled the day, May 30, but not the year.

Hur concluded that criminal charges were not warranted because the evidence did not establish Biden's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. He said that Biden would come across to jurors as a "sympathetic, well-meaning elderly man with a poor memory," had trouble remembering timelines and details, and said it would have been "difficult to convince a jury that they should convict him ... of a serious felony that requires a mental state of willfulness" in his retention of some of the classified documents.

Biden and the White House pushed back angrily against the characterization. Voters have questioned whether Biden, 81, is too old for a second term in office. Since the Hur report landed, Biden has made a public push to show otherwise, including in a vigorous State of the Union address last week.

Robert Hur is slated to testify on Tuesday about his probe of President Biden's handling of classified documents. In this file photo, he arrives at U.S. District Court in Baltimore on Nov. 21, 2019. Steve Ruark/AP hide caption

Robert Hur is slated to testify on Tuesday about his probe of President Biden's handling of classified documents. In this file photo, he arrives at U.S. District Court in Baltimore on Nov. 21, 2019.

During the interviews, the timelines bounced around

The first interview began at the White House at 12:15 p.m. on Oct. 8, the day after the deadly Hamas attacks in Israel. Hur thanked Biden for making time for it. "I just got off the phone with Bibi Netanyahu," Biden said.

Throughout the interview, Hur and his deputy Marc Krickbaum asked detailed questions about how documents were handled when Biden was vice president and once he had left office — including about specific rooms he was working in at various times, and even specific pieces of furniture. The timelines bounced around.

Biden defends how he handled classified docs after scathing special counsel report

About halfway through the first day, Hur asked Biden how he stored documents related to his work after he no longer was vice president. "Where did you keep papers that related to those things that you were actively working on?"

Biden said he wasn't sure. "This is what, 2017, 2018, that area?" he asked. "Yes, sir," Hur responded.

The most confusing part of the interview concerned the timeline surrounding his son's death

They discussed the nature of his work after he left office, work that included Biden's " cancer moonshot " push to find cures and treatments for the disease — and writing a book.

But Biden went further back in time and began talking about the death of his son Beau, from cancer, just as Biden was trying to decide whether to run for president. "Remember in this timeframe, my son is — either been deployed or is dying, and so it was — and by the way, there were still a lot of people at the time when I got out of the Senate that were encouraging me to run in this period, except the president," said Biden.

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Beau biden, vice president's son, remembered in delaware service.

"He (former President Barack Obama) just thought she had a better chance," Biden said, referring to Hillary Clinton, who ended up being the Democratic nominee in 2016. He briefly talked about how, by 2017-18, he hadn't ruled out trying to run for president again — then returned to talking about his son.

"And so what was happening, though — what month did Beau die? Oh God, May 30," Biden said, according to the transcript. An attorney from the White House counsel's office interjected to say "2015," a year then echoed by a second unidentified speaker.

"Was it 2015, he had died?" Biden said. Moments later, the president — still seemingly looking for his bearings in time — asked: "and what's happened in the meantime is that Trump gets elected in November of 2017?"

Two people corrected him, saying, "2016."

"2016. All right, so — why do I have 2017 here?" Biden asked. "That's when you left office, January of 2017," another of Biden's lawyers said.

Biden then launched into recounting how Beau implored him not to shrink from public life, which led to his book title, Promise Me, Dad .

Biden went into great detail about his Wilmington home

Early on, Hur thanked Biden for cooperating with the searches of his homes. "The FBI knows my house better than I do," Biden quipped, to laughter.

Hur asked Biden to try his hardest to recall details. "I acknowledge that some of the questions we are asking relate to events that happened years ago," Hur said. Biden replied: "I'm a young man, so it's not a problem."

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Why Biden spends his weekends away from the White House

At another point in the interview, Biden went into great detail about his home in Wilmington — so much detail that there were numerous redactions in the transcript by the U.S. Secret Service. Biden described himself as a "frustrated architect" as he went through minutiae about the home he helped design and decorate.

"This room cost one-third of the entirety of my entire home," Biden said. "Swear to God."

"It's very impressive," Hur replied.

Hur complimented Biden on his memory. "That was very helpful. We have some photographs to show you, but you have — appear to have a photographic understanding and recall of the house," Hur said.

He was less clear about the state of his garage

Biden had a less photographic memory when trying to explain when and how certain boxes appeared in his very cluttered garage, photographs of which appeared in Hur's report.

"I just came home and all of it was on the garage floor," Biden said.

He noted at one point that investigators who had searched his Wilmington home had "left everything in place," even some personal items.

"I just hope you didn't find any risqué pictures of my wife in a bathing suit. Which you probably did. She's beautiful," Biden said.

Asked at another point whether Jill Biden ever stored her files with his, the president was adamant in his reply. "She wanted nothing to do with my filing system," he said.

President Biden leaves the podium on Feb. 8 after speaking about the special counsel report on his handling of classified documents. Evan Vucci/AP hide caption

President Biden leaves the podium on Feb. 8 after speaking about the special counsel report on his handling of classified documents.

Biden was defiant about notebooks he kept from his time as vice president

Krickbaum attempted to ask Biden about whether he was authorized to have notebooks he kept full of handwritten notes about events and items he was briefed on. "You view those as yours —" Krickbaum began to ask.

"They are mine," Biden interrupted, in one of the more defiant moments of the interview.

"Every president before me has done the same exact thing," Biden said. Earlier in the conversation, Biden had described how former President Ronald Reagan had held onto his personal notes and diaries. It was a precedent Biden and his legal team have leaned on to explain why he kept notebooks that could have contained summaries of classified briefing materials.

"I'm not arguing with you about that right now, Mr. President," Krickbaum said. "I just want to make sure we are on the same page," Biden replied, before they moved on.

Then-Vice President Biden tries out archery on a tour in Mongolia on Aug. 22, 2011. Andy Wong/AP hide caption

Then-Vice President Biden tries out archery on a tour in Mongolia on Aug. 22, 2011.

Biden told a lot of his favorite stories during the two days of interviews

The interviewers spent a lot of time walking Biden through photos of home and office spaces, asking him to recall details. In one instance, Biden told Hur he remembered buying a conference table "in Wilmington at Berger Brothers, I believe." Hur then asked about another piece of furniture.

"So, you just told us where you bought the conference table. Do you remember where the file cabinet came from?" Hur asked.

"I don't know," Biden replied. It was one of the many times Biden told Hur he didn't know — about things mundane (why he wasn't using the hanging folders in his file cabinet in Wilmington) to procedural (what his staff did with highly classified materials when he was done with them).

The interview also included Biden going on at length about the decision-making process around the troop surge in Afghanistan in 2009, his decision in the early 1970s to become a public defender, his decision to run for office the first time, his family meeting where the grandkids convinced him to run for president in 2019 — and this one time he used a bow and arrow to hit a target during a trip to Mongolia .

At one point, Biden became aware that he was going on too long with one of his favorite stories, saying, "to make a long story not quite so long..." and then he kept on going.

"My generic point was: There was a lot of material that I had amassed that I wanted to save," Biden explained.

At the end of the second day, Biden ended the interview with one last quip.

"I know it's a lot of work for you — putting a lot together. I may now write a book, you have all this," Biden said, before adding: "That was a joke."

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Here’s the Elon Musk interview that got Don Lemon’s show canceled

Don lemon and elon musk sat down for an hour-long interview about hate speech, content moderation, and more — but musk became increasingly irritated by the end..

By Emma Roth , a news writer who covers the streaming wars, consumer tech, crypto, social media, and much more. Previously, she was a writer and editor at MUO.

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A screenshot of Elon Musk during his interview with Don Lemon

Don Lemon has published the “tense” interview with Elon Musk that got his show canceled on X . During the interview, Lemon touches on various topics related to hate speech on X and Musk’s own views on right-wing conspiracy theories, with the billionaire becoming noticeably irritated by the interview’s end.

Things start to take a turn about halfway into the interview. Lemon asks Musk about his comments on illegal immigration and the far-right great replacement theory and then turns to the topic of content moderation. Lemon asks whether better content moderation on X would let Musk avoid some of the criticism of his posts about the so-called “great replacement theory.”

“I don’t have to answer questions from reporters,” Musk responds. “Don, the only reason I’m doing this interview is because you’re on the X platform, and you asked for it. Otherwise, we’re not going to be doing this interview.” Musk adds that he doesn’t “think people should care what the media thinks about them.”

Lemon and Musk go on to argue about the presence of hate speech on X. Lemon points out a study that found antisemitic posts on X grew from June 2022 to February 2023. Musk responds by saying that studies only “count the number of posts but not count the number of views.”

Lemon then suggests X should take these posts down because “they’re hateful” and “can lead to violence.” Musk responds that Lemon “loves censorship” and that X will only remove content that’s illegal. “You can sign up right now and do 100 things that are hateful, but if nobody reads it, it doesn’t matter,” Musk concludes.

The interview also goes over Musk’s disagreement with companies’ diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) policies as well as his views on racism. Musk says the country should “move on” from a history of racism and that “we are all descended from slaves.” (“Well not everyone was a slave,” Lemon responds.)

Lemon later says he has personally experienced discrimination and that it’s “insulting” for “someone to say that that hasn’t happened and I should just move forward and ignore the past.” Musk replies by saying Lemon keeps “putting words” in his mouth and that “we should treat people like individuals and base our opinions on them on their character.”

Elon Musk cancels Don Lemon’s show on X after a ‘tense’ interview

Things get more heated at the very end of the interview, when Lemon mentions Musk’s statement that advertisers could “kill” X with an ad boycott. Lemon asks whether Musk should take responsibility if X fails. “Doesn’t the buck stop with you?” Lemon asks. Musk replies by telling Lemon to “choose your question carefully, there’s five minutes left.” As Lemon attempts to dive deeper into Musk’s upbringing, Musk says there are only a “couple minutes” left and that he has a “whole roomful of people waiting to meet with me.”

There are other parts of the interview worth watching as well, including Musk talking about meeting with Donald Trump and Musk’s prescription ketamine usage. Musk says he uses ketamine , which is a dissociative anesthetic, once in a while when he gets into a “negative sort of chemical mindset.” He also says he met with Trump but denied rumors that the former president asked for a donation for his political campaign.

Lemon, a former host on CNN, was supposed to debut new episodes of his show on X as part of a deal he struck with the platform earlier this year. However, Lemon said Musk decided to cancel the deal after their interview, which Musk later confirmed , saying Lemon’s show is too similar to CNN. Lemon’s show will still be posted on X, but it just won’t appear there first.

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10 Easy Steps: How to Write an Interview Paper in MLA Format
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10 Easy Steps: How to Write an Interview in APA Format (2023)
How to Write an Interview Paper in APA Format
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Interview Essay Samples

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Types of Interview/ Research Methodology
Interview Method and Types of Interview Method in Urdu/Hindi 2020
Interview research paper (BA600)
Interview Question in Job: What to Research About Company? #internships #jobs
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Types of Interviews used in Research

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How Do You Incorporate an Interview into a Dissertation?
To present interviews in a dissertation, you first need to transcribe your interviews. You can use transcription software for this. You can then add the written interviews to the appendix. If you have many or long interviews that make the appendix extremely long, the appendix (after consultation with the supervisor) can be submitted as a ...
Using an interview in a research paper
Before asking your questions. Begin the interview with some small talk in order to give both of you the chance to get comfortable with one another. Develop rapport that will make the interview easier for both of you. Once you begin asking the questions. Take notes. Ask open-ended questions. Keep the conversation moving.
Incorporating Interview Data
Introduction. When you incorporate original interview data into your writing, you are developing new ideas by using quotations and often sources that no one else has accessed. Drawing from interviews can liven up your writing, ground your big concepts within the specific circumstances of particular individuals, and introduce you to insights you ...
Types of Interviews in Research
Depending on the type of interview you are conducting, your questions will differ in style, phrasing, and intention. Structured interview questions are set and precise, while the other types of interviews allow for more open-endedness and flexibility. Here are some examples. Structured. Semi-structured.
How to Add an Interview to a Research Paper
Adding Quotations. For the most part, try to embed quotations within a sentence. For a quote from an interview, begin your sentence by introducing the speaker, followed by the quote, as in the example: In a personal interview February 2, 2012, the former employee said, "I considered filing a formal complaint, if not a lawsuit.".
The Complete Guide to Conducting Research Interviews
1. Structured Interview. This interview type only includes predetermined questions. The interviewer prepares a set of questions to ask during the interview and strictly follows them. There are no follow-up or on-the-spot questions. For example, interviews with climate policy experts could contain the following questions:
(PDF) How to Conduct an Effective Interview; A Guide to Interview
Interviews are one of the most promising ways of collecting qualitative data through establishment of a communication between researcher and the interviewee. Researcher in a face to face, phone or ...
PDF TIPSHEET QUALITATIVE INTERVIEWING
More structured interviews increase the likelihood that the findings of the research will be generalizeable and/or can be used to test specified hypotheses. Regardless of the format of the interview, the planning you put into your interviews will determine how useful your interviews will be for answering your research question.
Interviewing
You should learn as much as you can about the person you are going to interview before the interview takes place so that you can tailor your questions to them. Don't pester or push the person you are interviewing. If the interviwee does not want to talk about an issue, you should respect that desire. Don't stick to your questions rigidly.
How to Cite an Interview
In an MLA Works Cited entry for an interview published in a newspaper, you list the interviewee in the author element. Clarify who conducted the interview after the title, and use the interviewee's name in the MLA in-text citation. MLA format. Interviewee last name, First name. " Interview Title .".
Let's Chat! Best Strategies to Weave Personal Interviews Into Your
1) WEAVE CONTENT INTO YOUR PAPER. The pages of quotes and information you've acquired can be used as direct quotes or paraphrases to support your main points. As you look for what content from your interview to include in the paper, be sure those quotes or facts are relevant and add value to your main points.
How To Write An Interview Paper
The Step-by-Step Guide On Writing an Interview Paper. To make the writing process easier, you should be absolutely sure in what to do in each step. Here is a list of steps you need to take to get a perfect interview paper. Step 1 - Selecting the ideal topic for your paper: The topic you end up choosing for your interview paper can genuinely ...
A methodological guide to using and reporting on interviews in
Interview length was reported in 90% of papers reviewed. Interviews ranged from 3 min to 5 hr in duration, with a mean of 64 min per interview. 4.3.3 Analysis and write-up. A total of 25% of papers stated they transcribed interviews verbatim, while 66% of papers did not mention their method of transcription.
How To Write an Interview Paper in APA Format in 10 Steps
Center and bold the word "Abstract" at the top of the page. On the line below, without indenting, write a summary of your paper. In a single paragraph limited to 250 words, discuss the subject, the thesis, the purpose and necessity of the interview, the interviewees and the potential implications of your findings. 10.
How should I present qualitative interview data in an article ...
1 Answer to this question. Answer: Analyzing and presenting qualitative data in a research paper can be difficult. The Methods section is where one needs to justify and present the research design. As you have rightly said, there are stipulations on the word count for a manuscript. To present the interview data, you can consider using a table.
How to Conduct an Effective Interview; A Guide to Interview ...
Researcher in a face to face, phone or online conversation tries to understand and explore respondents' opinions and behavior in a specific subject. Despite the significant importance of interviews to collect data in a research study, it may look challenging to design an effective interview that provides unbiased, enough and accurate data.
Writing Up the Methods Section
The chapter first provides an overview of the most common elements that comprise interview reports, such as dissertations, journal articles, or monographs. It then presents three different ways of conceiving of the methods section—as a prelude to the analysis and findings, as a postscript, and as embedded in the interpretation itself. ...
PDF Guide for Conducting Interviews
The following is a step-‐by-‐step guide to conducting a productive interview. Before the Interview. • Ask the person you would like to interview for an appointment as quickly as you can. This gives you the best chance of getting a "yes" in answer to your request because the window of opportunity for meeting with the person is the ...
How to Use Transcribed Interviews to Write Research Articles
What Are the Advantages of Using Research Interviews in Qualitative Research. Qualitative research takes a humanistic approach to exploring and understanding an issue. The primary sources of qualitative research include interviews, focus group sessions, observation, archive documents, and field recordings. These primary sources are highly ...
Research Paper
Definition: Research Paper is a written document that presents the author's original research, analysis, and interpretation of a specific topic or issue. It is typically based on Empirical Evidence, and may involve qualitative or quantitative research methods, or a combination of both. The purpose of a research paper is to contribute new ...
Writing an Interview Paper: Formatting Guide, Samples and Writing Tips
Check what a narrative interview paper structure looks like when you reach out to several people: Introduction. Paragraph #1 - the first interviewee's perspective. Paragraph #2 - the second interviewee's opinion. Paragraph #3 - the third interviewee's thoughts. Conclusion.
How to Write an Interview Essay or Paper
Write your questions. Set up a time to meet with people (you will probably start with at least one in-class interview of another student). Ask questions and record the answers. Analyze the results. Write your essay. Start with the question, followed by a summary and analysis of the questions and answers.
How to Cite an Interview in APA Style
To cite an interview published in a newspaper, follow the standard newspaper format, listing the interviewer in the author position. APA format. Interviewer name, Initials. ( Year, Month Day ). Interview title. Newspaper Name. URL. APA reference entry. Dundas, D. (2019, November 8).
How to Interview a Candidate You Don't Immediately Click With
When hiring managers "click" with job candidates during interviews, it can feel like magic. When they don't, it can be tempting to write the candidate off, going through the motions of ...
Read: Full transcript of Robert Hur's Biden classified documents interview
The president's five-hour interview with Special Counsel Robert Hur was conducted over two days on Oct. 8th and 9th of last year. Lawmakers obtained the transcripts ahead of Hur's testimony to the ...
Mandel: Sure, Greg Sankey, expand March Madness
In an interview with ESPN.com last week, ... (the No. 1-13 seeds) in the main field. If so, that group would include nearly all the one-bid league representatives, thus slashing the Cinderella ...
OpenAI Made AI Videos for Us. These Clips Are Good Enough to Freak Us
In an exclusive interview with our columnist, CTO Mira Murati explains the company's new Sora AI video tool and how it plans to roll it out. Sora, OpenAI's new text-to-video AI model, can ...
Palace Cofounder Talks Gap Collaboration: "It's Cool, Innit, Man?"
The most hype-inducing item from the collaboration is sure to be the reworked Gap hoodie. On this version of the '90s staple, the iconic three-letter arc across the chest now reads "PAL ...
What's in the transcript of Biden's special counsel interview : NPR
The 258-page transcript paints a more nuanced portrait of the president than was described in Robert Hur's report. The most confusing part concerned the timeline surrounding the death of his son Beau.
Here's the Elon Musk interview that got Don Lemon's show canceled
Don Lemon has published the "tense" interview with Elon Musk that got his show canceled on X. During the interview, Lemon touches on various topics related to hate speech on X and Musk's own ...