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Sustainable Behavior with Respect to Managing E-Wastes: Factors Influencing E-Waste Management among Young Consumers

1 Department of Management, School of Management and Business Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India

Dag Øivind Madsen

2 USN School of Business, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3511 Hønefoss, Norway

Shahab Saquib Sohail

3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India

With the proliferation of technological tools and the advancement in electronic devices and accessories, consumers across the world are changing and upgrading their electronic devices at an alarming rate. However, these developments have raised concerns related to electronic waste (E-waste). E-wastes contain toxic substances which may have a negative impact on both humans and the environment. This issue needs to be addressed by the research community, i.e., what would be the best way to get rid of existing devices? It is clear that countries need to work towards a more sustainable consumption pattern and consumers need to change their behaviour. The present study focuses on sustainable behaviour of consumers in terms of e-waste management. In this context, the study attempts to explore the factors influencing e-waste management among young consumers. In the present study, the Theory of Planned Behavior is extended by including the additional factors Government Policy, Environmental Concern, Financial Benefits and Awareness. A researcher-controlled sampling was employed to collect data from 524 respondents. Partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to validate the questionnaire constructs and confirm the relationships among the variables. The findings of the study suggest a significant role for government policy, financial benefits, environmental concerns, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control in determining young consumers’ behavioural intentions toward the management of e-waste. The study findings have implications for both researchers and marketing practitioners.

1. Introduction

When electrical or electronic equipment (EEE) is discarded or thrown away without proper recycling, it becomes WEEE (Waste Electrical or Electronic Equipment) [ 1 ]. With a high consumption pattern of electronic items by consumers, manufacturing of these items has also risen steeply [ 1 ]. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on sustainable consumption of electronic items. It is well-known that e-waste contains toxic substances, which may have a negative impact on both people and the environment [ 2 ]. Therefore, it is important to prevent the unnecessary use of electrical equipment, which would improve the lives of present and future generations and help in protecting the environment as well.

One way to protect the environment is to focus on developing a circular economy instead of the traditional linear economy [ 3 ]. A linear economy is one in which a product is produced, and after its final use, it is disposed of. A circular economy, on the other hand, is one in which a product is used and then recycled. A circular economic model has significant economic advantages for the electronic and electrical industries. By 2030 and 2040, a circular business model for electronics could cut consumer expenses by 7% and 14%, respectively [ 4 ]. It has also been observed that non-functional goods are inaccurately categorised as ‘used goods’ and sent to lesser-developed nations in Africa and Asia by utilising a license to export of superfluous items for reuse or refurbishment [ 5 ].

It is important to focus on 4Rs of recycling: (1) Reducing waste by avoiding excessive equipment use, (2) Reusing goods to the maximum extent possible, (3) Recycling by turning waste into new products, and (4) and last but not least is Recovery of resources from waste [ 6 ]. With the changing scenarios and advancement in technology, recovery plays an important role. According to a report, three design-driven principles serve as the foundation of the circular economy: (i) Cut back on waste to reduce pollution; (ii) circulate goods and supplies (at their highest value); and (iii) restore nature [ 4 ].

Due to changing technology and upgraded features, most consumers, and in especially young consumers, are enticed towards new and upgraded versions. This persuasion of consumers ends up creating a pile of e-waste. The 4Rs can help in reducing the impact of waste by managing e-waste for the betterment of the environment. Proper recycling and reuse of e-waste not only helps the environment, but also reduces the number of precious metals (Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Palladium (Pd), Gadolinium (Gd), Cerium (Ce), and many more [ 7 ]) used in the manufacturing of electronic products [ 8 ].

As per facts given by UNEP [ 9 ], the world might save USD120 billion annually if everyone upgraded to energy-efficient bulbs, and by 2050, if there are 9.6 billion people on the Earth, it might take almost three planets’ worth of natural resources to maintain the current standard of living. SDG (Sustainable Development Goals) Report 2020, Goal-12 which ensures “sustainable consumption and production patterns” states that e-waste increased by 38% during the period 2010–2019 [ 10 ]. This is one of the most significant reasons for all governments, both developed and developing countries [ 11 ], to pay close attention to the SDGs. However, it could also be argued that sustainability is not only the responsibility of the government or any particular organization, but everybody should take a part in shifting towards sustainable everyday activities.

Every year, the amount of e-waste generated is equivalent to the weight of 5000 Eiffel towers [ 12 ]. India generated 1,014,961 tonnes of e-waste in the year 2019–2020, which was more than the previous year 2018–2019 by 32%. It has also been reported that only 3.6% and 10% of the wastes were collected in 2018 and 2019, respectively [ 11 ]. These huge numbers are cause for concern as the planet will increasingly turn into a landfill. Over the past century, technological advances and the advent of e-products have changed in unanticipated ways. Every month, India produces more than 50,000 tonnes of e-waste. It is not surprising that the rate of e-waste generation has been increasing at a steady rate of 23.7 percent per year for the past decade. India, as the world’s third-largest producer of e-waste, must develop effective e-waste management solutions and responsibility for its own e-waste management [ 13 ]. Delhi is second only to Maharashtra in generating e-waste [ 14 ]. China, the US, and India are among the top three e-waste generating countries with 10,129, 6918 and 3230 kilotons, respectively. On the other hand, the recycling rates in China and the US are 16 and 15%, respectively, while in India it stands at an alarmingly low rate of 1% [ 15 ]. As per “The 2022 Environmental Performance Index (EPI)”, India ranks 180 out of 180 countries based on 40 indicators.

New technological innovations and shortened lifecycles are the main reasons for this e-waste as consumers replace and upgrade their electronic devices [ 16 ]. India generated 2.4 kg per capita of e-wastes in the year 2019 [ 17 ] ( Figure 1 ). India has 51 e-waste material collection points in 20 different states There are 400 electronic waste recyclers and dismantlers working in 20 different states of India such as Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat. The total annual processing capacity of these licensed dismantlers and recyclers is 1,068,542.72 tonnes [ 18 ]. However, since the majority of waste is still managed by the informal sector, the official recycling capacity is underutilised [ 19 ]. The informal sector plays an important role in managing e-waste. NGOs (Non-Governmental Organization) serve as a conduit between waste pickers and electronic manufacturers under pressure to collect and recycle what they sell. In India, the world’s third largest producer of e-waste [ 15 ], 95% of consumer electronics are recycled informally [ 20 ].

Global E-waste Statistics. Source: Global E-waste Statistics Partnership, 2019 [ 17 ].

Managing e-waste is a global concern these days which could harm the planet in various ways. India has one of the fastest growing economies in the world, with domestic demand for consumer durables rising rapidly [ 21 ]. With such a high growth rate, India is not lagging behind other countries in generating e-waste. However, the importance of effective e-waste management is beginning to be understood in South Asia. Despite several other nations exploring comparable legislation, India is the only country in Southern Asia having e-waste laws. Only authorised dismantlers and recyclers are allowed to collect e-waste in India due to legislation that was put in place in 2011 that governs the management of e-waste. The E-Waste (Management) Rules of 2016 included a manufacturer, dealer, refurbisher, and Producer Responsibility Organization (PRO) [ 19 ].

Therefore, in the current study, we aim to study the factors influencing e-waste management by among young consumers. There are several reasons why young consumers were chosen as respondents. Firstly, youngsters (15–34 years) [ 22 , 23 ] are representative of Indian society due to their high share of the population [ 24 ]. Secondly, they are considered to be more tech-savvy than other generations, which makes them early adopters of any new or upgraded product [ 25 ]. Thirdly, the younger population might be increasingly engaged in high consumption of electronic goods since they are perceived to be status symbols [ 26 ].

2. Proposed Model and Hypotheses Development

Several researchers have applied Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to investigate attitudes and behaviour in e-waste management [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. TRA is a model from social psychology that was developed by Fishbein and Ajzen. According to the TRA, behaviour is the result of three major factors: attitudes toward behaviour, subjective norms, and behavioural intentions [ 27 ]. To overcome the limitations of TRA, Ajzen [ 32 ] developed TPB. TRA comprised attitudes and subjective norms as variables, and later Ajzen developed TPB with an additional variable of perceived behaviour control. Both the TRA and TPB models have been used extensively and are shown to be helpful in understanding behaviour, with significant contributions from perceived behavioural control [ 33 ]. Researchers have criticized the TRA model by highlighting that this model works well for the study of behaviour under volitional control (i.e., people believe that they can behave the way they want) [ 27 , 33 ]. There is much consumer-based research on buying intentions with respect to green marketing and customers’ green product purchasing intentions. Taking the cue from the existing literature, in the present study, we have further extended the TPB model by taking into account four additional variables, three of which have been studied in the existing literature: government policy [ 34 ], awareness [ 5 , 26 , 29 ] and environmental concern [ 5 , 27 , 28 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. The fourth variable is financial benefits, but we were unable to find evidence in the existing literature that financial benefits influence the purchase intention of sustainable EEE.

2.1. Attitude and Behavioural Intention towards E-Waste Management

The ability to respond consistently favourably or unfavourably to a particular thing is known as attitude and is the first determinant of TPB framework [ 38 ]. A person’s attitude shows whether they perform the appropriate behaviour or not [ 39 ]. Evaluating the pros and cons of a behaviour is a part of attitude, which influences behavioural intention [ 40 ]. Pertaining to the relationship between intention and behaviour, attitude is crucial. It would not be factually incorrect to say that the intention takes place sometime between weighing your options and actually making the purchase if we understand the intention concept from the perspective of the client and consumer [ 41 ]. Thus, the following hypothesis was then put forth:

The attitudes of a consumer significantly and positively influence behavioural intention towards e-waste management .

2.2. Subjective Norms and Behavioural Intention towards E-Waste Management

The widely perceived societal pressure to engage in or refrain from a behaviour is termed a subjective norm [ 39 ]. Subjective Norms are the opinions of whether or not most people agree with the behaviour [ 42 ]. Parents’ deeply ingrained family norm values and purchase intentions have been suggested to be linked [ 28 ]. People who experienced more social pressure from significant others were observed as more prepared to be green, and as a result, they are more likely to purchase green products [ 43 ]. In a study conducted at the European Union level comprising all 28 member countries that examined green product purchasing behaviour, the findings suggested that subjective norms strongly influence green buying behaviour in almost all the countries [ 44 ]. Keeping in mind the importance of subjective norms in behavioural intention, the following hypothesis was then put forth:

The subjective norms of a consumer significantly and positively influence behavioural intention towards e-waste management .

2.3. Perceived Behaviour Control (PBC) and Behavioural Intention towards e-Waste Management

The ability to overcome challenges and carry out the behaviour is referred to as perceived behavioural control [ 45 ]. It implies how individuals behave on the basis of prior experiences, resources available and opportunities or obstacles, that he/she is facing [ 26 ]. Maichum, Parichatnon and Peng [ 28 ] described that purchase intentions in green hotels, organic foods, and green products have been linked to perceived behavioural control. In developed countries, there is a strong link between perceived behavioural control and the intention to separate household waste [ 46 ]. PBC shows significant relationship with behavioural intention in previous studies carried out across contexts and countries, such as studies of smartphone waste in Indonesia [ 34 ], and consumers’ green purchase behaviour in a developing nation [ 47 , 48 , 49 ]. Taking cue from other studies, the following hypothesis has been proposed:

The perceived behaviour control of a consumer significantly and positively influences behavioural intention towards e-waste management .

2.4. Government Policy and Behavioural Intention towards e-Waste Management

To make sustainable consumption apparent to the public in all public buildings and transportation, the government should develop a strategic set of procurement priorities [ 50 ]. When purchasing an electronic device, consumers must pay a tax that will be used to offset the expenses of recycling in the future [ 51 , 52 ]. In several industries, laws and regulations require manufacturers to set up product regeneration and appropriate waste management systems. One of the most important factors in motivating sustainable consumption is adherence to regulations [ 34 ]. However, expecting state governments to solve long-term sustainability concerns is impractical, particularly in high-risk nations where sustainability policy lacks consistency and/or efficacy [ 53 , 54 ]. Keeping in mind the importance of government policy in previous research, the following hypothesis has been proposed:

Government policy significantly and positively influences behavioural intention towards e-waste management .

2.5. Financial Benefits and Behavioural Intention towards E-Waste Management

Consumer purchasing power, i.e., financial support/affordability supports environmental awareness, makes a nation a potential market for products that are sustainable [ 55 ]. In comparison to the organized industry, informal dealers repair and sell computers, even if they are categorized as e-waste, including some parts that are in functional order [ 56 , 57 ]. Selling any functional portion of a computer would be more profitable than selling it as metal bits [ 56 ]. If customers get a discount coupon as a financial benefit to recycle their products as exchange offers offered by sellers of electronics (e.g., Flipkart and Amazon), consumers will become motivated by the financial incentive to engage in sustainable consumption. Hence, the consumers indirectly get themselves involved in e-waste management. Keeping in mind the role of financial benefits, the following hypothesis has been proposed:

The financial benefits to a consumer significantly and positively influence behavioural intention towards e-waste management .

2.6. Awareness and Behavioural Intention towards E-Waste Management

One relevant issue that has been highlighted is consumers’ unawareness of e-waste recycling and the negative environmental impact of such waste [ 5 ]. In a previous study, it was concluded that consumers’ willingness to pay for a product is highly influenced by their awareness of the impact on the environment [ 58 ]. Awareness programs that focus on the hazardous consequences of e-waste should be put in place for both manufacturers and consumers, in addition to programs to promote recycling among individuals and businesses. Customers who have proper knowledge about the effects of e-wastes are more likely to not only put in the relevant level of effort but also to spread the word about the hazards of e-waste while encouraging alternative means of disposal [ 23 ]. Consumers believe that buying green items is a socially unacceptable behaviour since “significant others” are not fully aware of the benefits of doing so. Thus, governments must educate consumers about the need for e-waste management through various awareness initiatives [ 35 ]. Taking cues from previous research, we proposed the following hypothesis:

The awareness of a consumer significantly and positively influences behavioural intention towards e-waste management .

2.7. Environmental Concern and Behavioural Intention towards E-Waste Management

People who are interested in ecology are inspired by the notion that what they are doing is useful and beneficial to society [ 59 ]. Environmental concern is people’s awareness of environmental issues and willingness to fix environmental problems [ 60 ]. E-waste is a serious health and environmental issue, especially in Asian countries. Therefore, e-waste management and eco-remediation technologies are necessary. The ever-increasing volume of e-waste poses a great concern to emerging countries such as China and India, where local people and the environment are at risk [ 61 ]. Various studies confirm the impact of environmental concern on consumers’ behavioural intentions to choose eco-friendly items and solutions [ 62 , 63 , 64 ]. Toxic components in e-waste are not only dangerous to the environment, but also to individuals [ 65 ]. Thus, the following hypothesis was proposed:

The environmental concern of a consumer significantly and positively influences behavioural intention towards e-waste management .

3. Research Methodology

The proposed model and the hypotheses were tested by collecting and analysing survey responses using structured questionnaires.

3.1. Questionnaire Design

The structured questionnaire used for the survey had two sections. The first section was devoted to the demographic profile of respondents pertaining to gender, age, educational qualification and occupation. The second section consisted of questions related to the TPB constructs (Attitude, Subjective Norms & Perceived Behaviour Control) and extended constructs (Government Policy, Environmental Concern, Financial Benefits and Awareness). A five-point Likert-type scale (1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly Agree) was used to measure the responses to the constructs. The scale items used in the study have been adapted from the extant literature: Subjective Norms [ 29 , 66 ], Attitude & Behavioural Intention [ 67 ], Awareness and Environmental Concern [ 5 ]. We developed the items concerning government policy and financial benefits.

3.2. Data Collection

We collected data using a Google Form which was sent to the respondents via different social media platforms like WhatsApp (both individuals and groups), Instagram, LinkedIn as well as through E-mails. We were able to generate 524 responses. The demographic profile of the respondents is displayed in Table 1 . Out of these 524 responses, 64 responses had to be removed because of incomplete responses and other issues. Thus, a total of 460 responses were found to be fit and usable for the study.

Demographics of 460 respondents.

3.3. Data Analysis

Partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to validate the questionnaire constructs and confirm the relationships among the variables [ 29 ]. SEM was conducted by SMART PLS 3.0 [ 68 ] which evaluated the hypothesized conceptual model of this study. SEM consists of two components: One is a measurement model and other is a structural model. The measurement model (AKA Outer model) assesses the reliability and validity of latent (unobserved variables) as a linear function of indicators (observed variables). The structural model (AKA Inner Model) shows the direction and strength of the relationship between variables [ 69 ].

Measurement Model Analysis

To check the reliability level of the instrument, we use the Cronbach’s Alpha. If the value falls within the range of 0.61–0.70, it would be considered as moderate and acceptable; if the value falls between 0.71–0.80, it is considered as good and acceptable; if the value is between 0.81–0.90, it is considered good, and a value between 0.91–1.00 is considered excellent [ 70 , 71 , 72 ]. In the case of Composite or construct reliability the value should be greater than 0.70 [ 73 ]. The findings suggest the constructs in this study fulfil this criterion ( Table 2 ) . Convergent validity was confirmed after examining the factor loadings ( Figure 2 ) and average variance extracted (AVE) > 0.50. In Table 2 , the values of Cronbach’s alpha and Composite reliability are within the acceptable limits. Therefore, there is sufficient consistency of constructs.

Loadings on measurement model.

Construct Reliability and Convergent Validity.

Table 3 , Table 4 and Table 5 show the discriminant validity using Fornell-Larcker criterion, cross-loadings and Heterotrait–Monotrait (HTMT) ratio. According to the Fornell-Larcker criterion, the square root of AVE should be greater than the correlation values of other constructs [ 74 ]. In Table 3 , the values on the diagonal (bold) reflect the square root of the AVE, whereas the values of the diagonal are correlations. Therefore, it can be said that discriminant validity is established as per this criterion.

Fornell-Larcker Criterion.

Note: The values in bold reflect the square root of the AVE which should be greater than the correlation values of other constructs.

Cross Loadings.

Note: The values in bold show the loadings of the parent construct on its own construct; it should always be greater than loading on other constructs.

Heterotrait–Monotrait Ratio (HTMT).

According to cross-loadings, a specific item should have higher loadings on its own parent construct than other constructs in the study. In Table 4 , cross-loadings justified the discriminant validity. The third and last step to measure discriminant validity is the HTMT (Heterotrait–Monotrait) ratio, which suggests a threshold value of 0.90 [ 68 ]. All HTMT ratios are below 0.90 ( Table 5 ); hence, discriminant validity is established to determine the distinctiveness of the constructs in the study.

3.4. Structural Model

As per the suggestions of Hair, Hult, Ringle and Sarstedt [ 73 ], the hypothesized relationships and correlations between variables were verified using a bootstrapping procedure with sub-samples of 5000. The structural model assessment technique evaluates: (1) construct collinearity; (2) path coefficient significance; (3) coefficient of determination (R 2 ) level; (4) effect magnitude (f 2 ); and (5) predictive relevance (Q 2 ).

Construct Collinearity —The variance inflation factor (VIF) values were found to be less than 3 ( Table 6 ) which shows no concern of multi-collinearity between latent variables.

VIF (Variance Inflation Factor).

Path Coefficient Significance —The hypotheses were tested using path coefficients and t-values. Out of the seven hypotheses, six hypotheses (H 1 –H 5 , and H 7 ) were accepted as the t-values were greater than 1.96 and the significance level was less than 0.05 [ 75 ] and H 6 (relationship between awareness and behavioural intention) could not be accepted. The findings of the path coefficients are presented in Table 7 .

Path Coefficients.

Coefficient of Determination —As suggested by Hair et al. [ 76 ], coefficient of determination values (R 2 ): 0.75, 0.50 or 0.25 can be, respectively described as substantial, moderate or weak. The R 2 value for the present model has been found to be 0.677 ( Figure 3 ) which describes variance to be substantial.

Structural Model.

Effect Magnitude —Researchers have suggested the (Effect Magnitude) f 2 values near 0.02, 0.15, and 0.35 represents weak, moderate, and large effects, respectively [ 73 , 77 ]. The effect magnitude of the model indicates how much an independent latent variable contributes to the R 2 of a dependent latent variable. In other words, effect size evaluates the strength of the relationship between the latent variables. The results ( Table 8 ) revealed that the f-square effect size for the present model ranged from 0.003 (negligible) to 0.109 (moderate).

Predictive Relevance —Predictive relevance, i.e., Q 2 evaluates cross-validated redundancy to assess the inner model. It measures whether a model has predictive relevance or not (greater than zero is good). The Q 2 value of the present model was found to be 0.387 which established the predictive relevance of the model.

4. Discussion and Conclusions

As environmental degradation is a serious concern that the world is facing, the present study aims to contribute to the research literature on this topic. Several researchers have used the TPB model to study sustainable behaviour in different contexts. In the current study, we have tried to explore the sustainable behaviour of consumers concerning e-waste management. To cope up with previous criticisms of TPB [ 5 , 55 , 63 , 65 ] of not comprising several important factors, in the present work we have extended the TPB model including four new variables. The findings of the present study could be useful to different stakeholders in society. The results suggest that behavioural intention for young consumers to manage e-waste can be predicted by attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, government policy, financial benefits, awareness as well as environmental concern. All of the variables except awareness have been proven to impose significant effects on behavioural intention of e-waste management. For example, government policies have been found to have a positive and significant influence on behavioural intentions. Thus, it can be surmised that government should come up with policies that motivate people to think of e-waste management. They need to focus on spreading awareness through educational institutions and programs. An illustrative example is an initiative by the Delhi government to reduce pollution by providing an e-waste facility through an eco-park for the safe handling and disposal of e-waste [ 78 ].

The study findings suggest that young consumers are highly aware of e-waste management. Despite this, the generation of e-waste generation is still at a peak level. Different studies have shown a positive impact of awareness on e-waste management [ 5 , 79 , 80 ] but the findings of the present study suggest no such impact of awareness on e-waste management, similar to the findings of Kumar [ 29 ]. Paradoxically, based on the findings, it can be argued that consumers are aware but do not consider behaving in an environmentally friendly way. The study findings also showed financial benefits to positively impact the behavioural intentional towards e-waste management. Thus, marketers and the government need to build effective strategies that can motivate consumers to participate in e-waste management. Marketers should come up with attractive offers like value exchange offers, selling refurbished devices at a good price, and selling recycled products at a low price. The government, on the other hand, develops policies to help marketers to execute their plans. The study reflects environmental concern among people positively and significantly influences behavioural intention towards e-waste management.

The extant literature suggests a high generation of e-waste, out of which only a bit of waste is being managed. It is therefore of utmost importance that all the stakeholders cooperate to make the consumers aware of the perils of e-wastes and mould them towards environmental concerns. In the long run, this can help countries around the world manage e-wastes in a better way. The findings of the present study suggest that government policy, financial benefits, and environmental concerns play a relevant role in shaping the sustainable behavioral intention of young consumers. It can be surmised that the inclusion of the above three factors in the TPB makes it a robust model with respect to e-waste management. The study findings may be helpful to the academic community by suggesting a model that may be tested in different settings. Marketers can formulate strategies keeping in mind the study findings, whereby they can consider both profitability and the environment. The government may also use the findings of the study to formulate policies keeping in mind the sustainability of the environment. Finally, the study findings could help readers to understand the importance of e-waste management in our day-to-day life.

5. Limitations and Scope for Future Research

The study has certain limitations that can be addressed in future studies. In the present study, we have focused on young consumers mainly from Delhi NCR. In the future, researchers may study the same constructs with consumers of different regions of this country. While this research has taken waste management of electronic and electrical equipment into consideration, future researchers may consider other product categories as well. Another issue is related to the educational level of the respondents. In this study, only educated respondents were considered, but in the future studies can be done on uneducated people as well. It is also possible that more novel insights could be found by involving samples from a wider demographic population comprising different cultures. Finally, researchers could employ a longitudinal approach, which would allow for examining evolution and changes in the above-mentioned factors and behavioral intentions.

Funding Statement

This research received no external funding.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.G. and A.A.; Methodology, S.G. and A.A.; Validation, A.A.; Formal analysis, S.G.; Investigation, S.G.; Resources, A.A.; Data curation, S.G.; Writing—original draft, S.G. and A.A.; Writing—review & editing, D.Ø.M. and S.S.S.; Supervision, A.A.; Project administration, D.Ø.M. and S.S.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Conflicts of interest.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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• Published: 13 March 2024

Turning e-waste into opportunity

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Addressing the electronic-waste crisis requires global cooperation to enhance recycling, innovate in sustainable materials management and embrace eco-design. By viewing electronic waste as valuable ‘urban mines’, we can unlock a circular economy and ensure the sustainable recovery of strategic metals, fostering a greener, more sustainable future.

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Each year, millions of tons of electronic waste (or e-waste) are generated worldwide, thus, fueling concerns among scholars, practitioners, policymakers, and governments about e-waste recycling and management. The past few years have witnessed a growing interest among scholars to examine the behavioral issues concerning e-waste recycling. However, most of the existing studies have focused on adopting e-waste recycling and related innovations. It is already known that ‘reasons for’ and ‘reasons against’ the adoption of any innovation are quantitatively different. The current study bridges this gap by utilizing a novel consumer behavior framework called behavioral reasoning theory (BRT) to study e-waste recycling attitudes and intentions. The study examined the relative influence of ‘reasons for’ and ‘reasons against’ in predicting attitude and intentions within the context of e-waste recycling by using a single framework. The developed model was tested using structural equation modeling with 774 Japanese consumers. The study also examined the moderating role of environmental assessment and environmental concerns in influencing the studied associations. The results suggest that ‘reasons for’ was positively associated with attitude and intentions. The consumer values shared negative associations only with ‘reasons against.’ The study findings offer interesting insights for service providers, policymakers, and governments.

• Behavioral reasoning theory (BRT)
• Consumer values
• Environmental concerns
• Use intentions
• e-waste recycling

ASJC Scopus subject areas

• Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
• General Environmental Science
• Strategy and Management
• Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

• 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124269

Other files and links

• Link to publication in Scopus
• Link to the citations in Scopus

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• Electronic Waste Engineering & Materials Science 100%
• E-Waste Business & Economics 90%
• electronic waste Earth & Environmental Sciences 80%
• waste recycling Earth & Environmental Sciences 75%
• Waste Management Business & Economics 74%
• Recycling Engineering & Materials Science 63%
• waste management Earth & Environmental Sciences 58%
• Policymaker Business & Economics 17%

T1 - Behavioral reasoning theory (BRT) perspectives on E-waste recycling and management

AU - Dhir, Amandeep

AU - Koshta, Nitin

AU - Goyal, Raman Kumar

AU - Sakashita, Mototaka

AU - Almotairi, Mohammad

N1 - Funding Information: This study is supported by the Research Center at the College of Business Administration and the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University . Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s)

PY - 2021/1/20

Y1 - 2021/1/20

N2 - Each year, millions of tons of electronic waste (or e-waste) are generated worldwide, thus, fueling concerns among scholars, practitioners, policymakers, and governments about e-waste recycling and management. The past few years have witnessed a growing interest among scholars to examine the behavioral issues concerning e-waste recycling. However, most of the existing studies have focused on adopting e-waste recycling and related innovations. It is already known that ‘reasons for’ and ‘reasons against’ the adoption of any innovation are quantitatively different. The current study bridges this gap by utilizing a novel consumer behavior framework called behavioral reasoning theory (BRT) to study e-waste recycling attitudes and intentions. The study examined the relative influence of ‘reasons for’ and ‘reasons against’ in predicting attitude and intentions within the context of e-waste recycling by using a single framework. The developed model was tested using structural equation modeling with 774 Japanese consumers. The study also examined the moderating role of environmental assessment and environmental concerns in influencing the studied associations. The results suggest that ‘reasons for’ was positively associated with attitude and intentions. The consumer values shared negative associations only with ‘reasons against.’ The study findings offer interesting insights for service providers, policymakers, and governments.

AB - Each year, millions of tons of electronic waste (or e-waste) are generated worldwide, thus, fueling concerns among scholars, practitioners, policymakers, and governments about e-waste recycling and management. The past few years have witnessed a growing interest among scholars to examine the behavioral issues concerning e-waste recycling. However, most of the existing studies have focused on adopting e-waste recycling and related innovations. It is already known that ‘reasons for’ and ‘reasons against’ the adoption of any innovation are quantitatively different. The current study bridges this gap by utilizing a novel consumer behavior framework called behavioral reasoning theory (BRT) to study e-waste recycling attitudes and intentions. The study examined the relative influence of ‘reasons for’ and ‘reasons against’ in predicting attitude and intentions within the context of e-waste recycling by using a single framework. The developed model was tested using structural equation modeling with 774 Japanese consumers. The study also examined the moderating role of environmental assessment and environmental concerns in influencing the studied associations. The results suggest that ‘reasons for’ was positively associated with attitude and intentions. The consumer values shared negative associations only with ‘reasons against.’ The study findings offer interesting insights for service providers, policymakers, and governments.

KW - Behavioral reasoning theory (BRT)

KW - Consumer values

KW - Consumers

KW - Environmental concerns

KW - Use intentions

KW - e-waste recycling

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85091987300&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85091987300&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124269

DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124269

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85091987300

SN - 0959-6526

JO - Journal of Cleaner Production

JF - Journal of Cleaner Production

M1 - 124269

E-waste management using game theory concept

• Published: 10 January 2022
• Volume 29 , page 19919, ( 2022 )

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• R. Sitharthan 1 &
• Rajesh M 2  

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For the increased solid waste, the emergence of e-waste has been one of the most important and crucial problems faced by the world today. The disposal of an enormous amount of e-waste has been a challenging task for the municipal department of developed and growing nations. Furthermore, the disposal of e-waste creates environmental pollution and also affects the health impact of all living organisms. E-waste is collectively the waste from electrical and electronic equipment. Most of the electrical component and electronic gadgets that we use today are been made up of lead, cadmium, mercury, PVC, chromium, barium, phosphorus, nickel, and heavy metals. After certain usage of such electrical and electronic equipment, they are been replaced by new featured electrical and electronic equipment. The old electrical and electronic equipment are now been treated as e-waste. The average total e-waste accumulated by the outmoded or broken equipment was estimated at about 50 million tons each year. Among which, only 3% is being recycled and properly disposed of. Further, it has been estimated that e-waste can grow up to 60 million tons by 2021.

E-waste is averagely growing by 13 kilotons a day. It has grown above the alarming situation, and this is the right time to save the world from a hazardous situation by managing e-waste properly. This work proposes cooperative, non-cooperative, and volunteer’s dilemma game theory concept to manage e-waste by decreasing its act of impact by taking the consumer, manufacturer, recycler, and government as key players. The advantage of game theory is that it makes rational decisions and thus improves the decision-making process.

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School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

R. Sitharthan

Deparment of Computer Science & Engineering, Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon, India

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Sitharthan, R., M, R. E-waste management using game theory concept. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29 , 19919 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17856-x

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E-waste management using game theory concept

Affiliations.

• 1 School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. [email protected].
• 2 Deparment of Computer Science & Engineering, Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon, India.
• PMID: 35006559
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17856-x

Publication types

• Electronic Waste*
• Game Theory
• Waste Management*

Scientists Discover Pioneering Method to Recycle Electronic Waste Using Beer

A s revealed in a recent study, scientists have discovered an innovative way to use beer to help recycle the heavy metals found in electronic waste. (Photo: ELEVATE/Pexels)

A recent breakthrough in waste management introduces an unconventional solution to tackle the challenge of recycling electronic waste. As reported by News Week on Tuesday, scientists have unveiled a pioneering method utilizing brewer’s yeast, a byproduct of beer production, to extract heavy metals from electronic waste streams. This innovative approach offers a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional recycling techniques.

The study, published in the journal Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, demonstrates the efficacy of brewer’s yeast in selectively removing metals such as zinc, aluminum, copper and nickel from complex waste solutions.

“Electronic waste is difficult to recycle because it is very heterogeneous,” Klemens Kremser, a biotechnology researcher at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences in Vienna and one of the paper’s authors, said in a statement, per News Week.

“Getting the metals in solution is a first step, but the selective recovery of the metals remains a challenge. Compared to processes such as chemical precipitation, biosorption using spent brewer’s yeast presents a cheap and environmentally friendly approach.”

Results indicate promising recovery rates, with significant percentages of metals successfully retrieved from mock metal waste streams resembling those found in electrical recycling plants.

“Using waste biomass for metal recovery is not a completely new process, but the selectivity of biosorption processes is a key factor for efficient metal recovery from polymetallic waste streams,” Anna Sieber, a fellow at the Austrian metallurgical research center K1-MET and one of the paper’s authors, shared in the statement.

“We demonstrated high metal recovery rates from a complex metal solution using an environmentally friendly and cheap biomass. Yeast biomass is considered a safe organism, and the demonstrated reusability of the biomass makes it an economically feasible approach.”

Notably, the reusability of brewer’s yeast for multiple cycles enhances the economic feasibility of this method. Researchers additionally observed that variations in pH and temperature can optimize metal recovery efficiency.

“The metals can be removed from the yeast surface by acid treatment and thus could be recycled,” Sieber added, per the report. “It would be interesting to investigate potential applications for these reclaimed metals.”

While the technique shows considerable potential for mitigating heavy metal pollution and conserving valuable resources, further research is necessary to explore its scalability and applicability to diverse waste compositions. Nonetheless, this groundbreaking development underscores the importance of harnessing biological resources for sustainable waste management practices. Plus, with beer in the mix, the future looks even brighter!

“The metal removal process in this study was optimized for the four metals in question,” Kremser said, according to News Week.

“The concentration of potentially interfering metal ions was very low in our starting solutions, but this would be important to consider when applying this approach to different mixed metal solutions.”

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The post Scientists Discover Pioneering Method to Recycle Electronic Waste Using Beer first appeared on Gin Raiders .

GreenBox Group Acquires E-Waste Management Company RemarkIT

Credit: Getty Images

GreenBox Group , an e-waste management firm, has acquired RemarkIT , a company focused on IT waste management and professional services. Financial details of the deal were not disclosed.

This is technology M&A deal number 65 that ChannelE2E and MSSP Alert have covered so far in 2024. See more than 2,000 technology M&A deals for 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, and 2020 listed here .

GreenBox Solutions, founded in 2000, is based in Lytton, Queensland, Australia. The company has 76 employees listed on LinkedIn. GreenBox’s areas of expertise include supply chain solutions, receipt, storage & pre-staging, hardware configuration, high-speed imaging, project management, staging & imaging, installation, data migration, data sanitization, asset decommission & deinstall, transport & logistics, testing & reporting, reuse or recycling, media degaussing, media shredding, and secure certification.

RemarkIT, also founded in 2000, is based in Wellington, New Zealand The company has 50 employees listed on LinkedIn. RemarkIT’s areas of expertise include commissioning, decommissioning and remarketing of information technology (IT) equipment.

The merger aims to enhance GreenBox's presence across New Zealand, benefitting from RemarkIT's established operations and expertise in sustainable technology asset lifecycle management. The combined workforce post-acquisition is set to increase significantly.

RemarkIT’s team of over 60 technology specialists will join GreenBox, growing its headcount to more than 100, the company said.

E-Waste Policy Gap in New Zealand

The transaction is notable within the context of New Zealand's unique position as the only OECD country without an e-waste policy. It underscores efforts to improve the nation's electronic waste handling capabilities, according to the company.

Reports indicate that information and communications technology (ICT) equipment plays a notable role in global climate emissions. The production and disposal of such equipment, including smartphones, involve significant resource usage and environmental impact. Conversely, refurbishing ICT equipment substantially lessens these impacts.

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Journal of Materials Chemistry A

Enhanced thermal management in electronic devices through control-oriented structures.

As electronic devices continue to shrink in size while increasing in power, the generation of significant waste heat has become a major obstacle to further progress. Effective thermal management is crucial for the ongoing development of electronic devices. One promising approach to tackle this challenge is by manipulating the orientation of materials to enhance their anisotropic thermal conductivity, thereby enabling efficient heat dissipation in electronic devices. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of various strategies used to prepare oriented materials and their applications in the field of electronic device thermal management. Additionally, the challenges associated with these processes are summarized, offering insights into the current limitations and potential areas for improvement.

• This article is part of the themed collection: Journal of Materials Chemistry A Recent Review Articles

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S. Cheng, X. Guo, W. Cai, Y. Zhang and X. Zhang, J. Mater. Chem. A , 2024, Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.1039/D4TA00520A

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BRATTLEBORO — Windham Solid Waste Management District recently hired Peter Gaskill as programs coordinator. He comes to WSWMD after 28 years of working for Triple T Trucking in many capacities, most recently as general manager.

Triple T, a Brattleboro solid waste and recycling hauling company, was acquired by Rutland-based Casella Waste Services last April and Gaskill stayed on to assist in the transition between the two companies. His role for WSWMD will involve assisting member towns, residents, schools and businesses with waste management, reduction and diversion activities, according to a news release from WSWMD.

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