college thesis starters

25 Thesis Statement Examples

A thesis statement is needed in an essay or dissertation . There are multiple types of thesis statements – but generally we can divide them into expository and argumentative. An expository statement is a statement of fact (common in expository essays and process essays) while an argumentative statement is a statement of opinion (common in argumentative essays and dissertations). Below are examples of each.

Strong Thesis Statement Examples

1. School Uniforms

“Mandatory school uniforms should be implemented in educational institutions as they promote a sense of equality, reduce distractions, and foster a focused and professional learning environment.”

Best For: Argumentative Essay or Debate

Read More: School Uniforms Pros and Cons

2. Nature vs Nurture

“This essay will explore how both genetic inheritance and environmental factors equally contribute to shaping human behavior and personality.”

Best For: Compare and Contrast Essay

Read More: Nature vs Nurture Debate

3. American Dream

“The American Dream, a symbol of opportunity and success, is increasingly elusive in today’s socio-economic landscape, revealing deeper inequalities in society.”

Best For: Persuasive Essay

Read More: What is the American Dream?

4. Social Media

“Social media has revolutionized communication and societal interactions, but it also presents significant challenges related to privacy, mental health, and misinformation.”

Best For: Expository Essay

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Social Media

5. Globalization

“Globalization has created a world more interconnected than ever before, yet it also amplifies economic disparities and cultural homogenization.”

Read More: Globalization Pros and Cons

6. Urbanization

“Urbanization drives economic growth and social development, but it also poses unique challenges in sustainability and quality of life.”

Read More: Learn about Urbanization

7. Immigration

“Immigration enriches receiving countries culturally and economically, outweighing any perceived social or economic burdens.”

Read More: Immigration Pros and Cons

8. Cultural Identity

“In a globalized world, maintaining distinct cultural identities is crucial for preserving cultural diversity and fostering global understanding, despite the challenges of assimilation and homogenization.”

Best For: Argumentative Essay

Read More: Learn about Cultural Identity

9. Technology

“Medical technologies in care institutions in Toronto has increased subjcetive outcomes for patients with chronic pain.”

Best For: Research Paper

10. Capitalism vs Socialism

“The debate between capitalism and socialism centers on balancing economic freedom and inequality, each presenting distinct approaches to resource distribution and social welfare.”

11. Cultural Heritage

“The preservation of cultural heritage is essential, not only for cultural identity but also for educating future generations, outweighing the arguments for modernization and commercialization.”

12. Pseudoscience

“Pseudoscience, characterized by a lack of empirical support, continues to influence public perception and decision-making, often at the expense of scientific credibility.”

Read More: Examples of Pseudoscience

13. Free Will

“The concept of free will is largely an illusion, with human behavior and decisions predominantly determined by biological and environmental factors.”

Read More: Do we have Free Will?

14. Gender Roles

“Traditional gender roles are outdated and harmful, restricting individual freedoms and perpetuating gender inequalities in modern society.”

Read More: What are Traditional Gender Roles?

15. Work-Life Ballance

“The trend to online and distance work in the 2020s led to improved subjective feelings of work-life balance but simultaneously increased self-reported loneliness.”

Read More: Work-Life Balance Examples

16. Universal Healthcare

“Universal healthcare is a fundamental human right and the most effective system for ensuring health equity and societal well-being, outweighing concerns about government involvement and costs.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Universal Healthcare

17. Minimum Wage

“The implementation of a fair minimum wage is vital for reducing economic inequality, yet it is often contentious due to its potential impact on businesses and employment rates.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Raising the Minimum Wage

18. Homework

“The homework provided throughout this semester has enabled me to achieve greater self-reflection, identify gaps in my knowledge, and reinforce those gaps through spaced repetition.”

Best For: Reflective Essay

Read More: Reasons Homework Should be Banned

19. Charter Schools

“Charter schools offer alternatives to traditional public education, promising innovation and choice but also raising questions about accountability and educational equity.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Charter Schools

20. Effects of the Internet

“The Internet has drastically reshaped human communication, access to information, and societal dynamics, generally with a net positive effect on society.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of the Internet

21. Affirmative Action

“Affirmative action is essential for rectifying historical injustices and achieving true meritocracy in education and employment, contrary to claims of reverse discrimination.”

Best For: Essay

Read More: Affirmative Action Pros and Cons

22. Soft Skills

“Soft skills, such as communication and empathy, are increasingly recognized as essential for success in the modern workforce, and therefore should be a strong focus at school and university level.”

Read More: Soft Skills Examples

23. Moral Panic

“Moral panic, often fueled by media and cultural anxieties, can lead to exaggerated societal responses that sometimes overlook rational analysis and evidence.”

Read More: Moral Panic Examples

24. Freedom of the Press

“Freedom of the press is critical for democracy and informed citizenship, yet it faces challenges from censorship, media bias, and the proliferation of misinformation.”

Read More: Freedom of the Press Examples

25. Mass Media

“Mass media shapes public opinion and cultural norms, but its concentration of ownership and commercial interests raise concerns about bias and the quality of information.”

Best For: Critical Analysis

Read More: Mass Media Examples

Checklist: How to use your Thesis Statement

✅ Position: If your statement is for an argumentative or persuasive essay, or a dissertation, ensure it takes a clear stance on the topic. ✅ Specificity: It addresses a specific aspect of the topic, providing focus for the essay. ✅ Conciseness: Typically, a thesis statement is one to two sentences long. It should be concise, clear, and easily identifiable. ✅ Direction: The thesis statement guides the direction of the essay, providing a roadmap for the argument, narrative, or explanation. ✅ Evidence-based: While the thesis statement itself doesn’t include evidence, it sets up an argument that can be supported with evidence in the body of the essay. ✅ Placement: Generally, the thesis statement is placed at the end of the introduction of an essay.

Try These AI Prompts – Thesis Statement Generator!

One way to brainstorm thesis statements is to get AI to brainstorm some for you! Try this AI prompt:

💡 AI PROMPT FOR EXPOSITORY THESIS STATEMENT I am writing an essay on [TOPIC] and these are the instructions my teacher gave me: [INSTUCTIONS]. I want you to create an expository thesis statement that doesn’t argue a position, but demonstrates depth of knowledge about the topic.

💡 AI PROMPT FOR ARGUMENTATIVE THESIS STATEMENT I am writing an essay on [TOPIC] and these are the instructions my teacher gave me: [INSTRUCTIONS]. I want you to create an argumentative thesis statement that clearly takes a position on this issue.

💡 AI PROMPT FOR COMPARE AND CONTRAST THESIS STATEMENT I am writing a compare and contrast essay that compares [Concept 1] and [Concept2]. Give me 5 potential single-sentence thesis statements that remain objective.

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 5 Top Tips for Succeeding at University
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 50 Durable Goods Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 100 Consumer Goods Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 30 Globalization Pros and Cons

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How to Write a Strong Thesis Statement: 4 Steps + Examples

What’s Covered:

What is the purpose of a thesis statement, writing a good thesis statement: 4 steps, common pitfalls to avoid, where to get your essay edited for free.

When you set out to write an essay, there has to be some kind of point to it, right? Otherwise, your essay would just be a big jumble of word salad that makes absolutely no sense. An essay needs a central point that ties into everything else. That main point is called a thesis statement, and it’s the core of any essay or research paper.

You may hear about Master degree candidates writing a thesis, and that is an entire paper–not to be confused with the thesis statement, which is typically one sentence that contains your paper’s focus. 

Read on to learn more about thesis statements and how to write them. We’ve also included some solid examples for you to reference.

Typically the last sentence of your introductory paragraph, the thesis statement serves as the roadmap for your essay. When your reader gets to the thesis statement, they should have a clear outline of your main point, as well as the information you’ll be presenting in order to either prove or support your point. 

The thesis statement should not be confused for a topic sentence , which is the first sentence of every paragraph in your essay. If you need help writing topic sentences, numerous resources are available. Topic sentences should go along with your thesis statement, though.

Since the thesis statement is the most important sentence of your entire essay or paper, it’s imperative that you get this part right. Otherwise, your paper will not have a good flow and will seem disjointed. That’s why it’s vital not to rush through developing one. It’s a methodical process with steps that you need to follow in order to create the best thesis statement possible.

Step 1: Decide what kind of paper you’re writing

When you’re assigned an essay, there are several different types you may get. Argumentative essays are designed to get the reader to agree with you on a topic. Informative or expository essays present information to the reader. Analytical essays offer up a point and then expand on it by analyzing relevant information. Thesis statements can look and sound different based on the type of paper you’re writing. For example:

• Argumentative: The United States needs a viable third political party to decrease bipartisanship, increase options, and help reduce corruption in government.
• Informative: The Libertarian party has thrown off elections before by gaining enough support in states to get on the ballot and by taking away crucial votes from candidates.
• Analytical: An analysis of past presidential elections shows that while third party votes may have been the minority, they did affect the outcome of the elections in 2020, 2016, and beyond.

Step 2: Figure out what point you want to make

Once you know what type of paper you’re writing, you then need to figure out the point you want to make with your thesis statement, and subsequently, your paper. In other words, you need to decide to answer a question about something, such as:

• What impact did reality TV have on American society?
• How has the musical Hamilton affected perception of American history?
• Why do I want to major in [chosen major here]?

If you have an argumentative essay, then you will be writing about an opinion. To make it easier, you may want to choose an opinion that you feel passionate about so that you’re writing about something that interests you. For example, if you have an interest in preserving the environment, you may want to choose a topic that relates to that. 

If you’re writing your college essay and they ask why you want to attend that school, you may want to have a main point and back it up with information, something along the lines of:

“Attending Harvard University would benefit me both academically and professionally, as it would give me a strong knowledge base upon which to build my career, develop my network, and hopefully give me an advantage in my chosen field.”

Step 3: Determine what information you’ll use to back up your point

Once you have the point you want to make, you need to figure out how you plan to back it up throughout the rest of your essay. Without this information, it will be hard to either prove or argue the main point of your thesis statement. If you decide to write about the Hamilton example, you may decide to address any falsehoods that the writer put into the musical, such as:

“The musical Hamilton, while accurate in many ways, leaves out key parts of American history, presents a nationalist view of founding fathers, and downplays the racism of the times.”

Once you’ve written your initial working thesis statement, you’ll then need to get information to back that up. For example, the musical completely leaves out Benjamin Franklin, portrays the founding fathers in a nationalist way that is too complimentary, and shows Hamilton as a staunch abolitionist despite the fact that his family likely did own slaves. 

Step 4: Revise and refine your thesis statement before you start writing

Read through your thesis statement several times before you begin to compose your full essay. You need to make sure the statement is ironclad, since it is the foundation of the entire paper. Edit it or have a peer review it for you to make sure everything makes sense and that you feel like you can truly write a paper on the topic. Once you’ve done that, you can then begin writing your paper.

When writing a thesis statement, there are some common pitfalls you should avoid so that your paper can be as solid as possible. Make sure you always edit the thesis statement before you do anything else. You also want to ensure that the thesis statement is clear and concise. Don’t make your reader hunt for your point. Finally, put your thesis statement at the end of the first paragraph and have your introduction flow toward that statement. Your reader will expect to find your statement in its traditional spot.

If you’re having trouble getting started, or need some guidance on your essay, there are tools available that can help you. CollegeVine offers a free peer essay review tool where one of your peers can read through your essay and provide you with valuable feedback. Getting essay feedback from a peer can help you wow your instructor or college admissions officer with an impactful essay that effectively illustrates your point.

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How to write a thesis statement + examples

What is a thesis statement?

Is a thesis statement a question, how do you write a good thesis statement, how do i know if my thesis statement is good, examples of thesis statements, helpful resources on how to write a thesis statement, frequently asked questions about writing a thesis statement, related articles.

A thesis statement is the main argument of your paper or thesis.

The thesis statement is one of the most important elements of any piece of academic writing . It is a brief statement of your paper’s main argument. Essentially, you are stating what you will be writing about.

You can see your thesis statement as an answer to a question. While it also contains the question, it should really give an answer to the question with new information and not just restate or reiterate it.

Your thesis statement is part of your introduction. Learn more about how to write a good thesis introduction in our introduction guide .

A thesis statement is not a question. A statement must be arguable and provable through evidence and analysis. While your thesis might stem from a research question, it should be in the form of a statement.

Tip: A thesis statement is typically 1-2 sentences. For a longer project like a thesis, the statement may be several sentences or a paragraph.

A good thesis statement needs to do the following:

• Condense the main idea of your thesis into one or two sentences.
• Answer your project’s main research question.
• Clearly state your position in relation to the topic .
• Make an argument that requires support or evidence.

Once you have written down a thesis statement, check if it fulfills the following criteria:

• Your statement needs to be provable by evidence. As an argument, a thesis statement needs to be debatable.
• Your statement needs to be precise. Do not give away too much information in the thesis statement and do not load it with unnecessary information.
• Your statement cannot say that one solution is simply right or simply wrong as a matter of fact. You should draw upon verified facts to persuade the reader of your solution, but you cannot just declare something as right or wrong.

As previously mentioned, your thesis statement should answer a question.

If the question is:

What do you think the City of New York should do to reduce traffic congestion?

A good thesis statement restates the question and answers it:

In this paper, I will argue that the City of New York should focus on providing exclusive lanes for public transport and adaptive traffic signals to reduce traffic congestion by the year 2035.

Here is another example. If the question is:

How can we end poverty?

A good thesis statement should give more than one solution to the problem in question:

In this paper, I will argue that introducing universal basic income can help reduce poverty and positively impact the way we work.

• The Writing Center of the University of North Carolina has a list of questions to ask to see if your thesis is strong .

A thesis statement is part of the introduction of your paper. It is usually found in the first or second paragraph to let the reader know your research purpose from the beginning.

In general, a thesis statement should have one or two sentences. But the length really depends on the overall length of your project. Take a look at our guide about the length of thesis statements for more insight on this topic.

Here is a list of Thesis Statement Examples that will help you understand better how to write them.

Every good essay should include a thesis statement as part of its introduction, no matter the academic level. Of course, if you are a high school student you are not expected to have the same type of thesis as a PhD student.

Here is a great YouTube tutorial showing How To Write An Essay: Thesis Statements .

While Sandel argues that pursuing perfection through genetic engineering would decrease our sense of humility, he claims that the sense of solidarity we would lose is also important.

This thesis summarizes several points in Sandel’s argument, but it does not make a claim about how we should understand his argument. A reader who read Sandel’s argument would not also need to read an essay based on this descriptive thesis.  

Broad thesis (arguable, but difficult to support with evidence) 

Michael Sandel’s arguments about genetic engineering do not take into consideration all the relevant issues.

This is an arguable claim because it would be possible to argue against it by saying that Michael Sandel’s arguments do take all of the relevant issues into consideration. But the claim is too broad. Because the thesis does not specify which “issues” it is focused on—or why it matters if they are considered—readers won’t know what the rest of the essay will argue, and the writer won’t know what to focus on. If there is a particular issue that Sandel does not address, then a more specific version of the thesis would include that issue—hand an explanation of why it is important.  

Arguable thesis with analytical claim 

While Sandel argues persuasively that our instinct to “remake” (54) ourselves into something ever more perfect is a problem, his belief that we can always draw a line between what is medically necessary and what makes us simply “better than well” (51) is less convincing.

This is an arguable analytical claim. To argue for this claim, the essay writer will need to show how evidence from the article itself points to this interpretation. It’s also a reasonable scope for a thesis because it can be supported with evidence available in the text and is neither too broad nor too narrow.  

Arguable thesis with normative claim 

Given Sandel’s argument against genetic enhancement, we should not allow parents to decide on using Human Growth Hormone for their children.

This thesis tells us what we should do about a particular issue discussed in Sandel’s article, but it does not tell us how we should understand Sandel’s argument.  

Questions to ask about your thesis 

• Is the thesis truly arguable? Does it speak to a genuine dilemma in the source, or would most readers automatically agree with it?  
• Is the thesis too obvious? Again, would most or all readers agree with it without needing to see your argument?  
• Is the thesis complex enough to require a whole essay's worth of argument?  
• Is the thesis supportable with evidence from the text rather than with generalizations or outside research?  
• Would anyone want to read a paper in which this thesis was developed? That is, can you explain what this paper is adding to our understanding of a problem, question, or topic?
• picture_as_pdf Thesis

Thesis Statements

What this handout is about.

This handout describes what a thesis statement is, how thesis statements work in your writing, and how you can craft or refine one for your draft.

Introduction

Writing in college often takes the form of persuasion—convincing others that you have an interesting, logical point of view on the subject you are studying. Persuasion is a skill you practice regularly in your daily life. You persuade your roommate to clean up, your parents to let you borrow the car, your friend to vote for your favorite candidate or policy. In college, course assignments often ask you to make a persuasive case in writing. You are asked to convince your reader of your point of view. This form of persuasion, often called academic argument, follows a predictable pattern in writing. After a brief introduction of your topic, you state your point of view on the topic directly and often in one sentence. This sentence is the thesis statement, and it serves as a summary of the argument you’ll make in the rest of your paper.

What is a thesis statement?

A thesis statement:

• tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion.
• is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper.
• directly answers the question asked of you. A thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself. The subject, or topic, of an essay might be World War II or Moby Dick; a thesis must then offer a way to understand the war or the novel.
• makes a claim that others might dispute.
• is usually a single sentence near the beginning of your paper (most often, at the end of the first paragraph) that presents your argument to the reader. The rest of the paper, the body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your interpretation.

If your assignment asks you to take a position or develop a claim about a subject, you may need to convey that position or claim in a thesis statement near the beginning of your draft. The assignment may not explicitly state that you need a thesis statement because your instructor may assume you will include one. When in doubt, ask your instructor if the assignment requires a thesis statement. When an assignment asks you to analyze, to interpret, to compare and contrast, to demonstrate cause and effect, or to take a stand on an issue, it is likely that you are being asked to develop a thesis and to support it persuasively. (Check out our handout on understanding assignments for more information.)

How do I create a thesis?

A thesis is the result of a lengthy thinking process. Formulating a thesis is not the first thing you do after reading an essay assignment. Before you develop an argument on any topic, you have to collect and organize evidence, look for possible relationships between known facts (such as surprising contrasts or similarities), and think about the significance of these relationships. Once you do this thinking, you will probably have a “working thesis” that presents a basic or main idea and an argument that you think you can support with evidence. Both the argument and your thesis are likely to need adjustment along the way.

Writers use all kinds of techniques to stimulate their thinking and to help them clarify relationships or comprehend the broader significance of a topic and arrive at a thesis statement. For more ideas on how to get started, see our handout on brainstorming .

How do I know if my thesis is strong?

If there’s time, run it by your instructor or make an appointment at the Writing Center to get some feedback. Even if you do not have time to get advice elsewhere, you can do some thesis evaluation of your own. When reviewing your first draft and its working thesis, ask yourself the following :

• Do I answer the question? Re-reading the question prompt after constructing a working thesis can help you fix an argument that misses the focus of the question. If the prompt isn’t phrased as a question, try to rephrase it. For example, “Discuss the effect of X on Y” can be rephrased as “What is the effect of X on Y?”
• Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? If your thesis simply states facts that no one would, or even could, disagree with, it’s possible that you are simply providing a summary, rather than making an argument.
• Is my thesis statement specific enough? Thesis statements that are too vague often do not have a strong argument. If your thesis contains words like “good” or “successful,” see if you could be more specific: why is something “good”; what specifically makes something “successful”?
• Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? If a reader’s first response is likely to  be “So what?” then you need to clarify, to forge a relationship, or to connect to a larger issue.
• Does my essay support my thesis specifically and without wandering? If your thesis and the body of your essay do not seem to go together, one of them has to change. It’s okay to change your working thesis to reflect things you have figured out in the course of writing your paper. Remember, always reassess and revise your writing as necessary.
• Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? If a reader’s first response is “how?” or “why?” your thesis may be too open-ended and lack guidance for the reader. See what you can add to give the reader a better take on your position right from the beginning.

Suppose you are taking a course on contemporary communication, and the instructor hands out the following essay assignment: “Discuss the impact of social media on public awareness.” Looking back at your notes, you might start with this working thesis:

Social media impacts public awareness in both positive and negative ways.

You can use the questions above to help you revise this general statement into a stronger thesis.

• Do I answer the question? You can analyze this if you rephrase “discuss the impact” as “what is the impact?” This way, you can see that you’ve answered the question only very generally with the vague “positive and negative ways.”
• Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? Not likely. Only people who maintain that social media has a solely positive or solely negative impact could disagree.
• Is my thesis statement specific enough? No. What are the positive effects? What are the negative effects?
• Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? No. Why are they positive? How are they positive? What are their causes? Why are they negative? How are they negative? What are their causes?
• Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? No. Why should anyone care about the positive and/or negative impact of social media?

After thinking about your answers to these questions, you decide to focus on the one impact you feel strongly about and have strong evidence for:

Because not every voice on social media is reliable, people have become much more critical consumers of information, and thus, more informed voters.

This version is a much stronger thesis! It answers the question, takes a specific position that others can challenge, and it gives a sense of why it matters.

Let’s try another. Suppose your literature professor hands out the following assignment in a class on the American novel: Write an analysis of some aspect of Mark Twain’s novel Huckleberry Finn. “This will be easy,” you think. “I loved Huckleberry Finn!” You grab a pad of paper and write:

Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn is a great American novel.

You begin to analyze your thesis:

• Do I answer the question? No. The prompt asks you to analyze some aspect of the novel. Your working thesis is a statement of general appreciation for the entire novel.

Think about aspects of the novel that are important to its structure or meaning—for example, the role of storytelling, the contrasting scenes between the shore and the river, or the relationships between adults and children. Now you write:

In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain develops a contrast between life on the river and life on the shore.

• Do I answer the question? Yes!
• Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? Not really. This contrast is well-known and accepted.
• Is my thesis statement specific enough? It’s getting there–you have highlighted an important aspect of the novel for investigation. However, it’s still not clear what your analysis will reveal.
• Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? Not yet. Compare scenes from the book and see what you discover. Free write, make lists, jot down Huck’s actions and reactions and anything else that seems interesting.
• Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? What’s the point of this contrast? What does it signify?”

After examining the evidence and considering your own insights, you write:

Through its contrasting river and shore scenes, Twain’s Huckleberry Finn suggests that to find the true expression of American democratic ideals, one must leave “civilized” society and go back to nature.

This final thesis statement presents an interpretation of a literary work based on an analysis of its content. Of course, for the essay itself to be successful, you must now present evidence from the novel that will convince the reader of your interpretation.

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

Anson, Chris M., and Robert A. Schwegler. 2010. The Longman Handbook for Writers and Readers , 6th ed. New York: Longman.

Lunsford, Andrea A. 2015. The St. Martin’s Handbook , 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St Martin’s.

Ramage, John D., John C. Bean, and June Johnson. 2018. The Allyn & Bacon Guide to Writing , 8th ed. New York: Pearson.

Ruszkiewicz, John J., Christy Friend, Daniel Seward, and Maxine Hairston. 2010. The Scott, Foresman Handbook for Writers , 9th ed. Boston: Pearson Education.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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25 Thesis Statement Examples That Will Make Writing a Breeze

Understanding what makes a good thesis statement is one of the major keys to writing a great research paper or argumentative essay. The thesis statement is where you make a claim that will guide you through your entire paper. If you find yourself struggling to make sense of your paper or your topic, then it's likely due to a weak thesis statement.

Let's take a minute to first understand what makes a solid thesis statement, and what key components you need to write one of your own.

A thesis statement always goes at the beginning of the paper. It will typically be in the first couple of paragraphs of the paper so that it can introduce the body paragraphs, which are the supporting evidence for your thesis statement.

Your thesis statement should clearly identify an argument. You need to have a statement that is not only easy to understand, but one that is debatable. What that means is that you can't just put any statement of fact and have it be your thesis. For example, everyone knows that puppies are cute . An ineffective thesis statement would be, "Puppies are adorable and everyone knows it." This isn't really something that's a debatable topic.

Something that would be more debatable would be, "A puppy's cuteness is derived from its floppy ears, small body, and playfulness." These are three things that can be debated on. Some people might think that the cutest thing about puppies is the fact that they follow you around or that they're really soft and fuzzy.

All cuteness aside, you want to make sure that your thesis statement is not only debatable, but that it also actually thoroughly answers the research question that was posed. You always want to make sure that your evidence is supporting a claim that you made (and not the other way around). This is why it's crucial to read and research about a topic first and come to a conclusion later. If you try to get your research to fit your thesis statement, then it may not work out as neatly as you think. As you learn more, you discover more (and the outcome may not be what you originally thought).

Additionally, your thesis statement shouldn't be too big or too grand. It'll be hard to cover everything in a thesis statement like, "The federal government should act now on climate change." The topic is just too large to actually say something new and meaningful. Instead, a more effective thesis statement might be, "Local governments can combat climate change by providing citizens with larger recycling bins and offering local classes about composting and conservation." This is easier to work with because it's a smaller idea, but you can also discuss the overall topic that you might be interested in, which is climate change.

So, now that we know what makes a good, solid thesis statement, you can start to write your own. If you find that you're getting stuck or you are the type of person who needs to look at examples before you start something, then check out our list of thesis statement examples below.

Thesis statement examples

A quick note that these thesis statements have not been fully researched. These are merely examples to show you what a thesis statement might look like and how you can implement your own ideas into one that you think of independently. As such, you should not use these thesis statements for your own research paper purposes. They are meant to be used as examples only.

• Vaccinations Because many children are unable to vaccinate due to illness, we must require that all healthy and able children be vaccinated in order to have herd immunity.
• Educational Resources for Low-Income Students Schools should provide educational resources for low-income students during the summers so that they don't forget what they've learned throughout the school year.
• School Uniforms School uniforms may be an upfront cost for families, but they eradicate the visual differences in income between students and provide a more egalitarian atmosphere at school.
• Populism The rise in populism on the 2016 political stage was in reaction to increasing globalization, the decline of manufacturing jobs, and the Syrian refugee crisis.
• Public Libraries Libraries are essential resources for communities and should be funded more heavily by local municipalities.
• Cyber Bullying With more and more teens using smartphones and social media, cyber bullying is on the rise. Cyber bullying puts a lot of stress on many teens, and can cause depression, anxiety, and even suicidal thoughts. Parents should limit the usage of smart phones, monitor their children's online activity, and report any cyber bullying to school officials in order to combat this problem.
• Medical Marijuana for Veterans Studies have shown that the use of medicinal marijuana has been helpful to veterans who suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Medicinal marijuana prescriptions should be legal in all states and provided to these veterans. Additional medical or therapy services should also be researched and implemented in order to help them re-integrate back into civilian life.
• Work-Life Balance Corporations should provide more work from home opportunities and six-hour workdays so that office workers have a better work-life balance and are more likely to be productive when they are in the office.
• Teaching Youths about Consensual Sex Although sex education that includes a discussion of consensual sex would likely lead to less sexual assault, parents need to teach their children the meaning of consent from a young age with age appropriate lessons.
• Whether or Not to Attend University A degree from a university provides invaluable lessons on life and a future career, but not every high school student should be encouraged to attend a university directly after graduation. Some students may benefit from a trade school or a "gap year" where they can think more intensely about what it is they want to do for a career and how they can accomplish this.
• Studying Abroad Studying abroad is one of the most culturally valuable experiences you can have in college. It is the only way to get completely immersed in another language and learn how other cultures and countries are different from your own.
• Women's Body Image Magazines have done a lot in the last five years to include a more diverse group of models, but there is still a long way to go to promote a healthy woman's body image collectively as a culture.
• Cigarette Tax Heavily taxing and increasing the price of cigarettes is essentially a tax on the poorest Americans, and it doesn't deter them from purchasing. Instead, the state and federal governments should target those economically disenfranchised with early education about the dangers of smoking.
• Veganism A vegan diet, while a healthy and ethical way to consume food, indicates a position of privilege. It also limits you to other cultural food experiences if you travel around the world.
• University Athletes Should be Compensated University athletes should be compensated for their service to the university, as it is difficult for these students to procure and hold a job with busy academic and athletic schedules. Many student athletes on scholarship also come from low-income neighborhoods and it is a struggle to make ends meet when they are participating in athletics.
• Women in the Workforce Sheryl Sandberg makes a lot of interesting points in her best-selling book, Lean In , but she only addressed the very privileged working woman and failed to speak to those in lower-skilled, lower-wage jobs.
• Assisted Suicide Assisted suicide should be legal and doctors should have the ability to make sure their patients have the end-of-life care that they want to receive.
• Celebrity and Political Activism Although Taylor Swift's lyrics are indicative of a feminist perspective, she should be more politically active and vocal to use her position of power for the betterment of society.
• The Civil War The insistence from many Southerners that the South seceded from the Union for states' rights versus the fact that they seceded for the purposes of continuing slavery is a harmful myth that still affects race relations today.
• Blue Collar Workers Coal miners and other blue-collar workers whose jobs are slowly disappearing from the workforce should be re-trained in jobs in the technology sector or in renewable energy. A program to re-train these workers would not only improve local economies where jobs have been displaced, but would also lead to lower unemployment nationally.
• Diversity in the Workforce Having a diverse group of people in an office setting leads to richer ideas, more cooperation, and more empathy between people with different skin colors or backgrounds.
• Re-Imagining the Nuclear Family The nuclear family was traditionally defined as one mother, one father, and 2.5 children. This outdated depiction of family life doesn't quite fit with modern society. The definition of normal family life shouldn't be limited to two-parent households.
• Digital Literacy Skills With more information readily available than ever before, it's crucial that students are prepared to examine the material they're reading and determine whether or not it's a good source or if it has misleading information. Teaching students digital literacy and helping them to understand the difference between opinion or propaganda from legitimate, real information is integral.
• Beauty Pageants Beauty pageants are presented with the angle that they empower women. However, putting women in a swimsuit on a stage while simultaneously judging them on how well they answer an impossible question in a short period of time is cruel and purely for the amusement of men. Therefore, we should stop televising beauty pageants.
• Supporting More Women to Run for a Political Position In order to get more women into political positions, more women must run for office. There must be a grassroots effort to educate women on how to run for office, who among them should run, and support for a future candidate for getting started on a political career.

Still stuck? Need some help with your thesis statement?

If you are still uncertain about how to write a thesis statement or what a good thesis statement is, be sure to consult with your teacher or professor to make sure you're on the right track. It's always a good idea to check in and make sure that your thesis statement is making a solid argument and that it can be supported by your research.

After you're done writing, it's important to have someone take a second look at your paper so that you can ensure there are no mistakes or errors. It's difficult to spot your own mistakes, which is why it's always recommended to have someone help you with the revision process, whether that's a teacher, the writing center at school, or a professional editor such as one from ServiceScape .

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Need an academic editor before submitting your work?

Writing Process: Prewriting

Working thesis statement, parts of a thesis sentence.

The thesis sentence is the key to most academic writing. This is important and worth repeating: The thesis sentence is the key to most academic writing.

The purpose of academic writing is to offer your own insights, analyses, and ideas—to show not only that you understand the concepts you’re studying, but also that you have thought about those concepts in your own way, agreed or disagreed, or developed your own unique ideas as a result of your analysis. The thesis sentence is the one sentence that encapsulates the result of your thinking, as it offers your main insight or argument in condensed form.

A basic thesis sentence has two main parts:

• Topic:  What you’re writing about
• Angle:  What your main idea is about that topic

Thesis: A regular exercise regime leads to multiple benefits, both physical and emotional.

Topic: Regular exercise regime

Angle: Leads to multiple benefits

Thesis Angles

Most writers can easily create a topic: television viewing, the Patriot Act, Shakespeare’s Hamlet. The more difficult part is creating an angle. But the angle is necessary as a means of creating interest and as a means of indicating the type and organization of the information to follow.

Click on each of the thesis angles in the box below that you want to learn more about.

So what about this thesis sentence? Adult college students have different experiences than traditionally-aged college students.

As a reader, you understand intuitively that the information to come will deal with the different types of experiences that adult college students have. But you don’t quite know if the information will deal only with adults, or if it will compare adults’ experiences with those of typical college students. And you don’t quite know what type of information will come first, second, third, etc.

Realize that a thesis sentence offers a range of possibilities for specificity and organization. As a writer, you may opt to pique reader interest by being very specific or not fully specific in your thesis sentence. The point here is that there’s no one standard way to write a thesis sentence.

Sometimes a writer is more or less specific depending on the reading audience and the effect the writer wants to create. Sometimes a writer puts the angle first and the topic last in the sentence, or sometimes the angle is even implied. You need to gauge your reading audience and you need to understand your own style as a writer. The only basic requirements are that the thesis sentence needs a topic and an angle. The rest is up to you.

Common Problems

Although you have creative control over your thesis sentence, you still should try to avoid the following problems, not for stylistic reasons, but because they indicate a problem in the thinking that underlies the thesis sentence.

Thesis Sentence too Broad

Hospice workers need support.

The sentence above actually is a thesis sentence; it has a topic (hospice workers) and an angle (need support). But the angle is very broad. When the angle in a thesis sentence is too broad, the writer may not have carefully thought through the specific support for the rest of the writing. A thesis angle that’s too broad makes it easy to fall into the trap of offering information that deviates from that angle.

Thesis Sentence too Narrow

Hospice workers have a 55% turnover rate compared to the general health care population’s 25% turnover rate.

The above sentence really isn’t a thesis sentence at all, because there’s no angle idea to support. A narrow statistic, or a narrow statement of fact, doesn’t offer the writer’s own ideas or analysis about a topic. A clearer example of a thesis statement with an angle of development would be the following:

The high turnover rate in hospice workers (55 percent) compared to the general health care population (25 percent) indicates a need to develop support systems to reverse this trend.

Where to Place a Thesis?

In the U.S., it’s customary for most academic writers to put the thesis sentence somewhere toward the start of the essay or research paper. The focus here is on offering the main results of your own thinking in your thesis angle and then providing evidence in the writing to support your thinking.

A legal comparison might help to understand thesis placement. If you have seen television shows or movies with courtroom scenes, the lawyer usually starts out by saying, “My client is innocent!” to set the scene, and then provides different types of evidence to support that argument. Academic writing in the U.S. is similar; your thesis sentence provides your main assertion to set the scene of the writing, and then the details and evidence in the rest of the writing support the assertion in the thesis sentence.

As a writer, you have the option of placing the thesis anywhere in the writing. But, as a writer, you also have the obligation to make the thesis sentence idea clear to your readers. Beginning writers usually stick with “thesis sentence toward the start,” as it makes the thesis prominent in the writing and also reminds them that they need to stick with providing evidence directly related to that thesis sentence’s angle.

Thesis Creation

At what point do you write a thesis sentence? Of course, this varies from writer to writer and from writing assignment to writing assignment. You’ll usually do some preliminary idea development first, before a thesis idea emerges. And you’ll usually have a working thesis before you do the bulk of your research, or before you fully create the supporting details for your writing.

Think of the thesis as the mid-point of an hourglass.

You develop ideas for writing and prewriting, using various strategies, until a main idea or assertion emerges. This main idea or assertion becomes your point to prove—your working thesis sentence.

Once you have a working thesis sentence with your main idea, you can then develop more support for that idea, but in a more focused way that deepens your thinking about the thesis angle.

Realize that a thesis is really a working thesis until you finalize the writing. As you do more focused research, or develop more focused support, your thesis may change a bit. Just make sure that you retain the basic thesis characteristics of topic and angle.

Thesis Checklist

When you draft a working thesis, it can be helpful to review the guidelines for a strong thesis. The following checklist is a helpful tool you can use to check your thesis once you have it drafted.

• Parts of a Thesis Sentence. Provided by : Excelsior OWL. Located at : https://owl.excelsior.edu/writing-process/thesis-sentence/ . License : CC BY: Attribution

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Developing Strong Thesis Statements

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These OWL resources will help you develop and refine the arguments in your writing.

The thesis statement or main claim must be debatable

An argumentative or persuasive piece of writing must begin with a debatable thesis or claim. In other words, the thesis must be something that people could reasonably have differing opinions on. If your thesis is something that is generally agreed upon or accepted as fact then there is no reason to try to persuade people.

Example of a non-debatable thesis statement:

This thesis statement is not debatable. First, the word pollution implies that something is bad or negative in some way. Furthermore, all studies agree that pollution is a problem; they simply disagree on the impact it will have or the scope of the problem. No one could reasonably argue that pollution is unambiguously good.

Example of a debatable thesis statement:

This is an example of a debatable thesis because reasonable people could disagree with it. Some people might think that this is how we should spend the nation's money. Others might feel that we should be spending more money on education. Still others could argue that corporations, not the government, should be paying to limit pollution.

Another example of a debatable thesis statement:

In this example there is also room for disagreement between rational individuals. Some citizens might think focusing on recycling programs rather than private automobiles is the most effective strategy.

The thesis needs to be narrow

Although the scope of your paper might seem overwhelming at the start, generally the narrower the thesis the more effective your argument will be. Your thesis or claim must be supported by evidence. The broader your claim is, the more evidence you will need to convince readers that your position is right.

Example of a thesis that is too broad:

There are several reasons this statement is too broad to argue. First, what is included in the category "drugs"? Is the author talking about illegal drug use, recreational drug use (which might include alcohol and cigarettes), or all uses of medication in general? Second, in what ways are drugs detrimental? Is drug use causing deaths (and is the author equating deaths from overdoses and deaths from drug related violence)? Is drug use changing the moral climate or causing the economy to decline? Finally, what does the author mean by "society"? Is the author referring only to America or to the global population? Does the author make any distinction between the effects on children and adults? There are just too many questions that the claim leaves open. The author could not cover all of the topics listed above, yet the generality of the claim leaves all of these possibilities open to debate.

Example of a narrow or focused thesis:

In this example the topic of drugs has been narrowed down to illegal drugs and the detriment has been narrowed down to gang violence. This is a much more manageable topic.

We could narrow each debatable thesis from the previous examples in the following way:

Narrowed debatable thesis 1:

This thesis narrows the scope of the argument by specifying not just the amount of money used but also how the money could actually help to control pollution.

Narrowed debatable thesis 2:

This thesis narrows the scope of the argument by specifying not just what the focus of a national anti-pollution campaign should be but also why this is the appropriate focus.

Qualifiers such as " typically ," " generally ," " usually ," or " on average " also help to limit the scope of your claim by allowing for the almost inevitable exception to the rule.

Types of claims

Claims typically fall into one of four categories. Thinking about how you want to approach your topic, or, in other words, what type of claim you want to make, is one way to focus your thesis on one particular aspect of your broader topic.

Claims of fact or definition: These claims argue about what the definition of something is or whether something is a settled fact. Example:

Claims of cause and effect: These claims argue that one person, thing, or event caused another thing or event to occur. Example:

Claims about value: These are claims made of what something is worth, whether we value it or not, how we would rate or categorize something. Example:

Claims about solutions or policies: These are claims that argue for or against a certain solution or policy approach to a problem. Example:

Which type of claim is right for your argument? Which type of thesis or claim you use for your argument will depend on your position and knowledge of the topic, your audience, and the context of your paper. You might want to think about where you imagine your audience to be on this topic and pinpoint where you think the biggest difference in viewpoints might be. Even if you start with one type of claim you probably will be using several within the paper. Regardless of the type of claim you choose to utilize it is key to identify the controversy or debate you are addressing and to define your position early on in the paper.

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What is a thesis | A Complete Guide with Examples

Table of Contents

A thesis is a comprehensive academic paper based on your original research that presents new findings, arguments, and ideas of your study. It’s typically submitted at the end of your master’s degree or as a capstone of your bachelor’s degree.

However, writing a thesis can be laborious, especially for beginners. From the initial challenge of pinpointing a compelling research topic to organizing and presenting findings, the process is filled with potential pitfalls.

Therefore, to help you, this guide talks about what is a thesis. Additionally, it offers revelations and methodologies to transform it from an overwhelming task to a manageable and rewarding academic milestone.

What is a thesis?

A thesis is an in-depth research study that identifies a particular topic of inquiry and presents a clear argument or perspective about that topic using evidence and logic.

Writing a thesis showcases your ability of critical thinking, gathering evidence, and making a compelling argument. Integral to these competencies is thorough research, which not only fortifies your propositions but also confers credibility to your entire study.

Furthermore, there's another phenomenon you might often confuse with the thesis: the ' working thesis .' However, they aren't similar and shouldn't be used interchangeably.

A working thesis, often referred to as a preliminary or tentative thesis, is an initial version of your thesis statement. It serves as a draft or a starting point that guides your research in its early stages.

As you research more and gather more evidence, your initial thesis (aka working thesis) might change. It's like a starting point that can be adjusted as you learn more. It's normal for your main topic to change a few times before you finalize it.

While a thesis identifies and provides an overarching argument, the key to clearly communicating the central point of that argument lies in writing a strong thesis statement.

What is a thesis statement?

A strong thesis statement (aka thesis sentence) is a concise summary of the main argument or claim of the paper. It serves as a critical anchor in any academic work, succinctly encapsulating the primary argument or main idea of the entire paper.

Typically found within the introductory section, a strong thesis statement acts as a roadmap of your thesis, directing readers through your arguments and findings. By delineating the core focus of your investigation, it offers readers an immediate understanding of the context and the gravity of your study.

Furthermore, an effectively crafted thesis statement can set forth the boundaries of your research, helping readers anticipate the specific areas of inquiry you are addressing.

Different types of thesis statements

A good thesis statement is clear, specific, and arguable. Therefore, it is necessary for you to choose the right type of thesis statement for your academic papers.

Thesis statements can be classified based on their purpose and structure. Here are the primary types of thesis statements:

Argumentative (or Persuasive) thesis statement

Purpose : To convince the reader of a particular stance or point of view by presenting evidence and formulating a compelling argument.

Example : Reducing plastic use in daily life is essential for environmental health.

Analytical thesis statement

Purpose : To break down an idea or issue into its components and evaluate it.

Example : By examining the long-term effects, social implications, and economic impact of climate change, it becomes evident that immediate global action is necessary.

Expository (or Descriptive) thesis statement

Purpose : To explain a topic or subject to the reader.

Example : The Great Depression, spanning the 1930s, was a severe worldwide economic downturn triggered by a stock market crash, bank failures, and reduced consumer spending.

Cause and effect thesis statement

Purpose : To demonstrate a cause and its resulting effect.

Example : Overuse of smartphones can lead to impaired sleep patterns, reduced face-to-face social interactions, and increased levels of anxiety.

Compare and contrast thesis statement

Purpose : To highlight similarities and differences between two subjects.

Example : "While both novels '1984' and 'Brave New World' delve into dystopian futures, they differ in their portrayal of individual freedom, societal control, and the role of technology."

When you write a thesis statement , it's important to ensure clarity and precision, so the reader immediately understands the central focus of your work.

What is the difference between a thesis and a thesis statement?

While both terms are frequently used interchangeably, they have distinct meanings.

A thesis refers to the entire research document, encompassing all its chapters and sections. In contrast, a thesis statement is a brief assertion that encapsulates the central argument of the research.

Here’s an in-depth differentiation table of a thesis and a thesis statement.

Now, to craft a compelling thesis, it's crucial to adhere to a specific structure. Let’s break down these essential components that make up a thesis structure

15 components of a thesis structure

Navigating a thesis can be daunting. However, understanding its structure can make the process more manageable.

Here are the key components or different sections of a thesis structure:

Your thesis begins with the title page. It's not just a formality but the gateway to your research.

Here, you'll prominently display the necessary information about you (the author) and your institutional details.

• Title of your thesis
• Your full name
• Your department
• Your institution and degree program
• Your submission date
• Your Supervisor's name (in some cases)
• Your Department or faculty (in some cases)
• Your University's logo (in some cases)
• Your Student ID (in some cases)

In a concise manner, you'll have to summarize the critical aspects of your research in typically no more than 200-300 words.

This includes the problem statement, methodology, key findings, and conclusions. For many, the abstract will determine if they delve deeper into your work, so ensure it's clear and compelling.

Acknowledgments

Research is rarely a solitary endeavor. In the acknowledgments section, you have the chance to express gratitude to those who've supported your journey.

This might include advisors, peers, institutions, or even personal sources of inspiration and support. It's a personal touch, reflecting the humanity behind the academic rigor.

Table of contents

A roadmap for your readers, the table of contents lists the chapters, sections, and subsections of your thesis.

By providing page numbers, you allow readers to navigate your work easily, jumping to sections that pique their interest.

List of figures and tables

Research often involves data, and presenting this data visually can enhance understanding. This section provides an organized listing of all figures and tables in your thesis.

It's a visual index, ensuring that readers can quickly locate and reference your graphical data.

Introduction

Here's where you introduce your research topic, articulate the research question or objective, and outline the significance of your study.

• Present the research topic : Clearly articulate the central theme or subject of your research.
• Background information : Ground your research topic, providing any necessary context or background information your readers might need to understand the significance of your study.
• Define the scope : Clearly delineate the boundaries of your research, indicating what will and won't be covered.
• Literature review : Introduce any relevant existing research on your topic, situating your work within the broader academic conversation and highlighting where your research fits in.
• State the research Question(s) or objective(s) : Clearly articulate the primary questions or objectives your research aims to address.
• Outline the study's structure : Give a brief overview of how the subsequent sections of your work will unfold, guiding your readers through the journey ahead.

The introduction should captivate your readers, making them eager to delve deeper into your research journey.

Literature review section

Your study correlates with existing research. Therefore, in the literature review section, you'll engage in a dialogue with existing knowledge, highlighting relevant studies, theories, and findings.

It's here that you identify gaps in the current knowledge, positioning your research as a bridge to new insights.

To streamline this process, consider leveraging AI tools. For example, the SciSpace literature review tool enables you to efficiently explore and delve into research papers, simplifying your literature review journey.

Methodology

In the research methodology section, you’ll detail the tools, techniques, and processes you employed to gather and analyze data. This section will inform the readers about how you approached your research questions and ensures the reproducibility of your study.

Here's a breakdown of what it should encompass:

• Research Design : Describe the overall structure and approach of your research. Are you conducting a qualitative study with in-depth interviews? Or is it a quantitative study using statistical analysis? Perhaps it's a mixed-methods approach?
• Data Collection : Detail the methods you used to gather data. This could include surveys, experiments, observations, interviews, archival research, etc. Mention where you sourced your data, the duration of data collection, and any tools or instruments used.
• Sampling : If applicable, explain how you selected participants or data sources for your study. Discuss the size of your sample and the rationale behind choosing it.
• Data Analysis : Describe the techniques and tools you used to process and analyze the data. This could range from statistical tests in quantitative research to thematic analysis in qualitative research.
• Validity and Reliability : Address the steps you took to ensure the validity and reliability of your findings to ensure that your results are both accurate and consistent.
• Ethical Considerations : Highlight any ethical issues related to your research and the measures you took to address them, including — informed consent, confidentiality, and data storage and protection measures.

Moreover, different research questions necessitate different types of methodologies. For instance:

• Experimental methodology : Often used in sciences, this involves a controlled experiment to discern causality.
• Qualitative methodology : Employed when exploring patterns or phenomena without numerical data. Methods can include interviews, focus groups, or content analysis.
• Quantitative methodology : Concerned with measurable data and often involves statistical analysis. Surveys and structured observations are common tools here.
• Mixed methods : As the name implies, this combines both qualitative and quantitative methodologies.

The Methodology section isn’t just about detailing the methods but also justifying why they were chosen. The appropriateness of the methods in addressing your research question can significantly impact the credibility of your findings.

Results (or Findings)

This section presents the outcomes of your research. It's crucial to note that the nature of your results may vary; they could be quantitative, qualitative, or a mix of both.

Quantitative results often present statistical data, showcasing measurable outcomes, and they benefit from tables, graphs, and figures to depict these data points.

Qualitative results , on the other hand, might delve into patterns, themes, or narratives derived from non-numerical data, such as interviews or observations.

Regardless of the nature of your results, clarity is essential. This section is purely about presenting the data without offering interpretations — that comes later in the discussion.

In the discussion section, the raw data transforms into valuable insights.

Start by revisiting your research question and contrast it with the findings. How do your results expand, constrict, or challenge current academic conversations?

Dive into the intricacies of the data, guiding the reader through its implications. Detail potential limitations transparently, signaling your awareness of the research's boundaries. This is where your academic voice should be resonant and confident.

Practical implications (Recommendation) section

Based on the insights derived from your research, this section provides actionable suggestions or proposed solutions.

Whether aimed at industry professionals or the general public, recommendations translate your academic findings into potential real-world actions. They help readers understand the practical implications of your work and how it can be applied to effect change or improvement in a given field.

When crafting recommendations, it's essential to ensure they're feasible and rooted in the evidence provided by your research. They shouldn't merely be aspirational but should offer a clear path forward, grounded in your findings.

The conclusion provides closure to your research narrative.

It's not merely a recap but a synthesis of your main findings and their broader implications. Reconnect with the research questions or hypotheses posited at the beginning, offering clear answers based on your findings.

Reflect on the broader contributions of your study, considering its impact on the academic community and potential real-world applications.

Lastly, the conclusion should leave your readers with a clear understanding of the value and impact of your study.

References (or Bibliography)

Every theory you've expounded upon, every data point you've cited, and every methodological precedent you've followed finds its acknowledgment here.

In references, it's crucial to ensure meticulous consistency in formatting, mirroring the specific guidelines of the chosen citation style .

Proper referencing helps to avoid plagiarism , gives credit to original ideas, and allows readers to explore topics of interest. Moreover, it situates your work within the continuum of academic knowledge.

To properly cite the sources used in the study, you can rely on online citation generator tools  to generate accurate citations!

Here’s more on how you can cite your sources.

Often, the depth of research produces a wealth of material that, while crucial, can make the core content of the thesis cumbersome. The appendix is where you mention extra information that supports your research but isn't central to the main text.

Whether it's raw datasets, detailed procedural methodologies, extended case studies, or any other ancillary material, the appendices ensure that these elements are archived for reference without breaking the main narrative's flow.

For thorough researchers and readers keen on meticulous details, the appendices provide a treasure trove of insights.

Glossary (optional)

In academics, specialized terminologies, and jargon are inevitable. However, not every reader is versed in every term.

The glossary, while optional, is a critical tool for accessibility. It's a bridge ensuring that even readers from outside the discipline can access, understand, and appreciate your work.

By defining complex terms and providing context, you're inviting a wider audience to engage with your research, enhancing its reach and impact.

Remember, while these components provide a structured framework, the essence of your thesis lies in the originality of your ideas, the rigor of your research, and the clarity of your presentation.

As you craft each section, keep your readers in mind, ensuring that your passion and dedication shine through every page.

Thesis examples

To further elucidate the concept of a thesis, here are illustrative examples from various fields:

Example 1 (History): Abolition, Africans, and Abstraction: the Influence of the ‘Noble Savage’ on British and French Antislavery Thought, 1787-1807 by Suchait Kahlon.

Example 2 (Climate Dynamics): Influence of external forcings on abrupt millennial-scale climate changes: a statistical modelling study by Takahito Mitsui · Michel Crucifix

Checklist for your thesis evaluation

Evaluating your thesis ensures that your research meets the standards of academia. Here's an elaborate checklist to guide you through this critical process.

Content and structure

• Is the thesis statement clear, concise, and debatable?
• Does the introduction provide sufficient background and context?
• Is the literature review comprehensive, relevant, and well-organized?
• Does the methodology section clearly describe and justify the research methods?
• Are the results/findings presented clearly and logically?
• Does the discussion interpret the results in light of the research question and existing literature?
• Is the conclusion summarizing the research and suggesting future directions or implications?

Clarity and coherence

• Is the writing clear and free of jargon?
• Are ideas and sections logically connected and flowing?
• Is there a clear narrative or argument throughout the thesis?

Research quality

• Is the research question significant and relevant?
• Are the research methods appropriate for the question?
• Is the sample size (if applicable) adequate?
• Are the data analysis techniques appropriate and correctly applied?
• Are potential biases or limitations addressed?

Originality and significance

• Does the thesis contribute new knowledge or insights to the field?
• Is the research grounded in existing literature while offering fresh perspectives?

Formatting and presentation

• Is the thesis formatted according to institutional guidelines?
• Are figures, tables, and charts clear, labeled, and referenced in the text?
• Is the bibliography or reference list complete and consistently formatted?
• Are appendices relevant and appropriately referenced in the main text?

Grammar and language

• Is the thesis free of grammatical and spelling errors?
• Is the language professional, consistent, and appropriate for an academic audience?
• Are quotations and paraphrased material correctly cited?

Feedback and revision

• Have you sought feedback from peers, advisors, or experts in the field?
• Have you addressed the feedback and made the necessary revisions?

Overall assessment

• Does the thesis as a whole feel cohesive and comprehensive?
• Would the thesis be understandable and valuable to someone in your field?

Ensure to use this checklist to leave no ground for doubt or missed information in your thesis.

After writing your thesis, the next step is to discuss and defend your findings verbally in front of a knowledgeable panel. You’ve to be well prepared as your professors may grade your presentation abilities.

Preparing your thesis defense

A thesis defense, also known as "defending the thesis," is the culmination of a scholar's research journey. It's the final frontier, where you’ll present their findings and face scrutiny from a panel of experts.

Typically, the defense involves a public presentation where you’ll have to outline your study, followed by a question-and-answer session with a committee of experts. This committee assesses the validity, originality, and significance of the research.

The defense serves as a rite of passage for scholars. It's an opportunity to showcase expertise, address criticisms, and refine arguments. A successful defense not only validates the research but also establishes your authority as a researcher in your field.

Here’s how you can effectively prepare for your thesis defense .

Now, having touched upon the process of defending a thesis, it's worth noting that scholarly work can take various forms, depending on academic and regional practices.

One such form, often paralleled with the thesis, is the 'dissertation.' But what differentiates the two?

Dissertation vs. Thesis

Often used interchangeably in casual discourse, they refer to distinct research projects undertaken at different levels of higher education.

To the uninitiated, understanding their meaning might be elusive. So, let's demystify these terms and delve into their core differences.

Here's a table differentiating between the two.

Wrapping up

From understanding the foundational concept of a thesis to navigating its various components, differentiating it from a dissertation, and recognizing the importance of proper citation — this guide covers it all.

As scholars and readers, understanding these nuances not only aids in academic pursuits but also fosters a deeper appreciation for the relentless quest for knowledge that drives academia.

It’s important to remember that every thesis is a testament to curiosity, dedication, and the indomitable spirit of discovery.

Good luck with your thesis writing!

Frequently Asked Questions

A thesis typically ranges between 40-80 pages, but its length can vary based on the research topic, institution guidelines, and level of study.

A PhD thesis usually spans 200-300 pages, though this can vary based on the discipline, complexity of the research, and institutional requirements.

To identify a thesis topic, consider current trends in your field, gaps in existing literature, personal interests, and discussions with advisors or mentors. Additionally, reviewing related journals and conference proceedings can provide insights into potential areas of exploration.

The conceptual framework is often situated in the literature review or theoretical framework section of a thesis. It helps set the stage by providing the context, defining key concepts, and explaining the relationships between variables.

A thesis statement should be concise, clear, and specific. It should state the main argument or point of your research. Start by pinpointing the central question or issue your research addresses, then condense that into a single statement, ensuring it reflects the essence of your paper.

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‘A really amazing thing’: The 2024 Senior Thesis Exhibition has arrived

By Bates News — Published on April 12, 2024

A week ago, much of the artwork destined for the 2024 Senior Thesis Exhibition in the Bates College Museum of Art could be found in various studio spaces in the Olin Arts Center.

For the eight senior artists, moving their artwork from studio spaces into the museum for a professional exhibition is like having their name up in lights. A visitor approaching the double glass doors of the museum sees the names of all eight seniors displayed in big block letters on the gallery wall facing the doors.

“This moment validates what is possible. And that’s a really amazing thing.” Michel Droge

Whether an artist’s name is in lights on a Broadway marquee or on a Bates museum wall, the effect is the same, says Michel Droge, one of the Bates faculty members helping the seniors display their work in the popular annual exhibition.

“Seeing your name in big letters when you first walk in, or on a poster or postcard, really solidifies the idea that ‘I can do this. I can do this for a living.’ Sometimes people are like, ‘Oh, being an artist is too hard of a life,’ or whatever. This moment validates what is possible. And that’s a really amazing thing.”

This year’s Senior Thesis Exhibition, on display through May 25 , features seniors working in paint, mixed media, digital animation, and installation/performance. 

In moving just a few hundred feet from those studios into the museum’s galleries, the artwork, has traveled into a new dimension. It’s now in community — alive and almost begging for conversation.

“Since they moved their work into the museum, we’ve been talking about how everybody’s work is sort of bouncing off each other’s,” says Droge, a visiting assistant professor of art and visual culture. “They saw that when they were working in the studios, but you can really see the conversation happening now.”

Droge pointed to a piece of driftwood on a pedestal, which accents a presentation of oil paintings by George Peck ’24 of Philadelphia that recall a camping trip along the Down East coast. Nearby are oils by Amelia Hawkins ’24 of Sun Valley, Idaho, that capture the phenomenon of forest fires in Idaho. 

In some of Hawkins’ oils, “the way the [tree branches] are painted and drawn relates to the driftwood,” says Droge. “Then you look at the driftwood and then look at Emma’s work.” That’s Emma Upton ’24 of Amherst, N.H., who used drawn self-portraits to create mixed-media abstractions. “There’s all sorts of back and forth. And all of the work is transformative.”

Droge has supported this week’s installation of the show in the museum. The students’ advisors are Associate Professor of Art and Visual Culture Carolina Gonzalez Valencia (fall semester) and Senior Lecturer in Art and Visual Culture Elke Morris (winter semester).

— Jay Burns

Amelia Hawkins

The oil paintings of Amelia Hawkins ’24 of Sun Valley, Idaho, capture the phenomenon of forest fires in Idaho.

Fires have occurred for eons and can be part of a healthy forest ecosystem, but are now more frequent in the era of climate change. Hawkins recalls how in her childhood summer activities were canceled due to unhealthy air quality. 

“Once August rolls around, smoke from forest fires rolls in,” Hawkins says. “I remember asking my mom, ‘Where are all these ashes coming from?” 

Now such memories provide subject matter for her artwork. “I portray the various stages of forest fires. From the fiery inception to the tranquil regrowth, I’m captivated by the juxtaposition of chaos and serenity.”

The senior thesis by Yuri Kim ’24 of East Brunswick, N.J., drew from a daydream and parallels her research into the colonial origins of Easter that has roots both in Europe and Pennsylvania. It was made through digital animation and compositing.

“I found repeated violences in the colonization of pagan traditions, the colonization of children’s innocence, and the colonization of the land. I hope you consider these parallels in the viewing of this work,” Kim says.

In the work, Kim considers how  children interpret events in fascinating ways. “These interpretations are often rebutted, degraded, and dismissed by those around them. Sometimes, this is because the way children interpret things is not seen as particularly appropriate for the occasion.”

She explores “silliness, weirdness, discomfort, and inconsistencies” in her artwork.

“This work embraces these maligned apostles with its arms wide open. It sees the valuable things that lay inside children’s daydreams – eggs, waiting to be hatched,” Kim says.

Avery Mathias

Turning a common household object into art worth considering, Avery Mathias ’24 of Needham Heights, Mass., features the chicken egg in her recent oil paintings to illustrate how one can find “intrigue and beauty in the mundane.”

And as one who has fond childhood memories of making breakfast with her father on the weekends, Mathias wants to celebrate in her art how “a shared meal brings people together.”

Food and people’s relationships can inspire a range of emotions, Mathias points out. A single fried egg can evoke thoughts about health, life, routine, cooking, science, and sexuality, she says. Through the simplicity of her subject, Mathias endeavors to encourage viewers to bring their own associations.

As a biology major, she further wants to emulate the scientific perspective. So the eggs are painted larger than life to present the perspective of looking through a microscope. “To look at an object from a drastically different point of view made it infinitely more intriguing,” Mathias says.

Miguel Ángel Pacheco

Using mixed media that includes wood, cardboard, sticks, and a suitcase, Miguel Ángel Pacheco ’24 of Caracas, Venezuela, says he consciously and subconsciously changed, rearranged, and transgressed these materials to create a work that serves as a way to summarize his years at Bates.

“I stand in the missing place in between. In the place of forgetting an expression in my mother tongue, or thinking twice about how my accent sounds nowadays. Or the doorway of my grandma’s house in Los Teques, the positioning of the door, or the plant next to it. The crossroad between where I am, what I remember and what I’m trying not to forget,” Pacheco says.

The body of Pacheco’s work combines gestures and found materials in the act of “approaching memory as an active verb… like the skeleton of a house, without walls, see through.” 

“These are different scenes that I set for myself to remember or forget. Where actions occurred, materials and memories were boxed, carried and moved. They’re about movement, actions that I propose to myself, trying to understand the distance between here and there. The still remaining distance… deshilachandola,” Pacheco adds, using the Spanish word for “unraveled.”

George Peck

The oil paintings by George Peck ‘24 of Philadelphia are based on his memories of a camping trip last fall to the Cutler Coast Public Land along the Maine Down East coast.

He took no photographs during the trip. “I am just building this world from the way that I remember it,” he says, using themes of driftwood and fire as metaphors for how the vivid moments that we experience become memories that shift, change, and sometimes fade away.

“After you’ve lived a moment and have a memory in your head, it’s subject to change. It’s impermanent — kind of loose and vague.”

Peck began collecting natural objects to create sculptures last fall. Driftwood becomes a focus for its beauty and the myriad of metaphors within it, such as the growth rings in a tree, which mark time.

He says the driftwood and dead weathered trees symbolize how a moment in space and time “dies” when the moment has passed. But, like a tree, an experience doesn’t ever truly disappear, “but rather lives on as its own subject.” Both memory and driftwood, Peck says, change shape over time.

Olivia Rabin

Olivia Rabin ’24 of Montclair, N.J., wants to explore the emotions and sensations of the world around her and the experience of “being captivated by nature and the fantastical,” as illustrated in her mixed-media work using watercolor, wax, and graphite. 

She is interested in illustrative and abstract work “rooted in reality while distorting it or finding new meanings.” She recalls watching the documentary series Blue Planet , narrated by David Attenborough, as a child. This and other works by people who are inspired by nature provide material for her art. 

“While I am interested in many different things, I am always working to visualize them to help me understand how I connect them internally. In my work, I am trying to synthesize my own process into something tangible and observable. I am exploring the connections between my headspace, the act of expression, and the physical world,” Rabin says.

Joseph Vineyard

Joseph Vineyard ’24 of Danville, Vt., created a digitally drawn animation sequence that seeks to convey the overwhelming physical and emotional intensity of a panic attack.

While it’s not possible to convey the universal experience of a panic attack, Vineyard hopes to help those who have never experienced one get a sense of what it is like and to offer affirmation for those who have experienced one.

Vineyard explains it can make one feel as if “their bodies feel suffocated and out of control as if something else has taken over.”

“Art to me is a gateway into an alternate world, a place for the viewer to get lost in and find an experience that reflects or is unlike their own,” Vineyard says.

Emma Upton ’24 of Amherst, N.H. processed emotions from the Oct. 25 shootings in Lewiston through her mixed-media artwork to express “the sorrow, fear, and mourning” she witnessed in her community following the tragedy. It also is a personal expression of her experience during the lockdown.

“In the days that followed, I found myself in a state of numb disbelief within the surreal limbo of lockdown. In an attempt to process my emotions, I turned to art. I created a series of 50 continuous line self-portraits that seek to illustrate my internal state of sorrow and uncertainty. These portraits became the foundation of my work which involved abstracting the original self-portraits using a variety of techniques and mediums,” Upton says.

She found abstract forms within the interconnected lines of her self portraits to create a series of new abstract portraits that she then layered with pages from magazines that she later trimmed to reveal areas of light. Stained glass that is also used in the work, she says, creates a “transparent effect and enables the use of lighting that is a uniting element within this series,” while the use of mirrors incorporate the viewers into the artwork.

“The material is fundamentally connected to the initial experience during the lockdown, because it incorporates the same fractured mirrors that I looked into while creating the 50 original self-portraits,” Upton said. 

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Ericson takes Grand Prize at 13th Three-Minute Thesis competition

Hannah Ericson, a doctoral candidate in Genetics, is the Grand Prize Winner at this year’s University of Georgia Three Minute Thesis (3MT ® ) Competition for her presentation titled “Catalyzing Change: What Helps Department Heads Be Successful?”

A Ph.D. candidate studying biology education in the Genetics department in the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, Hannah works with Dr. Tessa Andrews studying teaching evaluations at UGA :

To promote the use of evidence-based teaching practices, teaching evaluation needs to support, recognize, and incentivize their use. Teaching evaluation is inadequate in this regard at many institutions, relying solely on student surveys instead of multiple sources of evidence. Hannah’s research focuses on the changes to teaching evaluation that are occurring at UGA, as well as factors influencing these shifts in different STEM departments. Hannah is passionate about the use of evidence-based teaching practices, to provide the best possible experience for STEM students.  Originally from Illinois, she earned her bachelor’s degree in Biology from the University of Iowa. While there, her research centered around using fruit flies as a model to study epilepsy. She also helped in the description of a new species of parasitic wasp.

Congratulations to Ericson and all the participants for their successful [and succinct!] presentations! Very well done these outstanding graduate students.

Image: (l to r) Viviana Bravo, People’s Choice Winner; Jordan Parker, Runner-Up Winner;  Hannah Ericson, Grand Prize Winner

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Office of the Dean

For undergraduates.

Nevada Today

College of education and human development prepares secondary school educators to teach collegiate courses, college expands to offer a new online master of education with an emphasis in continuing educator improvement program.

College of Education & Human Development faculty welcome the first cohort of educators.

The College of Education and Human Development at the University of Nevada, Reno, continues its commitment to excellence in education by introducing a new online Master of Education, M.Ed., in Secondary Education with an emphasis in Continuing Educator Improvement program. Last year, the College added a Bachelor of Science in Early Childhood Education and an online Master of Science in Instructional Technology and Learning Design .

The Secondary Education CEI program is designed for licensed teachers who want to extend and deepen their knowledge base and improve their pedagogical skills with the goal of becoming better teachers. Teachers’ approaches continually grow and change in response to local, state and national education initiatives; students’ needs and interests; and new innovations and research in teaching. This program is designed to support teachers in developing their approaches to best meet the needs of their students while also attending to the landscape of education beyond their classrooms.

One initiative that is growing quickly in Nevada is dual-credit courses. The University of Nevada, Reno, Collegiate Academy is an example of this work. In the Collegiate Academy program, courses are taught by high school teachers in their classrooms, but the content is developed by university faculty and provides university credit.

Through these courses, students can graduate from high school having already completed some of their university courses, making a college degree more affordable and accessible. This CEI program helps teachers bridge the gap between high school and collegiate-level instruction

“As more dual-credit opportunities are available to high school students, we will need more highly-prepared teachers who can teach those courses in K-12 schools,” Jessica Gallo, Ph.D. , associate professor of secondary education said. “While our CEI program is designed to support practicing teachers’ growth as professionals in many ways, we are particularly focused on those teachers who are interested in teaching dual-credit courses.”

Designed with the realities of full-time educators' lives in mind, the CEI program is offered in an online format, delivered in a cohort model. This approach fosters a collaborative learning environment where teachers progress through the program alongside peers.

“We chose a fully-online program built in a paced cohort model so that the teachers could move through the program together, learn with teachers who share similar concerns and challenges, and have thought partners to apply course concepts to actual classrooms,” Gallo said. “By the end of the program, we hope that teachers will be better prepared to conduct classroom research, adapt their instruction to students’ needs, respond to changes in education, and collaborate with one another and the educational community.”

The inaugural cohort, welcomed in Spring 2024, comprises dedicated educators representing a diverse array of subjects from across Nevada, including math, foreign language, special education, sciences and history, among others. The educators take two online courses per semester during the fall, spring and summer semesters and are anticipated to graduate in December 2025.

The program aims to make advanced education accessible to a broad spectrum of educators. Students are funded through the Nevada Teacher Advancement Scholarship, which pays 75% of tuition and fees per semester for the duration of the program. Furthermore, a commitment to teacher retention and professional development is demonstrated through incentives that reimburse participants for remaining tuition expenses after completing the program and three years of teaching in Nevada after graduation.

Last month, the College of Education & Human Development hosted a welcome reception for the first cohort of students. “We are thrilled to be able to offer a fully-online program for practicing teachers all over Nevada, and this program was designed with teachers’ busy lives in mind,” Gallo said. “However, we also want to build a sense of community and collaboration that can be harder to create and maintain in online courses.

“The teachers in each cohort will be taking nearly all of the same classes together, collaborating with one another, and working with University’s secondary education faculty for the entirety of the program, so this welcome event is a chance to get to know one another outside of the formality of a classroom setting. It is also a chance to share some of the many resources the campus has to offer while the teachers are enrolled in the program. “

“The face of high school is shifting with over 3 million high school students (9-12 graders) taking AP or some form of dual college-level courses,” Dean of the College of Education & Human Development Donald Easton-Brooks, Ph.D ., said. “With this, students from low-income families are approximately 25% more likely to go to college when taking concurrent/dual credit courses in high school. The College of Education and Human Development is excited to be able to offer educators an online master’s degree program designed to assisting teachers in creating the skills necessary to meet the need of this new generation high school student.”

Looking ahead, the College will launch the program's second cohort in the spring of 2025. Secondary educators interested in joining the program are encouraged to complete an interest form or contact Jess Gallo, Ph.D., at [email protected]  for more information.

Education & Public Service

A Brilliant Light of Leadership Shines at the University of Nevada, Reno | Una brillante luz de liderazgo brilla en la Universidad

Karla Hernández, Ph.D., awarded the 2024 Inclusion, Equity, and Diversity Leadership Award

Manager of food systems programs brings global experience and perspectives to Desert Farming Initiative

Hosmer-Henner aims to use his unique blend of experience to help strengthen state’s food systems

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Student by day, tutor by night, mechanical engineering major Jose Vasquez accepts Teach for America Fellowship second semester into college

University of Nevada, Reno President Brian Sandoval named to State of Nevada Awards and Honor Board Selection Committee

Speaker of the Nevada Assembly Steve Yeager appointed President Sandoval and Former Governor Bob Miller for 3-year terms

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University geothermal research center holds Geothermal Town Hall

The free, public event will share information about geothermal energy production in Nevada

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Iranian Culture Celebration event

The first Iranian Culture Celebration Event to be held on April 18, at the University of Nevada, Reno

Q&A: Merrill Associate Professor Ira Chinoy to Retire at End of Spring 2024 Semester

By Mennatalla Ibrahim ’22, M.J. ’24

After 23 years at the University of Maryland’s Philip Merrill College of Journalism, Associate Professor Ira Chinoy is preparing to say goodbye as he retires at the end of the spring semester. Chinoy has taught at every level of the college — from first-semester freshmen to Ph.D. students — and was at the forefront of introducing data journalism to Merrill College. 

Before joining the world of academia, Chinoy was a member of two investigative reporting teams that won Pulitzer Prizes during a remarkable journalism career that took him to such outlets as The Washington Post and The Providence Journal. 

And he continued to achieve greatness at the University of Maryland. Chinoy’s impact since coming to Merrill College in 2001 is immeasurable and will persist through its future innovation. Chinoy, who was director of computer-assisted reporting at The Post, brought those skills to teach early data journalism classes at the college. He went on to become associate dean from 2012-14 and has been lead instructor of the introductory journalism course for freshmen.

Chinoy has won multiple awards for his teaching innovation and has been a mentor to countless members of the Merrill College faculty and student body.

As he approached the end of his final semester, Chinoy reflected on his decades-long career at Merrill and discussed the release of his book. The Q&A below has been edited for length and clarity.

What was Merrill like when you first started here?

We were in another building. It was really old and right next to the library. It feels like we were smaller in some way. We had more tenured faculty members and fewer adjunct faculty. So much has evolved since then in terms of what we teach and how we teach it. I was teaching data journalism and that was on the cutting edge, and now we have three, four or five people teaching it and so much more. There was a dictionary in every classroom, so you know, pretty quaint. 

When we moved into Knight Hall, there was space to try different things. Initially, there was just going to be one online bureau, but everyone realized that we had to flip that around. And the menu of things that we teach has just really expanded. It's constantly in motion to respond to what's going on in the industry. As I tell my students, if you haven't learned anything new in the next five years, if you don't pick up any new skills, you're going to be a dinosaur. We're teaching you how to use these tools and how to be innovators, but you have to constantly innovate throughout the rest of your career.

How would you describe your own experience in the past 23 years here at Merrill?

I didn't know anything about teaching when I came here. I was at The Washington Post. I was an investigative reporter and data journalist. I was recruited to teach the one data journalism class that we had and anything else that I wanted to teach, but I had no idea what I was doing. And initially, I taught that data journalism class just to master’s students, and then I taught JOUR201 to freshmen. 

You never thought you would end up in education, so how did such a well-decorated reporting career land you in academia?

Who knows? I had been a reporter for almost a quarter-century and I was actually recruited to come here. I met Chris Callahan, who was then the associate dean, at a conference. I think really good journalists might have an idea about what the story is when they go out on it, but they are willing to be open to the idea that they have it upside down. I try to impart that to my students here.

A few years ago you became the lead instructor for the introductory journalism course. How have you seen that course evolve and what was it like being the first face that students saw at Merrill?

I love it. They're coming from high school, and this is such a big change for them. I have really learned to enjoy that and figure out how to make it work. During the pandemic, I was really nervous about the prospect of teaching that course online. So I invited every one of them to meet with me one-on-one for 15 minutes before the semester started. It sort of demystified the class and when they showed up in class the first day, it wasn't my first encounter with them. You have a really special responsibility if you are the face of the college for freshmen. I teach a class now that's primarily for seniors, and almost half the class are students whom I had before when they were freshmen in JOUR200, so I was with them until the very end. People think you teach and then the students go on their way, but you're really developing these relationships that can last a very long time — 23 years in one case that I can think of.

You were also one of the first professors to teach a course on computer-assisted reporting. How have you seen data journalism evolve, especially at Merrill? 

When I started here, it was called Computer-Assisted Reporting. I think the basic idea behind the course is critical thinking — how do you get data, what do you make of it when you look at it, what assumptions are you making about what it means, are you reporting out how the data is gathered and how it's supposed to be used? The tools have changed since I taught it, but I think that the critical thinking part of it is what is at the heart of the course.

Are there other things you've taken from your reporting experience into the classroom?

Oh, yeah. Initially, I thought I wasn't going to tell a lot of war stories about my life as a reporter, but it turns out that there are things that I can bring into the class. When I'm mentoring other new teachers, many think the first class is just going over the syllabus, but it’s important to find a way to get everyone engaged right away and save the syllabus for later. You’ve got to set the hook in the first couple of minutes. You've got to make clear to them why they're there and that this is going to be an engaging experience. On the very first day of JOUR200, I put up a slide of a plane crash that happened outside Boston in a blizzard in 1980. I was a 20-something reporter and I got sent out in the middle of the night to cover that. We didn't have phones, so I needed to get a real map, a flightlight and an actual notebook. I had to figure out how to get there and what to do. So it's a real-world story, and it gins up a great conversation from the get-go.

You have won many awards for innovation, history and teaching. Can you tell us a little more about that?

I have a couple of ways that I've done that. One was how I adapted during the pandemic. One of the things that I did was get rid of exams and quizzes in JOUR200 because I couldn't see a way to proctor them online. And I thought, what's the point of taking the exam? You cram for two days before you take the test and two days later, you can't remember a thing that you crammed in your brain. I asked around the Teaching and Learning Transformation Center about what tools students can use to keep a journal of what they’re learning. I taught my students how to set up a simple, private webpage on Adobe Express. Every week I give them a prompt to to help them capture something salient. And instead of a quiz or midterm, there is a midterm essay. I give them the prompt well ahead of time and they can cut and paste right from their learning journal to connect the dots. I also turned the news quizzes into online discussions about news. So those were a few things that worked so well that I've used it in every other class.

You received your Ph.D. in journalism from Merrill College. What was the transition going from a full-time reporter to someone fully in academia like?

It was like having two jobs at once because I was teaching full-time and I was in the Ph.D. program full-time. I didn't really appreciate how much work that was gonna be. Those were just really busy years. I'm not afraid of hard work. I've worked hard, but they were. I've always liked learning. I've always liked research. I mean, a really good investigative reporter is a researcher. And I found a lot of parallels when doing that kind of research and doing the historical research that I did, so I just sort of morphed those skills over to working on my dissertation.

So your new book, “Predicting the Winner: The Untold Story of Election Night 1952 and the Dawn of Computer Forecasting,” comes out May 1. Could you explain what it's about and what that process of putting it together was like?

There was an earlier version that was my dissertation, which was called “Battle of the Brains: Election Night Forecasting at the Dawn of the Computer Age.” I was initially interested in why there was so much pushback against using the computer as a tool in the newsroom. I began to think about how journalism and computers first hooked up. And it turned out that it was a long time ago — Election Night 1952. 

Journalism is the way that people know what happens on election night. There's no national entity that tells us who has won the election, and this idea of using early returns to predict the winner turned out to be a science that evolved for decades and decades before we had computers. Computers were just the newest tool to use. Election nights were a place to roll out new technologies, so there was this connection between election night reporting and the culture in journalism that I found kind of fascinating. 

And what happened along the way? This catastrophic election night of 2020. The final chapter in the book is about how we move forward when a lot of people just didn't believe the outcome. This is a spoiler alert, but the thesis of that chapter is that it's not better math that's going to get us to people believing the outcome. The people who are on the losing side have to be able to believe that that outcome was possible, and we have to solve two problems to make that happen. One is an overall decline in trust going on for generations in news. And the other is the rising mass of what are called news deserts, places where there is just not any local news. Seventy million Americans now live in a news desert. And in survey after survey, the news that people trust the most is local news, so we're never really going to solve that election night problem unless the news industry as a whole gets together with other actors in society and figures it out. 

What has the process of this book becoming reality been like and what do you hope for as it gets released in May?

It’s been surreal. It's a huge process to do a book, even after you've written the book. I got an agent, and the agent said, “Well, for starters it’s too long. You’ve got to cut out about 30,000 words.” And he was right, that made it better. And then you’ve got to find a publisher. My agent  sent it out to a bunch of publishers, and the first 10 or so took a pass. I was really dejected about it, and I was talking to a friend of mine who's a really well-known writing coach. He said, “Oh, let me send you something,” and it was an article he'd written about famous rejection letters. I eventually got a publisher, but it's just a big process. There's copy editing and lots of moving parts. Now I'm working on marketing, and you have to do a lot of it yourself. It’s kind of never-ending and I'm accepting every offer extended to me to do talks and to write. It's not over when you're done with the book — that's just the beginning.

What were your favorite memories in the past 23 years here? And what are you most proud of doing?

I'm proud of having figured out how to be a teacher, which I think I sort of figured out. I'm proud of being able to help mentor other faculty. I am also really proud of the relationships I've built with students. Those are gold. They're just amazing. My third or fourth day as a teacher was 9/11. I didn't really know how to be a teacher then. We were in a classroom when the towers came down, and I didn't even know how to turn the TV on. I'm in touch with several of those students even today, 23 years later. And every year on 9/11, one of those students sends me an email to kind of remember the day and update me on her life. So now she's married and she's got kids and she's a senior TV producer, but I look forward to that like every year. And during the pandemic, I had 60 students and two sections. At the end of the semester, I sent the students off into a breakout room on Zoom where they could do their course evaluations. And one day when they were supposed to come back on the screen, nobody was there yet. I thought, “I just completely messed up something now,” and my TA had her iPhone up and was about to take a picture of something. I said, “What is going on?” And she said, “You'll see,” and then they all turned on the cameras. They all had a sign that said, “Thank you, Professor Chinoy” or “We love you, Professor Chinoy.” It was just incredible. You can't even put a price on that. That was a really, really a peak experience for me.

What is some advice that you would give faculty and any students?

We always have to dig down and figure out who we are, what we're about, and what is it we want to do for the other people that we are dealing with. Otherwise, you're just kind of going through the motions. Students know when you're phoning it in. I know because they've told me that about other classes they're having around campus. I think you have to really know what it is that you want them to take away. Before every class in my class notes, I have a few lines about what I want the really big takeaway from here to be. If we pull the camera up to 30,000 feet, what is it I want them to see? And how can I get them to do the thinking to do that? You’ve got to know yourself to be a decent teacher.

Where do you hope Merrill College is going in the future?

I'm a huge fan of the dean. Rafael Lorente has been my friend for a long time, and I think he's just on fire. We've done so much innovating, even just in the last couple of years. Our strength is that we can be nimble. We're not caught up in a lot of bureaucracy. If we need to go in a direction, we go in that direction. We have a working committee of faculty that think together about the curriculum and then we put it up to the whole college assembly — to faculty and representative students and staff — and we move in that direction. We don't mind abandoning things and going off in another direction. And I think Rafael is the one who's really driving that ship. I just think we need to do more of the same to continue on with that. And I won't be here. I mean, I'm retiring at the end of the semester, but I will be here in spirit and I'm sure I'll still be in touch with people all the time. 

Do you have any plans for your retirement?

I do, yeah. It’s not really going to be retirement. I just won't be teaching anymore. I have two other books that I wanted to write, and over the summer after I put out the book, I want to put together some little videos, enter the TikTok generation, or Instagram or something like that. And we are eventually going to move in the not-too-distant future. My daughter and son-in-law are moving to upstate New York and they asked us if we would move with them. We said yes. They're going to start their own family, so the idea of keeping my wife and daughter 6½ hours apart was never going to happen. So that's kind of the plan.

• Merrill College

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• Knowledge Base
• How to write an essay introduction | 4 steps & examples

How to Write an Essay Introduction | 4 Steps & Examples

Published on February 4, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on July 23, 2023.

A good introduction paragraph is an essential part of any academic essay . It sets up your argument and tells the reader what to expect.

The main goals of an introduction are to:

• Catch your reader’s attention.
• Give background on your topic.
• Present your thesis statement —the central point of your essay.

This introduction example is taken from our interactive essay example on the history of Braille.

The invention of Braille was a major turning point in the history of disability. The writing system of raised dots used by visually impaired people was developed by Louis Braille in nineteenth-century France. In a society that did not value disabled people in general, blindness was particularly stigmatized, and lack of access to reading and writing was a significant barrier to social participation. The idea of tactile reading was not entirely new, but existing methods based on sighted systems were difficult to learn and use. As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness. This essay begins by discussing the situation of blind people in nineteenth-century Europe. It then describes the invention of Braille and the gradual process of its acceptance within blind education. Subsequently, it explores the wide-ranging effects of this invention on blind people’s social and cultural lives.

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Table of contents

Step 1: hook your reader, step 2: give background information, step 3: present your thesis statement, step 4: map your essay’s structure, step 5: check and revise, more examples of essay introductions, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about the essay introduction.

Your first sentence sets the tone for the whole essay, so spend some time on writing an effective hook.

Avoid long, dense sentences—start with something clear, concise and catchy that will spark your reader’s curiosity.

The hook should lead the reader into your essay, giving a sense of the topic you’re writing about and why it’s interesting. Avoid overly broad claims or plain statements of fact.

Examples: Writing a good hook

Take a look at these examples of weak hooks and learn how to improve them.

• Braille was an extremely important invention.
• The invention of Braille was a major turning point in the history of disability.

The first sentence is a dry fact; the second sentence is more interesting, making a bold claim about exactly  why the topic is important.

• The internet is defined as “a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities.”
• The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education.

Avoid using a dictionary definition as your hook, especially if it’s an obvious term that everyone knows. The improved example here is still broad, but it gives us a much clearer sense of what the essay will be about.

• Mary Shelley’s  Frankenstein is a famous book from the nineteenth century.
• Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is often read as a crude cautionary tale about the dangers of scientific advancement.

Instead of just stating a fact that the reader already knows, the improved hook here tells us about the mainstream interpretation of the book, implying that this essay will offer a different interpretation.

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Next, give your reader the context they need to understand your topic and argument. Depending on the subject of your essay, this might include:

• Historical, geographical, or social context
• An outline of the debate you’re addressing
• A summary of relevant theories or research about the topic
• Definitions of key terms

The information here should be broad but clearly focused and relevant to your argument. Don’t give too much detail—you can mention points that you will return to later, but save your evidence and interpretation for the main body of the essay.

How much space you need for background depends on your topic and the scope of your essay. In our Braille example, we take a few sentences to introduce the topic and sketch the social context that the essay will address:

Now it’s time to narrow your focus and show exactly what you want to say about the topic. This is your thesis statement —a sentence or two that sums up your overall argument.

This is the most important part of your introduction. A  good thesis isn’t just a statement of fact, but a claim that requires evidence and explanation.

The goal is to clearly convey your own position in a debate or your central point about a topic.

Particularly in longer essays, it’s helpful to end the introduction by signposting what will be covered in each part. Keep it concise and give your reader a clear sense of the direction your argument will take.

As you research and write, your argument might change focus or direction as you learn more.

For this reason, it’s often a good idea to wait until later in the writing process before you write the introduction paragraph—it can even be the very last thing you write.

When you’ve finished writing the essay body and conclusion , you should return to the introduction and check that it matches the content of the essay.

It’s especially important to make sure your thesis statement accurately represents what you do in the essay. If your argument has gone in a different direction than planned, tweak your thesis statement to match what you actually say.

To polish your writing, you can use something like a paraphrasing tool .

You can use the checklist below to make sure your introduction does everything it’s supposed to.

Checklist: Essay introduction

My first sentence is engaging and relevant.

I have introduced the topic with necessary background information.

I have defined any important terms.

My thesis statement clearly presents my main point or argument.

Everything in the introduction is relevant to the main body of the essay.

You have a strong introduction - now make sure the rest of your essay is just as good.

• Argumentative
• Literary analysis

This introduction to an argumentative essay sets up the debate about the internet and education, and then clearly states the position the essay will argue for.

The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts is on the rise, and its role in learning is hotly debated. For many teachers who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its critical benefits for students and educators—as a uniquely comprehensive and accessible information source; a means of exposure to and engagement with different perspectives; and a highly flexible learning environment.

This introduction to a short expository essay leads into the topic (the invention of the printing press) and states the main point the essay will explain (the effect of this invention on European society).

In many ways, the invention of the printing press marked the end of the Middle Ages. The medieval period in Europe is often remembered as a time of intellectual and political stagnation. Prior to the Renaissance, the average person had very limited access to books and was unlikely to be literate. The invention of the printing press in the 15th century allowed for much less restricted circulation of information in Europe, paving the way for the Reformation.

This introduction to a literary analysis essay , about Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein , starts by describing a simplistic popular view of the story, and then states how the author will give a more complex analysis of the text’s literary devices.

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is often read as a crude cautionary tale. Arguably the first science fiction novel, its plot can be read as a warning about the dangers of scientific advancement unrestrained by ethical considerations. In this reading, and in popular culture representations of the character as a “mad scientist”, Victor Frankenstein represents the callous, arrogant ambition of modern science. However, far from providing a stable image of the character, Shelley uses shifting narrative perspectives to gradually transform our impression of Frankenstein, portraying him in an increasingly negative light as the novel goes on. While he initially appears to be a naive but sympathetic idealist, after the creature’s narrative Frankenstein begins to resemble—even in his own telling—the thoughtlessly cruel figure the creature represents him as.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

• Ad hominem fallacy
• Post hoc fallacy
• Appeal to authority fallacy
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Your essay introduction should include three main things, in this order:

• An opening hook to catch the reader’s attention.
• Relevant background information that the reader needs to know.
• A thesis statement that presents your main point or argument.

The length of each part depends on the length and complexity of your essay .

The “hook” is the first sentence of your essay introduction . It should lead the reader into your essay, giving a sense of why it’s interesting.

To write a good hook, avoid overly broad statements or long, dense sentences. Try to start with something clear, concise and catchy that will spark your reader’s curiosity.

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:

• It gives your writing direction and focus.
• It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point.

Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

The structure of an essay is divided into an introduction that presents your topic and thesis statement , a body containing your in-depth analysis and arguments, and a conclusion wrapping up your ideas.

The structure of the body is flexible, but you should always spend some time thinking about how you can organize your essay to best serve your ideas.

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Take a look at college football programs with most returning starters in 2024, share this article.

The college football landscape has been reshaped by the emergence of the NCAA transfer portal as a de facto free agency system for amateur athletes, which has made roster turnover a significant issue for major programs. Retaining talent is harder than ever — a fact that has shifted the sports paradigm into the great unknown.

Given the recent changes to collegiate eligibility, much as a result of the 2020 COVID season, bringing back starters has become something of a Sisyphean task for coaches who might not have met expectations. As such, it is always interesting to see who is able to retain the most talent from not just the portal, but also the NFL draft and graduation dates.

Below is a look at the top schools in the country when it comes to bringing back college football players for the 2024 campaign, including the Florida Gators, as compiled by 247Sports .

1. Virginia Tech Hokies (22)

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Offense:  11

Defense:  9

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2. Oklahoma State Cowboys (21)

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T-3. Iowa Hawkeyes (19)

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Offense:  9

Defense:  9

Special Teams:  1 (Kicker)

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T-3. Iowa State Cyclones (19)

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T-3. Nebraska Cornhuskers (19)

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Defense:  7

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6. Baylor Bears (18)

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T-7. California Golden Bears (17)

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Offense:  7

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T-7. Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets (17)

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Offense:  8

T-7. Kentucky Wildcats (17)

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Offense:  6

Read more at UK Wildcats Wire

T-7. Northwestern Wildcats (17)

T-7. Stanford Cardinals (17)

T-12. Auburn Tigers (16)

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Offense : 8

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T-12. Boston College Eagles — 16

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Read more at UGA Wire

T-12. Penn State Nittany Lions (16)

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T-12. Pittsburgh Panthers (16)

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T-12. Rutgers Scarlet Knights (16)

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Defense : 8

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T-12. SMU Mustangs (16)

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T-21. Cincinnati Bearcats (15)

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T-21. Louisville Cardinals (15)

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T-21. Minnesota Golden Gophers (15)

T-21. Ohio State Buckeyes (15)

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Read more at Buckeyes Wire

T-21. Ole Miss Rebels (15)

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T-21. Texas Longhorns (15)

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Read more at Longhorns Wire

T-21. West Virginia Mountaineers (15)

T-21. Florida Gators (15)

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One Duke Basketball Starter Opts to Run It Back Yet Again

Duke basketball is reportedly set to return a key weapon for Jon Scheyer's third season at the helm in Durham.

• Author: Cam Robertson, Blue Devil Country

In this story:

Just two days after the news that Duke basketball starter Mark Mitchell was hitting the transfer portal, it seems that a different Blue Devil starter has decided to stick around for another year in Durham.

On Thursday evening, national college hoops insider Adam Zagoria reported that sophomore guard Tyrese Proctor would be returning to Duke for his junior season.

Proctor’s reported return is a massive positive for the Blue Devils. The 6-foot-5 guard, a co-captain alongside senior guard Jeremy Roach and graduate center Ryan Young this past season, will play the role of an experienced leader as he orchestrates the offense, presumably as the primary floor general again, and helps guide Duke’s incoming six-deep recruiting class.

The 20-year-old Australian playmaker originally reclassified to play his freshman year during the 2022-23 season, with this past year serving as what should have been his original opening collegiate campaign.

Despite battling an ankle injury that kept him out of commission for most of December, Proctor made productive strides in his offensive game while continuing in his role as Duke’s premier on-ball defender. The Sydney native averaged 10.5 points, 3.0 rebounds, and 3.7 assists per game as a sophomore while shooting 42.3 percent from the field and 35.2 percent beyond the arc.

3 triples from Rese tonight 👌👌👌 pic.twitter.com/aufDKfIA5k — Duke Men’s Basketball (@DukeMBB) March 23, 2024

As Duke’s top facilitator, Tyrese Proctor should be in a position to flourish next season with the arrival of a litany of lob threats in the Blue Devils’ top-ranked freshman class. 

While he's the first Blue Devil to announce a return, third-year head coach Jon Scheyer and his staff have already lost two scholarship players to the transfer portal in sophomores Christian Reeves and Mark Mitchell. Duke basketball fans still await key decisions from players such as Jeremy Roach, Kyle Filipowski, and Jared McCain.

  RELATED: Duke Sensation Summarizes Current Pondering With One Word

If the Blue Devils are going to take even more successful strides next season, Proctor’s play as a junior leader will be instrumental.

Stay tuned to Blue Devil Country on SI for more Duke basketball news.

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