beowulf thesis ideas

75 Beowulf Essay Topics

Beowulf, penned at the dawn of the 11th century, stands as a cornerstone of Old English literature. This epic poem, extending over 3,000 lines and unfolding across the war-torn landscapes of ancient Scandinavia, offers a rich tapestry of themes and stylistic nuances that continue to fascinate scholars and students alike. When tasked with an essay on Beowulf, selecting an engaging topic is paramount. This article delves into potential subjects for your paper and provides guidance on choosing one that resonates with you.

Table of Contents

Tips for Choosing an Optimal Beowulf Essay Topic

Opting for a topic that genuinely piques your interest rather than a seemingly easy one can significantly enhance the quality of your research and writing. Here’s how you can make an informed choice:

Personal Interest: Engage with topics that intrigue you, encouraging deeper thought and thorough research.
Uniqueness: While you don’t have to select an obscure subject, strive for a fresh perspective in your discussion, ensuring your essay stands out.
Scope: Narrow down broad topics to specific aspects, providing a clear direction for your essay and making it more manageable.

Inspiring Beowulf Essay Topics

Consider exploring various dimensions of the poem through topics such as:

The societal roles of women in Beowulf.
The effect of digression in enhancing the narrative.
The relationship between warriors and lordship.
The portrayal of traditional society within the epic.
Character development throughout the poem.
Lessons derived from the tales of Siegmund and Finn.
The theme of male dominance in Beowulf.
The significance of Hrothgar’s sermon in understanding the author’s viewpoint.
The central role of the mead hall in the community.
An in-depth analysis of Grendel’s character.
Beowulf’s virtues and flaws.
A detailed review of the epic battle between Beowulf and Grendel.
Major themes and moral lessons in the story.
The eternal clash of good vs. evil as depicted in the poem.
An evaluation of Beowulf’s heroism.
Parallels between Beowulf and the biblical Cain.
The influence of religion in Beowulf’s world.
The importance of lineage and ancestry in one’s self-esteem.
Beowulf’s leadership qualities or lack thereof.
Perspectives on treasure and material wealth within the poem.

Symbolism and Motifs in Beowulf

The role of dragons in ancient literature and Beowulf.
The significance of the mead hall and community bonding.
Water’s symbolic role in Beowulf’s challenges and battles.
The representation of light and darkness in the poem.
The importance of armor and shields in the poem.

Historical and Cultural Context

Beowulf’s relationship with historical Scandinavian events.
How Beowulf reflects Anglo-Saxon values and beliefs.
Paganism vs. Christianity in Beowulf.
The societal structure and its influence on the narrative.
The depiction of funeral rites and their significance.

Character Analyses

Unferth’s role and contrast with Beowulf.
The depiction of women: Wealhtheow and Grendel’s mother.
King Hrothgar’s leadership vs. Beowulf’s heroism.
The significance of Wiglaf and the idea of loyalty.
Analyzing Aeschere’s importance to Hrothgar and the story.

Narrative Techniques and Literary Devices

The role of the scop (bard) in Beowulf.
The use of kennings and their impact on imagery.
Alliteration and its rhythmic role in Beowulf.
The function of epic similes in the poem.
The influence of oral tradition on the narrative style.

Themes and Philosophies

The concept of fate (wyrd) in Beowulf.
The price of pride and its consequences.
The exploration of mortality and legacy.
The balance between courage and recklessness.
Revenge as a driving force in Beowulf.

Comparative Analyses

Beowulf and modern superheroes: parallels and contrasts.
Comparing Beowulf to other epics like “The Iliad” or “Gilgamesh”.
Beowulf and the Norse sagas: similarities and differences.
The idea of the monstrous in Beowulf vs. other literature.
Beowulf’s influence on Tolkien’s “The Lord of the Rings”.

Broader Perspectives

Beowulf’s relevance in the 21st century.
The challenges and merits of translating Beowulf.
How adaptations (like movies or novels) have interpreted Beowulf.
The depiction of heroism in Beowulf vs. modern culture.
The ethics and values presented in Beowulf and their applicability today.

In-depth Explorations

The importance of loyalty and kinship in the poem.
The nature of evil: Analyzing Grendel and his lineage.
The concept of legacy in Beowulf’s final act.
The depiction of aging and its impact on heroism.
The influence of external forces, like God or fate, on characters’ decisions.

Beowulf’s Battles

A detailed look into Beowulf’s battle with the dragon.
Strategy and might: The takedown of Grendel.
Psychological warfare: Beowulf vs. Grendel’s mother.
The consequences and aftermath of each of Beowulf’s battles.
The role of supernatural vs. human strength in Beowulf’s combat scenes.

Creative Angles for Your Beowulf Essay

Dive into the poem’s depths by examining:

The symbolism of gold and its reflection on societal values.
The heroic ideals embodied by characters.
The significance of weaponry and its portrayal of strength and honor.
Gender roles and equality in Beowulf’s era.
The portrayal of leadership and its impact on society.
Beowulf’s enduring strength and prowess in his later years.
The cultural and societal norms depicted in the poem.
The integration and importance of religious motifs.
A critique of the society within Beowulf, highlighting admirable and disdainful attributes.
The exploration of fictional elements within the historical context of the poem.

Concluding Thoughts on Beowulf Essay Topics

Whether you encounter Beowulf in high school or college, crafting an essay on this epic can seem daunting. However, with a topic that strikes a chord with you and a unique angle, your essay can resonate deeply and intellectually. Should you find yourself struggling, remember that professional help is just a click away. Submit an order form, and receive a top-notch, plagiarism-free essay, complete with proper citations and adherence to your guidelines.

105 Beowulf Essay Topics & Examples

See tips on writing the Beowulf thesis statements and critical analysis of the poem. Also, our experts have prepared a list of ideas and prompts that allow you to explore the archetypal epic hero and more!

55 Beowulf Essay Topics

One of the most important works of literature translated and read the world over is the Old English poem, Beowulf. This heroic epic tells the story of a great warrior who saves a kingdom from a terrible monster. The poem has been adapted into many different forms, including movies, plays, and television shows. As a result, there is a great deal of interest in writing essays on Beowulf.

When you are assigned to write an essay on Beowulf, it can be challenging to decide where to start. There are many different aspects of the poem that you could focus on, such as the characters, the plot, the setting, or the theme.

If you have been assigned a Beowulf essay writing assignment and have no idea where to begin, you’re in luck! This guide will detail the process of crafting a well-written Beowulf essay and provide you with 55 Beowulf essay topics that will help get you started.

Part 1: How to Start Your Beowulf Essay

Before you start writing your essay, there are a few things that you need to do in order to prepare. First, you need to make sure that you clearly understand the poem. It is essential to read the poem carefully and note any particular passages that stand out to you. These passages will be important when you start to write your essay.

Next, you need to decide what angle you want to take with your essay. For example, do you want to focus on the characters in the poem? The plot? The setting? Or the theme? Once you have decided on a focus, you can start to narrow down your topic.

For example, if you want to write about the characters in Beowulf, you could focus on a specific character, such as Beowulf himself, or you could compare and contrast two or more characters.

If you want to write about the plot, you could focus on a specific event, such as the battle with the dragon, or you could discuss how the plot unfolds overall.

If you want to write about the setting, you could focus on a specific location, such as Heorot Hall, or discuss how the different settings in the poem contribute to the story.

And if you want to write about the theme, you could focus on a specific theme, such as loyalty or betrayal, or discuss how the different themes in the poem contribute to the story.

Once you have decided on your focus, you can start to brainstorm ideas for your essay. First, make a list of all of the ideas that come to mind, and then narrow down your list by choosing the best ideas.

Once you have a list of potential topics, it is time to choose the one you want to write about. Remember that your essay should be focused and well-organized, so make sure that your topic is specific enough to cover it adequately in the assignment parameters you have been given.

Part 2: How to Write Your Beowulf Essay

Now that you have chosen your topic and done some brainstorming, it is time to start writing your essay. There are a few things that you need to keep in mind as you write.

First, you need to make sure that your essay has a clear thesis statement. Your thesis statement is the main point you want to make in your essay. The thesis statement will be the foundation on which your entire essay is built, so make sure it is clear and concise.

Next, you need to make sure that your essay is well-organized with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction should introduce your topic and provide background information if necessary. Each body paragraph should focus on one specific point supporting your thesis statement. The conclusion should summarize your main points and restate your thesis statement.

Finally, you need to make sure that your essay is well-written. Your sentences should be short and to the point. Avoid using unnecessary words or fillers. And make sure that your grammar and punctuation are correct.

Part 3: How to Finish Your Beowulf Essay

Once you have written your essay, it is time to finish up by proofreading your essay for any mistakes. In addition to basic grammar and spelling, you’ll also want to ensure that you use the correct MLA formatting for citing poems.

MLA formatting for citations requires quotes around the text. After the quotes, you’ll need to put the title of the work in Italics followed by any applicable page numbers, section numbers, and line numbers – in that order and separated with a period mark. The final punctuation should come at the end of the citation outside of the last parenthesis. For example:

“…From the rafters where Beowulf had hung it, was….” ( Beowulf 49.834).

And if you are quoting multiple verses, be sure to put a forward slash between each verse as follows:

“Hanging high/ From the rafters where Beowulf had hung it, was/ the monster’s/ Arm, claw, and shoulder and all” ( Beowulf 49.833-836).

Be aware that some translations of Beowulf may not provide section or line numbers, in which case, the citation should include the title of the poem and the page number the verse was found on.

With the guide above detailing the process of crafting a well-written Beowulf essay and this list of 55 Beowulf topics, students should have no problem choosing a direction for their writing.

Beowulf Essay Topics About Loyalty

How does Beowulf’s loyalty to Hrothgar change throughout the poem?
Is Grendel’s mother motivated by vengeance or loyalty to her son in attacking Heorot?
Is Unferth a loyal companion to Beowulf, or does he envy him?
How does Wiglaf’s loyalty to Beowulf compare to the other Geats in the poem?
Is Hygelac’s death a result of his loyalty to Beowulf or his own hubris?

Beowulf Essay Topics About Fate

Does Beowulf believe that fate plays a role in his success or failure?
How does Beowulf’s view of fate compare to the views of other characters in the poem?
Do the Geats believe that Beowulf’s death was fated, or could it have been prevented?
What role does fate play in the development of Grendel’s character?
Is Grendel’s mother’s death a result of fate or her own actions?

Beowulf Essay Topics About Good vs. Evil

How is the theme of good vs. evil explored in Beowulf?
Who do you believe to be the evilest character in Beowulf? Why?
Compare and contrast the characters of Beowulf and Grendel.
How is the theme of good vs. evil explored through the relationship between Beowulf and Hrothgar?
Do you believe that Grendel’s mother is truly evil, or is she simply a victim of circumstance?

Beowulf Essay Topics About Religion

What role does religion play in Beowulf?
Do the characters in Beowulf believe in fate, or do they believe they can control their destiny?
How does Christianity influence the characters’ views of good vs. evil?
How does Christianity influence the characters’ views of loyalty?
What role does Christianity play in the development of Grendel’s character?

Beowulf Essay Topics About Strength

How does Beowulf’s physical strength compare to his mental and emotional strength?
How does Beowulf’s physical strength compare to the strength of other characters in the poem?
Is Grendel’s strength rooted in the physical, mental, or emotional?
Who do you consider the strongest character in the poem? Why?
How does strength play a role in the development of Grendel’s character?

Beowulf Essay Topics About Love

Does Beowulf love anyone in the poem? If so, who and why?
How does Beowulf’s view of love compare to the views of other characters in the poem?
Do the Geats love Beowulf? Why or why not?
How does love play a role in the development of Grendel’s character?
Is Grendel’s mother motivated by love or hate in her attacks on Heorot?

Beowulf Essay Topics About Family

How does Beowulf’s relationship with his family differ from other characters’ relationships in the poem?
How does Beowulf feel about family?
How does Grendel’s mother feel about him?
Do the Geats have a strong sense of family? If so, how does it compare to Beowulf’s sense of family?
How does family play a role in the development of Grendel’s character?

Beowulf Essay Topics About Courage

How does Beowulf’s definition of courage compare to the definitions of other characters in the poem?
How does courage play a role in Beowulf’s success or failure?
Is Grendel’s mother motivated by courage or fear in her attacks on Heorot?
How does courage play a role in the development of Grendel’s character?
How does Unferth’s lack of courage compare to Beowulf’s courage?

Beowulf Essay Topics About Honor

What is the definition of honor according to Beowulf?
How does Beowulf’s view of honor compare to the views of other characters in the poem?
How does honor play a role in Beowulf’s success or failure?
Show examples of how Beowulf puts his honor above everything else.
How does honor play a role in the development of Grendel’s character?

Beowulf Essay Topics About Vengeance

How is the theme of vengeance expressed in Beowulf?
Compare and contrast the motivations for vengeance of Beowulf and Grendel’s mother.
How does vengeance play a role in Beowulf’s success or failure?
Is vengeance the central theme of Beowulf? Explain your reasoning.
How does vengeance play a role in the development of Grendel’s character?

Fun Beowulf Essay Topics

Imagine and write about a day in the life of Beowulf as his fame and legend grow.
Write a letter from Grendel’s mother to her son explaining her actions.
Rewrite the ending of Beowulf from Grendel’s perspective.
Use persuasive arguments to defend the point that Grendel is the true hero of the poem.
Write about the qualities of an ideal hero as it relates to Beowulf.

Writing a Beowulf essay doesn’t have to be hard – especially if you choose one of the topics from this list. With a little creativity and effort, you can write an essay that will stand out from the rest.

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Essays About Beowulf: Top 5 Inspiring Examples Plus Prompts

To write excellent essays about Beowulf , you first need to understand the poem more deeply; see our examples and prompts to help you with your essay writing.

The Old English epic Beowulf is one of the most famous stories. This iconic piece of Old English literature is believed to have been composed between 700 and 750. Many people in school or university study this poem for its structure and because many of Beowulf’s lessons are still relevant today.

This guide will look at five example essays focused on the epic poem Beowulf, its characters, plot, and other literary elements. Consider using what you’ve read as inspiration for your Beowulf essays .

1. Beowulf as a Representation of Mankind by Anonymous on GradesFixer

2. the women in beowulf by anonymous on papersowl, 3. essay on beowulf for students and children by prasanna.

4. What Is the Role of Treasure in Beowulf? by Anonymous on SparkNotes

5. Beowulf Conclusion Essay by Anonymous on StudyDriver

1. what i learned from beowulf, 2. beowulf and its impact on modern life, 3. monsters in beowulf, 4. beowulf: good vs. evil, 5. reflection essay on beowulf, 6. beowulf’s best and worst character traits, 7. loyalty in beowulf, 8. what makes beowulf stand out among other old literature, 9. elements in beowulf, 10. qualities of a hero: beowulf vs. king arthur, 11. modern heroes and beowulf, 12. the trials of beowulf and how they strengthened him.

“It is no mistake that the giant sword is the only weapon that can slay the mother, nor is it a mistake that ordinary weapons cannot harm either Beowulf or Grendel’s mother, for in the greatest conflict man will ever face, the battle for the heart of another, a little out of the box thinking is required.”

This essay compares the story and characters in Beowulf with the biblical text and other symbolisms. It relates Grendel to Cain, the Heorot to the womb, and more. The author also likens Beowulf’s epic battles to man’s struggles in life.

“…In the epic poem Beowulf, the women presented are central to not only the story but also to society itself. They present voices that offer influence over the predominately male group and often are the voice of reason with their husbands. These women should not be taken lightly.

The writer focuses on the female characters presented in the epic poem Beowulf. They discuss the different characteristics and symbolisms of these women and emphasize the essential roles of each female character. The essay also presents characters that didn’t meet the stereotype of women in the Anglo-Saxon period.

“He fears nothing, not even death, and possesses a unique physical strength; also, he is always prepared to sacrifice for his people’s welfare despite his old age as an ideal king.”

Prasanna wrote two essays: a long and a short one about Beowulf. In the extended essay, she talks about the epic’s impact on Anglo-Saxon literature. She also discusses the characters, themes, and lessons one can glean from analyzing the poem.

4. What Is the Role of Treasure in Beowulf? by Anonymous on SparkNotes

“In Beowulf, however, the Danes, Geats, and Swedes’ collective reverence for treasure is not represented as a shortcoming or moral weakness. In fact, the poem often uses treasure as a symbol of the Scandinavian people’s most cherished cultural values.”

Many stories have used treasure as a tool to show the true character of their heroes and villains. This essay delves into how treasure symbolizes prosperity and stability in Beowulf instead of greed and corruption. It also mentions how other characters’ value is on par with the treasure.

“Beowulf is victorious in all of his battles; however, in doing this he lives in isolation; never marries and has no close friends.”

This essay summarizes the poem before critiquing its hero and his values. It also compares Beowulf with his enemies and considers the differences between the animated film and its source material.

For help with your essays, check out our round-up of the best essay checkers .

12 Creative Prompts On Essays About Beowulf

Take a look at our writing prompt to help you get started on your essay. If you don’t know which topic to focus on, consider the different essay prompts listed below.

Beowulf is more than a poem about a legendary warrior and their pursuits. Despite being one of the oldest stories in English literature, it holds many relevant lessons for modern audiences. Share what you learn from the epic poem. Did it affect your life?

Although Beowulf doesn’t have the same impact on the modern lifestyle as newer pieces of literature, it has applicable lessons, relatable characters, and challenging topics that many contemporary works don’t tackle anymore. In your essay, discuss how Beowulf can be used in modern times and how it can inspire people to lead a different way of life.

The epic poem Beowulf is rich with monsters like Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and a dragon. These monsters have different functions and symbolism. Write your essay discussing these monsters and what they stand for. You can also include what you think they represent in the poem; are they symbolizing something in real life? Delve into this question for a compelling essay.

Like most epics, the poem Beowulf portrays many battles where good wins against evil. In your essay, you can present the apparent good and evil in the poem, then share your thoughts on why they are labeled so.

How did Beowulf inspire or impact you while reading and analyzing the poem? Discuss your thoughts, feelings, and opinions about the literature with a reflective essay. Discuss your reaction to the characters’ actions, understanding their motives, and other similar topics.

The epic poem focuses on the hero Beowulf for many reasons. The king of the Danes has many great and inspiring traits. His actions and words also reflected some lacking or undesirable characteristics that made him a flawed character. Share your thoughts about these negative traits in your essay.

Ancient kings found power with the help of loyal subjects and warriors. In Beowulf, the Danish king had his group of dedicated warriors fighting alongside him in battle. Your essay about loyalty portrayed in Beowulf can focus on this and other portrayals of loyalty.

Beowulf is still discussed in schools and universities today because it has qualities that other works of literature don’t. It’s well-preserved, rich in ancient culture, depicts old practices, and more. Consider using this essay prompt to analyze the story’s uniqueness and why it remains a must-read piece today.

If technicalities are your specialty, consider this essay prompt. Here, you can write about the formal elements in the poem. Focus on technical aspects, like style and tone.

You can discuss Beowulf in comparison with another Old English classic. The stories of Beowulf and King Arthur have many similarities. But they also differ in the monsters they fight, the values they hold, and others. Use this prompt if you’ve already analyzed the story of King Arthur and Beowulf.

Today, superheroes, edgy yet quirky romantics, and secret agents make up the main characters in an array of literary genres. If you love keeping up to date on the latest literary heroes, you’ll also love this essay prompt. With it, you can compare Beowulf with contemporary protagonists like Katniss Everdeen or Harry Potter.

Everyone reacts to trials and hardships differently. Some come out stronger, while others develop negativity after surviving life challenges. If you are interested in people and how they react to difficult situations, you might enjoy writing this prompt. It also helps to compare Beowulf’s reactions to tests with some firsthand experiences you’ve witnessed.

Check out these essay writing tips for a stellar output!

Maria Caballero is a freelance writer who has been writing since high school. She believes that to be a writer doesn't only refer to excellent syntax and semantics but also knowing how to weave words together to communicate to any reader effectively.

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Beowulf - List of Free Essay Examples And Topic Ideas

Beowulf, an epic poem from the early Middle Ages, is one of the most important works of Old English literature. Essays on Beowulf might explore the narrative structure, characters, themes of heroism, loyalty, and mortality. Additionally, discussions could delve into the historic and cultural context in which Beowulf was written, the Christian and pagan elements within the text, and the poem’s enduring legacy in the canon of English literature. Comparisons might also be drawn with other epic heroes and narratives, or the modern reinterpretations and adaptations of the Beowulf saga. A vast selection of complimentary essay illustrations pertaining to Beowulf you can find in Papersowl database. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

Anglo Saxon Values in Beowulf

In the longest epic poem of Old English, Beowulf, there are many symbols, allusions, and traditions weaved through out the historical piece. Anglo-Saxon tradition in Beowulf accurately illustrates and is effected by the traditions of Anglo-Saxon culture. By comparing and contrasting Anglo-Saxon values to the text of Beowulf, we are able to analyze how Beowulf was composed and influenced by the culture. We therefore, are able to dissect where the values or ideas of Anglo-Saxon culture may have been exaggerated […]

Beowulf Good Vs Evil

In the relationship between the individual and society, Beowulf is glorified as a hero and has a long tenure as king due to him following the warrior code of ethics. Set in the Anglo-Saxon society, people during this time lived in constant jeopardy as war was extremely rampant. These poor conditions only allowed men of great bravery and courage to be admired by the people. Characters in the poem take pride in ancestors who have acted courageously, and they attempt […]

Grendel is not Necessarily a Monster

The epic poem Beowulf portrays a story about a hero, Beowulf, fighting several monsters, including Grendel and his mother, and a dragon that eventually kills him. Grendel, a novel by John Gardner, describes situations that led Grendel to become who he is in Beowulf and helps readers understand the motives behind his behaviors. Some might argue that the monster is Grendel; however, after reading both texts, I argue that Grendel is not necessarily a monster. Instead, humans are the real […]

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Beowulf Character Analysis

In the legendary poem “Beowulf”, which was produced anonymously by an Anglo-Saxon poet, Beowulf is the great warrior of the Geats. Beowulf comes to the aid of Hrothgar who is the king of the Danes because Herot is being attacked by the great monster, Grendel. In short, Beowulf kills Grendel with his bare hands by ripping off his arm and his mother by sword. On the surface, one can interpret the poem as a great entertainer. Much like popular works […]

The Iliad and Beowulf

The Iliad and Beowulf are both epic poems. Poems have requirements to be considered an epic. The poems have a similarities and differences. Both of these poems have a heroic figure that determines the fate and destiny of nations, interact with supernatural beings, and have similar themes. In both poems, the actions of the hero determine the fate of their people. In Beowulf, Grendel must be stopped at all costs. Beowulf stabs him deep in the shoulder. So deep in […]

Grendel’s Mother Illustrates

There are three very complex monsters in the poem. Grendel's mother is the symbol of Cain from the Bible. Grendel symbolizes man's sin and greed. Grendel is the monster from Hell. God condemned him because of Cain and Abel. Grendel has the kindom under his control. Grendel appreance is odd looking. Beowulf then rescues the kingdom from Grendel, and therefore from their actions of their gluttony. The dragon represents evil. The dragon is represents the seperent and could be thught […]

Beowulf Christianity Vs Paganism

Fate and allusions play big role in the telling of the epic poem “Beowulf”, translation by Seamus Heaney. But the most prevalent, and most important is the Christian allusions. Unlike books, and poems today “Beowulf” contains many Biblical references, for example that any success, power, wealth is a gift from Gods grace or that Gods protection must be earned, that shapes the way the epic poem is told by instilling Christian beliefs into the characters un-Christian behaviors. Throughout the story, […]

Beowulf and Grendel Comparison

Beowulf is a heroic epic poem written by an anonymous Anglo-Saxon poet, circa 1000 A.D, making it one of the oldest surviving literary works in Old English Literature. Beowulf follows the story of a young Geatish warrior who uses his strength, courage, and bravery to slay a monster named Grendel, who terrorizes the kingdom of Hrothgar, the King of the Danes. In Beowulf, Grendel is depicted as a man-eating monster who represents evil and is a descendant of Cain, the […]

Many Epic Heroes Throughout the Course of History

There have been many epic heroes throughout the course of history. Some of these heroes include Odysseus, King Arthur, and Siegfried. Epic heroes are legendary, having their stories passed down through generations. These heroes each experienced trials and hardships, eventually being able to overcome their obstacles in various ways. They were forces of good, fighting evil noted in their legends. Beowulf can be seen as a fellow epic hero by sharing characteristics of the heroic heroes. These characteristics allow them […]

Beowulf Poem Vs Movie

The poem Beowulf describes his continued quest for glory; with a moral directed at young adults and teens warning them of the emptiness caused by putting their career before family and friends. During his life he made a singular commitment not to have a family in order that he may prevail when challenged in combat. He gave no thought to being married and baring heirs, in lieu of living a solitary life. His military training taught him to travel at […]

The Hero’s Journey in Beowulf

Beowulf is an old English epic, if not the oldest. In which he aids Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, because his Heorot hall is in danger due to Grendel. The Heorot hall is very significant because Hrothgar created it. Grendel is a reckless and violent monster who has been unhappy ever since he was born. Beowulf is not only able to kill Grendel when he goes to attack the Heorot, but also Grendel's mother. Beowulf is a hero who […]

Translated by Burton Raffel

Beowulf, translated by Burton Raffel is a story that fits perfectly into the epic hero genre. Beowulf, the main protagonist, is a Geat with superhuman abilities that takes down the evil within the Danish land. He is the definition of a hero. He is a courageous leader who takes down evil and brings peace to the people he is protecting. Throughout the story Beowulf is faced with many challenges, but at the end he is able to overcome them no […]

The Story of Beowulf

The story of Beowulf has been passed down from generation to generation. Beowulf has all the ideal characteristics of an Anglo-Saxon hero. The story tells about a brave fighter with inhuman strength that defeats and kills two descendants of Cain. In old age the warrior even manages to kill a dragon, which eventually would lead to his death. Beowulf's author is unknown, but the character Beowulf represents how the Anglo-Saxons imagined their glory seeking heroes' to be because he is […]

Hubris Leaders in the Odyssey and Beowulf

Margaret MacMillan once said, “Hubris is interesting, because you get people who are often very clever, very powerful, have achieved great things, and then something goes wrong––they just don't know when to stop.” This quote is evident in both epic poems Beowulf, by an unknown author, translated by Seamus Heaney and The Odyssey, by Homer. These works tell the tales in which two separate leaders fight the unimaginable fight; however, they both struggle to find a balance between confidence and […]

The Battles Amongst Beowulf

In the Old English poem Beowulf, the interpretation of monsters is revealed by the relation between the hero Beowulf and the monsters Grendel, Grendel's mother and the dragon. These strange creatures including the humanoid monster Grendel and his mother and the fire-breathing dragon whose breath bursts from the rock' (l. 2557) commit catastrophic acts towards human. Yet, each of the monsters possess their own reasons regarding to their evil deeds. Whereas, Grendel is displeasured with the peoples of the Danes […]

The Women in Beowulf

There are three very complex monsters in the short story. Grendel’s mother is the symbol of Cain from the Bible. Grendel symbolizes man’s sin and greed. Grendel is the monster from Hell. God condemned him because of Cain and Abel. Grendel has the kingdom under his control. Grendel appearance is odd looking. Beowulf then rescues the kingdom from Grendel, and therefore from their actions of their gluttony. The dragon represents evil. The dragon is represents the serpent and could be […]

Good Works Without Hoping

Is it possible to do good works without hoping for something in return? In Beowulf, an epic poem that was written at the end of the tenth century, the protagonist Beowulf performs many great deeds. However, it is not clear whether he did them for Hygelac and the good of the Danes or for his own pride. An examination of Beowulf's speeches and stated motivations can help answer this question. Ultimately, although Beowulf seems to be a loyal subject of […]

Heorot in Beowulf Epic Poem

In English literature, an epic poem is a continuous long journey that a hero takes in order to overcome great boundaries and dangers. Epic poems were the first forms of literature to be told orally. In the early ages, epic poems would emphasize cultural values and traditions. Beowulf is the story of a man who becomes a hero when desperate help is needed at the Heorot by Hrothgar, King of Danes. There are multiple examples that resemble the journey Beowulf […]

Beowulf Story Began in Modern Time

Beowulf story began in modern time. The story Beowulf was design in many different styles. The story was written in the time of 449 A.D. when the Anglo-Saxons invasion began. During this time multiple colonies were invading England to colonies. This was important because of how much the colonies were similar in warrior culture. While the England was changing from Christian to and paganism culture. The changing of their religion played a major role on some of the events that […]

Beowulf is One of the most Highly Favored

Beowulf is one of the most highly favored Anglo-Saxon epic poems of the Anglo-Saxon period. The only thing known for sure is that Beowulf is a poem of narration of 3,182 lines and that it was converted to manuscript somewhere between tenth and twelfth centuries. The logistics behind Beowulf are unknown. The answers to the questions who wrote it, when did they write it, where was it written, or what was the purpose of writing it are all uncertain (Anglo-Saxon […]

Beowulf: between Myth and History

Beowulf was bound to get praise from different sectors of the world where some revered him as a hero because of the exploits which he had in defeating his enemies and creatures which had come to terrorize his people. The narrative that the author brings to focus is the role which people have come to understand Beowulf with and where the history of that tale came to have an origin. The myth and history section that I have chosen is […]

An Epic Hero is a Brave

An epic hero is a brave and noble character in an epic poem, admired for great achievements or affected by grand events. Beowulf was a perfect example of an epic hero because he was very loyal, brave, and hard-working. He was very good at everything and had many characteristics that made him an epic hero. Everyone looked up to Beowulf because he protected them. Everyone knew they could trust in Beowulf's word because he was very trustworthy. Beowulf was loyal […]

The Elements of Christianity in Beowulf

Beowulf introduces a number of religious aspects the entire way through the story such as continuously particularize stating that God is his protector and his savior. For example when Beowulf relates his hard fought and long vital battle with Grendel’s Mother, he states that “the fight would have ended straight away if God had not guarded (protecting) me” this showed that God had helped him through the fight against Grendel’s mother a much stronger being than Beowulf. Then later on […]

The Epic Beowulf is a Story

The epic Beowulf is a story of a supernatural hero purging supernatural enemies from the world. This standard concept alone is simple enough, however, the symbolism is hidden in many ways. One of the major under-the-surface reflections of the story is that Hrothgar and Beowulf are written to be the same person, only as two split personalities that contrast from each other. Writers and storytellers tend to position themselves within the tales they pass on. As egotistical as it is, […]

Beowulf and Sir Gawain: Compare and Contrast

Beowulf and Sir Gawain are very noble and honorable warriors. But, they are both very different. In both the epic poems they relate back to heroes that are “legendary” and have “awe-inspiring lore”, having the protagonists undergo strenuous journeys and fulfilling their deeds of good riches. Creating the image of their struggles and how they overcame it in their society. To start they are both heros, A hero is the main character in a story who is noble and courageous, […]

Beowulf as a Hero and Leader

Hero's is a person who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. Beowulf was Epic poem about Beowulf fighting three monsters and defeating two of them. The epic poem Beowulf describes the most heroic man of the Anglo-Saxon times. Beowulf is the hero He shows that he is a great man by always doing brave things, he is a leader and courageous. He shows all of the qualities and traits that a true hero possesses. Throughout […]

The Mead Hall

The Mead Hall can be seen as the heart of a Hrothgar's kingdom in the epic Beowulf', the reason behind this is it offers coziness and warmth to the warriors and the villagers. Because of this, the merit of the mead halls were ineffable. Often, the Mead Hall's would be embellished in all kinds of gold and different forms of jewelry, since it is the most important building in the Anglo Saxon Culture. Heorot is the palatial mead hall in […]

Beowulf Epic Hero

A hero can be defined in many different ways. Some of the characteristics heroes often possess include bravery, strength, persistence, and loyalty. In the poem Beowulf, the main character, Beowulf, is a Scandinavian prince who embodies many of these heroic qualities. Beowulf is a poem that was written anonymously between the 8th and the early 11th centuries; this was a time when the Anglo-Saxons ruled most of Northern Europe. Beowulf is about a man who sails to Denmark to fight […]

Beowulf Vs Hercules Comparison

The origins of the two heroes, Beowulf and Hercules, are associated with divine heroes. They were honorary and royal servants of their country and communities, they lead their communities to heroic events and battles. In most of their stories, the two warriors usually have a successful ending. These two concerns were of similar European origins. To be more specific, these two concerns have inspired two different generations in German history ("Compare and contrast Beowulf and Hercules"). Hercules came before Beowulf. […]

Beowulf and Judith Comparison

According to the book, The Norton Anthology, English Literature, “Beowulf is the oldest of the great long poems written in English more than twelve hundred years ago. It is now widely believed that Beowulf is the work of a single poet who was a Christian and that his poem reflects well-established Christian tradition.” The Norton Anthology, English Literature book states, “One of the biblical books from which Elfric drew material was the Book of Judith. We do not know the […]

How To Write an Essay About Beowulf

Understanding the epic of 'beowulf'.

Before embarking on writing an essay about 'Beowulf,' it's imperative to have a thorough understanding of the epic poem. 'Beowulf' is one of the earliest known works in English literature, an epic tale that recounts the heroic deeds of its eponymous protagonist. Begin your essay by exploring the historical and literary context of 'Beowulf'. This includes understanding the Anglo-Saxon culture, the poem's oral tradition, and its themes such as heroism, loyalty, and the struggle between good and evil. Having a solid grasp of these elements will provide a strong foundation for your essay.

Developing a Thesis Statement

Your essay should be guided by a clear, concise thesis statement. This statement will determine the focus of your essay and should offer a unique perspective on 'Beowulf'. Your thesis could address a wide range of topics, from the exploration of its thematic elements to its significance in Anglo-Saxon literature, or even a character analysis of Beowulf himself. Ensure that your thesis is specific and debatable, setting the stage for a compelling argument.

Analyzing the Text

A critical part of your essay will be the analysis of the text. Use specific examples from 'Beowulf' to support your thesis. This might include analyzing key scenes, discussing the development of characters, or exploring the use of symbols and motifs. Pay attention to the poem's language, style, and structure. Your analysis should go beyond summarizing the plot and delve into a deeper examination of how these elements contribute to the overall meaning of the poem.

Addressing Critical Perspectives

In addition to your own analysis, consider incorporating critical perspectives on 'Beowulf' from scholarly sources. This might include academic articles, literary critiques, or historical analyses. Discussing these perspectives can provide a broader understanding of the poem's significance and its reception over time. Be sure to critically evaluate these sources and integrate them effectively into your argument.

Concluding Your Essay

Conclude your essay by summarizing your main points and restating your thesis in light of the analysis you have provided. Your conclusion should tie together your analysis and critical perspectives, offering a final insight into the poem's significance or its impact on literature. A strong conclusion will leave your reader with a deeper understanding of 'Beowulf' and the reasons for its enduring value in the literary canon.

Review and Edit

Finally, review and edit your essay for clarity, coherence, and grammatical accuracy. Ensure that your arguments are well-organized and your evidence is clearly presented. Consider seeking feedback from peers or instructors to further refine your essay. A well-written and meticulously edited essay will effectively convey your insights on 'Beowulf' and demonstrate your understanding of this seminal work in English literature.

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Essay Samples on Beowulf

Beowulf and batman: compare and contrast analysis of two heroes.

Two iconic figures from literature and pop culture, Beowulf and Batman, may seem worlds apart in terms of time and context. However, when we delve into their characteristics, motivations, and roles, striking similarities and intriguing differences emerge. This essay explores the comparison and contrast between...

Analysis of Beowulf Compared to Modern Day Heroes

Throughout history, tales of heroic individuals have captured the imagination and admiration of people across cultures. From the legendary epic of Beowulf to the narratives of modern day heroes, the concept of heroism has evolved while maintaining its core ideals. This essay delves into a...

Beowulf Hero

How Beowulf Is an Epic Hero: the Features of the Heroic Archetype

How is Beowulf an epic hero? In the realm of ancient literature, the figure of Beowulf stands as an exemplar of the epic hero, embodying qualities that elevate him to legendary status. This essay delves into the epic poem "Beowulf" to explore the attributes and...

The Depiction of Loyalty in "Beowulf", “Count on Me”, and "The Death of General Warren"

Introduction In any prosperous relationship or community, whether it be King Hrothgar’s kingdom or United States citizens under the President, there is one quality that all of its people must have to prevent the collapse of harmony: Loyalty. Three examples include Beowulf, an Old English...

Gender Inequality and Gender Roles in The Iliad, Beowulf and Other Ancient Literature

Throughout literature, it is clear that women’s social positions were more limited than the roles of men. Since men have published majority of early literature, discrimination conintues to taint the greater amount of it. The female characters are usually given negative traits such as, lying,...

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Gender Roles in the Iliad: The Role of Women in the Homer's Work

Women have always fulfilled integral roles in society. However, the duties undertaken by women have been evolving as the society ages, with each subsequent era redefining the role of women in society. A good way of observing societal roles for either gender is by reviewing...

The Allegory In The Beowulf Poem

“Greed is a bottomless pit which exhausts the person in an endless effort to satisfy the need without ever reaching satisfaction.” An excerpt from Erich Fromm, a German-born American social psychologist, and Humanistic philosopher who studies individuals good and bad mental states by observing their...

Allegory in Literature

Literacy Review Of The Fall Of The House Of Usher And Beowulf

Introduction There are about 7.53 billion people in this world, and each one undergoes its own hardships. Many fictional characters carry the same burdens as legitimate people because many times they are reflections of someone’s personal experiences. Roderick from “The Fall of the House of...

The Fall of The House of Usher

The Hero's Perspective Of Good And Evil In Beowulf

In this essay the theme of Beowulf and the characteristics of heroism are going to determine if Beowulf was a hero or a villain. This paper is going to list the stereotypical traits of a hero and then compare Beowulf to some of today 's...

Good and Evil

The Philosophical Concept Of Evil And Good In Beowulf

In society today, we like to judge people and put a label on them before even meeting them. In the book Grendel by John Gardner, we can see the good side and bad side from the main character, Grendel. We see in today’s world, how...

How Literary Works Beowulf And The Wanderer Reflected On Past And Culture Of The Anglo-saxon World

The past is a very important part of Anglo-Saxon life. Their culture, inherited from the Germanic tribes when they invaded Britain in the 5th century, is centered on a warrior tradition that celebrates past deeds and victories (“Anglo-Saxon”). On the other hand, it frowns upon...

Anglo Saxon

Comparing Two Battles in Beowulf: Reflections of Anglo-Saxon Ideals

Beowulf is an epic poem written in Old English that portrays the Anglo-Saxon culture of the medieval period. It tells the story of a hero, Beowulf, who battles various monsters to defend his kingdom. The poem's focus on the value of courage, honor, and loyalty...

Gender Roles

Prominent Role of Women in the Novels The Wife of Bath's Tale, Beowulf, and Sir Gawain and The Green Knight

The stereotype that “women had no place in the masculine, death-centered world” has always been an issue. This may be as a result of the consequences of male courage and superiority; therefore, the importance of women is presumably reduced. However, their emergence in homes and...

Sir Gawain and The Green Knight
Wife of Bath

Freud's Theories in the Psychoanalysis of Beowulf

Beowulf is an Old English epic poem written by an unknown author. Despite the age of this work, it can be analyzed in terms of various literary theories. Beowulf, among others, includes elements related to psychoanalysis, whose precursor was Sigmund Freud. This Austrian neurologist born...

Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud

Le Morte D'Arthur and Beowulf: A Cultural Analysis

Throughout historic times in which war was rampant, a hero of the age always seemed to follow suit. In the audacious tales of Le Morte D’Arthur and Beowulf, the epic poems describe the most heroic men of the chivalric and Anglo- Saxon times. It is...

Biblical Worldview
Le Morte d'Arthur

Beowulf's Idea of Being Mortal and Becoming Immortal

Can you imagine waking up to screams and people crying bodies and blood everywhere? Imagine not being able to do anything. From waking up to seeing Grendel going through houses and then you see Beowulf coming to save you. Mortality in Beowulf is very present...

Immortality
Philosophy of Life

The Use of Characterisation to Inspire Readers in Ransom and Beowulf

Through the use of characterisation, the true identities and traits of characters are able to be revealed to readers, particularly when viewed through qualities such as leadership. Collectively, this leads to narrative meaning becoming a tool that initiates thinking through the use of emotive language...

Under the Influence of Christianity in the Poem Beowulf

The epic poem Beowulf, written centuries ago by an unknown author, takes the reader back to a time of intense battles and raging monsters in the night. Many who have read this passage have taken note of the multiple references towards the Bible. This may...

Christian Worldview

The Theme of Heroism in John Gardner's Grendel and Burton Raffel's Beowulf

A hero can be defined in many ways; the hero’s can see themselves as a hero and society can see them as more of a villain, or society can see them as a hero but in their eyes they are as evil as it comes....

Compare and Contrast: Beowulf and Grendel

People think of evil and danger when thinking of Grendel. Grendel is one of the enemy’s Beowulf has to destroy. But in the novel Grendel he is shown more advanced his personality is shown while the killing sprees happen. Grendel is shown to have a...

Representation of the Theme of Revenge Through the Characters in Beowulf

In the epic poem Beowulf, there is one prominent way that virtually every major character can be compared: the actions that they take against one another are caused by a desire for revenge due to events in the past. Each of the three primary monsters...

Beowulf’s Internal Demons: Pride and Greed for Glory

In Beowulf, translated by Seamus Heany, man’s perception of himself impacts his decisions to behave the way he does. Beowulf is a humble warrior who credits his prowess in battle to God’s divine intervention. He battled realistic and internal demons that started becoming a challenge...

Analysis of the 12 Steps of Hero's Journey in Beowulf

In modern-day movies and novels, the hero captures the audience's attention as they take on an epic journey. In literature, an epic poem is described as a long narrative poem outlining the heroic events taken by a character of high status. Society obsesses over the...

The Hero's Journey

Heroism of Anglo-Saxon Culture in Beowulf

Most people within today’s society have heard about a group called the Vikings. However, not many people have heard about or are taught about a group called the Anglo-Saxons. The Anglo-Saxon group survived from around the early fifth century until about the year 1066. This...

Symbolism Of The Battles In The Epic Of Beowulf

Many authors tend to put symbolism in stories to portray something that plays an important role later in events, such as in the epic Beowulf. In this epic, the author uses symbolism to portray the stages of Beowulf’s life through a battle involving himself and...

The Analysis Of The Beowulf Character

Beowulf is not a hero, and he proves this himself throughout the poem. He is idolized as a hero and has all the traits of a hero, and almost everyone who reads this will agree, but when you go deeper into the meaning of the...

Best topics on Beowulf

1. Beowulf and Batman: Compare and Contrast Analysis of Two Heroes

2. Analysis of Beowulf Compared to Modern Day Heroes

3. How Beowulf Is an Epic Hero: the Features of the Heroic Archetype

4. The Depiction of Loyalty in “Beowulf”, “Count on Me”, and “The Death of General Warren”

5. Gender Inequality and Gender Roles in The Iliad, Beowulf and Other Ancient Literature

6. Gender Roles in the Iliad: The Role of Women in the Homer’s Work

7. The Allegory In The Beowulf Poem

8. Literacy Review Of The Fall Of The House Of Usher And Beowulf

9. The Hero’s Perspective Of Good And Evil In Beowulf

10. The Philosophical Concept Of Evil And Good In Beowulf

11. How Literary Works Beowulf And The Wanderer Reflected On Past And Culture Of The Anglo-saxon World

12. Comparing Two Battles in Beowulf: Reflections of Anglo-Saxon Ideals

13. Prominent Role of Women in the Novels The Wife of Bath’s Tale, Beowulf, and Sir Gawain and The Green Knight

14. Freud’s Theories in the Psychoanalysis of Beowulf

15. Le Morte D’Arthur and Beowulf: A Cultural Analysis

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Literature Notes
Major Themes in Beowulf
Poem Summary
About Beowulf
Character List
Summary and Analysis
Lines 1-193
Lines 194-606
Lines 607-836
Lines 837-1062
Lines 1063-1250
Lines 1251-1491
Lines 1492-1650
Lines 1651-1887
Lines 1888-2199
Lines 2200-2400
Lines 2401-2630
Lines 2631-2820
Lines 2821-3182
Character Analysis
Grendel's Mother
Character Map
The Beowulf Poet
The Beowulf Manuscript
Critical Essays
Major Symbols in Beowulf
Famous Quotes from Beowulf
Film Versions of Beowulf
Full Glossary for Beowulf
Essay Questions
Practice Projects
Cite this Literature Note

Critical Essays Major Themes in Beowulf

A theme in a literary work is a recurring, unifying subject or idea, a motif that allows us to understand more deeply the character and their world. In Beowulf, the major themes reflect the values and the motivations of the characters.

One of the central themes of Beowulf, embodied by its title character, is loyalty. At every step of his career, loyalty is Beowulf's guiding virtue.

Beowulf comes to the assistance of the Danes (Scyldings) for complicated reasons. Certainly he is interested in increasing his reputation and gaining honor and payment for his own king back in Geatland. However, we soon learn that a major motivation is a family debt that Beowulf owes to Hrothgar. The young Geat is devoted to the old king because Hrothgar came to the assistance of Beowulf's father, Ecgtheow, years before. Now deceased, Ecgtheow had killed a leader of another tribe in a blood feud. When the tribe sought vengeance, Hrothgar, then a young king, sheltered Beowulf's father and settled the feud by paying tribute (wergild) in the form of "fine old treasures" (472) to Ecgtheow's enemies. Hrothgar even remembers Beowulf as a child. The tie between the families goes back many years, and Beowulf is proud to be able to lend his loyal services to Hrothgar.

When the hero returns to Geatland, he continues his loyalty to his uncle and king, Hygelac, risking his life even when the tactics of the ruler are not the best. After Hygelac is killed in an ill-advised raid on Frisia, Beowulf makes a heroic escape (2359 ff.) back to Geatland. Beowulf could become king then but is more loyal than ambitious. Queen Hygd offers Beowulf the throne after her husband dies, thinking that her young son (Heardred) is unable to protect the kingdom; Beowulf refuses and serves the young king faithfully. After Heardred is killed, Beowulf does become king and rules with honor and fidelity to his office and his people for 50 years. In his final test, the burden of loyalty will rest on other, younger shoulders.

Preparing for his last battle, with the fiery dragon, Beowulf puts his trust in 11 of his finest men, retainers who have vowed to fight to the death for him. Although the now elderly king insists on taking on the dragon alone, he brings along the 11 in case he needs them. When it is apparent that Beowulf is losing the battle to the dragon, however, all but one of his men run and hide in the woods. Only Wiglaf, an inexperienced thane who has great respect for his king, remains loyal. Wiglaf calls to the others in vain. Realizing that they will be no help and that his king is about to be killed, he stands beside the old man to fight to the death — theirs or the dragon's. For Beowulf, sadly, it is the end. Although he and Wiglaf kill the dragon, the king dies. As he dies, Beowulf passes the kingdom on to the brave and loyal Wiglaf.

Another motivating factor for Beowulf — and a central theme in the epic — is reputation. From the beginning, Beowulf is rightly concerned about how the rest of the world will see him. He introduces himself to the Scyldings by citing achievements that gained honor for him and his king. When a drunken Unferth verbally assaults Beowulf at the first banquet, at issue is the hero's reputation. Unferth's slur is the worst kind of insult for Beowulf because his reputation is his most valuable possession. Reputation is also the single quality that endures after death, his one key to immortality. That's why Beowulf later leaves the gold in the cave beneath the mere, after defeating the mother, preferring to return with Grendel's head and the magic sword's hilt rather than treasure. He has and continues to amass treasures; his intent now is in building his fame.

Unferth's slur accuses Beowulf of foolishly engaging in a seven-day swimming contest on the open sea, as a youth, and losing. If Beowulf can't win a match like that, Unferth asserts, he surely can't defeat Grendel. Beowulf defends his reputation with such grace and persuasion that he wins the confidence of King Hrothgar and the rest of the Danes. He points out that he swam with Breca for five nights, not wanting to abandon the weaker boy. Rough seas then drove them apart, and Beowulf had to kill nine sea monsters before going ashore in the morning. His reputation intact, Beowulf prepares to meet Grendel and further enhance his fame.

As he discusses Beowulf's later years, the poet lists the virtues (2177 ff.) leading to the great man's fine reputation. Beowulf is courageous and famous for his performance in battle but equally well known for his good deeds. Although aggressive in war, Beowulf has "no savage mind" (2180) and never kills his comrades when drinking, an important quality in the heroic world of the mead-hall. Beowulf respects the gifts of strength and leadership that he possesses.

As he prepares to meet the dragon, near the end of the poem, now King Beowulf again considers his reputation. He insists on facing the dragon alone despite the fact that his death will leave his people in jeopardy. Hrothgar's Sermon warned Beowulf of the dangers of pride, and some critics have accused the great warrior of excessive pride (hubris) in the defense of his reputation. A more considerate judgment might be that Beowulf is an old man with little time left and deserves the right to die as a warrior. The final words of the poem, stating that Beowulf was "most eager for fame' (3182), might be best understood by a modern audience by remembering that, in Beowulf's world, fame is synonymous with reputation.

Generosity and Hospitality

The Scyldings' King Hrothgar and Queen Wealhtheow embody the themes of generosity and hospitality. The code of the comitatus is at the heart of the Beowulf epic. In this system, the king or feudal lord provides land, weapons, and a share of treasure to his warriors (called thanes or retainers) in return for their support of the leader in battle. The leader's generosity is one of his highest qualities. There are more than 30 different terms for "king" in the poem, and many of them have to do with this role as provider. He is the "ring-giver' (35) or the "treasure-giver" (607); his seat of power is the "gift-throne" (168).

When booty is seized from an enemy in battle, everything goes to the king. He then allots treasure to each warrior according to the man's achievements as a soldier. When Beowulf defeats Grendel and Grendel's mother, he expects and receives great riches as his reward, including a golden banner, helmet, and mail-shirt, as well as a jeweled sword, magnificent horses with golden trappings that hang to the ground, a gem-studded saddle, and a golden collar. Such generosity is emblematic of Hrothgar's character. In turn, Beowulf will present these treasures to his own king, Hygelac, who will then honor Beowulf with appropriate gifts. Propriety/generosity is, thus, a crucial part of the political, military, social, and economic structure of the culture.

Wealhtheow shares in the gift giving and is the perfect hostess. When she serves mead in Heorot, it is an act of propriety and diplomacy, attending first to her king and then to various guests, paying special attention to Beowulf. An improper queen would be one like Modthrytho (1931 ff.) who was so inhospitable as to have her own warriors executed for the offense of merely looking into her eyes.

Hospitality is such an established part of the culture that the poet feels free to refer to it with casual humor. When Beowulf reports to Hrothgar on his victory over Grendel (957 ff.), he ironically speaks in terms of hospitality. He tried, he says, to "welcome my enemy" (969) with a firm handshake but was disappointed when he received only a "visitor's token" (971), Grendel's giant claw, "that dear [meaning 'precious'] gift" (973), a kind of macabre gratuity for services rendered. Beowulf had, ironically speaking, tried to be the perfect host; but he wanted the entire ogre body as his tip . Grendel left only his claw as a cheap compensation.

Despite Unferth's jealous rant at the first banquet, the most serious embodiment of envy in the poem is Grendel. The ogre who has menaced Hrothgar's people for 12 years is envious of the Danes because he can never share in mankind's hope or joy. The monster's motivation is one of the few undeniably Christian influences in the epic. Grendel is a descendant of Cain, the biblical son of Adam and Eve who killed his brother Abel out of jealousy (Genesis 4). The legend is that the monsters of the earth are Cain's descendants and eternally damned. Grendel resents men because God blesses them but will never bless him. The bright lights and sounds of joy emanating from Hrothgar's magnificent mead-hall, Heorot, especially annoy the ogre.

The scop 's "Song of Creation" angers Grendel because it reminds him of the light and hope of God's creation and the loss he suffers because of Cain's sin. Grendel stomps up from the mere to devour Danes and rule nightly over Heorot as a form of revenge stemming from this envy.

Revenge serves as a motivating factor for several characters throughout the poem, initially stirring Grendel and his mother. Grendel seeks revenge upon mankind for the heritage that he has been dealt. He delights in raiding Heorot because it is the symbol of everything that he detests about men: their success, joy, glory, and favor in the eyes of God. Grendel's mother's revenge is more specific. She attacks Heorot because someone there killed her son. Although she is smaller and less powerful than Grendel, she is motivated by a mother's fury. When Beowulf goes after her in the mere, she has the added advantage of fighting him in her own territory. As she drags him into her cave beneath the lake, her revenge peaks because this is the very man who killed her son. Only Beowulf's amazing abilities as a warrior and the intervention of God or magic can defeat her.

Revenge also motivates the many feuds that the poet refers to and is a way of life — and death — for the Germanic tribes. Old enmities die hard and often disrupt attempts at peace, as the poet recognizes. Upon his return to Geatland, Beowulf (2020 ff.) speculates about a feud between Hrothgar's Scyldings and the Heathobards, a tribe in southern Denmark with whom Hrothgar hopes to make peace through the marriage of his daughter. Beowulf is skeptical, envisioning a renewal of hostilities. In fact, the Heathobards do later burn Heorot in events not covered by the poem but probably familiar to its audience. Another example of revenge overcoming peace occurs in the Finnsburh section (1068-1159).

Beowulf's final battle is the result of vengeance. A dangerous fire-dragon seeks revenge because a fugitive slave has stolen a valuable cup from the monster's treasure-hoard. His raids across the countryside include the burning of Beowulf's home. Beowulf then seeks his own revenge by going after the dragon.

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100+ Beowulf Essay Topics: Fresh Ideas 2023

Many students look for great Beowulf essay topics when planning to win an essay competition. Every year, some medieval literature and history students decide to write about Beowulf. That’s because this story captures the imaginations of both the writers and the audiences. A student can try to draw Grendel and re-enact their fight with the mother. Nevertheless, selecting a topic for this essay is a challenge for many learners after reading the poem. This article highlights some of the best Beowulf topics for college and university students. But before that, let’s describe Beowulf.

What is Beowulf?

Beowulf is an old Anglo-Saxon poem with over 300 lines. This poem’s author is unknown, but he wrote it around the beginning of the 11th century. The author sets the story in Scandinavia, and it involves several wars.

The poem tackles several essential themes, and the writing style is crucial to scholars. Nevertheless, the main story is about Beowulf’s victory over the monster Grendel and the dragon. Professors ask students to select topics for their essays in this poem. Here are great ideas to consider if your teacher wants you to write an essay about Beowulf.

Awesome Beowulf Essay Prompts

Maybe you want to write an essay on an interesting Beowulf topic. In that case, consider these ideas for your paper.

Write a Beowulf essay about Anglo-Saxon values
Analyze the role of the monsters in the poem
Discuss an exciting passage in the poem
Does Beowulf glorify violence?
How does the author portray religious symbolism in the Beowulf poem?
Compare and contrast Beowulf poem and a movie of your choice
The ancestry value in Beowulf
Describe Beowulf as a bad or a good hero
Write a Beowulf good versus evil essay
How do characters react to gold in the poem?
Describe the three monsters and their characters
What does Beowulf’s character lack?
Analysis of the mead-hall in this Anglo-Saxon poem
What is the women’s role in this poem?
Discuss the digressions role in Beowulf
Is Beowulf a good leader?
Describe the heroic poetry elements
Elements of tone and style- The marches, meres, and fens effect
Contrast and compare modern society with the Beowulf society
Discuss the characteristics that make Grendel evil
Analyze the hero’s attitude towards his enemy
What is the function of treasure in Beowulf?
Are Beowulf’s characters psychologically complex than those in modern literature?
Describe how the author portrays good manners and honor in the Anglo-Saxon culture
Is Beowulf concerned with the perception of the world towards him?
Describe bravery as a theme in this poem
Explain how revenge drives Grendel and the mother
Explain how the author portrays hospitality and generosity in the poem
Does death represent the end of a kingdom in Beowulf?
Explain how the author depicts Christianity influence in Beowulf
Describe the qualities of the monsters in Beowulf
Describe the role of the morality concept in Beowulf
Describe the typical characteristics of the epic hero in Beowulf
Beowulf versus Jesus- What are their similarities?
Describe the weapons, methods, and techniques Beowulf uses to fight the monsters
Explain how the poet and characters feel about gold
Explain the effects of seeking revenge in Beowulf
Why is reputation critical to the characters in the poem?
Analyze the essence of one symbol in Beowulf
The importance of Beowulf and the Pardoners Tale
The Queen’s role in Beowulf and GRE
Describe the allusions of the Old Testament in Beowulf
How Beowulf depicts the gender equality concept in society
Describe Beowulf’s characters leadership capacity
Describe the likable and detestable society features in the poem
What are the central ideas in Beowulf?
Describe fate twist for Beowulf
Compare and contrast Macbeth and Beowulf
Is Beowulf a good king and hero?
Explain why the Beowulf story focuses on the main character’s history as a hero and not a king

These are excellent essay prompts for students at different educational levels. Nevertheless, they require a careful analysis of the poem and other scholars’ works. That way, you can write a paper that will impress the educator to award you the best grade in your class.

Beowulf Research Paper Topics

Maybe, you want to write an excellent paper about Beowulf. In that case, consider these topics for your essay.

The correlation between Canterbury tales and Beowulf
Compare Beowulf the epic and Beowulf the movie
The better hero- Hercules versus Beowulf
The Odyssey and Beowulf triumphs and deeds
Describe archetypes in the poem Beowulf
Christian and pagan elements in Beowulf
The similarities and differences between Grendel’s mother grievances and human mother’s grievances
How ignorant or thoughtful was Beowulf?
Describe the importance of Unferth in Beowulf
Grendel’s mother reenactment upon receiving the news of her son’s death
Describe Beowulf’s personae as a leader
Is Beowulf preoccupied with glory?
The woman concept in the heroic culture and tradition of Beowulf
Describe lineage importance as seen in Beowulf
Describe Beowulf’s personality

These are exciting Beowulf research topics to explore when pursuing advanced studies. Nevertheless, they require adequate time to research and analyze information about Beowulf’s poem to develop a winning paper.

Exciting Beowulf Essay Questions

Maybe you want to write a Beowulf essay in which you answer some pertinent questions. If so, consider these queries.

What lessons do you learn from the Finn and Siegmund songs?
Can you consider the characters in Beowulf modern?
Is Beowulf capable of playing the nature of a hero and a king?
How do treasure and gold control the actions, beliefs, and actions of the characters in Beowulf?
What is the mother’s role in the heroic culture and tradition of Beowulf’s society?
How do the main characters influence the general story?
What is the relationship between his lordship and a warrior?
What is the mead-hall play’s role in the Anglo-Saxon warrior tradition?
Does Beowulf lack leadership skills?
Does the Beowulf poem portray society as traditional?
How does Beowulf depict the male dominance theme?
Do you like or hate Beowulf based on his negative and positive traits?
Is religion important to Beowulf’s society?
What is the importance of Grendel’s death?
Do Beowulf and his ancestor Cain have any similarities?
Was it wise for Beowulf to fight the dragon?
What are the primary qualities of a leader based on Beowulf’s poem?
Which was the most exciting fight for Beowulf and why?
Why did Beowulf fight the dragon, and what was its meaning for the kingdom?
Did Beowulf’s people accept his death?
Could the author have made Beowulf’s character better and stronger?

These are exciting questions to answer in an essay. Nevertheless, you require time to research any of these queries to develop an excellent paper, answer it, and exhibit in-depth analysis of the Beowulf poem.

Analytical Essay Topics for Beowulf

Maybe you love analyzing poems and books before writing essays about them. In that case, consider these topics for your Beowulf essay.

Comprehensive analysis of Beowulf’s society in comparison to modern society
Analysis of Beowulf symbols and their importance
Analyzing the consequences of revenging in Beowulf society- How can people solve problems without revenge?
Exploring the role of gold in Beowulf- How does it compare to money in modern society?
Investigating Beowulf’s fight and how the characters in the poem evolve
Analyzing Beowulf as a Christ figure while comparing him with the biblical Jesus
Analysis of Anglo-Saxon society and its concepts of good and evil as presented in Beowulf
Analysis of the women importance in Beowulf’s society
Analyzing monsters in Beowulf- Their qualities and why Grendel and her mother have human qualities
Examining the effects of the mortality concept and its impact on Beowulf’s society

These are exciting topics for a Beowulf thesis or essay. But like those in the other categories, these ideas require extensive research before writing. If you are worried about the result of your work, you can always buy custom essay from our professional helpers team.

Grendel Essay Topics

Maybe you want to write an essay focusing on Grendel only. In that case, consider these topics for your paper.

Describe the character of Grendel
How is Grendel’s death necessary in Beowulf?
Analyze Grendel’s life
What is the symbolic significance of Grendel’s claw in the poem?
A literary analysis of Grendel in the Beowulf poem

These are excellent topics for high school or college learners. Nevertheless, prepare to spend a significant amount of time reading and analyzing the Beowulf poem.

Beowulf Thesis Statement Ideas

Perhaps, you need ideas for your Beowulf essay thesis. That means you need something on which to base your essay. This category comprises the best ideas to explore.

The Anglo-Saxon culture’s value system as depicted in Beowulf
Language, alliteration, and traditions in Beowulf
The passive role of women in Beowulf
The essence of the dragon in Beowulf
The importance of peace-weavers and peacemakers as depicted in Beowulf

These statements can inspire you to write a winning paper. Nevertheless, take your time to extensively research your thesis statement and develop it into a fantastic essay.

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105 Beowulf Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on beowulf, ✍️ beowulf essay topics for college, 🎓 most interesting beowulf research titles, 💡 simple beowulf essay ideas, ❓ beowulf essay questions.

Beowulf: Comparing the Movie and the Book
The Rise of Western Civilization in Beowulf: Critical Analysis
Legends of British Literature: Beowulf and Macbeth
Medieval Imagination: Beowulf vs. Russian Mythos
An Ideal Hero in the “Beowulf” Old English Poem
Beowulf as a Tragic Hero of the Old English Warrior Culture
Themes in Beowulf: Annotated Bibliography
Grendel as a Personification of Evil in “Beowulf” Poem Beasts, especially Grendel, are of fundamental importance to the main themes of the poem “Beowulf”, giving it a sublime tone and high seriousness.
King Lear and Beowulf: Compare & Contrast English literature contains wonderful works related to royal families as well as common individuals that teach the readers ethical principles, moral lessons.
Heroism of Beowulf and Sir Gawain Comparison The ancient world is often characterized as a world of evil pagan belief systems, full of multiple gods and evil supernatural adversaries.
The Role and Significance of Women in “Beowulf” “Beowulf” is a poetic text in English literature depicting the events of a heroic man in the 6th century. This paper discusses the importance of female characters in “Beowulf”.
Beowulf, a Never Forgotten Hero The events narrated in Beowulf took place in an age where local lords and kings relied on their charisma and the loyalty of their men.
“Beowulf”, an Old English Epic Poem in the Tradition of Germanic Heroic Legend “Beowulf” is one of the perfect examples of a heroic epic. The poem describes the ancient Germanic legends dating back to pagan times.
Women in “Beowulf”, “Inferno”, and “The Nun’s Priest’s Tale” This paper aims to discuss the female characters’ prominent position in the poems “Beowulf,” “Inferno,” and “The Nun’s Priest’s Tale.”
Fate in Beowulf and Shakespeare’s Macbeth In Beowulf and Macbeth, the main characters were significantly influenced by fate; but it was feasible for them to make decisions and obtain control over life’s happenings.
Contemporary Literature: Beowulf, the Movie The Beowulf movie tries to heighten the characteristics of the epic of antiquity, where it simply starts in the middle (into the middle of certain affairs).
“Beowulf” & “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight” Comparison The epic of Beowulf portrays a condition of imminent disaster. This poem is a portrayal of the virtue of loyalty among the leaders and troops of that period.
Fate vs. Free Will in Beowulf, The Wanderer, and The Seafarer “Beowulf”, “The Seafarer”, and “The Wanderer” provide us with insight into the spiritual foundation of this civilization as being rather biologically than religiously defined.
The Inclusion of Cain in the “Beowulf”: Understanding Grendel’s Actions Scholars have long debated whether or not “Beowulf” is a Christian allegory or a wholly pagan work with only a smattering of Old Testament allusions.
Beowulf, The National Epic of the Anglo-Saxons This paper concentrates on the first episode, and presents a clear picture of the customs and traditions of the Anglo-Saxons and an understandable depiction of Beowulf’s character.
“Beowulf” and “The Lord of the Rings” Literary Comparison These two literary works demonstrate the way people, as well as people’s values, have changed throughout centuries. Thus, the protagonists of the two works start a quest to defeat the evil.
“Beowulf”: Character Analysis of the Epic Poem Beowulf was first written down sometime around 1000 AD, but there is evidence that the poem had been transferred through oral tradition for centuries.
Knights in Literature: Sir Gawain, Canterbury Tales, & Beowulf Analysis The paper will analysis the knight’s tales: “Beowulf”, “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”, “The Miller’s Tale”, “The Wife of Bath”, “The Nun’s Priest” and the “Pardoner”.
The Image of Epic Heroes in Gilgamesh, the Iliad, and Beowulf Gilgamesh from the Epic of Gilgamesh, Achilles and Agamemnon from The Iliad, and Beowulf from the epic Beowulf may serve as the best examples of epic characters, which represent the image of a hero.
Grendel’s Story in Poem “Beowulf” Grendel can be considered one of the most absorbing heroes in “Beowulf”. He has a bestial rage based on human emotions such as resentment and envy.
A Comparison of the Poem “Beowulf” With the Screenplay The poem “Beowulf” is based on the values of a different time and a different mentality, unlike the film, which only used the original idea.
Beowulf’s Path as a King in Beowulf by Seamus Heaney Throughout the story, Beowulf is shown as a brave and mighty warrior who wants to protect his people: Beowulf by Seamus Heaney.
Religion in “Beowulf”, “The Wife of Bath Tale”, and “The Nun’s Priest’s Tale” The three poems, “Beowulf”, “The Nun’s Priest Tale”, and “The Wife of Bath Tale”, have some religious twists. This paper shows how spirituality is a guide when applied with reason.
Beowulf’s Motivation for Slaying Grendel Being one of the oldest and by far most famous epic poems in English literature, “Beowulf” still remains an engaging and exciting story of magnificent proportions.
The Battle with Grendel’s Mother in the Beowulf Poem Grendel’s mother is one of the three main antagonists of the poem “Beowulf.” This paper examines the episode of the battle between her and the protagonist, Beowulf.
“Beowulf” Poem and Old English “Beowulf”, a poem, the creation of which dates back to the 8th century, is a work of literature that marks the start of the Old English language.
Review of “Beowulf” Poem by Heaney Seamus The article presents information about main monsters in “Beowulf” poem and discusses about its roles and impacts in the plot.
Beowulf as a Great Leader in the Old English Epic Poem As befits an epic hero, Beowulf possesses almost superhuman qualities when it comes to performing on a battlefield. His physical strength has no equal.
Main Character and Heroism in “Beowulf” Strength of character, dignity, and commitment all contribute to the theme of heroism in Beowulf, as evidenced by the events and actions of the main character.
Examination of the Heroes Beowulf and The Knight The heroes Beowulf and the Knight possess several matching and contrasting qualities, both manifesting a good individual’s traits and behaviors.
“Beowulf”: Cultural Elements of the Anglo-Saxon Piece of Literature The image of Beowulf infuses the feeling of something exotic and fantastic and his deeds are appraised as insane.
Grendel Character in “Beowulf”: An Analysis of Story In this story, the plot revolves around a warrior named Grendel and his mother. These main characters help the reader see the dark and terrifying side of a culture.
Western Civilization: Beowulf as a Hero Beowulf is a poem that was written in Old English by an unknown author somewhere around the seventh or the eighth century.
British Literature: Heroism in Beowulf, Gawain and Viola While Gawain and Viola present heroic qualities and features of the main characters, Beowulf describes is clearly seen as a true hero.
Christian Ethics and the Values of Being a Hero in the Epic of Beowulf
Bravery, Honor, and Selflessness in Battle: A Review of Beowulf and His Heroic Traits
The Use of Fealty in “Beowulf” by Seamus Heaney and the Anglo-Saxon Poem “Dream of the Rood”
Achilles and Beowulf: Warriors of Boundless Strength
How the Author Captures the Reader’s Attention and Imagination in the Poem “Beowulf”
“Beowulf” and “The 13th Warrior”: Exposing True Anglo-Saxon Warriors’ Battle
Agamemnon’s and Beowulf’s Leadership Skills in “Antigone” by Sophocles and “Beowulf”
The Concept of God in “Beowulf” and Other Anglo-Saxon Poems
Brain Power vs. Physical Strength: Beowulf’s Character Revealed in Monster Fighting
The Good and Evil: Beowulf and the Evil of the Monsters
Alex vs. Beowulf: The Antithesis of a Lifetime
Hero Archetypes and Epic Conventions in “The Odyssey” and “Beowulf”
Beowulf: The Greatest Hero in History or Not
The Characters Who Are Worthy of Sympathy in the Epic of Beowulf
Anglo-Saxons and Beowulf: The Hero Figure in the Epic Narrative and in Anglo-Saxon Culture
The Mythical, Marvelous, and Fantastic in the Epic of Beowulf
How Christianity and Paganism Coexisted in “Beowulf”
From Paganism to Christianity: Comparison Between “The Dream of the Rood”, “Beowulf”, and Religious Texts
Analyzing Differences Between Two Versions of “Beowulf”: The Original vs the 1971 Version Written by John Gardner
Self-Realization and the Hero’s Quest in “Beowulf”, “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”, and “Everyman”
Humanity’s Inclination Towards Literature as Evidence in the Epic of Beowulf
Beowulf’s Everlasting Struggle Between Good and Evil
All the Traits That Make Beowulf a True Epic Hero
Literary Monsters: Grendel From “Beowulf” and Frankenstein From Mary Shelley’s Novel
Evaluating Beowulf’s Dark Side in the Story “Beowulf”
Christian and Pagan Elements in “Beowulf”
“Beowulf” and the Intent of Christians to Convert Pagans Into Christianity
How the Dragon Provides the Most Dramatic Development in “Beowulf”
The Early Germanic Values Presented in “Beowulf”
Ancient Societies: Greece, Rome, and the World of Beowulf
Hercules and Beowulf: Comparing Heroic Features and Adventures of Two Characters
“Macbeth” and “Beowulf”: Evil Defined by Human Preoccupation
Anglo-Saxon Ideal Code of Conduct in “Beowulf”
“Beowulf” and “The Song of Roland”: The Theme of Father-Son Relationship
Pagan and Christian Concepts of Fate in “Beowulf”
Beowulf’s Courage and Determination to Defeat the Dragon
Ronald Reagan and Beowulf: Heroes Near and Far
Beowulf, Sir Gawain, and Prince Hamlet on the Nature of Man
The Connection Between Hrothgar’s Sermon, Beowulf’s Fate, and the Theme of Restlessness in the Story of Beowulf
Beowulf: The Anglo-Saxon Epic Hero and Poem
The Difference Between Beowulf and Modern-Day Heroes
Does the Hero Decline in the Epic of Beowulf?
How Are the Hero Figures in Both “Beowulf” and “The 13th Warrior” Similar?
What Does the Story of Beowulf Teach Us?
How Does Beowulf Save People From the Monster Grendel in the Play “Beowulf”?
What Singles Out “Beowulf” Among All Other Works of Anglo-Saxon Poetry?
Does “Beowulf” Teach Us About Leadership?
What Are 5 Reasons Why We Read “Beowulf” Today?
How Does Beowulf Display Characteristics of a Hero?
What’s the Difference Between Beowulf and King Arthur?
How Do Gawain King Arthur and Beowulf Show Bravery?
What Traits Have Beowulf and Gilgamesh in Common?
How Did People Worship Heroes During the Anglo-Saxon Period as Portrayed in “Beowulf”?
Whether Beowulf Has the Qualities of an Epic Hero in the Epic Poem “Beowulf”?
How Does the Arthurian Known Represent a Characterization of Nordic in the Story of Beowulf?
Why Does “Beowulf” Begin and End With a Funeral?
How Does Beowulf Show Strength and Courage?
What Does “Beowulf” Reveal About Ideals of Heroism?
How Are the Honorable Men During Beowulf’s Time Different From the Modern Men?
Does “Beowulf” Relate to Our Lives Today?
How Was War Portrayed in “Beowulf”?
Why Is “Beowulf” Important to Teach?
How Do Beowulf’s Character Traits Reflect the Ideals of a Culture?
What Does the Story “Beowulf” Symbolize?
Does “Beowulf” Reflect the Values of His Society?
How Can We Compare Beowulf to a Modern-Day Hero of Our Time?

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StudyCorgi . "105 Beowulf Essay Topics." June 5, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/beowulf-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2022. "105 Beowulf Essay Topics." June 5, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/beowulf-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Beowulf were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 5, 2024 .

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Craig R. Davis, Smith College

Published: 01 July 2014
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Beowulf is a narrative meditation in traditional Old English alliterative verse on the origins of violence in human affairs; it was included in the Nowell Codex, an ethnographic miscellany compiled around the year 1000 on the most exotic peoples in space and time known to the Anglo-Saxons. No one knows when, where, by whom, or for whom this poem was first composed during the previous half millennium, but it was likely preserved, copied, or created at the court of King Alfred in the 890s. The hero confronts three monsters who personify forces that tear apart human communities and bring them to ruin: Grendel, who displays the power of entrenched tribal chauvinism; his mother, who reveals the source of such hatred in wounded love of kind; and the dragon, who embodies a more generalized principle of negative eventuality— wyrd —which renders all human efforts, even those of the noble hero, compromised and ultimately self-defeating.

The Poem and Its Manuscript 1

Beowulf is a narrative meditation in Old English verse on the origins of violence in human affairs and the capacity of both political institutions and individual leaders to control it. The poet’s prognosis is not good. He tells the story of a young prince who travels from his homeland in southern Sweden to help the old Danish King Hrothgar confront a troll-like revenant named Grendel, who has been terrorizing the royal hall of Heorot at night for some twelve years. Beowulf kills Grendel with his bare hands, ripping off his arm as the creature runs howling into the night. The next night Grendel’s mother, a smaller but equally dangerous monster, returns to take revenge. Beowulf then hunts down Grendel’s mother in her lair below the bottom of a haunted lake; he is almost overcome but resurfaces beyond hope with Grendel’s head as a trophy and the hilt of the ancient sword with which he dispatched the she-ogre. He then returns home to his uncle Hygelac, king of the Geats, and eventually assumes the throne himself, ruling his people peacefully for half a century before he, too, is suddenly confronted in old age by a menace from within his own kingdom. This time the menace is a dragon aroused by the theft of a single cup from its hoard. This “heathen gold” (line 2276b) is the accumulated wealth of a lost race, secreted a thousand years before by its last survivor. Beowulf seeks out this third monster, manages to kill it with the help of his young kinsman Wiglaf, but steps only paces away before succumbing himself. The dying king rejoices in his last moments of life over the treasure he has won for his people, but they fear the future without him. Three characters in the poem prophesy the imminent destruction of the Geats once their enemies learn of Beowulf’s death: Wiglaf (lines 2884–2890a), the messenger he sends back to the Geatish army (lines 2999–3027), and a Geatish woman who mourns by the old king’s funeral pyre, anticipating

cruel invasions, many murderous slaughters, terror of troops, humiliation [probably meaning rape], and enslavement. (lines 3153–3155a)

These eventualities were not far off the mark, the poet affirms in his understated style: The Geatish messenger “did not much lie / in his words or the deeds” he predicted (lines 3029b-3030a). But the Beowulf poet never tells us exactly what happened to his hero’s people in the end except to suggest that they are no more, obliterated long since by their enemies or driven into exile, victims of what we would nowadays call genocide or ethnic cleansing. The poem ends with the burial of Beowulf’s ashes in a mound overlooking the sea, along with rest of the dragon’s hoard. “There it still lies,” the poet remarks, “just as useless to men as it was before” (line 3168).

The 3,182 verses of Beowulf are in a form of highly allusive alliterative poetry that appears wherever Germanic languages have first been recorded in writing, beginning around 400 ce with the runic inscription on a gold horn from Gallehus, Denmark, suggesting that this oral tradition had developed in prehistoric times among various speakers of Common Germanic on the Continent. The poem was copied by two anonymous scribes into its single surviving manuscript—the Nowell Codex of London, British Library, Cotton Vitellius A.xv—in some southern English monastery around the year 1000. No one knows when, where, by whom, or for whom this poem was originally composed during the previous half millennium, whether it reflects ancient legendary traditions brought to the former Roman diocese of Britannia by immigrants from northwestern Germany and Jutland during the fifth and sixth centuries or later literary art inspired by biblical, classical, or possibly even Scandinavian models, these last introduced to Britain by Danish Vikings during the ninth century. Serious scholars have proposed virtually every period and kingdom of Anglo-Saxon England, from the transmarine migration across the North Sea—before the Anglo-Saxons had even converted to Christianity or learned to read and write the Latin alphabet—through the middle of the eleventh century, that is, after the time most experts in paleography would date the copying of the Nowell Codex. None of these suggestions has ever won scholarly consensus or even a plurality of agreement, although fashions for earlier or later dating have come and gone. We have a better date for the creation of the Homeric poems on the Aegean island of Chios, ca. 700 bce, than we do for Beowulf in Britain over 1,200 years later.

Nor do we know how many copies of the poem lie between the archetype or first written version of Beowulf and the manuscript in which it has been preserved in the late West Saxon dialect of its last copying. Anglo-Saxon scribes routinely but inconsistently updated the language of their exemplar—the text of the poem from which they were copying—so that whenever we have two texts of a vernacular poem to compare, we can see that many of the lines have been altered or adapted in some way. But scribes often simply made mistakes as well—some obvious, others less clearly so. Much of Beowulf scholarship is devoted to determining and construing the words of the text the Cotton Vitellius scribes had before them. Some scholars are conservative when it comes to prioritizing the extant words and letters that appear in the surviving codex; others are more comfortable with emending that text on paleographic, philological, or even metrical and thematic grounds to offer what they believe to be a more plausible version. Either way, the Cotton Vitellius scribes’ mistakes and misprisions, especially their repeated misreadings of particular letters in their exemplar, suggest that this prior version had been reproduced in a scribal hand unfamiliar to them, probably Anglo-Saxon set miniscule, which had gone out of use about a century or so earlier. 2 In addition, this copy of the poem from sometime before ca. 900, apparently in the early West Saxon dialect of Old English, must have contained a number of linguistic and metrical archaisms shared by much earlier times and places in Anglo-Saxon England. These may be verbal fossils of a version first written down in seventh- or eighth-century Northumbria, Mercia, or East Anglia or, conversely, they may simply represent an older-fashioned koiné or regionally hybrid poetic language that continued to be cultivated for this elevated register of traditional verse in the courts and monasteries of a later period. One third of the surviving corpus of Old English poetry is of this secular heroic sort, but it shares many features of imagery and specialized diction with another third, which is mainly hagiographical in content, and also with a final third that, like parts of Beowulf itself, retells stories from the Bible in a way dramatized by Bede’s reported miracle of the seventh-century Northumbrian herdsman who was inspired to compose the first known poem in the English language, Cædmon’s Hymn , on God’s creation of middangeard “the middle enclosure, the world of human habitation” at the beginning of time. 3

The two Cotton Vitellius scribes copied Beowulf into a manuscript collection comprising another Old English poem about the ancient Hebrew heroine Judith and three prose texts translated from Latin into the vernacular: The Passion of St. Christopher, The Wonders of the East , and The Letter of Alexander the Great to Aristotle . In 1953 Kenneth Sisam called this collection a liber de diversis monstris, anglice, or “book of various monsters, in English,” 4 even though two of the texts— The Passion of St. Christopher and Judith —lack any explicit reference to physical monstrosity per se. The saint is a very large man, however, apparently “twelve fathoms” tall from the equivalent length of the iron bench to which his persecutors bind him (lines 9–10). 5 In the Latin source from which this partially incomplete text has been adapted, St. Christopher is said to live among the man-eating cynocephali of Samos and is himself “dog-headed,” though human and true-believing in his heart. 6 Judith beheads a drunken sexual predator, the Assyrian general Holofernes, who, though human in outward form, is a monster on the inside, described as “the devil’s spawn” (line 61b) and “the hideous assailant” (line 75a), the same kind of language used to describe the giant cannibal Grendel in Beowulf . 7

The miscellany in which Beowulf has been preserved could thus be called more accurately a liber de diversis populis, anglice , or “book of various peoples in English,” a compilation of sensational ethnographic exotica on the most distant peoples in space and time known to the Anglo-Saxons, many of whom were familiar from earlier Greco-Roman accounts of such races: giants, cannibals, dog-headed men, and other Homodubii , as they are called in The Wonders of the East, †æt beoƒ twi-men “that is, maybe-people” (line 32), living among water-monsters, fiery-eyed beasts, poisonous serpents, dragons, and other strange creatures at the extremities of the known world. 8 Beowulf itself begins in geardagum —“in the old days” (line 1b)—of the ancient North and tells of even earlier times and peoples stretching all the way back to the primal murder of Genesis 4 to explain the division of the human race into warring tribes, one of which, the monstrous descendents of Cain, were banished by God to the waste places of the earth, literally “marginalized” from the rest of humanity for their ancestor’s sin. And it is the song sung by Hrothgar’s scop , or “bard,” in Heorot about God’s creation of divine order in the world—“a bright fair field surrounded by water” (line 93)—reminiscent of Cædmon’s Hymn , that so infuriates Grendel, who has been driven out with all his kind into the “land of the monster-race” (line 104b), in his case, the fens and moors, the “wolf-slopes” and “windy headlands” (line 1358), that edge the northern ocean.

Beowulf thus offers an Anglo-Saxon supplement to biblical and classical accounts of the beginnings of human life on earth and the various peoples who have occupied its northern reaches. The poem is similarly concerned to describe the subsequent course of human events there in moral and spiritual terms, though deeply inflected by the world view and value system with which many of these old legends had been imbued during their previous retellings in pagan times. Especially significant in this regard is the influence of wyrd , a general principle of negative eventuality or cosmic entropy, sometimes translated neutrally as “fate” but more often connoting a less happy sense of “(bad) luck” or even “doom.” The term is an old one, with cognates in Old High German, Old Saxon, and Old Norse, apparently the nominalized past participle of a verb that appears in Old English as weorƒan , “to happen, come about, turn out.” Wyrd is both what has “happened” in the past and a predictable “result” or inevitable “outcome” in the future that can be fled or resisted but never permanently escaped. We can have no real doubt that the poet of Beowulf was a baptized Roman Catholic Christian, probably literate in English if not in Latin as well, quite possibly in religious orders, but so familiar with the pre-Christian tradition of vernacular poetry that he could comfortably replicate its oral artistry and elegiac themes to invoke a whole world of antique northern legendry. In fact, he does so in an even more expansive and ambitious way than appears in the shorter heroic lays he gives to poet characters in his poem, probably a more accurate reflection of the scope of such traditional narratives in actual performance. These are the formal songs of the Fight at Finnsburg performed by a royal scop in Heorot (lines 1063–1159a) and a more extemporaneous celebration of Beowulf’s slaying of Grendel by one of Hrothgar’s retainers on horseback:

At times a thegn of the king, a man laden with song, mindful of lays, he who remembered a vast multitude of old stories, found fresh words bound truly together; thoughtfully the man began to recount the adventure of Beowulf and deftly to weave an apt tale, varying his expressions. (lines 867b-874a)

If Beowulf is the product of such oral-formulaic composition in public performance, its written form must be the result of a special dictation over several sittings, perhaps the “self-dictation” by a poet who could read and write, instead of the direct transcription of a single event. Yet the complex plotting and self-conscious craftsmanship of this much longer poem—its piquing internal parallelisms and neatly calculated word chimes over many hundreds of lines, its command of both Christian learning and native lore, its restless and incomplete reflection on the meaning of the events it dramatizes—suggest that the poet of Beowulf , at his desk,was rather imagining an oral performance.

Unfortunately his poem seems to have flopped in its own day, if not with its immediate patrons at least with ensuing generations of Anglo-Saxon readers. 9 Except for the two Cotton Vitellius scribes, we have no known audience or readership of Beowulf whose political interests, social identity, religious profession, or historical circumstances might help us to parse more precisely the poet’s likely intentions. Tom Shippey places the composition of Beowulf in the time of Eddius Stephanus, a Northumbrian Latin author who knew all about the Merovingian Franks mentioned in the poem and wrote his Life of Wilfrid at Ripon, North Yorkshire, in the second decade of the eighth century. 10 Shippey thus reasserts a once dominant view that Beowulf should be dated to the “age of Bede” (ca. 673–735) in Northumbria. He traces the historical setting of the poem, based on a reference to Hygelac’s raid in the sixth-century History of the Franks by Gregory of Tours, to authentic oral memories of the reign of King Theudebert I, who died in 548, suggesting that “for Scandinavia in the Age of Migrations [ Beowulf ] could be the nearest thing to a contemporary document that we possess,” one that supplements but never seriously contradicts the bits of information we can gather from Frankish or Anglo-Saxon sources written in Latin. 11 R. D. Fulk would concur with this earlier dating on the basis of the conservative prosody of the poem, putting it on metrical and linguistic grounds to before the year 750, if composed south of the Humber, or before 850, if in the pre-Viking kingdom of Northumbria. 12 John D. Niles and Marijane Osborn believe the poet may have modeled Heorot on the large tenth-century halls recently excavated at Lejre at the head of Roskilde Fjord on the island of Zealand, a site traditionally associated with the Skjöldungar , the legendary Scylding kings of Denmark. 13 And Roberta Frank sees the influence of Norse skaldic poetry on Beowulf , plus a certain archaizing reinvention of the pre-Christian past extrapolated by the poet from his knowledge of contemporary pagan Vikings. 14 Kevin Kiernan puts the poem well into the eleventh century from the condition of its manuscript, which he believes consists of two originally separate poems joined together by a scribe or scribes around the year 1016, the advent of the rule in England of King Cnut of Denmark. 15

For my part, I suspect that the poem may have passed in some form through the court of King Alfred at Winchester in the later ninth century, since we know of only two Anglo-Saxons by name who were interested in the kind of old ethnic lore contained in Beowulf : (1) King Alfred, who traced his paternal ancestry back to the Danish king Scyld Scefing celebrated in the opening lines of the poem, 16 and (2) his mother Osburh, who was a Jutish princess from the Isle of Wight, a people rationalized as Scandinavian Geats in the Old English translation of Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People , preserved in a manuscript contemporary with the end of Alfred’s reign in 899. 17 According to the king’s Welsh bishop Asser, Osburh promised to give a book of vernacular poetry to whomever of her sons could first learn its contents. 18 Alfred won. We would love to know what was in that book, of course, quite possibly some stirring tales that Osburh wished her West Saxon boys to know about their putative maternal forebears, the heroic predecessors of the “Geatish” kings of Wight. It may even have contained a version of Beowulf itself or of some similar verse legends about the ancient Geatish royals—Hrethel, Herebeald, Hæthcyn, Hygelac, Heardred—that went into its composition to be combined there with traditions of the early Danish kings brought to England by Scaldingi earlier in the ninth century, that is, Vikings who claimed Scylding heritage, 19 some of whom settled the Danelaw after 878 under King Alfred’s new godson Guthrum, king of the East Angles.

Later in life, Alfred assembled a team of scholars to translate into English those Latin works he felt most important for his people to know, very likely including some or all of the ethnographic works included in the Nowell Codex with a verse rendering of the Old Testament book of Judith , the namesake of the king’s Frankish stepmother and sister-in-law, Queen Judith of Flanders. King Alfred’s court at Winchester in the 890s was a veritable hotbed of dynastic speculation and learned inquiry. It is there and then that I believe we should look for the immediate manuscript precursor of a poem that memorializes Geats and Danes in their northern homelands. Whenever Beowulf was first composed in Anglo-Saxon England—in whatever kingdom and in whatever form—this inquisitive monarch would have found it of compelling personal interest. He had motive, means, and opportunity to sponsor the preservation, perhaps even the original composition, of a poem honoring the two ancestral peoples from whom he was proud to descend on both his mother’s and his father’s sides. 20

But we cannot know for sure. All we know is that a version of the poem in Alfred’s early West Saxon dialect of Old English from sometime before the year of his death in 899 seems to have found its way into a nearby southern English monastery during the following century. There Beowulf lay buried in its obscure codex for more than five hundred years, unread and soon virtually unreadable, until King Henry VIII nationalized the monasteries in the sixteenth century, after which it emerged among antiquarian book collectors before coming within inches of being destroyed by fire in 1731. It is scorched and crumbling around its edges, from which at least 2,000 letters have been lost since the end of the eighteenth century. The text of this damaged poem would itself seem to exemplify the fate it depicts for all human achievements.

Yet, since the time Beowulf was first translated (badly, into Latin) in 1815 and then presented in a more reliable scholarly edition in 1832, the power of its language, the starkness of its imagery, the subtlety of its thought, and the poignancy of its sad, brave view of life have inspired as many scholarly studies, at least until recently, as the combined tragedies of Shakespeare. It is the first great poem in English and, after centuries of silence of its own, speaks for generations of mute speakers of that language. It is perhaps the single most expressive statement of the imaginative world of northern Europe during the centuries that followed the fall of Rome, at least among those barbarian nobles who formed the first ruling elites in postimperial lowland Britain. But even so, Beowulf raises as many questions as it answers, leaving its readers in bemused uncertainty about the poet’s purpose and final characterization of his hero, creating a vertigo of moral ambiguity that stands in sharp contrast to its hero’s own quick confidence and decisive action. It is remarkable that this long-forgotten and poorly understood poem should finally have come into its own only at the beginning of the twenty-first century, emerging from its cloistered manuscript in the nineteenth and from anthologies for students in the twentieth to find itself even more compelling to translators, poets, scholars, writers, filmmakers, graphic artists, musical composers, and other interpreters than at any other time of its existence on earth. 21

In addition, the recent revolution of postmodern literary theory has opened up many new approaches to the interpretation of this old poem, transcending former debates about whether it is essentially a Christian work or a pagan one, whether it is the product of monastic literary culture or an ancient oral heritage, and whether its hero is to be seen as a doomed heathen warlord or a Christian role model, even a self-sacrificial figure of Christ. As we will see, current discussions of the meaning of Beowulf (or its conscientious lack thereof in certain deconstructive analyses) revive and reframe these scholarly controversies in ways that naturally reflect our own historical moment and cultural preoccupations. Many critics in recent years, for instance, have found sympathy not so much for the martial hero as for the monsters he kills, especially Grendel and his mother, who are felt to have been unfairly “Othered” or “abjectified” by the human characters in the poem, 22 providing painful examples of the way we demonize those who are different from us, especially those whom we have conquered, colonized, enslaved, supplanted, or otherwise abused, never more so than in our rewriting of their histories from our own triumphalist perspective.

But for virtually all interpreters, the meaning of the monsters lies at the very heart of the Beowulf poet’s project. Their character and significance has continued to exercise scholars ever since J.R.R. Tolkien’s famous defense of them in his 1936 British Academy address, “ Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics,” certainly the most provocative and influential reading of the poem to date. 23 Tolkien had hoped to restore these creatures to their rightful place in our appreciation of the poem, to counter earlier dismissals of the monster fights as puerile fantasies that the poet had inappropriately placed in the center of his poem’s attention, relegating the more weighty matters of ancient northern history to its periphery. To the contrary, Tolkien argues, the monsters make the poem. Beowulf is not demeaned but dignified by the dire antagonists he must face: Grendel as a young hero at the beginning of his career, the dragon as an old king at its end. These monsters represent forces beyond all human understanding and control, powers inimical to human civilization and social order. They can be held off ane hwile (“for a while”) (line 1762a), as Hrothgar says in his reflections on his own life that he shares with Beowulf, but not forever, not even for very long, even by the most courageous and determined of heroes.

The structure of Beowulf is simpler, Tolkien suggests, than the three monster fights into which it is divided. It recounts the rise and fall of a noble life, interweaving the hero’s adventures with countless other half told tales of similar, though often much less edifying struggles between human individuals and groups. Some of these episodes are recounted at considerable length by the poet in his own voice or by characters within his poem, but more often they are simply adduced by the slimmest and most cryptic of allusions, so that we often have a hard time reconstructing the backstory that would clarify the point of the reference. And these obscurely glimpsed episodes of legendary history only ramify with increasing intensity during the final third of the poem, significantly retarding the climax of Beowulf’s encounter with the dragon. He himself falls into a memory-riddled funk moments before calling out the chthonic worm, brooding obsessively on the sad and morally confusing deaths of his royal kinsmen before him. The general function of these ancillary tales and their thematic thrust in particular instances continues to bedevil Beowulf scholars, but they are clearly intended to contextualize our understanding of the hero’s fights with the monsters. And these creatures themselves are described in such suggestive language and juxtaposed to human characters in such striking ways that we begin to suspect that the poet is using them not only to challenge his hero but also to reflect upon his own motivations and those of other human figures in the poem. The poet’s relentless apposition of monsters and humans makes us wonder whether his hero and the other good characters are somehow complicit in their own demise, driven and distracted by the very demons they had hoped to exorcize from their own society.

The poet of Beowulf at first presents Grendel as a kind of evil spirit: he is “a fiend in hell” (line 101a), a “grim ghost” (line 102a), “the enemy of mankind” (line 164b)—this last an epithet used to describe Satan in Old English biblical poems. Yet he names this character after a creature familiar from Anglo-Saxon folklore, a grendel , a marsh or boundary troll, whom the poet further rationalizes not as a fallen angel but as a mortal human renegade:

a terrible haunter of the borderlands, one who held the moors, the fens and fastnesses; this unhappy man inhabited the land of the monster-race for quite a while after the Creator had condemned him among the race of Cain—the eternal Lord avenged that killing in which he slew Abel; [Cain] had no joy in that feud, for the Maker banished him far from mankind for his crime. From him sprang all misbegotten creatures, etins and elves and ogres, and also the giants who strove against God for a long time; he paid them their reward for that. (lines 103–114)

This last is an allusion to the great Flood of Genesis 6 from which the Beowulf poet imagines some of the wicked giants surviving amphibiously in their watery refuges.

But none of the human characters in the poem knows any of this. Grendel’s malice is inexplicable to them. Nor do they know what provokes his attack upon the newly built royal hall in which he spitefully joins Hrothgar’s thegns uninvited at their feast, killing and eating thirty of them instead. But we know, because the poet tells us: It was the sweet song of the scop singing of divine order in the world, plus the sound of mirth among former enemies to whom the tough but generous Scylding monarchs have brought peace and amity. The Beowulf poet’s sympathies are plainly royalist. Of Hrothgar’s great grandfather Scyld, his judgment is famously terse but emphatic: “That was a good king!” (line 11b). There is no trace of condolence for the various tribal chieftains who were crushed and despoiled by Scyld, or intimidated into submission, local warlords from whom the upstart king wrested their mead benches, symbols of the autonomy with which they had once feasted their own followers in their own mead halls. Even in pagan times the Christian God promotes broad national monarchy and the political stability it brings. He sends Scyld an heir precisely because “he had seen the wicked violence / they once suffered for so long without a king” (lines 14b‒16a).

But it was not to last. The moment Hrothgar finishes building Heorot, the poet alludes to its imminent destruction—not by monsters, but by humans:

The hall towered tall, high and horn-gabled; it was waiting for waves of battle, the flame of hatred; nor would it be too long before sword-hate between father- and son-in-law had to awaken from murderous strife. (lines 81b‒85)

We learn the details later. Heorot will be burned to the ground by Ingeld, future husband of Hrothgar’s daughter Freawaru, tribal king of the Heathobards in northern Germany, with whom the great king Hrothgar hopes to make peace through this marriage alliance despite the fact that the Danes themselves have killed Ingeld’s father Froda in the process of building their empire. Hrothgar hopes that Ingeld will be seduced to forget his grief and humiliation with this advantageous match, but he will not succeed. Beowulf is made shrewdly to foresee the failure of the good king’s plans when he reports back to his uncle Hygelac in Geatland. He can just imagine the barely suppressed resentment of the Heathobard warriors as they observe their family heirlooms dangling from their enemies’ sword belts. It will not take much to reignite Ingeld’s animosity, the hero surmises, “even though the bride be good” (line 2031b). With a narrative trick he uses time and again, the Beowulf poet scarcely finishes building the royal hall in our minds’ eyes before he erases it forever in the most aggressive and totalizing way. 25 It will be consumed by the fire of renewed hostility between intimately related folk before it is even rescued from its earlier haunting by an enemy inspired by similar ethnic animosity. Grendel wants no sibb , no “peace” or “kinship,” “with anyone of the Danish host, / would not relax his mortal hatred, negotiate a settlement” (lines 154b‒156). Grendel foreshadows in monstrous caricature the angry spirit that will well up in the breast of the all too predictable human king.

The poet uses flame as a symbol of hatred and its power to destroy. Fire burns everywhere in this dark poem. It burns on the water of the monsters’ mere, “a hateful marvel” (line 1365b). It flashes in Grendel’s eyes—“an unlovely gleam, most like a flame” (line 727). It burns uncle and nephew lying side by side on their pyre in the Finnsburg lay (lines 1107–1124) after the Frisian king Finn has plotted vengeance against his brother-in-law Hnæf for nearly two decades under the pretense of a happy marriage to the Danish princess Hildeburh. It is no wonder the Beowulf poet makes Grendel a direct descendent of Cain, the perpetrator, he implies, of the real original sin of mankind, 26 a view shared by other Old English poets. That of Maxims I says:

Feuding came to mankind from the instant earth swallowed Abel’s blood. That was no one-day deed of strife. From it the drops of malice splashed far and wide, great evil among men and hate-stirred strife among many peoples. Cain slew his own brother, but did not keep killing to himself. From then on it was seen that everywhere constant strife destroyed men. (lines 192–198a) 27

Or the poet of Genesis A , using a different image:

From that stem afterwards, ever longer the stronger, grew hateful and furious fruit. The shoots of violence spread far and wide among the tribes of men. The branches of evil, hard and sharp, pricked the sons of men. They still do. From that broad blade every injury began to blossom. Not without cause can we weep over this story, this slaughter-grim result [ wyrd ]. (lines 988b‒997a) 28

Grendel embodies our violent human heritage in its most hideous, characteristic, and predictable form; his cannibalism incarnates a system of human interaction that incessantly devours the lives of men.

Grendel’s Mother 29

Paul Acker has observed an interesting irony about Tolkien’s classic defense of the monsters of Beowulf , especially with regard to Grendel’s mother—that is, he completely ignores her. 30 Tolkien apparently did not respond to this character with the same critical approval he gave the other two monsters. He did not find the hero similarly enhanced by his encounter with her. Why not? Why did Tolkien not recognize in Grendel’s mother a menace of comparable significance to that which he found in Grendel and the dragon? Is she a mere redundancy, a storyteller’s trick, used to scare the audience with a sudden new threat once they think the real danger has passed?

I would suggest that Grendel’s mother’s reiteration of her son’s violence is part of the poet’s point, reflecting his further thoughts on the irrepressibility of the violence these monsters represent and its ultimate origin. The attack by Grendel’s mother is surprising in several ways, partly in her character as a female but also as the mother of her monstrous son. Who would have thought that man-eating fen trolls had fretful moms waiting for them back in their lairs? And the poet slyly remarks that it was only a girl monster who came to Heorot that second night, one whose threat was weaker than her son’s to the extent that “a woman’s strength” and “a female’s fighting power” is less than that

of an armed man when forged sword, beaten by hammers, the blood-stained blade with its mighty edges, cleaves boar-crests on helmets. (lines 1282b–1287)

Well, a woman’s strength and fighting power do not sound too terribly dangerous compared with that kind of hard, weaponized masculine force.

But the poet is only teasing us. Grendel may have burst headlong into Heorot “like a man,” but his mother proves to be the far wilier and more formidable opponent. She is difficult for Beowulf even to find among the many hazards at the bottom of her mere; she is slippery, quick, and clever as she reverses his grip on her shoulder (or hair), flips him under her, and draws her long knife. She almost gets him, too, and would certainly have done for Beowulf if Almighty God himself had not intervened at that very moment in one of the most explicit intrusions of divine agency in the entire poem:

Then the son of Ecgtheow would have perished under the broad earth, the champion of the Geats, if his war-shirt had not given him help, the hard battle-net—and holy God. The wise Lord, ruler of the heavens, gave him victory in battle; he decided it rightly, easily, when [Beowulf] stood up again. (lines 1550–1556)

In addition, when we compare her motivation to Grendel’s indiscriminate rapacity or the dragon’s blind possessiveness, Grendel’s mother is the most intelligent and rational of the three monsters in Beowulf . She leaves her lair for one very specific reason: to avenge her son. Her behavior has both intellectual clarity and a certain moral rigor: She scrupulously exacts a life for a life, according to the strict rules of the old lex talionis (Exodus 21: 24). Andy Orchard suggests that we should see her as the “wronged” party in this exchange, 31 and Alfred Bammesberger agrees that Grendel’s mother is “legally entitled to avenge” Grendel because a foreign stranger, to whom her people have never done any harm, has just killed her only son. 32 At the very least, the poet has given this monster a moral and emotional claim upon our sympathies that provokes one of the poem’s most potently ambivalent moments, since a mother’s outraged love for her mutilated child is a feeling that everyone in the audience of Beowulf —Anglo-Saxon, modern, or postmodern—can be expected immediately to recognize and understand. We know exactly how this mother—any mother—would feel. So the introduction of Grendel’s mother creates a point of intimate but repellent contact between the monsters of the poem and the humans of its audience that the poet contrives to confuse or complicate our perception of the evil these creatures are supposed to represent and their apparent Otherness from our own conscious values. Grendel’s mother is not an utterly alien Other.

And the logic of the revenge imperative she illustrates is also obvious, a principle of retaliation known to scholars of feud (perhaps a bit euphemistically) as “self-help justice,” a pattern of axiomatic reciprocity between rival groups—both positive and negative—whose conventional protocols function as a kind of organic constitution in stateless societies or those with weakly institutionalized law enforcement. 33 The system is supposed to minimize violence by channeling it through a limited number of expendable actors who must follow the rules of the feud, thus promoting a broader political balance and cohesion between competing clans or factions. However, the poet of Beowulf has already shown that any deterrent, equalizing, or cohesive purpose to a system of mutual exchange had long since broken down in Denmark. There is no “peace in the feud” between humans and monsters, since Grendel evinces no fear at all of retaliation from the Danes as a restraint upon his behavior and rejoices in the one-sided violence he is able to inflict on them. In fact, the Beowulf poet troubles to show us that even when a thoroughly just vengeance is taken upon this tihtbysig “crime-laden” man, a hardened criminal or repeat offender, violence does not settle the matter at all but simply provokes an immediate retaliation on the part of the perpetrator’s aggrieved kin.

Grendel’s mother drags off Æschere, Hrothgar’s oldest and most beloved retainer, the one surviving thegn who, as a young man, used to fight shoulder-to-shoulder with his lord as they defended each other’s heads in battle (lines 1325–1328a). His loss is specially and bitterly mourned, even after all the other deaths suffered by the Danes. The poet invents the vicious beheading of this character at the hands of Grendel’s mother in order to create a particular thematic opportunity. It gives him a chance to lament, in his own voice, the system of reciprocal violence that Grendel’s mother incarnates in her actions and intent: “that was not a good exchange / that on both sides they had to pay with the lives of their loved ones” (lines 1304b–1306a), he says, with remarkable compunction for the feelings of a deadly she troll. But this way, he suggests, both sides will always lose those they love the most.

The Beowulf poet uses Grendel’s mother to imagine with greater emotional clarity and intellectual precision the source of such self-consuming violence between groups. It is primordial love, he realizes, that is the bottomless wellspring of human hatred. We hate so hard because we love so much and so protectively those whom we see as moral appendages of own persons, a mother especially, since her physical connection to her offspring is so obvious and tangible. Families are the same. We are sprung from their bodies, bone of their bone, flesh of their flesh. Wounded love of kind is thus the indefatigable engine of violence in human affairs. C. R. Hallpike, writing of the hill clans of Papua New Guinea, concludes that certain patterns of familial affection and group identity simply make “a high level of conflict both permanent and inescapable.” 34 The Beowulf poet agrees: He uses the image of a perfectly natural but monstrous mother’s love to convey the power and predictability of the impulse for revenge, the inevitability of the violence it constantly engenders. And rather than leave us merely appalled at this conclusion, within seventy lines the poet troubles to associate his own noble hero with this very same reaction: “Do not mourn, old man,” Beowulf reassures the grieving Hrothgar: “it is better for a man / to avenge his friend than to mourn much” (lines 1384b–1385). We best express our love not through sorrow but through more violence. Let’s kill one of theirs, we’ll feel better. And the old king leaps for joy, thanking God, when he learns of his young friend’s determination (lines 1397–1398).

This embrace of the revenge imperative by the good people in the poem is no temporary or adventitious association, adduced at this particular point simply to motivate Beowulf’s next adventure. Even on the last day of his life on earth, when as an old king, the hero pauses to reflect before entering the path down to the dragon’s barrow, he rejoices not in having killed Grendel and his mother for Hrothgar. What Beowulf is most proud of is that his beloved uncle Hygelac had never needed to seek among other peoples a warrior worse than him to fight their enemies. He remained loyal to the end and personally succeeded in avenging the king’s death on that battlefield in Frisia by crushing the life out of his Frankish counterpart, the human champion Dæghrefn, with his own bare hands (lines 2501–2508). This gloating memory is what gives Beowulf the final gumption to call out the dragon a few moments later. And we might recall that the Geats’ attack upon the Franks, in which Hygelac was killed, is said three times by the poet to have been an unprovoked plundering raid, structurally analogous, one might say, to Grendel’s random depredation of Danes: “ Wyrd took him / when for pride [Hygelac] asked for trouble, for a fight among the Frisians” (lines 1205b–1207a; cf. 2490–2508a, and 2910b–2921). This observation puts our hero in a position precisely parallel to that of Grendel’s mother, in that he avenges the slaying of a close kinsman who has already put himself in the wrong by killing first. The Franks, like the Danes, were just trying to defend themselves from a wanton aggressor, only to suffer further loss of life at the hands of their attacker’s aggrieved kin: Beowulf in this case, Grendel’s mother in the other.

What is interesting here is that the poet has demonized in Grendel’s mother the same attitude he honors in his hero. And there are other moments in the poem where we feel the same thrill of revenge. I am thinking in particular of the relief created by the scop of the Finnsburg lay when, after that awful winter in Frisia where the Danish leader has been forced to swear allegiance to his lord’s slayer Finn, Hunlaf’s son finally puts the sword into Hengest’s lap. A satisfying moment of revenge—when Dæghrefn’s ribs crack in Beowulf’s bear hug or his windpipe collapses in the hero’s great grip—is a memory the old king cherishes to his dying day. This murderous pang of grief turned joy in the moment of revenge is the still point in the turning world of Beowulf , a satisfaction shared both by the Geatish prince and by Grendel’s mother.

But do we need go so far as to conclude that Beowulf himself becomes a monster by killing monsters, that he musters such force of inhuman rage and vengefulness, of arrogance and “us-ism,” that he takes on the character of the enemies he overcomes rather than the human beings he tries to protect? 35 Beowulf is not a monster, the poet reminds us. He is a really nice man. When he dies, the Geats mourn him from the bottom of their hearts:

They said he was of kings in the world the mildest of men and the most courteous, kindest to his people and most eager for their regard. (lines 3180–3182)

Much f this esteem comes from the fact that Beowulf never killed a kinsman, a blessing for which he thanks God (lines 2739b–2743a) and a rarity among Germanic princes, historical or legendary. But neither did Beowulf let his kinsmen lie unavenged, even when they were stupidly, wickedly, disastrously in the wrong. Beowulf does not become a monster by killing monsters: The monsters of Beowulf become human by killing humans. It’s what we do. It comes naturally to us, especially when someone harms our loved ones.

The Dragon 36

It may feel better to avenge one’s friend than to mourn much, but it does not bring him back (in the old cliché), nor does it seem to make things much better for anyone in the long run. Even the vengeance Beowulf takes upon the dragon for burning down his hall is just as self-destructive as the dragon’s own retaliation for the violation of its “hall” in the earth. They both get their revenge, of course, but lose their lives in the process. Like Grendel’s mother, Beowulf enjoys a momentary triumph, but blood is pulsing from the bite-wound in his neck, poison working in his breast, his face scorched by flames and caustic venom. Our damaged and disfigured hero is now something of a monster himself, exulting (almost pathetically) in the wealth he has won for his people, not realizing that it is worthless to them without him. Swedes and Franks and other enemies will all remember the many injuries Geats have done them in the past, including some big ones by Beowulf himself. This is not at all a good exchange, that on all sides everyone ends up paying with the lives of their loved ones, the hero of the poem just like everybody else.

Unlike Grendel and his mother, however, the dragon is not a humanoid monster. It is supercultural and therefore ultimately insuperable, 37 an earthly analogue of the great world serpent that the god Thor will kill on the last day, stepping, just like Beowulf, only paces away to his own death. Both god and hero try to defend their people from this existential threat, but their own great strength redounds upon them: It is the shock of Thor’s hammer blow that blasts all human life from earth, not the Midgard serpent. 38 Beowulf only breaks his good sword on the dragon’s hard skull, his final “victory,” leaving his people more vulnerable to their enemies than before. These are not ironies for the Beowulf poet. They are simply wyrd —the way things have always “turned out”—for all heroes, all monsters, all creatures on earth. “ Wyrd has swept away / all of my kinsmen to their predestined end,” the hero says: “I must follow them” (lines 2814b-2816). Despite his many references to the Christian God, then, whose presence is so palpable in the earlier parts of his poem, the poet of Beowulf chooses to end his story the old-fashioned way, a choice that may help explain why his work never achieved the kind of cultural authority in Christian Anglo-Saxon England enjoyed by other epics of comparable depth and artistry, which express for their societies a clearer sense of divine purpose, national mission, dynastic legitimacy, or folk character. Instead, Beowulf slipped away into the corners of English literary culture, quietly awaiting its revival in our own post-Christian, postmodern, less confident age.

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1 The standard edition is Klaeber’s “ Beowulf” and the “Fight at Finnsburg , ” 4th ed., by R. D. Fulk , Robert E. Bjork , and John D. Niles (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008) . For a version of this edition with prose translation, plus the texts and translations of other works included in the same codex and a related fragment, see The “ Beowulf” Manuscript: The Complete Texts and “The Fight at Finnsburg ,” ed. and trans. R. D. Fulk (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010) . Translations of poetry are my own, but I have been guided by Fulk in rendering key words and phrases in Judith and the prose texts of the Nowell Codex, as noted below.

2 Michael Lapidge , “The Archetype of Beowulf ,” Anglo-Saxon England 29 (2000): 5–41 ; qualified by Craig R. Davis in “An Ethnic Dating of Beowulf ,” Anglo-Saxon England 35 (2006): 111–129, at p. 112.

3 Cædmon’s Hymn, in Three Northumbrian Poems , rev. ed. A. H. Smith (Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press, 1978) , line 7a.

4 Studies in the History of Old English Literature (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1953), p. 96 . Cf. Craig R. Davis , “The Geats of Beowulf ,” in The Dating of “Beowulf”: A Reassessment , ed. Leonard Neidorf (Cambridge, UK: Boydell and Brewer, forthcoming 2014) , from which the following comments have been adapted.

5 The Passion of Saint Christopher , in The “Beowulf” Manuscript , ed. and trans. Fulk , pp. 1–13 .

6 An Old English Martyrology , ed. and trans. George Herzfeld , Early English Text Society o.s. 116 (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, and Trübner, 1900), pp. 67–69.

7 Judith , in The “Beowulf” Manuscript , ed. and trans. Fulk , pp. 297–323 .

8 The Wonders of the East , in The “Beowulf” Manuscript , ed. and trans. Fulk , pp. 15–31 . Cf. The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories , ed. Robert B. Strassler , trans. Andrea L. Purvis (New York: Random House, 2007).

9 Craig R. Davis , “Redundant Ethnogenesis in Beowulf ,” The Heroic Age 5 (2001). Available at: http://www.mun.ca/mst/heroicage/issues/5/Davis1.html

10 “The Merov(ich)ingian Again: damnatio memoriae and the usus scholarum,” in Latin Learning and English Lore: Studies in Anglo-Saxon Literature for Michael Lapidge , ed. Katherine O’Brien O’Keeffe and Andy Orchard (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005), vol. 1, pp. 389–406.

11 Afterword in “Beowulf” and Lejre , ed. John D. Niles and Marijane Osborn (Tempe, AZ: ACMRS, 2007): 469–79, at p. 470.

12 A History of Old English Meter (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992), pp. 348–392. Cf. “Dates, Origins, Influences, Genre,” in the Introduction to Klaeber’s “Beowulf” , pp. clxii‒clxxxviii, at clxv‒clxvii.

“Beowulf”’ and Lejre (2007) .

14 “Skaldic Verse and the Date of Beowulf,” in The Dating of ‘Beowulf’ , ed. Colin Chase (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981): 123–139 , and “The Beowulf Poet’s Sense of History,” in Beowulf , ed. Harold Bloom (rpt. New York: Chelsea House, 1987): 51–61.

15 “Beowulf” and the “Beowulf” Manuscript , rev. ed. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996) . Cf. his Electronic ‘Beowulf’ 3.0 (London: British Library, 2011) , DVD.

16 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , rev. trans. ed. Dorothy Whitelock , et al. (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1961) , sub anno 855 (for 857).

17 Bede’s “Ecclesiastical History of the English People” , ed. and trans. B. Colgrave and R. Mynors (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969) , bk. 1, chap. 15, and bk. 4, chap. 16; The Old English Version of Bede’s “Ecclesiastical History of the English People ,” ed. T. Miller , 2 vols. (London: Early English Text Society, 1959–1963) , vol. I, bk. 1, chap. 12; and vol. II, bk. 4, chap. 18.

18 Asser’s “Life of King Alfred,” ed. W. H. Stevenson (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1904) , chap. 23.

19 Historia de Sancto Cuthberto: A History of Saint Cuthbert and a Record of his Patrimony , ed. Ted Johnson South (Woodbridge/Rochester: D. S. Brewer, 2002) , chaps. 7 and 11.

Davis, “An Ethnic Dating,” p. 129.

For instance, four film versions have appeared in recent years: Graham Baker’s Beowulf (1999), John McTiernan and Michael Crichton’s 13th Warrior (1999), Sturla Gunnarson’s Beowulf and Grendel (2005), and Robert Zemeckis’s Beowulf (2007) . In addition, poet Seamus Heaney first published his acclaimed and controversial rendering in 1999 (London: Faber and Faber), which has subsequently appeared in different editions by Norton in New York, plus many other translations and adaptations of the poem in several languages and various media.

22 For instance, Renée R. Trilling , “Beyond Abjection: The Problem with Grendel’s Mother Again,” Parergon 24.1 (2007): 1–20.

Proceedings of the British Academy 22 (1936) : 245–295.

24 Cf. my earlier study, “The Exorcism of Grendel,” chap. 5 of ‘Beowulf’ and the Demise of Germanic Legend in England (New York: Garland, 1996) .

25 Cf. Helen T. Bennett , “The Postmodern Hall in Beowulf : Endings Embedded in Beginnings,” The Heroic Age 12 (2009). Available at: http://www.mun.ca/mst/heroicage/issues/12/ba.php

26 Edward B. Irving, Jr ., Rereading ‘Beowulf’ (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989), p. 138 . Cf. H. J. Hodges , “Cain’s Fratricide: Original Violence as ‘Original Sin’ in Beowulf ,” Medieval and Early Modern English Studies 15.1 (2007): 31–56.

27 George Philip Krapp and Elliot Van Kirk Dobbie , eds., The Exeter Book (New York: Columbia University Press, 1936), p. 163.

28 George Philip Krapp , ed., The Junius Manuscript (New York: Columbia University Press, 1931), p. 32.

29 The following comments are adapted from my recent essay, “A Mother from Hell: Love and Vengeance in Beowulf ,” in Vox Germanica: Essays in Germanic Languages and Literature in Honor of James E. Cathey , ed. Stephen J. Harris , Michael Moynihan , and Sherrill Harbison (Tempe, AZ: ACMRS, 2012): 187–198.

30 “Horror and the Maternal in Beowulf ,” PMLA 21 (2006): 702–716 .

31 A Critical Companion to “Beowulf” (Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 2003), p. 187.

32 “Old English cuƒe folme in Beowulf , Line 1303A,” Neophilologus 89.4 (2005): 625–627, at p. 626 .

33 Cf. Jacob Black-Michaud , Cohesive Force: Feud in the Mediterranean and the Middle East (New York: St. Martin’s, 1975) ; Christopher Boehm , Blood Revenge: The Anthropology of Feuding in Montenegro and Other Tribal Societies (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987) ; Max Gluckman , “Peace in the Feud,” Past and Present 8 (1955): 1–14 , and his Politics, Law and Ritual in Tribal Society (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1965) .

34 Bloodshed and Vengeance in the Papuan Mountains: The Generation of Conflict in Tauade Society (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1977), p. vii.

35 For instance, Manish Sharma , “Metalepsis and Monstrosity: The Boundaries of Narrative Structure in Beowulf ,” Studies in Philology 102.3 (2005): 247–279 ; and Susan M. Kim , “‘As I Once Did with Grendel’: Boasting and Nostalgia in Beowulf ,” Modern Philology 103.1 (2005): 4–27.

Cf. “ Wyrd and the World-Serpent,” chap. 7 of my “ Beowulf” and the Demise (1996) .

Davis, “Beowulf”and the Demise , p. xi.

38 Völuspá , ed. Sigurƒur Nordal , trans. B. S. Benedikz and John McKinnell (Durham, NC: Durham and St. Andrews Medieval Texts, 1980) , stanza 56.

This list includes studies chosen for their contribution to the present essay and continuing promise for future study of the poem.

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Beowulf Essay Topics & Ideas

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Argumentative Beowulf Essay Topics
Beowulf Essay Topics About the Main Hero
Beowulf Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Essay Examples on This Topic

Beowulf, an Old English poem by an unknown author, is the only surviving monument of the Anglo-Saxon epic. Most scientists agree that Beowulf was created in the 8th century. an English monk who knew both Old English and Latin literature. The poem has survived in a single manuscript of the late 10th century. in Old English. The study of Beowulf began in 1815, after the publication of the first edition. The poem contains 3182 lines, written in alliterative verse. Named for the main character.

✒️ Argumentative Beowulf Essay Topics

Beowulf is the longest epic poem in Old English.

Anglo-Saxon Values & Culture in Beowulf
Point of View In Grendel And Beowulf
Religion In Beowulf: Exploring Christianity And Paganism
The Concept of Fate In The “Beowulf”
The Epic Poem, Beowulf – Vengeance And Revenge In Beowulf
The Role of Women In Beowulf
Tragedy In Braveheart, The Last Samurai, And Beowulf: The Relevance of Aristotle’S Poetics In Contemporary Movie Analysis
Violence In Beowulf
What Is A Hero – Beowulf
Women In Beowulf
Pagan And Christian Themes In Beowulf
The Scop (Beowulf)
The Supernatural In Beowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight
Deconstructionist Analysis of Beowulf
Generosity In Beowulf
Contrasting Points of View In Grendel And Beowulf
Cultural Significance In Beowulf And It’S Time Period
A Descriptive of Grendel From “Beowulf”
A Different Perspective of Grendel, From Beowulf
Archetypes In Beowulf
Beowulf And The 13Th Warrior Comparison
Beowulf Shows Sacrifice by Leaving His Home Town
Beowulf Comparison To Modern Day Hero
Beowulf Pagan Or Christian
Beowulf (A Story Based On Religion)
Characteristics of The Beowulf Poem
Archetypes: Hero And Beowulf
Monsters and heroes in Beowulf

What are some thesis statement ideas for Beowulf?

Beowulf Essay Ideas That Will Inspire YouGold about the beliefs of people in the story, The heroes of the poem, The tools and weapons used in battle, The concept of gender equality in society, Leadership capacity of the characters, Try to examine how Beowulf can fight even in old age, Look at the central ideas of the poem, Look at their religious beliefs, Look at the features of the society in the poem.

What is the thesis of Beowulf?

Thesis Statement: The main character in the epic poem Beowulf, is a true. Beowulf is an Epic Hero. An epic hero is someone who has. superhuman qualities, who embodies the values of his society, and who is.

What is a good introduction for an argumentative essay?

A thesis statement expresses the main point or argument of an essay. Examples of a thesis statement are typically in the format “A is B because C”, such as “Racism [A] is immoral [B] because it is against human equality [C]”.

What is an example of an argument essay?

✨ Best beowulf Topic Ideas & Essay Examples

Beowulf Study Guide Its age is unknown; but it comes from a very distant and hoar antiquity . . . It is like a piece of ancient armor; rusty and battered, and yet strong. —Henry Wadsworth Longfellow CHARACTER LIST Much of the early action takes place in Herot, a great ….
The Basic Idea of Beowulf fThe basic idea of Beowulf is the struggle between good and evil. Even though Beowulf is not even physically capable of beating Grendal he still overcomes him,because he is good. The poem starts out describing this great Meade hall, and there’s all ….
The “Epic Hero” – Beowulf Beowulf was seen as an epic hero from the start but once he killed Grendel , glory was just not enough for him. Once the message from Denmark got to Geatland Beowulf was on his feet to defeat the monster known as Grendel. He sailed to Denmark to ….
Beowulf and SEAL Team Six Comparison of Heroes Ancient and modern heroes have many similarities and differences. Heroes, in general, have many characteristics that are similar. Heroes are brave, strong, independent and determined. Beowulf and SEAL Team Six is both brave leaders who put ….
There are Two Sides to Every Issue – Beowulf “There are two sides to every issue: one side is right and the other is wrong, but the middle is always evil. ” – Ayn Rand. To fully understand the complex world and culture of the Anglo-Saxons, one must examine the only form of historical evidence ….
Beowulf Character Analyzation In the book, ‘Beowulf’, the main character was, in a way, portrayed as a ‘Christlike figure’. Though he was in some way prideful, Beowulf did some things that draw comparison of the emotional unity throught he lies in the emotional tone of the poem. ….
Beowulf the Epic Hero An epic hero is a hero who has strength, courage, and a desire to achieve immortality. The hero Beowulf of Geatland, son of Higlac, is the most epic hero there ever was. His strength was like no other man before him. His courage surpassed all of ….
Beowulf and Loyalty What is loyalty? Never cheating in a relationship? Your dog never running away? Or is it always being a good friend? Maybe loyalty isn’t an action at all. Many people try to decipher the real meaning of loyalty, but it has a unique meaning to each ….
Is Beowulf a Good King The Old English poem Beowulf tells the story of Beowulf, a supreme warrior and a legendary Germanic hero. Does, however, Beowulf make a good king in the story? (are the criteria for a “king” and “warrior” the same?). Focusing on the implicit ….
The Anglo-Saxon Epic Beowulf Beowulf The Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf is the most important work of Old English literature, and is well deserved of the distinction. The epic tells the story of a hero, a Scandinavian prince named Beowulf, who rids the Danes of the monster Grendel, a ….
Beowulf is a Superhero Beowulf is our superhero in this story but only if our hero bragged about all his accomplishments. I say this because in the story Beowulf says, “No one else could do what I mean to, here, no man but me could hope to defeat this monster.” This here ….
The Epic Poem Beowulf The oldest European epics in existence. When Beowulf was written, the writer incorporated many of the ideals of the Anglo-Saxons. Some of these ideals included loyalty, bravery, selflessness, and justice and were demonstrated in the hero. Both the ….
Religion in Beowulf David (Kwang Min) Kim Dr. Hadley History 101 – Spring 2013 10 April 2013 Religion in Beowulf Throughout the story of Beowulf, the concept of religion plays a significant role. The Christianity ideology views state that man can survive and do great ….
Beowulf as a Hero for Anglo-Saxon People There are many heroes in are history and all of them tried to do one thing to stop evil and if they succeeded they became heroes in todays world. Beowulf as a legend from Anglo-Saxon period became known. Due to this Beowulf is a hero for Anglo-Saxon ….
Beowulf and Oddyssey Essay In The Odyssey and Beowulf, my opinion is that in both epics the two main heroes share some similar components of characteristics and different components of character traits. The stories also reflected on the importance of their cultures and how ….
Justification for the Abandonment and Solitude of Beowulf Justification for the Abandonment and Solitude of Beowulf Beowulf is the classic tale of a mighty and heroic Geat leader who comes to an unpleasant and seemingly early end. Throughout his life, Beowulf had been an excellent leader and had led his ….
Analysis of The Anglo-Saxon version of Beowulf and Dante’s The Anglo-Saxon version of Beowulf and Dante’s Inferno are both considered epic poems. Both pieces of literature were written in very different time periods that reflected the culture of their time, causing contrasts in their themes and the author’s ….
Beowulf on the Surface Essay Beowulf was a prideful, boastful, and extremely strong individual, who was faced with multiple tasks throughout the course of the poem. Although he had many great characteristics to him, there were certain things that were out of his control, things ….
Archetypes Concept in Beowulf An archetype is an ideal and generic model of an object, an idea, a concept, or a person which serves as patterns for other objects, persons, ideas, or concepts. In other words, it is a perfect example of a certain type. Archetypes can also pertain ….
Tragedy in Braveheart, The Last Samurai, and Beowulf Tragedy in Braveheart, The Last Samurai, and Beowulf: The Relevance of Aristotle’s Poetics in Contemporary Movie Analysis Aristotle’s Poetics continues to be relevant in the discourse and analysis of drama and literature, especially those falling ….

✍ Beowulf Essay Topics About the Main Hero

Conflict Within Beowulf
What Makes Beowulf A Hero And How Does It Compare To Modern Day Heroes
What’s The Difference Between Beowulf And King Arthur?
Why Is Beowulf Considered A Hero
Beowulf’S Heroic Qualities
Beowulf: Epic Hero

Why is Beowulf considered a hero essay?

A hero is someone who goes through adversity to help others in desperate times. A hero fights evil, and defends people. Beowulf should be considered a hero because he is a strong, brave warrior who defended his people and slayed evil monsters. Beowulf proves himself to be a strong, brave warrior by killing Grendel the monster.

Why is Beowulf a true hero?

Beowulf; A True Hero. Beowulf is truly a hero because he is willing to put himself at great risk for the greater good. Beowulf’s defeats of Grendel and Grendel’s mother establish him as a hero because he did it to save his people, rather than for his own glory. Beowulf is brought from his homeland to Heorot as an aegis for Hrothgar’s people.

Why is Beowulf true epic hero essays?

Beowulf is a great epic hero because he performs many brave deeds such as risking his life for the greater good of society, and is significant and glorified by all people. Beowulf displays all of these heroic characteristics in many situations throughout the poem.

Why is Beowulf considered to be the ideal epic hero?

Beowulf Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

There is only one surviving Beowulf manuscript.

“Beowulf” vs “The 13Th Warrior” Comparison Sample
A Comparative On The Characteristics of The Faerie Queen’S Error And Beowulf’S Grendel
Beowulf And Evil Problem
Beowulf and The Iliad Comparison
Examples of Loyalty In Beowulf
Beowulf And Parzival
Beowulf Vs. Star Wars Compare ; Contrast
Beowulf Vs. 13Th Warrior
Beowulf Vs.Gilgamesh As Epic Heroes
Beowulf Vs. James Bond
Beowulf, Comparison Between Movie And Film
Christianity And Paganism In Beowulf Research
Comparison And Contrast of Grendel And Beowulf
Comparison Between Beowulf And The Wanderer
Comparison of Hrothgar And Beowulf As Kings Sample
Comparisons Between The Hobbit And Beowulf Sample
The True Hero – Sir Gawain Vs Beowulf
Heroism Beowulf And Sir Gawain
Comparing the Hero in Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Mulan And Beowulf, Epic Heros
Good Vs Evil: Beowulf
Beowulf: Movie And Book Sample
Beowulf: Pagan Or Christian Epic
Causality And Beowulf Foreshadowing

How is Beowulf different from Spider-Man?

Regarding personal characteristics and attributes, Beowulf mingled with people normally first as their hero and later their king whom the people extend awe and respect. Comparatively, Spider-Man do not.

What is Beowulf’s role as a hero?

Beowulf is an ancient hero who became a king in pursuit of doing his majestic role in protecting the people against monsters that might harm them.

Why does Beowulf have to kill his enemies?

In the case of Beowulf, since his enemy are not humans, with the real intention of just putting people to death and destruction, that neither human laws nor authority can stop, what he does is to fight them to death.

What would Beowulf and Spider-Man use to perform their deeds?

Sword and shield for Beowulf, scientifically accumulated spider skills and sophisticated web shooter for Spider-Man. In comparison, they perform their deeds using the best of their time.

The original manuscript of Beowulf was damaged in a fire.

Archetypes In Seamus Haney’s Beowulf
Beowulf Vs Everyman Research Paper Beowulf
Comparison Between Beowulf and the Modern Day Hero
Religion and Beowulf
The Lead of Beowulf Essay
Three Battles of Beowulf Essay
Epic Poem: Beowulf

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80 Beowulf Essay Topics

Published by Denis on March 11, 2021 March 11, 2021

Beowulf is a poem about Beowulf, who is the nephew to the king of the Geats, Hygelac. Geats is located south of Sweden. It comes to Beowulf’s knowledge that there is a monster called Grendel that is terrorizing where also king Hrothgar dwells. Beowulf travels to Heorot, where the Danish king receives him. The monster, Grendel comes to Heorot and is slain by Beowulf, who cuts off his arm. His victory over the monster earns him praises.

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However, the attacks do not stop there as Grendel’s mother comes out to revenge her son. Once again, Beowulf has to face the monster.

The monster kills the king’s best counselor. Beowulf follows the monster to her lair, where he manages to kill her after almost being overpowered. He returns with the head of the monster and is given myriad rewards, ranging from lands, titles, and so on. Beowulf returns home and is made king after some time.

Fifty years into his reign, their kingdom is devastated by another monster. He goes ahead to fight it, but this time he is disappointed by his swords. With the help of his retainer Wiglaf, they kill the monster, but he suffers fatal wounds that he succumbs to.

The epic Old English poem on the hero Beowulf has spawned lots of entertainment content, including film and theater adaptations. But Beowulf has also attracted a lot of attention from writers interested in medieval literature. It is an exciting read and body of literature for exploration for all levels of education.

How to write an essay on Beowulf

The plot, characters, and stage of the story of Beowulf present varied openings for Beowulf essay topics. An obvious approach would be to study the Hero’s motivations and actions and those of the other characters in in-depth analyses. Other closely related topics that can be spun off this epic include comparative analysis with other mythical heroes e.g., in the Greek epics. Of course, a thorough understanding of the poem would be needed when writing about it.

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How to choose a topic for a Beowulf essay

When writing an essay on an epic, it could be directly based on the epic, e.g., analyzing the hero’s deeds or having a base on the epic, e.g., comparing it with another modern-day hero. The good thing is that there is a lot of literature on the epic already in place. You cannot rewrite the epic, so the best approach would be to improve the existing literature by providing more insights into the plot, characters, and the story’s setting.

Stuck in finding a Beowulf essay topic? Try searching using this free essay title generator —the results will be amazing!

Writing on Beowulf essay topics is pretty much straightforward. Get a good understanding of the story and look at ways of exploring it from a fresh perspective. If you love epic stories, the Beowulf epic will always have something intriguing to write about.

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Beowulf Study Guide

Beowulf is the most ancient text in Old English that has been preserved till nowadays. Scientists still wrestle over many questions related to the manuscript. Did a single author write it? Why was the next unnamed? What is its literary value?

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This Beowulf Study Guide prepared by Custom-Writing.org experts answers some of these questions and gives clues to a better understanding of the story of Beowulf.

Beowulf Key Facts

Beowulf study guide: articles.

The poem’s summary

If you need to quickly figure out the intricacies of the poem’s plot, this page will be helpful. It contains Beowulf plot overview, a timeline, and chapter summaries.

Character analysis

This article on Beowulf characters analyses Beowulf, Grendel, Hrothgar, Grendel’s mother, Unferth, and minor characters of the famous epic poem.

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Themes of Beowulf

Want to learn more about themes in Beowulf ? Chech this article then. Christianity, hospitality, loyalty, bravery – all the poem’s themes are described here.

Symbolism & literary analysis

Is Beowulf an epic? Where does it take place? Find all the answers in this article. It focuses on the poem’s symbols, metaphors, setting, genre, etc.

Essay topics and examples

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If you need to write a Beowulf essay, check the collection we’ve prepared. It contains Beowulf essay samples as well as a list of the topics and prompts.

Beowulf Q&A

Looking for questions and answers about the epic poem? On this page, you’ll find the answers to the most pressing questions about Beowulf. Enjoy!

Beowulf Historical Context

The plot is set between the 5th and the 8th century . That is why it was also a historical text for its creator, who lived several centuries later. The historical background of the poem (for instance, the construction of Heorot) helped scientists define the time frame and the location when and where the events took place.

In 2013, archaeologists found the ruins of Heorot. The excavations were carried out in Lejre, Denmark, some 20 miles from Copenhagen.

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The poem is swinging from the pagan to Christian traditions and back. It is another confirmation of the timing assumptions of scholars. Beowulf could be composed long before the manuscript we know. It could be an orally transmitted legend that was later written down to be preserved as a legacy. The manuscript writer lived when the Christian religion grew stronger. Pagan rites and views of life faded away.

For this reason, we should read Beowulf in the context of hundreds of years that contributed to its creation. For example, the wrath of Grendel is a multilayered symbol. In the 5 th century, it meant unknown and illogical evil that threatened everyone who went too far from their settlement. In the 11 th century, it was already the symbol of the Biblical devil .

The handwriting analysis shows that two English monks composed the text at the beginning of the 11th century.

The manuscript is in the British Museum . It is among the most translated texts in human history because its themes and issues are eternal. Medieval people enjoyed the heroism, honor, and loyalty of the main hero. Modern readers also find the characters relatable, and the theme of good and evil is topical now as never before.

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Looking for Beowulf summary and analysis? Need to quickly figure out the intricacies of the poem’s plot? You’re in the right place! In the article prepared by our experts, you’ll find Beowulf plot overview, an illustrated timeline, as well as chapter summaries of the classic tale. 📊 Beowulf Plot Overview ...

Is Beowulf a hero? ️Where is he from? How he dies? Find all the answers in this article on Beowulf characters prepared by Custom-Writing.org experts. Grendel, Hrothgar, Grendel’s mother, Unferth, and others are described below. There is also a Beowulf character map that presents the main characters and their connections. ...

The themes and motifs of the poem indicate which models of behavior were favored and criticized in the Middle Ages. Generosity, loyalty, strength, heroism, and courage made up a respected personality. On the contrary, envy, greed, betrayal, and cowardice characterized a negative character. The unknown author looks for these motifs...

Beowulf is the first text written in Old English. The described events date back to the 6th century, but the manuscript appeared between the 8th and 11th century AD. It explains why the poem needs a translation to Modern English for an unprepared reader to understand it. Moreover, some literary...

This epic poem is the oldest known written artifact in Old English. It reveals the life, traditions, and culture of the people who lived a millennium ago. At the same time, Beowulf presents such archetypes as loyalty, courage, generosity, hospitality, honor, and heroism. We can relate to these moral categories...

Beowulf is an epic poem by an unknown author. It was written between the 8th and 11th centuries, but the plot describes the events that date back to 500 AD. The original text is in Old English, so the general public studies the poem in a translation. This selection by...

What Is the Reason for the Tragic End of the Hero Beowulf?

Beowulf was too arrogant to admit he was too old for a hero’s role in the battle with the dragon. He wanted to achieve another feat and receive fame. He felt his death was near, but it did not stop him. After all, dying in a battle was the best...

Which Comparison of Beowulf and Grendel Is Most Accurate?

The poem Beowulf and the novel Grendel have a similar plot. Both literary works characterize Grendel in the same way, with minor differences. In the poem, he is an angry man-eating creature with primitive human traits. In the novel, he is lonely and miserable. His inner world is emotionally complicated....

Which Features of the Anglo-Saxon Culture Are Present in Beowulf?

In Beowulf, the Anglo-Saxon culture manifests itself in gift-giving, hospitality, feasts and celebrations, and the mixture of Pagan and Christian traditions. Such notions as lords, thanes, and warrior tribes were also typical for this culture. In the Anglo-Saxon culture, any achievement in a battle had to be rewarded. There were...

Beowulf was too old for the battle with the dragon. He sensed his death was soon. But he was a king, and kings are responsible for their people. The dragon attacked their homes, so Beowulf had to eliminate it. Besides, in Anglo-Saxon culture, dying in a battle was considered the...

At the time when Beowulf was written, and even more so when the described events took place, there was no such a country like Denmark. Beowulf took fifteen chosen companions with him to fight a man-eating monster who threatened the Danish tribe. There were several reasons why he decided to...

Apart from some other conflicts that mainly fall under the category “Person Vs. Person,” the central conflict is “Person Vs. Supernatural.” Accordingly, the poem describes three battles of Beowulf: with Grendel, his mother, and the dragon. All of them are evil supernatural creatures that kill people and threaten their mead-halls....

The epic poem tells the life story of a Geatish hero, his feats, and achievements. He sails to the land of the Danes to help them fight Grendel, a monster who ate people. This storyline is enframed with the lineage of the Danish kings and other historical or fictional events...

Beowulf came to fight the dragon with eleven warriors. Ten of them betrayed him in fear, but Wiglaf stayed. The two of them opposed the fire-breathing creature. When Beowulf’s sword broke, Wiglaf stabbed the dragon in its stomach. It gave the hero time to take out his knife, which he...

Where Was Beowulf When Grendel Burst into the Hall?

Grendel, the first monster that appears in the poem, came to Heorot by night. At that moment, Beowulf pretended he was asleep. Here the hero played the role of a sleeping monster whose lair was disturbed. He can defeat a monster only by acting like a monster. Grendel and his...

Why Does Hrothgar Ask Beowulf to Battle Grendel’s Mother?

Grendel’s mother killed Aeschere, Hrothgar’s favorite thane. This loss was too personal to leave it unrevenged. He asked Beowulf to battle Grendel’s mother to bring an end to the monstrous breed. Besides, the hero was the only person Hrothgar believed was strong enough for the task. The next night after...

Beowulf takes place in Scandinavia around the 6th century AD. The Geats and the Scyldings (or Danes) were real tribal groups. They lived on the territory of modern southern Sweden and Denmark, respectively. We may suppose that Beowulf crossed the Baltic Sea. Still, it is impossible to define the exact...

Beowulf is one of the first epic heroes that can be found in ancient literature. His brave and noble character helps him defeat evil monsters that killed the Danes and Geats. Beowulf is strong and loyal to his kings. He does everything possible to improve the life of the people...

What Is the Outcome of Beowulf’s Battle with Grendel?

The battle with Grendel finishes when Beowulf tears off his arm, and the monster runs away to die in the swamps. But Grendel’s mother was driven by vengeance. By night, she penetrated Heorot. She took away Hrothgar’s best advisor and Grendel’s hand. Later Beowulf found the advisor’s head near the...

Who Is the Protagonist in the Battle with the Dragon?

In the battle with the dragon, Beowulf acts as a protagonist. He is the character with whom readers identify themselves. The dragon is the antagonist. It opposes Beowulf and kills him. A protagonist and an antagonist are antonyms. These opposing forces create a conflict in a story and move the...

How Can the Reader Tell That Beowulf Is an Epic Poem?

Traditionally, epic literature is formed as a long and narrative poem. It also has such literary devices as kennings and rich imagery. Epic poems do not have a rhyme in the sense of modern poetry. Instead, their unique form is achieved by alliteration and rhythm. An indispensable criterion is the...

Unferth is one of the warriors under Hrothgar’s rule. Unferth questioned Beowulf’s ability to defeat Grendel because once Beowulf failed in a swimming competition. Unferth was jealous of the hero’s strength, bravery, and the way the king accepted him. This feeling highlights the difference between these two characters. When Beowulf...

When Hygelac died, Queen Hygd offered Beowulf to take the throne as Heardred, her son, was too young to rule the Geats. Beowulf refused but promised to serve the young king till his dying day. But Heardred was killed in a battle. Then Beowulf became the King of the Geats...

In What Way Does Beowulf’s Sword Fail Him?

Unferth gave Hrunting to Beowulf as an infallible legendary sword that survived many battles. But when Beowulf fought Grendel’s mother, his sword could not penetrate her armored skin. It even did not scratch her. For this reason, Beowulf had to put aside this weapon and use the giant sword from...

Beowulf comes to help Hrothgar because the king helped Beowulf’s father once a long time ago. The heroic code dictated Beowulf to be loyal to the benefactors of his family. He had to repay for the good deed. Moreover, Beowulf strived for fame, and killing Grendel would bring him glory....

Describe the Setting Where Beowulf Fights Grendel’s Mother

Beowulf fights Grendel’s mother in her deep underwater lair. It is located in a building with a high arch. An ancient sword made by giants hangs on the wall as if waiting for Beowulf to use it. All of these objects and details bear symbolic meaning. Many epic heroes had...

What Was the Name of the Hall in Which Beowulf and Grendel Battled?

Heorot is a mead-hall and a critical location in Beowulf. The hall is situated in Denmark. It serves as a seat of rule for Hrothgar, a legendary Danish king. He built the hall to celebrate victories and protect his people from any invaders. So, the attack on Heorot was the...

The heroic code required equal terms in a battle for warriors. Beowulf knew that Grendel’s only weapon was his hands. For this reason, the warrior took off his armor and put away his sword. He caught Grendel by his hand and tore it off. The monster died from this mortal...

Beowulf killed Grendel’s mother using a sword he found in her cave. It was an ancient sword forged by giants, Cain’s descendants, like Grendel and his mother. When Beowulf killed the mother and decapitated Grendel, the sword melted away because of the mother’s poisonous blood. In that battle, Beowulf went...

What Was Unusual about the Way Beowulf Fought Grendel?

When the night came, and Beowulf was getting ready for the battle, he took off all of his armor. He also put away the sword to fight Grendel barehanded. He motivated it by the fact that the monster was unarmed, so that they would be equal. Besides, Beowulf relied on...

Which Plot Element Features the Conflicts and Challenges Encountered by Characters in Beowulf?

Rising action features the conflicts and challenges of the characters in a fictional plot. The story escalates when all the characters start experiencing various negative things. In Beowulf, rising action takes place between Grendel’s attack on the mead-hall and Beowulf’s battle with Grendel’s mother. The latter marks the climax of...

Which Words Describe the Relationship between Hrothgar and Beowulf?

Hrothgar plays a father figure in Beowulf’s life, and their relationship is full of mutual respect and loyalty. These two words represent the message the author wanted to convey by describing these two characters’ communication. In the end, Beowulf becomes a wise king, just as Hrothgar was. The heroic code...

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Essays on Beowulf

Beowulf essay topic examples.

Find a variety of essay topics, introduction paragraph examples, and conclusion paragraph examples for different essay types. Your choice of topic can greatly impact the quality and depth of your essay, so choose wisely!

Argumentative Essays

Argumentative essays require you to analyze and present arguments related to the epic poem. Here are some topic examples:

1. Debate whether Beowulf is a typical epic hero or a unique character.
2. Argue whether the monsters in the poem symbolize inner human struggles or external threats.

Example Introduction Paragraph for an Argumentative Essay: The epic poem Beowulf introduces us to a hero of unparalleled strength and valor. This essay explores the character of Beowulf, examining whether he adheres to the conventional traits of an epic hero or represents a distinctive figure in the realm of heroic literature.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for an Argumentative Essay: In conclusion, the analysis of Beowulf's character challenges our understanding of epic heroes. Whether he is a classic archetype or a unique creation, Beowulf continues to captivate readers with his timeless heroism. As we ponder his legacy, we are reminded that heroism takes on various forms, transcending the boundaries of time and culture.

Compare and Contrast Essays

Compare and contrast essays enable you to examine similarities and differences within the epic or between it and other literary works. Consider these topics:

1. Compare and contrast the character traits of Beowulf and Achilles from Homer's The Iliad .
2. Analyze the similarities and differences between the epic battles in Beowulf and Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings .

Example Introduction Paragraph for a Compare and Contrast Essay: The characters of Beowulf and Achilles occupy a special place in the pantheon of literary heroes. This essay embarks on a journey to compare and contrast these iconic figures, exploring the traits that make them heroic and the differences that set them apart.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for a Compare and Contrast Essay: In conclusion, the comparison and contrast of Beowulf and Achilles offer insights into the multifaceted nature of heroism in literature. While they share certain heroic qualities, their distinct characteristics reflect the diversity of hero archetypes across different cultural narratives.

Descriptive Essays

Descriptive essays allow you to vividly depict settings, characters, or events within the epic poem. Here are some topic ideas:

1. Describe the grandeur of Heorot, King Hrothgar's hall, in detail.
2. Paint a detailed portrait of Grendel, focusing on his physical appearance and monstrous nature.

Example Introduction Paragraph for a Descriptive Essay: Heorot, the grand mead hall of King Hrothgar, stands as a majestic centerpiece in the world of Beowulf . This essay embarks on a descriptive journey to capture the splendor and significance of Heorot, immersing the reader in the heart of the poem's setting.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for a Descriptive Essay: In conclusion, the descriptive portrayal of Heorot in Beowulf not only serves as a setting but also symbolizes the ideals of camaraderie and culture. Through this exploration, we are reminded of the enduring power of place and atmosphere in storytelling.

Persuasive Essays

Persuasive essays involve arguing a point of view related to the epic poem. Consider these persuasive topics:

1. Persuade your readers that Beowulf's battles against monsters symbolize the eternal struggle between good and evil.
2. Argue for or against the idea that Beowulf is not just a hero but also a symbol of leadership and sacrifice.

Example Introduction Paragraph for a Persuasive Essay: The epic battles fought by Beowulf against monstrous foes transcend mere physical combat. This persuasive essay asserts that these confrontations symbolize a timeless battle between the forces of good and evil, shedding light on the broader moral landscape of the poem.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for a Persuasive Essay: In conclusion, the persuasive argument regarding the symbolic nature of Beowulf's battles underscores the epic's enduring relevance as a moral and philosophical exploration. As we contemplate the allegorical dimensions of his feats, we are encouraged to reflect on the eternal struggle between righteousness and malevolence in our own lives.

Narrative Essays

Narrative essays offer you the opportunity to tell a story or share personal experiences related to the themes of the epic. Explore these narrative essay topics:

1. Narrate a personal experience where you faced a formidable challenge and drew inspiration from Beowulf's character.
2. Imagine yourself as a character in the world of Beowulf and recount your adventures alongside the hero.

Example Introduction Paragraph for a Narrative Essay: In the tapestry of our lives, we often encounter challenges that test our mettle. This narrative essay explores a personal experience where I confronted a daunting challenge and drew inspiration from the indomitable spirit of Beowulf, a character of enduring heroism.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for a Narrative Essay: In conclusion, the narrative of my personal journey, inspired by the heroism of Beowulf, reminds us that courage and determination are virtues that transcend time and place. As we reflect on our own heroic moments, we are encouraged to embrace the hero within each of us.

Comparing and Contrasting Beowulf: The Epic Poem and The Movie Adaptation

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Beowulf by Burton Raffel Poem Analysis

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The Characteristics of a Hero in The Anglo-saxon Epic Beowulf

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The Code of Honor, Courage, and The Dreadful Female Character in The World of Beowulf

Elements of christianity and paganism in the works of beowulf, important factor in the anglo-saxon culture: beowulf, the illustration of the attributes of a leader as described in beowulf, the role of grendel’s mother in beowulf, the meaning of rings in beowulf, symbols of faith and traditions in beowulf, why beowulf is not an anglo-saxon hero, the topic of loyalty and vengeance in beowulf, grendel’s point of view in beowulf as the perfect hero/villain, representation of the themes of honor and heroism in beowulf , review of the subject of christian faith as illustrated in the classic poem beowulf, analysis of beowulf's character development troughout the poem, analysis of women and their fundamental roles in beowulf, beowulf – a hero of ancient scandinavia, three good kings of beowulf, hero vs monster in the poem beowulf, danish paganism and christianity in beowulf, beowulf: oral literature in writing, two monsters alike: beowulf vs. grendel.

Disputed (c. 700 - 1000 AD), first printed edition by Thorklelin (1815); Author is unknown

Old English Epic Poem; Epic Heroic Writing

Beowulf, Hygelac, Hrothgar, Wealhþeow, Hrothulf, Æschere, Unferth, Grendel, Grendel's mother, Wiglaf, Hildeburh

It mixes together various fictional, legendary, and fiction elements that relate to 7th century epics

Heroism, competition, faith, monsters, honor, deeds of valour, and the battles

It is a reflection of strength and coming at impossible missions by showing how supernatural powers and faith can defeat the monsters

It tells a story about Beowulf who is considered a hero of the Geats who comes to help Hrothgar, the Danish king. His great hall is affected by the monster called Grendel. As Beowulf kills Grendel without any weapon, he has to start with another mission to prove his strength.

Beowulf represents the longest poem written in Old English with entire action related to Scandinavia. It does not mention the British Isles even once although it is exactly where Old English has been in use. The original manuscript of Beowulf was damaged on October 23, 1731 because of a fire. The original manuscript of Beowulf was damaged on October 23, 1731 because of a fire. As the heroic poem, Beowulf implements 36 different words that all stand for "heroism", "heroic", or "hero" because of the various dialects that represented Old English. Some scholars believe that Beowulf could be influenced by Homer since it shares similar structure and the epic element of the famous Iliad. The author of Jurassic Park (Michael Crichton) even made a bet whether he could use Beowulf as a foundation for something entertaining and accessible. It was his Eaters of the Dead novel that was published in 1976. When Beowulf manuscript has been discovered, archeologists were convinced that they have found the remains of the famous Heorot Hall, which has been concluded by reading the epic.

“It is always better to avenge dear ones than to indulge in mourning. For every one of us, living in this world means waiting for our end. Let whoever can win glory before death. When a warrior is gone, that will be his best and only bulwark.” “Behaviour that's admired is the path to power among people everywhere.” “Anyone with gumption and a sharp mind will take the measure of two things: what's said and what's done.” “And a young prince must be prudent like that, giving freely while his father lives so that afterwards, in age when fighting starts steadfast companions will stand by him and hold the line.” “Death is not easily escaped, try it who will; but every living soul among the children of men dwelling upon the earth goeth of necessity unto his destined place, where the body, fast in its narrow bed, sleepeth after feast.”

The main purpose of The Beowulf is to tell a heroic story and entertain the readers since the epic poem must offer an inspiring storytelling. Since it relates to the late sixth and seventh century with the Scandinavian influences, it represents an oral tradition that has been written down. It is an important aspect for linguists and those who want to study heroic literary representations.

As the famous Old English epic, Beowulf represents a rare heritage in terms of oral word comprehension and a linguistic structure that tells an epic story. It can be useful not only for those who study Linguistics or English literature because it also brings up the topics of courage, dedication, faith, and the responsibilities that come along with power. Some essay topics that deal with Beowulf focus on the socio-cultural aspect of relations in this important epic. Since it deals with Scandinavia, some cultural traits are studied through the lens of the Western society by comparing things to anything from the Civil War in the United States to modern society.

1. Brady, C. (1982). ‘Warriors’ in Beowulf: an analysis of the nominal compounds and an evaluation of the poet's use of them. Anglo-Saxon England, 11, 199-246. (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/anglo-saxon-england/article/warriors-in-beowulf-an-analysis-of-the-nominal-compounds-and-an-evaluation-of-the-poets-use-of-them/DE8DA47FADF469024BFEB16994E9B342) 2. Hughes, G. (1977). Beowulf, unferth and hrunting: An interpretation. English Studies, 58(5), 385-395. (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00138387708597845?journalCode=nest20) 3. Hume, K. (1975). The Theme and Structure of" Beowulf". Studies in Philology, 72(1), 1-27. (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4173860) 4. Mohigul, M., & Nargiza, T. (2022). STYLISTIC AND LINGUOPOETIC ANALYSIS OF EPIC POEM “BEOWULF”. Involta Scientific Journal, 1(13), 20-24. (https://involta.uz/index.php/iv/article/view/367) 5. Bjork, R. E. (1994). Speech as gift in Beowulf. Speculum, 69(4), 993-1022. (https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1017/S0038713400030177?journalCode=spc) 6. Wiersma, S. M. (1961). A LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF WORDS REFERRING TO MONSTERS IN" BEOWULF.". The University of Wisconsin-Madison. (https://www.proquest.com/openview/583ab51711089bcbe64f79c8c32325af/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y) 7. Leyerle, J. (1967). The interlace structure of Beowulf. University of Toronto Quarterly, 37(1), 1-17. (https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/abs/10.3138/utq.37.1.1) 8. Earl, J. W. (2022). Thinking About ‘Beowulf’. In Thinking About ‘Beowulf’. Stanford University Press. (https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781503621701/html?lang=en)

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75 Good Beowulf Essay Topics and Ideas
Consider exploring various dimensions of the poem through topics such as: The societal roles of women in Beowulf. The effect of digression in enhancing the narrative. The relationship between warriors and lordship. The portrayal of traditional society within the epic. Character development throughout the poem.
105 Beowulf Essay Topics & Examples
105 Beowulf Essay Topics & Examples. See tips on writing the Beowulf thesis statements and critical analysis of the poem. Also, our experts have prepared a list of ideas and prompts that allow you to explore the archetypal epic hero and more! Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon poem, named after the main character.
Beowulf: Suggested Essay Topics
3. How does treasure function in Beowulf? How do the characters and the poet seem to feel about the element of gold, as it appears throughout the poem? 4. What role do the digressions play in Beowulf? What light do they shed on the main action? 5. Is Beowulf an ideal hero and king?
Beowulf Sample Essay Outlines
Compare the three battles. Outline. I. Thesis Statement: In his quest for glory, Beowulf fights three important battles—two with monsters and one with a dragon. These battles have both ...
Top 3 "Beowulf" Essay Topics
However, Beowulf focuses its attention on his three greatest feats: the fights against Grendel, Grendel's mother, and the dragon. Each of the fights was unique. The demon Grendel was perhaps the most powerful foe, and he also possessed a magical hex which prevented swords from harming him. Thus, Beowulf had to fight Grendel in hand-to-hand combat.
Beowulf: Sample A+ Essay
After Beowulf dies, the poet announces the end of a glorious Geatish era by noting that "no follower" will wear the treasure Beowulf wins from the dragon in his memory, "nor lovely woman / link and attach [it] as a torque around her neck.". Treasure symbolizes prosperity and stability; without these attributes, the Geatish clan can no ...
What's a good thesis statement on how Beowulf was a hero?
A good thesis statement for how Beowulf was a hero could be the following: "Beowulf becomes a hero through showing his courage and strength in taking on monsters." According to the Anglo-Saxon ...
55 Beowulf Essay Topics
55 Beowulf Essay Topics. One of the most important works of literature translated and read the world over is the Old English poem, Beowulf. This heroic epic tells the story of a great warrior who saves a kingdom from a terrible monster. The poem has been adapted into many different forms, including movies, plays, and television shows.
Beowulf Suggested Essay Topics
Suggested Essay Topics. 1. Discuss how the importance of lineage, as seen in Beowulf, has changed in modern culture. Cite specific examples of cases where lineage is still discussed and considered ...
Essays About Beowulf: Top 5 Inspiring Examples Plus Prompts
To write excellent essays about Beowulf, you first need to understand the poem more deeply; see our examples and prompts to help you with your essay writing.. The Old English epic Beowulf is one of the most famous stories. This iconic piece of Old English literature is believed to have been composed between 700 and 750. Many people in school or university study this poem for its structure and ...
Beowulf Free Essay Examples And Topic Ideas
48 essay samples found. Beowulf, an epic poem from the early Middle Ages, is one of the most important works of Old English literature. Essays on Beowulf might explore the narrative structure, characters, themes of heroism, loyalty, and mortality. Additionally, discussions could delve into the historic and cultural context in which Beowulf was ...
Beowulf Essay Topics
These essay prompts will help your student(s) explore Beowulf's main themes and ideas. Prompts for expository, compare and contrast, and persuasive essays are provided. Create an account
Beowulf Essays: Samples & Topics
Beowulf and Batman: Compare and Contrast Analysis of Two Heroes. Two iconic figures from literature and pop culture, Beowulf and Batman, may seem worlds apart in terms of time and context. However, when we delve into their characteristics, motivations, and roles, striking similarities and intriguing differences emerge.
Major Themes in Beowulf
One of the central themes of Beowulf, embodied by its title character, is loyalty. At every step of his career, loyalty is Beowulf's guiding virtue. Beowulf comes to the assistance of the Danes (Scyldings) for complicated reasons. Certainly he is interested in increasing his reputation and gaining honor and payment for his own king back in ...
100+ Beowulf Essay Topics
Beowulf is an old Anglo-Saxon poem with over 300 lines. This poem's author is unknown, but he wrote it around the beginning of the 11th century. The author sets the story in Scandinavia, and it involves several wars. The poem tackles several essential themes, and the writing style is crucial to scholars.
105 Beowulf Essay Topics & Research Titles at StudyCorgi
This paper examines the episode of the battle between her and the protagonist, Beowulf. "Beowulf" Poem and Old English. "Beowulf", a poem, the creation of which dates back to the 8th century, is a work of literature that marks the start of the Old English language. Review of "Beowulf" Poem by Heaney Seamus.
Beowulf
Beowulf is a narrative meditation in Old English verse on the origins of violence in human affairs and the capacity of both political institutions and individual leaders to control it. The poet's prognosis is not good. He tells the story of a young prince who travels from his homeland in southern Sweden to help the old Danish King Hrothgar confront a troll-like revenant named Grendel, who ...
Top 86 Beowulf Essay Topics & Ideas for 2022
What are some thesis statement ideas for Beowulf? Beowulf Essay Ideas That Will Inspire YouGold about the beliefs of people in the story, The heroes of the poem, The tools and weapons used in battle, The concept of gender equality in society, Leadership capacity of the characters, Try to examine how Beowulf can fight even in old age, Look at ...
80 Beowulf Essay Topics
80 Beowulf Essay Topics. Beowulf is a poem about Beowulf, who is the nephew to the king of the Geats, Hygelac. Geats is located south of Sweden. It comes to Beowulf's knowledge that there is a monster called Grendel that is terrorizing where also king Hrothgar dwells. Beowulf travels to Heorot, where the Danish king receives him.
Beowulf Critical Essays
Critical Evaluation. Beowulf is the earliest extant heroic poem in any modern European language. The poem has come down through the centuries in a single manuscript, which was damaged and almost ...
Beowulf Study Guide: Questions, Answers, Summary, & Essay Topics
Find all the answers in this article. It focuses on the poem's symbols, metaphors, setting, genre, etc. Essay topics and examples. Receive a plagiarism-free paper. tailored to your instructions. Cut 20% off your first order! Grab the Code. If you need to write a Beowulf essay, check the collection we've prepared.
Free Beowulf Essays and Research Papers on GradesFixer
Persuasive essays involve arguing a point of view related to the epic poem. Consider these persuasive topics: 1. Persuade your readers that Beowulf's battles against monsters symbolize the eternal struggle between good and evil. 2. Argue for or against the idea that Beowulf is not just a hero but also a symbol of leadership and sacrifice.
Beowulf Thesis Ideas
Beowulf Thesis Ideas, Trying To Resume From Dev Sda, Cyber Bullying Essay Introduction Body Conclusion, Sample Cover Letters Enclosing Resume, Essay Election, Public Relations Intern Resume Template, Research Paper On First Language Acquisition ...

75 Beowulf Essay Topics

Tips for Choosing an Optimal Beowulf Essay Topic

Inspiring Beowulf Essay Topics

Symbolism and Motifs in Beowulf

Historical and Cultural Context

Character Analyses

Narrative Techniques and Literary Devices

Themes and Philosophies

Comparative Analyses

Broader Perspectives

In-depth Explorations

Beowulf’s Battles

Creative Angles for Your Beowulf Essay

Concluding Thoughts on Beowulf Essay Topics

105 Beowulf Essay Topics & Examples

55 Beowulf Essay Topics

Part 1: How to Start Your Beowulf Essay

Part 2: How to Write Your Beowulf Essay

Part 3: How to Finish Your Beowulf Essay

Beowulf Essay Topics About Loyalty

Beowulf Essay Topics About Fate

Beowulf Essay Topics About Good vs. Evil

Beowulf Essay Topics About Religion

Beowulf Essay Topics About Strength

Beowulf Essay Topics About Love

Beowulf Essay Topics About Family

Beowulf Essay Topics About Courage

Beowulf Essay Topics About Honor

Beowulf Essay Topics About Vengeance

Fun Beowulf Essay Topics

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Essays About Beowulf: Top 5 Inspiring Examples Plus Prompts

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Beowulf - List of Free Essay Examples And Topic Ideas

Anglo Saxon Values in Beowulf

Beowulf Good Vs Evil

Grendel is not Necessarily a Monster

Beowulf Character Analysis

The Iliad and Beowulf

Grendel’s Mother Illustrates

Beowulf Christianity Vs Paganism

Beowulf and Grendel Comparison

Many Epic Heroes Throughout the Course of History

Beowulf Poem Vs Movie

The Hero’s Journey in Beowulf

Translated by Burton Raffel

The Story of Beowulf

Hubris Leaders in the Odyssey and Beowulf

The Battles Amongst Beowulf

The Women in Beowulf

Good Works Without Hoping

Heorot in Beowulf Epic Poem

Beowulf Story Began in Modern Time

Beowulf is One of the most Highly Favored

Beowulf: between Myth and History

An Epic Hero is a Brave

The Elements of Christianity in Beowulf

The Epic Beowulf is a Story

Beowulf and Sir Gawain: Compare and Contrast

Beowulf as a Hero and Leader

The Mead Hall

Beowulf Epic Hero

Beowulf Vs Hercules Comparison

Beowulf and Judith Comparison

Related topic

How To Write an Essay About Beowulf

Developing a Thesis Statement

Analyzing the Text

Addressing Critical Perspectives

Concluding Your Essay

Review and Edit

Essay Samples on Beowulf

Analysis of Beowulf Compared to Modern Day Heroes

How Beowulf Is an Epic Hero: the Features of the Heroic Archetype