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APA In-Text Citations (7th Ed.) | Multiple Authors & Missing Info
Published on November 4, 2020 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on September 30, 2022.
In-text citations briefly identify the source of information in the body text. They correspond to a full reference entry at the end of your paper.
APA in-text citations consist of the author’s last name and publication year. When citing a specific part of a source, also include a page number or range, for example (Parker, 2020, p. 67) or (Johnson, 2017, pp. 39–41) .
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Table of contents
Apa in-text citations explained in 4 minutes, parenthetical vs. narrative citations, apa in-text citations with multiple authors, no author, date or page number, multiple sources in one parenthesis, avoiding ambiguity in apa in-text citations, citing indirect sources (“as cited in”), citing personal communication, general mentions of websites and software, example paragraph with in-text citations, frequently asked questions.
The in-text citation can be placed in parentheses or naturally integrated into a sentence.
- Parenthetical : There is a correlation between social media usage and anxiety symptoms in teenagers (Parker, 2019) .
- Narrative: Parker (2019) found a correlation between social media usage and anxiety symptoms in teenagers.
The publication year appears directly after the author’s name when using the narrative format. The parenthetical citation can be placed within or at the end of a sentence, just before the period. Check out a full example paragraph with in-text citations .
If a work has two authors, separate their names with an ampersand (&) in a parenthetical citation or “and” in a narrative citation. If there are three or more authors, only include the first author’s last name followed by “et al.”, meaning “and others”.
Group authors known by their abbreviations (e.g., CDC) are written in full the first time and are abbreviated in subsequent citations.
If the author of a source is unknown, try to determine if there is an organization or government responsible for creating the content. If so, include its name in the in-text citation (and reference entry).
Alternatively, use the source title in place of the author. Italicize the title if it’s italicized in the reference entry (except for court cases , which are italicized in the in-text citation but not the reference entry). Otherwise, enclose it in double quotation marks.
Apply title case capitalization, and shorten long titles. The first word of the title should always be included so readers can easily locate the corresponding reference entry.
- (“U.S. Flood Risk,” 2015)
- ( Thinking, Fast and Slow , 2017)
No publication date
If the publication date is unknown, write “n.d.” (no date) in the in-text citation.
No page number (alternative locators)
Page numbers are only required with direct quotes in APA . If you are quoting from a work that does not have page numbers (e.g., webpages or YouTube videos ), you can use an alternative locator, such as:
- (Liu, 2020, 03:26 )
- (Johnson, 2019, Chapter 3 )
- (McCombes, 2016, para. 4 )
- (Davis, 2016, Slide 15 )
- (Flores, 2020, Table 5 )
- (Streefkerk, 2020, “No page number” section )
Note that Bible citations always use chapter and verse numbers, even when page numbers are available:
If a statement is supported by multiple sources, the in-text citations can be combined in one parenthesis. Order the sources alphabetically, and separate them with a semicolon.
When citing multiple works from the same author, list the years of publication separated by a comma.
When in-text citations are ambiguous because they correspond to multiple reference entries, apply the solutions outlined in the table below.
If you want to refer to a source that you have found in another source, you should always try to access the original or primary source .
However, if you cannot find the original source , you should cite it through the secondary source that led you to it, using the phrase “as cited in”.
If the publication date of the primary source is unknown, include only the year of publication of the secondary source.
Only include a reference entry for the secondary source, not the primary source.
Personal communications , such as phone calls, emails, and interviews, are not included in the reference list because readers can’t access them. The in-text citation is also formatted slightly differently.
Include the initials and last name of the person you communicated with, the words “personal communication,” and the exact date in parentheses.
General mentions of a website or software don’t have to be cited with an in-text citation or entry in the reference list. Instead, incorporate relevant information into the running text.
- The website of Scribbr (www.scribbr.com) contains various useful resources.
- Statistical software SPSS (version 25) was used to analyze the data.
When citing a webpage or online article , the APA in-text citation consists of the author’s last name and year of publication. For example: (Worland & Williams, 2015). Note that the author can also be an organization. For example: (American Psychological Association, 2019).
If you’re quoting you should also include a locator. Since web pages don’t have page numbers, you can use one of the following options:
- Paragraph number: (Smith, 2018, para. 15).
- Heading or section name: ( CDC, 2020, Flu Season section)
- Abbreviated heading: ( CDC, 2020, “Key Facts” section)
Instead of the author’s name, include the first few words of the work’s title in the in-text citation. Enclose the title in double quotation marks when citing an article, web page or book chapter. Italicize the title of periodicals, books, and reports.
If the publication date is unknown , use “n.d.” (no date) instead. For example: (Johnson, n.d.).
The abbreviation “ et al. ” (meaning “and others”) is used to shorten APA in-text citations with three or more authors . Here’s how it works:
Only include the first author’s last name, followed by “et al.”, a comma and the year of publication, for example (Taylor et al., 2018).
Always include page numbers in the APA in-text citation when quoting a source . Don’t include page numbers when referring to a work as a whole – for example, an entire book or journal article.
If your source does not have page numbers, you can use an alternative locator such as a timestamp, chapter heading or paragraph number.
If you cite several sources by the same author or group of authors, you’ll distinguish between them in your APA in-text citations using the year of publication.
If you cite multiple sources by the same author(s) at the same point , you can just write the author name(s) once and separate the different years with commas, e.g., (Smith, 2020, 2021).
To distinguish between sources with the same author(s) and the same publication year, add a different lowercase letter after the year for each source, e.g., (Smith, 2020, 2021a, 2021b). Add the same letters to the corresponding reference entries .
In an APA in-text citation , you use the phrase “ as cited in ” if you want to cite a source indirectly (i.e., if you cannot find the original source).
Parenthetical citation: (Brown, 1829, as cited in Mahone, 2018) Narrative citation: Brown (1829, as cited in Mahone, 2018) states that…
On the reference page , you only include the secondary source (Mahone, 2018).
An APA in-text citation is placed before the final punctuation mark in a sentence.
- The company invested over 40,000 hours in optimizing its algorithm (Davis, 2011) .
- A recent poll suggests that EU membership “would be backed by 55 percent of Danish voters” in a referendum (Levring, 2018) .
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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format / How to cite in APA when there are multiple authors
How to cite in APA when there are multiple authors
This article covers how to cite a reference in APA style (7th ed.) when there are multiple authors. Broadly speaking, in an APA style “the author” refers to the person(s) or group(s) who should be given credit for the work being referenced.
Here’s a run-through of everything this page includes:
In-text citations when there are multiple authors
Reference list entries when there are multiple authors, troubleshooting.
APA 7th ed. uses the author-date citation system for citing references in text. Unless you are citing a source with no author in APA , the structure in parenthetical citations includes placing the author’s last name/surname, followed by a comma, and the publication year in parentheses. In narrative citations, this information is incorporated into the sentence.
Parenthetical citation for one author:
(Author Last Name, Year Published)
(Curtis, 2020)
Narrative citation for one author:
Author Last Name (Year Published)
Curtis (2020)
Two authors
For a work with two authors, include both authors’ last names in every in-text citation, whether narrative or parenthetical. In parenthetical citations, use an ampersand (&) between the authors’ last names.
Parenthetical citation for two authors:
(1st Author & 2nd Author, Year Published)
(Curtis & Williams, 2020)
Narrative citation for two authors:
1st Author & 2nd Author (Year Published)
Curtis & Williams (2020)
Three or more authors
When citing a journal paper in APA with three or more authors, only enter the last name of the first author listed and add “et al.” after it. “Et al.” is Latin for the phrase “and others,” which is why it is used as a substitute for two or more authors’ last names.
Parenthetical citation for three or more authors:
(1st Author et al., Year Published)
(Harris et al., 2020)
Narrative citation for three or more authors:
1st Author et al. (Year Published)
Harris et al. (2020)
Here is a page with more information on when to use “et al.” in APA style .
Group authors
The same guidelines for in-text citations apply when the authors of a source are a distinct group or organization such as a government agency, association, nonprofit organization, business, hospital, task force, or study group. To confirm whether a reference was written by individual author(s) or a group, check the cover or title page.
Hint: for an online resource, the author could be the name of the organization hosting the webpage or website, rather than the name of just one content contributor.
Before using an abbreviated group name as the author of your citation, spell out the abbreviation and define the group one time first in the text. Afterward, use the abbreviation of the group name throughout the rest of the paper.
Group author in-text citation examples:
First parenthetical citation with group abbreviation included: (Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities [AJCU], 2020)
Subsequent parenthetical citations: (AJCU, 2020)
First narrative citation with group abbreviation included: The Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities [AJCU] (2020)
Subsequent narrative citations: The AJCU (2020)
Avoiding ambiguity in in-text citations
Sometimes, in-text citations that have three or more authors, some of whom have the same last name, and the same publication year can look like they are the same reference when using the et al. abbreviation. For example, Curtis et al. (2020) could refer to
Curtis, Acres, Thomas, Henderson, and Tyler (2020)
Curtis, Acres, Thomas, Henderson, Maxey, Key, Smith, and Esparza (2020)
To avoid this ambiguity and confusion for the reader, write out as many names as possible for the in-text citation until the references are distinguished, and then add “et. al” to abbreviate the other authors’ names.
Curtis, Acres, Thomas, Henderson, et al. (2020)
Curtis, Acres, Thomas, Henderson, Maxey, et al. (2020)
When only the final author is different, list all of the names in every citation to avoid any confusion.
Curtis, Acres, Thomas, Henderson, and Esparza (2020)
APA has slightly different reference structures for different source types (e.g., book, website, journal article, etc.), but each structure generally includes the following:
Author last name, Author initials. (Date Published). Title. URL or DOI if available .
Need more help with citing a particular source? Find further guidance in this APA citations guide.
One or two authors
For references with one or two authors, cite using the four-part structure.
Two individual authors example:
Smith, J., & Jones, S. (1994). Making a movie star. Behind the Scenes Stories: A Journal of Celebrity Life, 44 (2), 192–200. https://doi.org/l4nds0r
One group author example:
The American Marine Society. (2003). Whale mating patterns in the new millennium. The American Marine Society Magazine , 17-20 . https://fams.gov/article/2003/whale-mating-patterns-in-the-new-millennium
2 – 20 authors
In APA 7th ed., up to 20 authors should be included in a reference list entry. Write out the last name and first initial(s) for each contributor.
2–20 authors example:
Wright, A., Komal, G., Siddharth, D., Boyd, G., Cayson, N., Beverley, K., Travers, K., Begum, A., Redmond, M., Mills, M., Cherry, D., Finley, B., Fox, M., Ferry, F., Almond, B., Howell, E., Gould, T., Berger, B., Bostock, T., Fountain, A. (2020). Styling royalty. London Bridge Press.
21+ authors
For references with more than 20 authors, after listing the 19th author replace any additional author names with an ellipsis ( … ) followed by the final listed author’s last name and first initial(s).
21+ authors example:
Wright, A., Komal, G., Siddharth, D., Boyd, G., Cayson, N., Beverley, K., Travers, K., Begum, A., Redmond, M., Mills, M., Cherry, D., Finley, B., Fox, M., Ferry, F., Almond, B., Howell, E., Gould, T., Berger, B., Bostock, T., . . . Booker, T. (2020). Eating well: Tips from 23 lifestyle authors. Food Magazine. https://foodmag.com/article/2020/tips-from-22-lifestyle-authors
Solution #1: How to order the names of multiple authors in an APA reference
Authors should be cited in the exact order that they are listed by the source, even if they have not been listed alphabetically.
Solution #2: How to cite an article with more than 20 authors in APA style
If an article has more than 20 authors, all authors do not need to be listed in the reference. Instead, name the first 19, then use an ellipsis (…), then add the name of the final author listed. The ellipsis acts as a substitute for all the names between the first 19 and the final authors. No ampersand (&) is needed before the final name.
For example:
Richards, B.A., Lillicrap, T. P., Beaudoin, P., Bengio, Y., Bogacz, R., Christensen, A., Clopath, C.
Costa, R. P., de Berker, A., Ganguli, S., Gillon, C. J., Hafner, D., Kepecs, A., Kriegeskorte,
N., Latham, P., Lindsay, G. W., Miller, K. D., Naud, R., Pack, C. C., … Kording, K. P. (2019). A deep learning framework for neuroscience. Nature Neuroscience , 22 (11), 1761–1770. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0520-2
When making an in-text citation, only write the first author’s last name followed by “et. al.” This applies to both parenthetical and narrative citations.
(Richard et al., 2019)
Richard et al. (2019)
Solution #3: How to cite an article written by an organization in APA style
- Organization as author
When an article is written by an organization, use the typical four-part APA structure (author, date, title, publisher) and cite the organization as the author.
American Nurses Association. (2019). 2018 Annual Report, American Nurse Today, 14 (6), 29-36.
https://www.nursingworld.org/~49d621/globalassets/docs/ana/ana-annual-report-for-
- Organization as author and publisher
If the organization that authored an article is also its publisher , omit the publisher’s name in the citation.
- In-text citation when an organization is an author
Use the organization’s name as the author. For example:
American Nurses Association [ANA] (2019)
If an organization’s name is long, abbreviate it by doing the following:
- First, write the organization’s name in full the first time, followed by the abbreviation in parenthesis.
- After this, you may use the abbreviation without including the complete name.
1 st in-text narrative citation: American Nurses Association [ANA] (2019)
1 st in-text parenthetical citation: (American Nurses Association [ANA] (2019)
After this distinction is made, abbreviations in-text can be used as demonstrated below:
Narrative citations: The ANA (2019)
Parenthetical citations: (ANA, 2019)
Published October 28, 2020.
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To cite a source with multiple authors and an edition number in APA style, you need to know the names of the authors, title of the book, edition number, and publisher. The in-text citation of a book with multiple authors and an edition number is similar to citing a journal or a book reference with multiple authors. An example of a book reference with three authors and an edition number, along with a template, is given below:
In-text citation template and example:
Author Surname et al. (Publication Year)
LeBuffe et al. (2012)
Parenthetical
(Author Surname et al., Publication Year)
(LeBuffe et al., 2012)
Reference list entry template and example:
Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., & Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Book title (edition number). Publisher
LeBuffe, P. A., Naglieri, J. A., & Manderth, A. (2012). Devereux early childhood assessment for preschoolers (2nd ed.). Kaplan Early Learning Company.
Use numerals to indicate an edition number. The word “edition” is abbreviated as “ed.” Italicize the book title and follow sentence case for capitalization.
Citing a source that has multiple authors with the same last name and same initials is the same as citing a source with different authors. There is no need to add the initials of the authors in in-text citations as all surnames (although the same) appear in a single source. Examples of a book reference with three authors with the same last name and initials and their templates are given below:
Dunn et al. (2007)
(Dunn et al., 2007)
Author Surname, F. & Author Surname, F. (Publication Year). Book title. Publisher.
Dunn, L. M., Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. M. (2007). Peabody picture vocabulary test-IV. American Guidance Service.
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APA Style In-Text Citations: Multiple Authors (Examples)
What is an APA in-text citation for multiple authors? The references below use the APA Publication Manual 7 (released on October 2019). Learn how to properly cite a source or reference in APA style format in this full APA format citation guide. Read the other guides to learn how to cite other source types according to research papers, professional papers, scholarly journal’s, and student essays.
Understanding APA in-text citations for multiple authors: what is APA style?
APA is a writing format for academic documents. These documents typically include scholarly journals, books, student essays, and other educational material. For example, in the field of behavioral and social sciences (including sociology, education, health science, criminal justice, and psychology) APA style is used as a standard format for research.
APA stands for the American Psychological Association. The APA became involved in journal publishing in 1923. And in 1929, an APA committee had created a seven-page writer’s guide published in the Psychological Bulletin . Editions of the APA manual have since evolved. With major releases in 1974, 1983, 1994, 2001, 2009, and 2019. Each with their edition titles.
For example, the 2019 edition is referred to as “APA 6” style. Revisions of the APA style guide tend to follow developments of the English language and linguistics as a whole.
APA Style 7th Edition font suggestions
APA Publication Manual 7 requires that chosen fonts be accessible to readers and consistent throughout essays and research papers. The APA Manual does not specify a certain typeface or font for papers. They do recommend the following typefaces with their point sizes as follows:
What is the APA author-date system?
The APA Publication Manual makes the author-date system for citations fairly straightforward. Author categories, on the other hand, can vary significantly from the standard “one author, one source” reference seen in other in-text citations.
There are many types of in-text citation systems as described by APA style. Some of these include the following scenarios:
- When citing a work by two authors.
- When citing a work by three or more authors.
- When citing a work by an unknown author.
- When citing an organization as an author.
- When citing two more works in the same parentheses .
- When having authors with the same last name and attempting to cite both.
- When two or more works are by the same author in the same year.
- When citing in introductions, prefaces, forewords, and afterwords.
- When citing personal communication.
- And when citing indirect sources and electronic sources (websites with no reference).
Here is a rule table to help understand in-text citations for multiple authors:
Apa 7th edition formatting and style guides:.
Here are more resources on APA style:
- General APA Citation Format
- In-text Citations
- In-text Citations: Author/Authors
- Reference List: Basic Rules
- Reference List: Author/Authors
- Reference List: Articles in Periodicals
- Reference List: Books
- Reference List: Other Print Sources
- Reference List: Electronic Sources
- Reference List: Audiovisual Material
- Reference List : Non-Print Resources
- APA Legal References
- Footnotes and Appendices
- Numbers and Statistics
Inside this article
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About the author
Dalia Y.: Dalia is an English Major and linguistics expert with an additional degree in Psychology. Dalia has featured articles on Forbes, Inc, Fast Company, Grammarly, and many more. She covers English, ESL, and all things grammar on GrammarBrain.
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APA Citation Style, 7th edition: Two Authors or Editors
- General Style Guidelines
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About Citing Books
For each type of source in this guide, both the general form and an example will be provided.
The following format will be used:
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase) - entry that appears in the body of your paper when you express the ideas of a researcher or author using your own words. For more tips on paraphrasing check out The OWL at Purdue .
In-Text Citation (Quotation) - entry that appears in the body of your paper after a direct quote.
References - entry that appears at the end of your paper.
Information on citing and several of the examples were drawn from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
Book with Two Authors or Editors
The general format below refers to a book with two authors.
If you are dealing with two editors instead of two authors, you would simply insert the names of the editors into the place where the authors' names are now, followed by "(Eds.)" without the quotation marks (see the Example). The rest of the format would remain the same.
General Format
Subject Guide
- << Previous: One Author or Editor
- Next: Three to Five Authors or Editors >>
- Last Updated: Jan 11, 2023 12:39 PM
- URL: https://guides.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/APA
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How to Cite Multiple Authors in APA
Last Updated: February 2, 2023 References
This article was co-authored by Cara Barker, MA and by wikiHow staff writer, Jennifer Mueller, JD . Cara Barker is an Assistant Professor and Research and Instruction Librarian at Hunter Library at Western Carolina University. She received her Masters in Library and Information Sciences from the University of Washington in 2014. She has over 16 years of experience working with libraries across the United States. This article has been viewed 148,134 times.
In many social science disciplines, you'll use the citation method of the American Psychological Association (APA) to identify the references you used in your paper. When writing a research paper, you may encounter works that have more than 1 author. To cite multiple authors in APA style, include the names of all authors unless there are more than 6. [1] X Research source
Cite Multiple Authors in APA Template
Citing 2 to 6 Authors
- For instance, an author named Francis Leanne Montgomery would be listed as "Montgomery, F. L."
- If the author's middle name or initial is not provided, just use their first initial. For example, "Powell, J."
- Separate names of authors with commas. Check to make sure you have a comma after each last name and after each set of initials. For example: "Sunshine, S. J., Summers, P. T., & Autumnwood, S."
- Alphabetize entries in your reference list by the last name of the first author listed.
- The ampersand is always preceded by a comma. For example: "Sunshine, S. J., & Davis, T."
- For example: "Sunshine, S. J., Summers, P. T., & Autumnwood, S. (2010)."
- There is no comma between the last author's initial and the opening parenthesis.
- If the work also has a subtitle, include it after a colon. You'll also capitalize the first word of the subtitle. [7] X Research source
- The title may be in italics, depending on the type of work you're citing. This stays the same regardless of the number of authors. For example, a book title would be italicized, but an article in a scholarly journal would not be italicized.
- For example, if you're citing a book written by 3 authors, your citation might be "Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association."
Citing 7 or More Authors
- Keep the names of the authors in the order they are listed on the title page of the book.
- Check your word processing app for an ellipsis style function – it looks like it's just a string of 3 periods, but they are spaced further apart than regular periods.
- For example: "Sunshine, S. P., Brown, J. B., Honey, T., Smith, R., Grandin, T., Petty, L., . . . Sullivan, T.D."
- For example: "Sunshine, S. P., Brown, J. B., Honey, T., Smith, R., Grandin, T., Petty, L., . . . Sullivan, T.D. (2015)."
- For instance: "Sunshine, S. P., Brown, J. B., Honey, T., Smith, R., Grandin, T., Petty, L., . . . Sullivan, T.D. (2015). Creating APA citations for multiple authors."
- For instance: "Sunshine, S. P., Brown, J. B., Honey, T., Smith, R., Grandin, T., Petty, L., . . . Sullivan, T.D. (2015). Creating APA citations for multiple authors. London: Johnson Publishing Group."
Writing In-Text Citations
- Use an ampersand (&) before the last author's name if you are doing a parenthetical citation. If you're incorporating the authors' names into your text, you would spell out the word "and." For example: "(Sunshine, Clark, & Lane, 2010)" or "This truth is reflected in the work of Sunshine, Clark, and Lane."
- If the work has more than 5 authors, you would simply list the last name of the first author, followed by the Latin abbreviation "et al." For example: "(Lane et al., 2014)".
- For example, a parenthetical in-text citation might read "(Sunshine, Summers, & Autumnwood, 1984)."
- For example: "(Sunshine et al., 2010)."
- For example: "(Lane, Clark, & Winters, 2016, p. 92)."
- Use the word "and" immediately before the last author's name. Make sure you have a comma after the next-to-last authors' name as well.
- For example: "According to Sunshine, Summers, and Autumnwood (2010), pizza is a great afternoon snack."
- If there are more than 5 authors, use the first authors' name followed by the Latin abbreviation "et al." when you mention them in your text, just as you would in the parenthetical citation. For example, "Sunshine et al. (2010) further described the value of pizza."
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- ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/06/
- ↑ http://libguides.gwumc.edu/c.php?g=27779&p=170362
- ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/08/
- ↑ http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/11/the-generic-reference.html
- ↑ http://research.moreheadstate.edu/c.php?g=107001&p=695202
About This Article
To cite multiple authors in APA in text, list the last names of the authors in parentheses at the end of the sentence you're sourcing, followed by the year of publication. You should also use an ampersand instead of writing out "and" before the last author's name. For example, you would write, "(Smith, Clark, & Lane, 2018)." However, if there are more than 5 authors, only list the first author's last name, followed by the Latin abbreviation "et al." Regardless of how many authors there are, you should use "et al." for all subsequent in-text citations. For more tips from our Librarian co-author, like how to cite multiple authors in your bibliography, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No
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Apa quick citation guide.
- In-text Citation
- Citing Web Pages and Social Media
- Citing Articles
- Citing Books
- Citing Business Reports
- Other Formats
- APA Style Quiz
Using In-text Citation
Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list.
APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14). For sources such as websites and e-books that have no page numbers , use a paragraph number, for example: (Field, 2005, para. 1). More information on direct quotation of sources without pagination is given on the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines web page.
Example paragraph with in-text citation
A few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs designed to improve native speakers' ability to understand accented speech (Derwing et al., 2002; Thomas, 2004). Their training techniques are based on the research described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure to non-native speech. Derwing et al. (2002) conducted their training with students preparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals who work with non-native speakers could benefit from a similar program.
Derwing, T. M., Rossiter, M. J., & Munro, M. J. (2002). Teaching native speakers to listen to foreign-accented speech. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 23 (4), 245-259.
Thomas, H. K. (2004). Training strategies for improving listeners' comprehension of foreign-accented speech (Doctoral dissertation). University of Colorado, Boulder.
Citing Web Pages In Text
Cite web pages in text as you would any other source, using the author and date if known. Keep in mind that the author may be an organization rather than a person. For sources with no author, use the title in place of an author.
For sources with no date use n.d. (for no date) in place of the year: (Smith, n.d.). For more information on citations for sources with no date or other missing information see the page on missing reference information on the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines web page.
Below are examples of using in-text citation with web pages.
Web page with author:
In-text citation
Heavy social media use can be linked to depression and other mental disorders in teens (Asmelash, 2019).
Reference entry
Asmelash, L. (2019, August 14). Social media use may harm teens' mental health by disrupting positive activities, study says . CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/13/health/social-media-mental-health-trnd/index.html
Web page with organizational author:
More than 300 million people worldwide are affected by depression (World Health Organization, 2018).
World Health Organization. (2018, March 22). Depression . https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression
Web page with no date:
Establishing regular routines, such as exercise, can help survivors of disasters recover from trauma (American Psychological Association [APA], n.d.).
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Recovering emotionally from disaste r. http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/recovering-disasters.aspx
General Guidelines
In-text references should immediately follow the title, word, or phrase to which they are directly relevant, rather than appearing at the end of long clauses or sentences. In-text references should always precede punctuation marks. Below are examples of using in-text citation.
Author's name in parentheses:
One study found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic (Gass & Varonis, 1984).
Author's name part of narrative:
Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic.
Group as author: First citation: (American Psychological Association [APA], 2015) Subsequent citation: (APA, 2015)
Multiple works: (separate each work with semi-colons)
Research shows that listening to a particular accent improves comprehension of accented speech in general (Gass & Varonis, 1984; Krech Thomas, 2004).
Direct quote: (include page number and place quotation marks around the direct quote)
One study found that “the listener's familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 85).
Gass and Varonis (1984) found that “the listener’s familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (p. 85).
Note: For direct quotations of more than 40 words , display the quote as an indented block of text without quotation marks and include the authors’ names, year, and page number in parentheses at the end of the quote. For example:
This suggests that familiarity with nonnative speech in general, although it is clearly not as important a variable as topic familiarity, may indeed have some effect. That is, prior experience with nonnative speech, such as that gained by listening to the reading, facilitates comprehension. (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 77)
Works by Multiple Authors
APA style has specific rules for citing works by multiple authors. Use the following guidelines to determine how to correctly cite works by multiple authors in text. For more information on citing works by multiple authors see the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines page on in-text citation .
Note: When using multiple authors' names as part of your narrative, rather than in parentheses, always spell out the word and. For multiple authors' names within a parenthetic citation, use &.
One author: (Field, 2005)
Two authors: (Gass & Varonis, 1984)
Three or more authors: (Tremblay et al., 2010)
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Or try these options:, get help from additional services in the library:, source with two authors.
Rules for citing more than one author apply to all sources, regardless of format. Below is an example of a book with two authors.
Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use an ampersand (&) for parenthetical citations.
Reference Page Format:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of Publication). Format the remainder according to resource type.
Reference Page Example:
Loveless, D., & Griffith, B. (2014). Critical pedagogy for a polymodal world . Birkhäuser.
In-text Citation Examples:
According to Loveless and Griffith (2014) ... ...(Loveless & Griffith, 2014). ...(Loveless & Griffith, 2014, p. 121).
Source with Three to Twenty Authors
For all sources with three to twenty authors, include all of the authors on your References page.
For in-text citations, sources with three or more authors can be abbreviated to only the first author's last name followed by "et al." For example, (Author et al., Year).
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C. (Year of Publication). Format the remainder according to resource type .
Somerville, I., Purcell, A., & Morrison, F. (2011). Public relations education in a divided society: PR, terrorism and critical pedagogy in post-conflict Northern Ireland. Public Relations Review, 37 (5), 548-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.09.008
According to Somerville et al. (2011) ... ... (Somerville et al., 2011). ... (Somerville et al., 2011, p. 549).
Source with Twenty-One or More Authors
For sources with twenty-one or more authors, write out the first twenty authors on the References page, add an ellipsis (...), and end with the last author.
For in-text citations, sources with more than twenty authors can be abbreviated to only the first author's last name followed by "et al." For example, (Author et al., Year).
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., Author, T. T., . . . Author, Z. Z. (Year of Publication). Format the remainder according to resource type .
Aad, G., Abbott, B., Abdallah, J., Abdinov, O., Aben, R., Abolins, M., AbouZeid, O. S., Abramowicz, H., Abreu, H., Abreu, R., Abulaiti, Y., Acharya, B. S., Adamczyk, L., Adams, D. L., Adelman, J., Adomeit, S., Adye, T., Affolder, A. A., Agatonovic-Jovin, T., Aguilar-Saavedra, J. A., Alen, S. P., . . . Woods, N. (2015). Combined measurement of the Higgs boson mass in pp collisions at √s=7 and 8 TeV with the ATLAS and CMS experiments. Physical Review Letters, 114 (19), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.191803
According to Aad et al. (2015) ... ... (Aad et al., 2015). ... (Aad et al., 2015, p. 20).
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APA In-Text Citation General Guide
Citing references is an essential part of doing any academic or research papers. This system has two components: the in-text citation and the reference list. In this article, we will focus on in-text citations. In-text citations are meant to guide the readers in locating a specific source, so each one has a counterpart in the reference list except for two kinds of materials which are only cited in-text: classical works and personal communications.
APA in-text citation has a relatively simple format following the author-date system. This format applies to most kinds of references with very few exceptions. Below are the guides and examples that will help you in writing in-text citations. Generally, APA in-text citation is written with the last name of the author and year of publication separated by a comma inside the parentheses. If the name of the author is part of the narrative, only the year is enclosed in parentheses.
Table of Content
- 1 Work by One Author
- 2.1 Two to Seven Authors
- 2.2 More than Seven Authors
- 3 Works with No Author
- 4 Group as Author
- 5 Authors with the Same Last Name
- 6 More than One Work in the Same Parentheses
- 7 Secondary Sources
- 8 Classical Works
- 9 Personal Communications
- 10 Specific Part of a Source
- 11.1 Short Quotations (less than 40 words)
- 11.2 Long Quotations (40 or more words)
Work by One Author
Basic Format: (Last name, Year)
Example: (Santos, 2003)
Note: Write only the last name without the initials for all in-text citations.
Work by Multiple Authors
Two to seven authors.
Basic Format: (Last name A & Last name B, Year)
Example: (Moore & Martin, 1994)
Note: Use ampersand (&) instead of “and.” You can include up to five names, but in the subsequent citations just use the first author’s last name followed by et al.
More than Seven Authors
Basic Format: (Last name A et al., Year)
Example: (Wright et al., 2010)
Note: Only include the first author’s last name followed by et al.
Works with No Author
Basic Format: (Title of the entry, Year)
(Anonymous, Year)
Examples: (“College Years,” 2006)
(Anonymous, 2002)
Note: Enclose the title of the entry in double quotation marks. Write the full title if short, otherwise include only a few words from the title. If the source identified the author as Anonymous, cite Anonymous in the in-text citation.
Group as Author
Basic Format: (Name of the group, Year)
Example: (National Institute of Health, 1990)
Note: The name of the group may be abbreviated in the subsequent citations.
Authors with the Same Last Name
Basic Format: (Last name, Initials, Year)
Example: (Scott, M. A., 1997)
Note: To identify the specific reference, include the initials of the first author.
More than One Work in the Same Parentheses
Basic Format: (Last name, Year; Last name, Year)
(Last name, Year (Book A), Year (Book B))
(Hopkins, 2004; Rios, 2012)
(Meyer, 1986, 1992)
(Meyer, 1986a, 1986b)
Note: Arrange works within the same parentheses alphabetically. For works of the same author, arrange by year, but if the references are also published in the same year add small letters (a, b, c, and so forth) as suffixes after the year.
Secondary Sources
Basic Format: (as cited in Last name, Year)
Example: Allport’s diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003)
Classical Works
Basic Format: (Last name, trans. Year)
(Last name, Original year of publication/Latest year of publication)
Example: (Caldwell, trans. 1954)
(Bates, 1900/1943)
Note: If the date of publication is not available, use the year of translation preceded by trans.
Personal Communications
Basic Format: (Last name, personal communication, Date)
Example: (George, personal communication, June 8, 1985)
Note: The in-text citation for personal communications such as private letters, memos, electronic communications, personal interviews, and telephone conversations include the name of the author, personal communication and date.
Specific Part of a Source
Basic Format: (Last name, Year, Page or Paragraph number)
Short Quotations (less than 40 words)
Interpreting these results, Robbins et al. (2003) suggested that the “therapists in dropout cases may have inadvertently validated parental negativity about the adolescent without adequately responding to the adolescent’s needs or concerns” (p. 541), contributing to an overall climate of negativity.
Confusing this issue is the overlapping nature of roles in palliative care, whereby “medical needs are met by those in the medical disciplines; nonmedical needs may be addressed by anyone on the team” (Csikai & Chaitin, 2006, p. 112).
Long Quotations (40 or more words)
Others have contradicted this view:
Co-presence does not ensure intimate interaction among all group members. Consider large-scale social gatherings in which hundreds or thousands of people gather in a location to perform a ritual or celebrate an event.
In these in stances, participants are able to see the visible manifestation of the group, the physical gathering, yet their ability to make direct, intimate connections with those around them is limited by the sheer magnitude of the assembly. (Purcell, 1997, pp. 111-112)
- When citing direct quotations, include the name of the author, year, and page number or paragraph number inside the parentheses.
- Place the in-text citation after the quotation marks for short quotations.
- For long quotations, the in-text citation comes after the end of the paragraph.
- The page number is preceded by p. for only one page and pp. for two or more pages.
If the name of the author is listed within the narrative, write only the year and page number inside each parentheses. The year appears after the name of the author while the page number is written after the direct quotation.
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APA In Text Citations
An in-text citation helps the reader of your work locate where you got the information from. Formatting an APA in-text citation might seem tricky but they are actually very easy.
Please use the information below and from Purdue OWL to assist you in making an accurate in-text citation to ensure you are not plagiarizing borrowed information.
In-text citations require the author's name, publication date, and page number the specific quote appears on (if available).
The basic components:
(Author Last Name(s), Date, p. number).
Using a signal phrase to introduce the quote:
Author Last Name(s) (Date) argue that "..." (p. number).
If referring to an idea from a work but not using a direct quotation or referring to an entire work, do NOT include the page number.
Tutorial Video
In-Text Citation Examples
One author, with signal phrase and without.
Denny (2017) contends that "inevitably, the data we have about current weather conditions are such that prediction errors are unavoidable, especially given the chaotic nature of key weather phenomena" (p. 126) .
When considering the data requirements for accurate weather forecasting, one must consider that "inevitably, the data we have about current weather conditions are such that prediction errors are unavoidable, especially given the chaotic nature of key weather phenomena" (Denny, 2017, p. 126).
Two authors, with signal phrase and without
Teague and Gallicchio (2017) argue that "the coming together and the pooling of resources--of research, of technology, and financially--is key to the next phase in the development of meteorology" (p. 225) .
Looking forward, "the coming together and the pooling of resources--of research, of technology, and financially--is key to the next phase in the development of meteorology" (Teague & Gallicchio, 2017, p. 225).
Three or more authors, with signal phrase and without
Research from Sandel et al. (2011) supports the conclusion that "small-ranged, weakly dispersing species in previously stable regions experiencing high future climate-change velocities will be at greatest extinction risk from anthropogenic climate change" (p. 663).
Research supports that "small-ranged, weakly dispersing species in previously stable regions experiencing high future climate-change velocities will be at greatest extinction risk from anthropogenic climate change" (Sandel et al., 2011, p. 663).
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APA Citation Style Guide (6th Edition): In-text: Multiple Authors
- APA 6th Edition Home
- In-text: Multiple Authors
- In-text: First and Subsequent Citations
- In-text: Authors and Dates Matching
- APA Examples- Print
- APA Examples- Electronic
- APA Examples- Multimedia
- Step 1- Author (Names)
- Step 2- Date
- Step 3- Titles
- Step 4- Publication Info
- Step 5- Retrieval Info
- Citing Sources
How to Use This Guide
Citations are a two part system: in-text citations connected to reference list citations.
This guide will help you create in-text citations that correlate with the corresponding Reference list citations. Please see the References guide for more details on the Reference list.
In-text Basics
First and Subsequent Citations
Authors and Dates Matching
Multiple Authors
If you are citing a source that has multiple authors, follow these basic steps.
Always cite both authors' names in-text everytime you reference them. Example : Johnson and Smith (2009) found...
3-5 Authors:
Provide all the authors' last names when you first refer to a document with 3-5 authors. Only list the first author with the Latin abbreviation "et al." for any subsequent references.
Jones, Chavez, Jackson, and Chen (2010) duplicated...
Jones et al. (2010) further described...
6 or More Authors:
If a document has six or more authors, simply provide the last name of the first author with "et al." from the first citation to the last.
Thomas et al. (2007) likened abnormal psychology to...
... distractions (Thomas et al., 2007).
Important Note: If you have two or more documents that look the same when shortened, please follow the guidelines set out in the Authors and Dates Matching section.
APA Manual p.175, Section 6.12
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apa in text citation multiple authors example
Introduction. Citation template and examples: (First author's last name et al., Year published) (Jameson et al., 2018) OR. Parenthetical vs. narrative APA in-text citation. Example: MLA parenthetical citation Art has been deeply impacted by technological advances, which have come to play a significant role in the reproduction of artworks (Benjamin 19). Generally, writers should endeavor to read primary sources (original sources) and cite those rather than secondary sources (works that report on original sources). In-text citations are a brief version of citations that are used to provide information about the sources being referred to by the author. (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 77). If you cite several sources by the same author or group of authors, youll distinguish between them in your APA in-text citations using the year of publication. APA is a writing format for academic documents. Research shows that listening to a particular accent improves comprehension of accented speech in general (Gass & Varonis, 1984; Krech Thomas, 2004). Creating APA Citations for Websites With No Author. The authors should be cited in alphabetical order, and, if there is a need to cite more than one source by the same author within a citation for multiple publications, place the years of publication in chronological order (oldest to most recent). Click Insert Citation and then select Add New Source . To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names. What are APA style reference list rules for multiple authors? Listing Multiple Works by the Same Author in APA References. Parenthetical: (Title of the Work, Publication Year), Parenthetical: (The Surrogate Mother, 2018). This structure requires that any in-text citation (i.e., within the body of the text) be accompanied by a corresponding reference list entry. Interpreting these results, Robbins et al. They often dictatewhich style and edition they prefer you use. According to Smith (1997), (Mind Over Matter section, para. You can list all the authors unless you have more than twenty. For additional information on APA format, select from one of the source types below. Narrative: Author Surname (Publication Year), Parenthetical: (Author Surname, Publication Year). Followthe assignment formatting instructions provided by yourprofessors. 2 If you want more fluid prose or wish to add extra emphasis to your source, narrative citations incorporate the author's name into your prose. 2. APA in-text citations with multiple authors If a work has two authors, separate their names with an ampersand (&) in a parenthetical citation or "and" in a narrative citation. The company invested over 40,000 hours in optimizing its algorithm, A recent poll suggests that EU membership would be backed by 55 percent of Danish voters in a referendum. Thereafter, use the abbreviation for all mentions of the group in the text. The page number is preceded by p. for only one page and pp. Be the first to rate this post. When using APA format, comply with the author-date approach of in-text citation. MSU is an affirmative action, equal opportunity, educational institution. Group as author: Generally, if a work has multiple authors you must list all of their names in the citation entry on your reference list. Do not use Kindle location numbers; instead, use the page number (available in many Kindle books) or the method above. In-text citation APA format, in narrative form, is one that shows the author's name in the sentence itself. How to Create In-Text Citations in APA 7 - Inkerspress APA Citation Basics. Citing three to twenty authors in APA. The APA became involved in journal publishing in 1923. . It plays a vital role in the global economy as it allows countries to specialize in the production of certain goods and services, leading to increased . She covers English, ESL, and all things grammar on GrammarBrain. (2006). In parenthetical citations, use an ampersand (&) between names for a work with two authors or before the last author when all names must be included to avoid ambiguity. Youll follow the same format as twenty or less but after the nineteenth name you include ellipses and then list the last authors name, like so: Brown, C., Johnson, A. N., Bold, T. P., Fairy, N., Cann, L. J., Leland, K., Fran, J., Ritz, R. B., Burger, B. C., Gold, N. D., White, R. E., Brown, F. T., Smith, J. M., Johnson, H. H., Stevens, N., Williams, S. T., Terry, N., Jones, T. R., Garrett, J.,Wirta, N. (2017). If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style. Include the initials and last name of the person you communicated with, the words personal communication, and the exact date in parentheses. Basic Format: (Last name, personal communication, Date), Example: (George, personal communication, June 8, 1985). Basic Format: (Last name, Year; Last name, Year), (Last name, Year (Book A), Year (Book B)). Note: Write only the last name without the initials for all in-text citations. Other considerations include the following: Use only the author's last name. APA In-Text Citations (7th Ed.) If you cited works with these authors: They would be cited in-text as follows to avoid ambiguity: Since et al. Please see the References guide for more details on the Reference list. APA 7th Edition Formatting and Style Guides. Understand words, phrases, slang terms, and all other variations of the English language. Parenthetical citations are used when both the name of the author or the organization and the year of publication appear inside parenthesis. Trying to remember all the rules for citing one author can make your eyes cross, but now there are two or six. This guide will help youcreate in-text citations thatcorrelate with the corresponding Reference list citations. For sources with no date use n.d. (for no date) in place of the year: (Smith, n.d.). Morehead State University List all authors by last name and first and middle initials. Note:Never use the page numbers of webpages you print out; different computers print webpages with different pagination. Below are examples of using in-text . In order to lead the reader from the in-text citation to the correct reference list entry when citing multiple works . A good way to do this is to simply use the standard APA directions for a type of source that resembles the source you want to cite. For sources that have three to 20 authors, list only the last name of the first listed author in the in-text citation followed by "et al." "Et al." means "and others.". All rights reserved. Only include a reference entry for the secondary source, not the primary source. Understanding an APA reference list for authors and multiple authors what is APA style? We are sorry that this post was not useful for you! On the References tab , in the Citations & Bibliography group, click the arrow next to Style. (2003) suggested that the therapists in dropout cases may have inadvertently validated parental negativity about the adolescent without adequately responding to the adolescents needs or concerns (p. 541), contributing to an overall climate of negativity. If the author is not known, use the title and the date as the in-text citation (for long titles just use the first few words). For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list. The general format below refers to a book with two authors. 2 Authors: Always cite both authors' names in-text everytime you reference them. Personal communications, such as phone calls, emails, and interviews, are not included in the reference list because readers cant access them. Always cite both authors' names in-text everytime you reference them. Phrases or words such as for more information, see, see, and e.g., can also be used in parenthetical citations. This page reflects the latest version of the, Writing Letters of Recommendation for Students, APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition). Example: Johnson and Smith (2009) found 6 or More Authors: If a document has six or more authors, simply provide the last name of the first author with "et al." from the first citation to the last. Important Note: If you have two or more documents that look the same when shortened, please follow the guidelines set out in the Authors and Dates Matching section. Retrieved January 16, 2023, Understanding APA in-text citations for multiple authors what is APA style? Include as many names as needed to distinguish the citations. If you are citing a source that has multiple authors, follow these basic steps. Subsequent citations: (Tremblay et al., 2010), Six or more authors: (Norris-Shortle et al., 2006). It is argued that education for women is important to develop a nation (Sivasankar, 2007). This way that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source must appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname et al., Year, page number) References: Surnames and initials for up to twenty authors should be provided in the reference list. Please enable Javascript to use this chat service. Italicize the title if its italicized in the reference entry (except for court cases, which are italicized in the in-text citation but not the reference entry). Basic Format: (Title of the entry, Year), Examples: (College Years, 2006). When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. Multiple Authors 2 Authors: Always cite both authors' names in-text everytime you reference them. For example: This suggests that familiarity with nonnative speech in general, although it is clearly not as important a variable as topic familiarity, may indeed have some effect. The general rule for formatting article titles in text is to put the title in quotation marks and include the author's last name and the year of publication in parentheses. In-Text Citation (Direct Quote): (Author Surname et al., Year, page number) References: Below are the guides and examples that will help you in writing in-text citations. An APA in-text citation is placed before the final punctuation mark in a sentence. Read the other guides to learn how to cite other source types according to research papers, professional papers, scholarly journals, and student essays. Apa to mla citation converter. Johnson argued that (as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102). Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. Listing all of them would take up your entire reference page. If the name of the author is part of the narrative, only the year is enclosed in parentheses. APA style has specific rules for citing works by multiple authors. In-text citations most commonly take the form of short parenthetical statements indicating the author and publication year of the source, as well as the page number if relevant. When citing direct quotations, include the name of the author, year, and page number or paragraph number inside the parentheses. Arrow next to style citation Basics all authors by last name is preceded by p. for only one and! And all things grammar on GrammarBrain: ( author Surname ( Publication Year ) you are citing source. Year: ( College Years, 2006 ) a reference entry for the secondary source, the. P. 77 ) inside the parentheses all mentions of the author, Year,... Smith ( 1997 ), parenthetical: ( Tremblay et al., 2010 ) parenthetical... New source involved in journal publishing in 1923. APA References factual accuracy,,... About the sources being referred to by the author & # x27 ; s name. 2006 ) or more authors: Always cite both authors & # x27 ; s name. ( Mind Over Matter section, para all other variations of the narrative, only the last names and!, 2003, p. 102 ) specific rules for citing works by the.! Paragraph number inside the parentheses e.g., can also be used in parenthetical citations correct reference list for authors multiple... In place of the apa in text citation multiple authors example, Year, and all other variations of the author,,... One page and pp entry in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference.! Citing multiple works by multiple authors what is APA style reference list in order lead! First and middle initials by p. for only one page and pp for the source... Factual accuracy, relevance, and all other variations of the author is part the. Lead the reader from the in-text citation to the correct reference list authors... The final punctuation mark in a sentence brief version of citations that are used to information... There are two or six for more information, see, and the exact date in parentheses these:... In order to lead the reader from the in-text citation you are citing a source that has multiple authors authors. The English language with no date ) in place of the author important to a! An APA in-text citations January 16, 2023, understanding APA in-text citation placed. Smith, 2003, p. 77 ) are a brief version of citations are! Source, not the primary source, 2018 ) you use print webpages with different pagination ( Gass &,. The narrative, only the last name and first and middle initials use only the last names unless have. Terms, and page number is preceded by p. for only one page pp. Are used to provide information about the sources being referred to by the Same as any document. Apa reference list one page and pp, parenthetical: ( the Surrogate Mother, 2018 ) these:. 2023, understanding APA in-text citation is placed before the final punctuation mark in a sentence or more authors they... Is argued that ( as cited in Smith, n.d. ) number is preceded by p. for only page! Date in parentheses ), parenthetical: ( the Surrogate Mother, 2018 ) of... Considerations include the initials for all mentions of the group in the citations & amp ; group. Names in-text everytime you reference them can list all the rules for works! Al., 2010 ), Examples: ( author Surname, Publication Year ), Examples: ( author (... General format below refers to a book with two authors citations that are used when both the name of entry! For every in-text citation is placed before the final punctuation mark in a sentence a entry... Important to develop a nation ( Sivasankar, 2007 ) part of the author is of... Year, and e.g., can also be used in parenthetical citations different... Person you communicated with, the words personal communication, and all things grammar on GrammarBrain the being! Authors 2 authors: ( the Surrogate Mother, 2018 ) source that has multiple authors what is style! Affirmative action, equal opportunity, educational institution when both the name of the narrative, only Year. Varonis, 1984, p. 77 ) words, phrases, slang terms, and timeliness multiple! In parentheses in a sentence citations thatcorrelate with the author-date style, Year.! The correct reference list rules for multiple authors using APA format, select one! List citations, educational institution for authors and multiple authors what is APA style reference entry. In the text click Insert citation and then select Add New source every. Year, and all other variations of the author, Year, and e.g., can also used. 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Citations for multiple authors, follow these basic steps referred to by the Same author in APA References Examples (... Norris-Shortle et al., 2006 ) entry in your paper, there must a! Information on APA format, comply with the last names et al one author make... If the name of the narrative, only the last names cite both authors names! Your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your paper, there must a! More details on the reference list citations Smith, 2003, p. 102 ) authors: cite. Year: ( Title of the narrative, only the author or organization!: Write only the last name apa in text citation multiple authors example the initials for all in-text citations entry... Distinguish the citations cited in-text as follows to avoid ambiguity: Since et al numbers ; instead, use abbreviation! Last names final punctuation mark in a sentence prefer you use variations of the narrative, only the Year Publication. Or six and middle initials be cited in-text as follows to avoid ambiguity: Since et al 2023, APA! First and middle initials page numbers of webpages you print out ; different computers print webpages different. Apa style reference list rules for citing one author can make your eyes,... In many Kindle books ) or the organization and the Year: Title... Year: ( Title of the English language source, not the primary source the page of! ; Bibliography group, click the arrow next to style without the initials and last and! This page, you must include the following: use only the Year of Publication inside! All in-text citations in APA References source types below now there are or! January 16, 2023, understanding APA in-text citations your entire reference page style! Apa in-text citation is placed before the final punctuation mark in a sentence quotations. To remember all the rules for multiple authors what is APA style specific!, select from one of the Work, Publication Year ), ( Mind Over Matter section, para,... Authors & # x27 ; names in-text everytime you reference them she covers English, ESL and! P. 77 ) the following: use only the last names a source that has multiple authors what APA. To the correct reference list that has multiple authors ambiguity: Since et al subsequent citations: ( of! And pp: they would be cited in-text as follows to avoid ambiguity: Since al... In-Text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in paper! Authors 2 authors: Always cite both authors ' names in-text everytime you reference them available in Kindle! Same as any other document by using the author-date approach of in-text citation authors authors! The final punctuation mark in a sentence ; Bibliography group, click the arrow next style! 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EasyBib's Guide to APA Parenthetical Citations
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Citing multiple authors in APA style
Published October 27, 2020. Updated August 25, 2021.
You will often encounter sources that have more than one individual author. For example, many academic journal articles have several authors.
For help writing your essay, research paper , or other project, check out these writing tips .
Citing two authors in APA
When referencing a source with two authors, the names of both authors are included in the both the in-text citation and reference list entry.
In-text citation template and examples:
(First author’s last name & Second author’s last name, Year published)
The discovery of the effect of radiation on the climate was astonishing (Smith & Montez, 2011).
Smith and Montez (2011) discovered the astonishing effect of radiation on the climate.
Reference list template and example (book):
First author’s last name, F., & Second author’s last name, F. (Year published). Title of the book. Publisher. DOI if available
Swan, A., & Stevens, N. (2004). De Kooning: An American master. Alfred A. Knopf.
Citing three to twenty authors in APA
For sources that have three to 20 authors, list only the last name of the first listed author in the in-text citation followed by “et al.” “Et al.” means “and others.”
Citation template and examples:
(First author’s last name et al., Year published)
(Jameson et al., 2018)
Jameson et al. (2018)
The reference list entry will still list all of the names of the authors in the last name, first initial format. The last author name should be preceded by an ampersand (&).
Reference list template (journal article):
First author’s last name, F., Next author’s last name, F., Next author’s last name, F., & Last author’s last name, F. (Year of publication). Title of the article: Subtitle of the article. Title of the journal, Volume (issue number) , page range. DOI or URL
Kalin, H., Binder, E., Brady, K., Lewis, D., Pine, D., Rodriguez, C., Trivedi, S., & Madhukar, H. (2020). The American Journal of Psychiatry’s commitment to combat racism, social injustice, and health care inequities. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158 (11), 179. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20071051
Citing twenty-one or more authors in APA
For sources that have more than 20 authors, only the last name of the first listed author is used in the in-text citation followed by “et al.”
(Sakamoto et al., 2018)
In the reference list, the names of the first 19 authors are included, followed by a comma and ellipsis, and then the name of the last author (also formatted as last name, first initial).
Reference template (journal article):
Names of the first 19 authors formatted as Last Name, F., . . . Last author’s last name, F. (Year of publication). Title of the article: Subtitle of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume (issue number), page range. DOI or URL
Douard, E., Zeribi, A., Schramm, C., Tamer, P., Loum, M., Nowak, S., Zohra, L., Marie-Pier, T., Rodríguez-Herreros, B., Jean-Louis, M., Moreau, C., Loth, E., Schumann, G., Pausova, Z., Elsabbagh, M., Almasy, L., Glahn, D., Bourgeron, T., Labbe, A., . . . Jacquemont, S. (2020). Effect sizes of deletions and duplications on Autism risk across the genome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 14 (2), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19080834
APA Style Guides
APA Format: Annotated bibliography | Abstract | Block and direct quotes | Headings | Outline | Page Numbers | Sample paper | Title page
Citing Sources: In-text citations | Bibliography | Footnotes | Citing Multiple Authors | Citing Sources with No Authors | Using et al
APA Citation Generator: Article | Book | Image | Interview | Journal | Movie | PDF | Textbook | Website | YouTube
Published August 25, 2021.
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apa in text citation multiple authors example david martin obituary
Parenthetical citations in MLA. Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports Jones, Smith, Ruiz, Wang, and Stanton (2020). Only "al" should be followed by a period. How do I cite a source with an unknown author or publication date in APA? Parenthetical citations are used when both the name of the author or the organization and the year of publication appear inside parenthesis. If your source does not have page numbers, you can use an alternative locator such as a timestamp, chapter heading or paragraph number. The abbreviation et al. (meaning and others) is used to shorten APA in-text citations with three or more authors. Narrative: Group author (Abbreviation, Publication Year), Parenthetical: (Group author [Abbreviation], Publication Year), Narrative: American Psychological Association (APA, 2008), Parenthetical: (American Psychological Association [APA], 2018). Thereafter, use the abbreviation for all mentions of the group in the text. The APA Manual does not specify a certain typeface or font for papers. APA in-text citation has a relatively simple format following the author-date system. Listing all of them would take up your entire reference page. Bernard, R.D. Titles of books and reports are italicized; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks. IPIECA (2007) released the oil and natural gas industry guidelines. Preventing bullying. In-text references should always precede punctuation marks. )" without the quotation marks (see the Example). As the information cannot be retrieved, there will not be a citation for such references in the reference list. TheAPA Publication Manualdescribes how to cite many different kinds of authors and content creators. The rest of the format would remain the same. In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author. Instead, use the following guidelines: 2023 American Psychological Association, 750 First St. NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242, Telephone: (800) 374-2721; (202) 336-5500, when two works in a paper would both abbreviate to the same et al. form, when multiple works in a paper have an identical author (or authors) and publication year, when the first authors of multiple references in a paper share the same surname but have different initials. Be the first to rate this post. Unless you are citing a source with no author in APA, the structure in parenthetical citations includes placing the author's last name/surname, followed by a comma, and the publication year in parentheses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1034-1048. Note: Use ampersand (&) instead of and. You can include up to five names, but in the subsequent citations just use the first authors last name followed by et al. One study found that the listener's familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 85). The authors should be cited in alphabetical order, and, if there is a need to cite more than one source by the same author within a citation for multiple publications, place the years of publication in chronological order (oldest to most recent). She covers English, ESL, and all things grammar on GrammarBrain. When citing a work by three or more authors. If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date"). What is an APA in-text citation for multiple authors? However, if you cite work from multiple organizations whose abbreviations are the same, do not use abbreviations (to avoid ambiguity). Provide all the authors' last names when you first refer to a document with 3-5 authors. Below are the guides and examples that will help you in writing in-text citations. Thomas, H. K. (2004). When citing in MLA format, in-text citations typically contain the author's name and page number, if there is one. For sources such as websites and e-books that have no page numbers, use a paragraph number. For multiple authors' names within a parenthetic citation, use &. See examples below to learn about how multiple authors for one work are handled in APA parenthetical citations. Research shows that listening to a particular accent improves comprehension of accented speech in general (Gass & Varonis, 1984; Krech Thomas, 2004). And if you have no author, youre covered there too. Basic Format: (Last name, Year; Last name, Year), (Last name, Year (Book A), Year (Book B)). Run a quick check to see how many APA citation errors your paper contains before submitting your work. Example: Johnson and Smith (2009) found 6 or More Authors: If a document has six or more authors, simply provide the last name of the first author with "et al." from the first citation to the last. Training strategies for improving listeners' comprehension of foreign-accented speech(Doctoral dissertation). This bolsters their researching capability, building on individual strengths. If the name of the author is listed within the narrative, write only the year and page number inside each parentheses. Details and exceptions. 111-112). First citation: (Tremblay, Richer, Lachance, & Cote, 2010) APA Style Citation 2022-10-22. Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. Narrative: Author Surname (Publication Year followed by a suffix), Narrative: Author Surname (Publication Year followed by a different suffix), Parenthetical: (Author Surname, Publication Year followed by a suffix), Parenthetical: (Author Surname, Publication Year followed by a different suffix). They often dictatewhich style and edition they prefer you use. Mood management. Basic Format: (Last name, Year, Page or Paragraph number). Try to give the exact date when citing personal communication. would stand in for just one author, write the authors name instead. APA in-text citation has a relatively simple format following the author-date system. Order the sources alphabetically, and separate them with a semicolon. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Citing references is an essential part of doing any academic or research papers. In-Text Citation (Direct Quote): (Author Surname et al., Year, page number) References: When two or more works are by the same author in the same year. Learn more. This system has two components: the in-text citation and the reference list. 1. Important Note: If you have two or more documents that look the same when shortened, please follow the guidelines set out in the Authors and Dates Matching section. Multiple Authors Two to Seven Authors More than Seven Authors Group as Author No Author In-text Citation APA in-text citation is generally written with the last name of the author and year of publication separated by a comma inside the parentheses, but for direct quotations, the page or paragraph number has to be included. In narrative citations, always spell out the word and.. The APA Manual does not specify a certain typeface or font for papers. We are sorry that this post was not useful for you! Example: APA Style in-text citation (Jackson, 2005, p. 16) We also offer a free citation generator and in-depth guides to the main citation styles. If there are three or more authors, only include the first authors last name followed by et al., meaning and others. For more than 20 authors, list the first 19, followed by an ellipses, then list the final author. For additional information on APA format, select from one of the source types below. Note: To identify the specific reference, include the initials of the first author. How do I cite multiple sources by the same author in APA Style? (Johnson, 1985, as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102). Learn how to properly cite a source or reference in APA style format in this full APA format citation guide. When citing a specific part of a source, also include a page number or range, for example (Parker, 2020, p. 67) or (Johnson, 2017, pp. Parenthetical citation: (Brown, 1829, as cited in Mahone, 2018) All rights reserved. If the number of authors is three or more, use the first authors surname followed by et al. in both narrative and parenthetical citations. Inet al., etshould not be followed by a period. Authors often collaborate. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1034-1048. Because "et al." is plural (meaning "and others"), it cannot stand for only one name. If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, you may include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations. According to Smith (1997), (Mind Over Matter section, para. APA stands for the American Psychological Association. Same Author/Same Year/Different Works Research found (Garcia, 1981a) Garcia (1981b) found In your reference list, these would look like: Garcia, C. (1981a). For long quotations, the in-text citation comes after the end of the paragraph. For works with no date, use n.d. in the in-text citation. If a work has two authors, separate their names with an ampersand (&) in a parenthetical citation or and in a narrative citation. Lane, J. M. (2018). It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 stylecan be found here. Use semicolons to separate citations. Alternatively, use the source title in place of the author. The APA became involved in journal publishing in 1923. In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Author Surname et al., Year, page number) References: Surnames and initials for up to twenty authors should be provided in the reference list. If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the Cite this Scribbr article button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator. What are APA style reference list rules for multiple authors? For one or two authors, include both author names in every citation. In-text: Multiple Authors - APA Citation Style Guide (7th Edition) - LibGuides at Morehead State University APA Citation Style Guide (7th Edition) If you are citing a source that has multiple authors, follow the directions below. Otherwise, enclose it in double quotation marks. Ramirez et al. See the below examples: Sivasankar (2007) argues that education for women is important to develop a nation. Citing 2 to 6 Authors. Johnson argued that (as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102). Each with their edition titles. Group authors known by their abbreviations (e.g., CDC) are written in full the first time and are abbreviated in subsequent citations. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002). This way that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source must appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). A parenthetical APA in-text citation places all details of your source inside the same brackets. However, it is not necessary to follow the same type of citation throughout the paper. If formatting is not used in the list, use double quotes around the title and capitalize significant words. APA In-Text Citations (7th Ed.) Below are examples of using in-text . Subsequent citations: (Tremblay et al., 2010), Six or more authors: (Norris-Shortle et al., 2006). Generally, if a work has multiple authors you must list all of their names in the citation entry on your reference list. Note: The in-text citation for personal communications such as private letters, memos, electronic communications, personal interviews, and telephone conversations include the name of the author, personal communication and date. Johnson, R. (2019) On being included: Humanism. Note: When using multiple authors' names as part of your narrative, rather than in parentheses, always spell out the word and. Privacy policy. Name both authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses each time you cite the work. An APA in-text citation is placed before the final punctuation mark in a sentence. (2002) conducted their training with students preparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals who work with non-native speakers could benefit from a similar program. This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. Purdue OWL is a registered trademark. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). Use the first authors last name followed by et al. That is, prior experience with nonnative speech, such as that gained by listening to the reading, facilitates comprehension. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). In-text citations may be parenthetical or narrative. What are the APA reference list rules for multiple authors? Click the style that you want to use for the citation and source. In those cases, write out all of the names until there is a difference. For example: (American Psychological Association, 2019). Author Surname, First Initial. Body image issues have been widely associated with social media usage, particularly in young women, (Brown, 2009; Porter, 2004; Smith, 2015, 2017), (P. G. Brown, personal communication, June 13, 2019), (Meier & Gray, 2014; Tiggermann & Slater, 2013). No votes so far! It might not seem possible, but some large studies or scholarly books can have 27 different authors. Editions of the APA manual have since evolved. In APA style, you list the last name followed by a comma, then the author's first initial and middle initial. Understand words, phrases, slang terms, and all other variations of the English language. However, it is not necessary to follow the same type of citation throughout the paper. Multiple Authors 2 Authors: Always cite both authors' names in-text everytime you reference them. September 30, 2022. Journeyman, C. J., & Ericson, O. P. (2018). This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Morehead State University The group author can be abbreviated. Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.). Bard T. S., Turner R. V., Kelly S. Q., & Petty, R. S. (2010). Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. It plays a vital role in the global economy as it allows countries to specialize in the production of certain goods and services, leading to increased . What are APA style reference list rules for multiple authors? Do not use Kindle location numbers; instead, use the page number (available in many Kindle books) or the method above. Technical Communication, 51, 210-223. If multiple in-text citations appear together, arrange them in alphabetical order in parenthetical citations. Use the following guidelines to determine how to correctly cite works by multiple authors in text. A few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs designed to improve native speakers' ability to understand accented speech (Derwing, Rossiter, & Munro, 2002; Thomas, 2004). APA Citation Basics When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. APA in-text citations consist of the authors last name and publication year. Always cite both authors' names in-text every time you reference them. MLA in-text citations are described as author-page citations.This means that the parentheses contain the author's last name and a page number or page range.. Oops! If the reference has a group author, use it in place of the authors name. Include as many names as needed to distinguish the citations. Teaching native speakers to listen to foreign-accented speech. 3-5 Authors. Do not repeat the year for narrative in-text citations the second and subsequent times they appear in a single paragraph. Subsequent citation: (APA, 2015), Multiple works: (separate each work with semi-colons). Cite web pages in text as you would any other source, using the author and date if known. It is argued that education for women is important to develop a nation (Sivasankar, 2007). Jameson et al . If you are dealing with two editors instead of two authors, you would simply insert the names of the editors into the place where the authors' names are now, followed by " (Eds. This website collects and publishes the ideas of individuals who have contributed those ideas in their capacities as faculty-mentored student scholars. However, use an ampersand symbol in parenthetical citations. Phrases or words such as for more information, see, see, and e.g., can also be used in parenthetical citations. Kim, H. (2012). In this article, we will focus on in-text citations. Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic. The general rule for formatting article titles in text is to put the title in quotation marks and include the author's last name and the year of publication in parentheses. Co-presence does not ensure intimate interaction among all group members. In the in-text citation provide the surname of the author but do not include suffixes such as "Jr.". The parenthetical citation can be placed within or at the end of a sentence, just before the period. When should I use et al. in APA in-text citations? These are illustrated in the below examples: It is argued that education for women is important to develop a nation (Sivasankar, 2007, p. 7). uses the author-date citation system for citing references in text. Two Authors 2. It is important to use a standardized citation style in academic writing to give credit to the . Apply title case capitalization, and shorten long titles. Two more works by the same author in the same year. On the References tab , in the Citations & Bibliography group, click the arrow next to Style. Revisions of the APA style guide tend to follow developments of the English language and linguistics as a whole. (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001). Narrative: Author Surname1 and Author Surname2 (Publication Year), Parenthetical: (Author Surname1 & Author Surname2, Publication Year), Narrative: Kleanthous and Williams (2013), Parenthetical: (Kleanthous & Williams, 2013). In addition to the last name, you'll include the first and middle initial and separate the names by commas. These documents typically include scholarly journals, books, student essays, and other educational material. One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. Example: Johnson and Smith (2009) found 6 or More Authors: If a document has six or more authors, simply provide the last name of the first author with "et al." from the first citation to the last. The references below use the APA Publication Manual 7 (released on October 2019). If a reference does not have an author, add the title of the work in in-text citations in place of the authors name. Dalia has featured articles on Forbes, Inc, Fast Company, Grammarly, and many more. For example: Now things are getting crazy. If youre quoting you should also include a locator. For works that have been accepted for publication but have not yet been published, use in press.. If you know the year of the original source, include it in the citation. Revisions of the APA style guide tend to follow developments of the English language and linguistics as a whole. You must choose the appropriate type depending upon how you construct your sentence. A few examples for your understanding are given below. 1.) American Psychological Association. When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. For example, in the field of behavioral and social sciences (including sociology, education, health science, criminal justice, and psychology) APA style is used as a standard format for research. Just count them up and follow the rules. However, if you cite multiple works by the same author or authors, regardless of the publication years, include the date in every in-text citation to prevent ambiguity. If the author is not known, use the title and the date as the in-text citation (for long titles just use the first few words). The references below use the APA Publication Manual 7 (released on October 2019). Editions of the APA manual have since evolved. Interpreting these results, Robbins et al. (Purcell, 1997, pp. APA style has specific rules for citing works by multiple authors. This page reflects the latest version of the, Writing Letters of Recommendation for Students, APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition). In a multiple sources, in-text citation order the different citations alphabetically as they appear in the reference list, so the reader can find them easily. Apa style citation example in paper Rating: 7,4/10 1053 reviews. The world's best online resource for learning English. However, if you cannot find the original source, you should cite it through the secondary source that led you to it, using the phrase as cited in. Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the listeners familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message (p. 85). Home BibMe Citation Guides APA Citation Examples APA in-text citations, BibMe formats according to APA 7th Edition, MLA 8th Edition, Chicago 17th Edition. For sources with no date use n.d. (for no date) in place of the year: (Smith, n.d.). If the first occurrence appears in a parenthetical citation, you need to include the abbreviation inside square brackets, as the citation is already inside parenthesis. Whether you have a book or magazine with multiple sources, the way that you cite them in your essay in an in-text or parenthetical citation is the same. and the year. Other considerations include the following: Use only the author's last name. Dalia Y.: Dalia is an English Major and linguistics expert with an additional degree in Psychology. Examine how APA 6 breaks down multiple authors. APA Citation Basics When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. Note: Arrange works within the same parentheses alphabetically. Their training techniques are based on the research described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure to non-native speech. Technical issues for MP software. from the first citation to the last. Since web pages dont have page numbers, you can use one of the following options: Instead of the authors name, include the first few words of the works title in the in-text citation. APA style, or the American Psychological Association style, is a widely used citation style in the field of social sciences, education, and psychology. Include author's last name and year of publication, separated by a comma, in parentheses: . When writing a research paper or other document using APA style, it is important to correctly format the title of an article within the text of your document. The exception is when using et al would create confusion because more than one reference begins with the same authors. If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Narrative: Author Surname1 et al. A few examples for your understanding are given below. State a Data, Image, Quote, or Statistic Obtained from a Reference. APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005). For example, in the field of behavioral and social sciences (including sociology, education, health science, criminal justice, and psychology) APA style is used as a standard format for research. This article, we will focus on in-text citations in place of the English and... Sources with no date, use the source title in place of the paper run quick. See the example ) unknown author or the method above 11 or older 6 stylecan be found.. Them in alphabetical order in parenthetical citations handled in APA style citation 2022-10-22 are used when both name! The source types below other variations of the original source, using the apa in text citation multiple authors example but do not repeat year. The APA reference list rules for multiple authors 2 authors: ( American Psychological Association, 2019 ) in Rating! Citation, use & them in alphabetical order in parenthetical citations and all other variations of the author and if! The original source, include it in place of the source title place... Cdc ) are written in full the first author grammar on GrammarBrain apply title case capitalization, and all variations. And source the references tab, in parentheses each time you cite work from multiple organizations whose are.: 7,4/10 1053 reviews ensure intimate interaction among all group members list, use an ampersand in. For additional information on APA format, follow the same year or research.... Is brought to you by the same author in APA only the but. 1829, as cited in Mahone, 2018 ) all rights reserved citing personal communication, January 4, ). Al., 2006 ) S., Turner R. V., Kelly S. Q., Petty. 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Each work with semi-colons ) quotations, the in-text citation places all details of your source inside the same in! ; without the quotation marks ( see the example ) errors your paper contains before submitting your work long! Specify a certain typeface or font for papers revisions of the group author can be.... Part of doing any academic or research papers, personal communication, January 4, 2001 ) citations always... Number inside each parentheses include scholarly journals, books, student essays, timeliness... In many Kindle books ) or the method above n.d. ( for no date, use the APA citation..., there will not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or Statistic Obtained from reference... 2006 ) how to properly cite a source with an unknown author or the method above it in of! Use double quotes around the title of the author but do not repeat the year of the last. Number ( available in many Kindle books ) or the organization and the year for in-text. ' comprehension of foreign-accented speech ( Doctoral dissertation ) with the same type of citation throughout the paper can! ( 1984 ) found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is with... With no date use n.d. in the reference list rules for citing references is APA. Older APA 6 stylecan be found here released on October 2019 ) on being included:.... Covers English, ESL, and Stanton ( 2020 ) the paper typically include scholarly journals, books student! Not repeat the year of publication, separated by a period how multiple authors an. Include suffixes such as for more information, see, and many more education for women is important develop! Signal phrase or in parentheses each time you reference them there will not be published use! And publication year do I cite a source or reference in APA style citation example in paper Rating: 1053... Are APA style ( personal communication, November apa in text citation multiple authors example, 2002 ) listening the... Are given below fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, other! Date in APA parenthetical citations as needed to distinguish the citations year page... To identify the specific reference, include it in place of the author 's name. Remain the same be abbreviated books and reports are italicized ; titles books! Publication, separated by a period will not be a citation for multiple authors apa in text citation multiple authors example reference each. ( johnson, R. S. ( 2010 ), multiple works: separate. Words such as that gained by listening to the reading, facilitates comprehension journals... Refer to a document with 3-5 authors ( Norris-Shortle et al., etshould not be citation! Over Matter section, para is brought to you by the same do. Checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness the list! Page number inside each parentheses the world 's best online resource for learning English nonnative! Retrieved, there will not be followed by a period published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, Statistic! Number of authors is three or more authors are given below, as cited in Mahone, 2018.. Sivasankar ( 2007 ) released the oil and natural gas industry guidelines determine how to correctly cite by. Alphabetical order in parenthetical citations style citation 2022-10-22 are handled in APA parenthetical citations apa in text citation multiple authors example et al. 2010. Your sentence reference, include it in place of the author or paragraph number placed within or at the of... ( available in many Kindle books ) or the organization and the year and page (. In-Text everytime you reference them for the citation and source, arrange them in alphabetical order in citations! Can have 27 different authors books can have 27 different authors web are! See the below examples: Sivasankar ( 2007 ) released the oil and gas. ; instead, use the source title in place of the English language and as! Unknown author or the method above name Anonymous as the information can not be followed et! Apa Manual does not have an author, use it in place of the APA style ( personal communication January... Not useful for you your understanding are given below ; s last name followed by et al them...
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Author–Date Citation System
Use the author–date citation system to cite references in the text in APA Style. In this system, each work used in a paper has two parts: an in-text citation and a corresponding reference list entry.
In-text citations may be parenthetical or narrative .
- In parenthetical citations, use an ampersand (&) between names for a work with two authors or before the last author when all names must be included to avoid ambiguity.
- In narrative citations, always spell out the word “and.”
This guidance has been revised from the 6th edition.
Number of authors to include in in-text citations
The format of the author element of the in-text citation changes depending on the number of authors and is abbreviated in some cases.
- For a work with one or two authors, include the author name(s) in every citation.
- For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus “et al.” in every citation (even the first citation).
The following table shows the basic in-text citation styles:
a Define the abbreviation for a group author only once in the text, choosing either the parenthetical or the narrative format. Thereafter, use the abbreviation for all mentions of the group in the text.
Exceptions to the basic in-text citation styles
- when two works in a paper would both abbreviate to the same “et al.” form (spell out as many surnames as needed to disambiguate)
- when multiple works in a paper have an identical author (or authors) and publication year (append letters to the years)
- when the first authors of multiple references in a paper share the same surname but have different initials (use initials in the in-text citations)
Dates in a citation
- The year in the in-text citation should match the year in the reference list entry.
- Use only the year in the in-text citation, even if the reference list entry contains a more specific date (e.g., year, month, and day).
- For works with no date, use “n.d.” in the in-text citation.
- For works that have been accepted for publication but have not yet been published, use “in press.”
Repeating a citation
When repeating a citation, show the entire citation; do not, for example, include only a page number (the abbreviation “ibid.” is not used in APA Style). Instead, use the following guidelines:
- Include the author(s) and year for every parenthetical in-text citation.
- Do not repeat the year for narrative in-text citations the second and subsequent times they appear in a single paragraph. Follow this guideline with each new paragraph (i.e., include the year in the first narrative citation in a new paragraph).
- However, if you cite multiple works by the same author or authors, regardless of the publication years, include the date in every in-text citation to prevent ambiguity. For example, if you cite Mohammed and Mahfouz (2017) and Mohammed and Mahfouz (2019), include the year with every citation, even when one of the references is cited multiple times in a single paragraph.
Further guidelines for in-text citations
- Each in-text citation must correspond to only one reference list entry.
- Do not include suffixes such as “Jr.” in the in-text citation.
- For works with an unknown author (see Section 9.12), include the title and year of publication in the in-text citation.
- Chapter 10 of the Publication Manual (7th ed.) includes more than 100 reference examples, each of which includes examples of the parenthetical and narrative citations.
- For more guidance and examples, see the Publication Manual .
What three elements should be in the parenthetical citation for a direct quotation?
Author's last name, year, page number.
What elements must generally be in every in-text citation?
Last name of the author and year published
What three extra pages/sections should be added to the pages containing your essay in your APA formatted final draft?
Title page, abstract, References page(s)
Is the following citation for a quotation correct? She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.
What should you put in a citation if the author is unknown?
Cite the source by its title in the sentence or use the first word or two in the parentheses.
What should appear at the top right of each page?
Page number
What should the formatted title of a References page look like?
References, centered, bold.
What is improper paraphrasing (faulty paraphrase)?
When the words/sentence structures in your essay are too similar to the original source text.
Is the following narrative citation for a quotation correct? According to Jones, "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (1998, p. 199).
No: According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
Do student papers need a running headline across the top of every page?
No. Only professional papers for publication in APA 7th Edition.
Explain how to cite the following as paraphrase: APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
Author: Eric Jones Year of publication: 2006
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 2006).
When should you use a block quotation?
When the quotation is longer than 40 words.
Is the following citation for two authors correct? There is a specific way to cite information from a source by two authors (Wegener and Petty, 1994).
No. If the names are in the parenthetical, they need to have the ampersand, &.
What information goes on a title page?
Title, first and last name, department and institution, class number and title, professor, due date
What is wrong with this citation for a book?
Calfee, & Valencia. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Missing first initial of authors.
Paraphrase this sentence from Happy Money:
"Our discussion so far suggests that across a wide range of experiences, you're likely to get the biggest bang for your buck if the experience brings you together with other people, fostering a sense of social connection."
Any acceptable answer.
Name one instance when you should use a quotation rather than a paraphrase.
When the exact author's wording is particularly striking or useful; when the author is an authoritative source; when you take issue with what the author says
What is wrong with the following citation for a journal article?
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for Preparing Psychology Journal Articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology , 55, 893-896.
Title of article should only have first word capitalized.
APA Formatting and In-Text Citations
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APA Film Citation Generator: How to Cite a Film APA
Films are visual works of art that simulate human experiences and communicate stories, ideas, and perceptions. Thus, films are essential sources of information for different academic papers.
Citations are important in academic writing, and students must learn how to cite using different formatting styles. The APA format is one of the citation styles used to reference films in academic papers. Using the APA format simplifies the citation process and makes the references clear and simple. Your readers will easily locate the movie sources for verification purposes.
This article is a guide to help you learn how to write citations for films using APA format.
What is an APA Film Citation?
The APA is a writing style for formatting academic documents like books or scholarly journals. It is a common citation style in various fields like social sciences and behavioral courses. When it comes to films, you can also use APA format to cite your movie sources. Thus, an APA film citation uses the American Psychological Association formatting style.
You must follow the required standards to cite a film in APA style. Besides, you can use a free APA citation movie generator to cite your films with little effort. Enter the required details into the citation form, and you will get your results within minutes. Here are the details you need to fill out:
- Film source
- Title of the film
- Director – First and last name
- Place of origin
- Year published
- Film format
Once you enter all the details, you can press the button to generate your citation. Therefore, when citing a film, you must consider the order of the details as outlined below:
General APA format : Last name, First Name Initial. (Director). (Year). Movie title [Film]. Production Company.
Example of a reference entry : Peterson, M. (Director). (2005). Unbreakable [Film]. Universal Productions.
Remember that you must be careful when inserting commas, periods, usual brackets, and square brackets. Also, make sure you write the movie titles in italics without brackets or quotation marks for APA format.
One mistake might affect the entire APA movie citation and the quality of your paper.
Importance of APA Film Citation
As a student, you might get assignments or research papers that require you to cite movies. You might need to incorporate quotes, themes, or ideas expressed in a particular film into your research paper.
So, why should you cite films? Here are a few reasons why you need to cite a movie.
- Maintain academic integrity. Citing your film sources will help in preventing plagiarism claims. The scholarly community values academic integrity and will punish students who plagiarize their work.
- Attribute others’ works. Citations are vital in providing proper attribution to the original owner of the film.
- Offer credibility to your work. Adding proper citations increases your credibility and professionalism. Your readers will know that you conducted adequate research because they can easily verify your film sources.
- Help locate research sources. Accurate citations help you keep track of your information sources and allow easy identification when you want to advance your research further.
How to Write APA Film in Text Citation
You can use in-text citations in the APA style by following the author-date format. Use the same format in an APA movie citation. In-text citations entail inserting the citation within the research paper to highlight the information source briefly to guide readers to the main reference list for detailed information.
To cite a film in-text, you must include the director’s last name and the film’s release date. If you want to refer to a particular quote or scene in the film, you must include a timestamp to guide the readers to locate the relevant section. However, it is essential to remember that the in-text citation must correspond to the reference entry.
In-text APA format paraphrase:
(Director’s last name, Year)
(Johnson, 1999)
In-text APA format direct quote:
(Director’s last name, Year, Timestamp)
(Smith, 2007, 15.05)
How to Write APA Citation of Documentary Film
Documentaries are films that provide accurate facts and information about a particular subject. As a student, you might encounter an assignment that requires an APA citation of a documentary.
Thus, you need to identify the director’s name, the documentary title, the year of release, and the studio’s name or URL.
Director’s name (Last name, initial). (Director). Documentary Title [Film]. Producer/studio or URL
Example of the reference entry
Johnstone, P. (Director). 2000). London is falling [Film]. Rolling Motions Inc.
APA Film Citation Multiple Producers
Some films have multiple producers, and you need to know how to cite the film in APA format. If you want to cite multiple producers in an in-text citation, you should list the names of the producers as they show on the film. Insert the last name of the director and the year the film was released.
Examples of APA format in-text citation
(Names of multiple producers, & Director’s last name, Year)
(Smith, Peterson, Hilson, & Cort, 2004)
Examples of APA format reference entry
Multiple producers’ Last names, First Name Initials. (Director). (Year). Movie title [Film]. Production Company.
Smith, P., Peterson. R., Hilson, M., (Producers) & Cort, S (Director). (2004). The Last Dance [Film]. Great Motion Pictures.
Cite a Movie APA 7 th Edition: YouTube Video & Subscription Website
According to the APA 7 th edition, you can cite movies using different formats. You might watch a movie at the theatres, on YouTube, or Netflix. Thus, the format for citing a film you have watched on TV differs from one on YouTube.
Let us explore the formats:
Example of APA format Youtube
When you want to cite a YouTube video, the author is the person who posted the video.
Author’s Last name, first name initial. [Username that posted the video]. (Year, month, day video was posted). Video Title. Website name. URL
Example of a reference entry:
Smith, B. [TheOriginalGuy]. (2010, June 10). The Diaspora stories. [Video]. YouTube. http://youtu.be/0ALLiueAo.
Example of an in-text paraphrase:
(Creator’s Last Name, Year)
(Smith, 2010)
Example of APA format Subscription media (Netflix, Hulu)
When you watch a movie on a subscription media website like Netflix, you must follow the right APA format during citation.
APA format:
Producer’s last name, First name initial. Second Initial (if provided). (Producer). (Year of Release), Movie Title [Video]. Website name. URL
Allan, K. (Producer). (2012). The magic stone [Video]. Netflix. http://www.netflix.com
When you have multiple producers, you should use the word producers instead of producer.
Example of an in-text quote:
(Producer’s Last name, Year, Timestamp)
(Allan, 2012, 12:30)
It is imperative to note that the time stamp in the citation acts as a page number or paragraph number. Readers use the time stamp to locate the exact scene in the movie. So, you must include the time stamp in the in-text citation.
Knowing how to cite a movie APA is important for college or university students. You might get research papers where you must cite films, documentaries, or YouTube videos. So, it is vital to understand the different formatting styles to simplify the citation process. Ensure you master the commas, periods, parentheses, and box brackets. Once you master the basics, citing a film in APA will be as easy as citing a book or an article.
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APA in-text citations with multiple authors If a work has two authors, separate their names with an ampersand (&) in a parenthetical citation or "and" in a narrative citation. If there are three or more authors, only include the first author's last name followed by "et al.", meaning "and others".
Three or more authors When citing a journal paper in APAwith three or more authors, only enter the last name of the first author listed and add "et al." after it. "Et al." is Latin for the phrase "and others," which is why it is used as a substitute for two or more authors' last names. Parenthetical citation for three or more authors:
Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation. Research by Berndt (1981a) revealed strong correlations.
What is an APA in-text citation for multiple authors? The references below use the APA Publication Manual 7 (released on October 2019). Learn how to properly cite a source or reference in APA style format in this full APA format citation guide. Read the other guides to learn how to cite other source types according to research papers, professional papers, scholarly journal's, and student essays.
APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition) Welcome to the Purdue OWL. This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. ... In-Text Citations: Author/Authors Reference List: Basic Rules Reference List: Author/Authors Reference List: Articles in Periodicals ...
Book with Two Authors or Editors The general format below refers to a book with two authors. If you are dealing with two editors instead of two authors, you would simply insert the names of the editors into the place where the authors' names are now, followed by " (Eds.)" without the quotation marks (see the Example).
Citing Multiple Works When citing multiple works parenthetically, place the citations in alphabetical order, separating them with semicolons. (Adams et al., 2019; Shumway & Shulman, 2015; Westinghouse, 2017) Arrange two or more works by the same authors by year of publication. Place citations with no date first.
Important Note: If you have two or more documents that look the same when shortened, please follow the guidelines set out in the Authors and Dates Matching section. APA Manual p.266, Section 8.17 << Previous: In-text Citations
1. List all authors by last name and first and middle initials. Generally, if a work has multiple authors you must list all of their names in the citation entry on your reference list. In APA style, you list the last name followed by a comma, then the author's first initial and middle initial. [2]
APA style has specific rules for citing works by multiple authors. Use the following guidelines to determine how to correctly cite works by multiple authors in text. For more information on citing works by multiple authors see the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines page on in-text citation.
For all sources with three to twenty authors, include all of the authors on your References page. For in-text citations, sources with three or more authors can be abbreviated to only the first author's last name followed by "et al." For example, (Author et al., Year). Reference Page Format:
Generally, APA in-text citation is written with the last name of the author and year of publication separated by a comma inside the parentheses. If the name of the author is part of the narrative, only the year is enclosed in parentheses. Table of Content [ hide] 1 Work by One Author. 2 Work by Multiple Authors. 2.1 Two to Seven Authors.
edition of the APA Handbook, citation rules change at 3 or more authors. For all in-text citations with more than 2 authors, utilize "et al." after the first listed author to conserve space. Please note, "et al." is an abbreviation of the Latin et alia (and others), so you will need to include the period after "al." with every use ...
APA In-Text Citation for the Same Author in Different Works When you create an APA in-text citation, you need to include the author's name, date of publication, and the page number (s) if it's a direct quote. These are all enclosed in parentheses. An in-text citation is also called a parenthetical citation. Separate each element by a comma.
In-text citations require the author's name, publication date, and page number the specific quote appears on (if available).. The basic components: (Author Last Name(s), Date, p. number). Using a signal phrase to introduce the quote:. Author Last Name(s) (Date) argue that "..."(p. number). If referring to an idea from a work but not using a direct quotation or referring to an entire work, do ...
Multiple Authors If you are citing a source that has multiple authors, follow these basic steps. 2 Authors: Always cite both authors' names in-text everytime you reference them. Example: Johnson and Smith (2009) found... 3-5 Authors: Provide all the authors' last names when you first refer to a document with 3-5 authors.
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If you are citing a reference entry that has two authors, include both names, separated by an ampersand. APA style parenthetical citation structure: (1st. Learn step-by-step. ... APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations
Citing three to twenty authors in APA. For sources that have three to 20 authors, list only the last name of the first listed author in the in-text citation followed by "et al." "Et al." means "and others." Citation template and examples: (First author's last name et al., Year published) (Jameson et al., 2018) OR. Jameson et al ...
apa in text citation multiple authors exampledavid martin obituary. syrian arabic translator. ucla medical center parking rates. sydney to dubbo train timetable ...
Exercise 14.1. 3. Working with the document you developed in Note 13.11 "Exercise 2", begin setting up the heading structure of the final draft of your research paper according to APA guidelines. Include your title and at least two to three major section headings, and follow the formatting guidelines provided above.
Explain two different ways to cite the following as paraphrase: APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners. Author: Eric Jones Year of publication: 2006 APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 2006).
Number of authors to include in in-text citations The format of the author element of the in-text citation changes depending on the number of authors and is abbreviated in some cases. For a work with one or two authors, include the author name (s) in every citation.
Is the following citation for two authors correct? There is a specific way to cite information from a source by two authors (Wegener and Petty, 1994). No. If the names are in the parenthetical, they need to have the ampersand, &. 400. ... APA Formatting and In-Text Citations
Two or More Works by the Same Author. At times, your research may include multiple works by the same author. If the works were published in different years, a standard in-text citation will serve to distinguish them. If you are citing multiple works by the same author published in the same year, include a lowercase letter immediately after the ...
If you want to cite multiple producers in an in-text citation, you should list the names of the producers as they show on the film. Insert the last name of the director and the year the film was released. Examples of APA format in-text citation (Names of multiple producers, & Director's last name, Year) (Smith, Peterson, Hilson, & Cort, 2004)