contoh assignment chemistry

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2.15: Assignment—Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

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To download a copy of the assignment, please click on the link Sample Questions .

As you work these matter and measurement problems, consider and explain:

• What type of question is it?
• How do you know what type of question it is?
• What information are you looking for?
• What information do they give?
• How will you go about solving this?
• Show how to solve the problem.
• Be able to answer for a different reaction, number, set of conditions, etc.

Sample Questions

• NH 4 and NH 4 Cl
• ZnO 2 and ZnCl 2
• H 2 O and HCl
• NO and NO 2
• CH 4 and CO 2
• A sample of chemical X is found to contain 5.0 grams of oxygen, 10.0 grams of carbon, and 20.0 grams of nitrogen. The law of definite proportion would predict that a 70 gram sample of chemical X should contain how many grams of carbon?
• All atoms of the same element are identical.
• Compounds are combinations of different atoms.
• A chemical reaction changes the way atoms are grouped together.
• Atoms are indestructible.
• Who was the first scientist to show that atoms emit any negative particles?
• The Rutherford experiment proved the Thomson “plum-pudding” model of the atom to be essentially correct.
• The Rutherford experiment was useful in determining the nuclear charge on the atom.
• Millikan’s oil-drop experiment showed that the charge on any particle was a simple multiple of the charge on the electron.
• The electric discharge tube proved that electrons have a negative charge.
• All of the above experiments gave the results described.
• An atom is mostly empty space.
• Almost all of the mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
• The protons and neutrons in the nucleus are very tightly packed.
• The number of protons and neutrons is always the same in the neutral atom.
• All of the above statements (A–D) are true.
• The element rhenium (Re) exists as two stable isotopes and 18 unstable isotopes. What does Rhenium-185 have in its nucleus?
• 20 protons and 20 neutrons
• 21 protons and 19 neutrons
• 22 neutrons and 18 protons
• 20 protons and 22 neutrons
• 21 protons and 20 neutrons
• There is twice as much mass of hydrogen as oxygen in each molecule.
• There are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom per water molecule.
• There is twice as much mass of oxygen as hydrogen in each molecule.
• There are two oxygen atoms and one hydrogen atom per water molecule.
• None of these.
• K, alkali metal
• Ba, alkaline earth metal
• Ne, noble gas
• Ni, transition metal
• Calcium, Ca
• good conductors of heat
• often lustrous
• tend to gain electrons in chemical reactions
• cobalt(II) chloride
• magnesium oxide
• aluminum(III) oxide
• diphosphorus pentoxide
• All of the above names are correct
• iodine trichloride, ICl 3
• phosophorus pentoxide, P 2 O 5
• ammonia, NH 3
• sulfur hexafluoride, SF 6
• All of the above pairs are correct.
• How many oxygen atoms are there in one formula unit of Ca 2+ ?
• What is the correct name for FeO?
• What is the correct name for Ca 2+ ?
• What is the correct name for V 3+ ?
• What is the subscript of barium in the formula of barium sulfate?
• What is the formula for calcium bisulfate?
• Pb(NO 3 ) 2 , lead(II) nitrate
• NH 4 ClO 4 , ammonium perchlorate
• PO 4 3− , phosphate ion
• Mg(OH) 2 , magnesium hydroxide
• NO 3− , nitrite ion

[reveal-answer q=”279540″]Show Sample Answers[/reveal-answer] [hidden-answer a=”279540″]

• J. J. Thomson
• 75 protons, 110 neutrons
• I, IV and II, V
• 20 protons, 20 neutrons, and 18 electrons
• 19 p, 20 n, 18 e
• iron(II) oxide
• calcium ion
• vanadium(III) ion
• Ca(HSO 4 ) 2

[/hidden-answer]

• Authored by : Jessica Garber. Provided by : Tidewater Community College. License : CC BY: Attribution

• Chemistry SK015 Sem 1
• _Tutorial Chemistry SK015
• _Experiment SK015
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• Chemistry SK025 Sem 2
• _Tutorial Chemistry SK025
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SK025 Chemistry Semester 2

Hello champions. Welcome to my blog.  My name is Miss Farahiyah Omar and i'm from KMPk. As you know, during the pandemic, matriculation programme carry out hybrid lesson. So, I used Google Meet, Youtube, Google Classroom and this blog for my online classes. But, i'am so happy to welcome all  matriculation students to visit my blog. I hope you will find something useful at here. 

I really appreciate, if you could possible to follow and subscribe to my Youtube Channel, Farahiyah Omar.  [click at here]  and join my telegram channel   [click at here] . Please use MOE ID to access document attach with this blog. 

• Experiment 1

Chapter 2 Thermochemistry

• Experiment 2

Chapter 3 Electrochemistry

• Experiment 3

Chapter 4 Introduction to Organic Chemistry

• Types of organic reactions  I

Chapter 5 Hydrocarbons  

• Experiment 4  
• Mechanism Alkane  l Mechanism Alkene  

Chapter 6 Benzene

• Aromaticity and Nomenclature of Benzene I  Chemical Properties of Benzene

Chapter 7 Haloalkanes

• Class of haloalkane and Nomenclature I Nucleophilic Substitution of haloalkanes (SN1 &SN2) I Reaction with Grignard Reagents

Chapter 8 Hydroxy Compound

• Phenol     
• Alcohol (Liveworksheets)
• Experiment 5

Chapter 9 Carbonyl Compound

• Preparation of Carbonyl Compounds I  Chemical Properties (Mind Map Aldehydes ) I
• Experiment 6

Chapter 10 Carboxylic Acids

• Physical properties I Synthesis Of Carboxylic Acids   I Chemical Properties (Mind Map) I

Chapter 11 Amines

• Physical Properties of Amines I  Hinsberg’s test & Nitrous acid test.   I Coupling reaction  I

Chapter 12 Amino Acids

• Structure of Amino Acid at Different pH

Chapter 13 Polymers

• Differenciate Monomer & Repeating Unit

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Faculty Resources

Assignments.

The assignments in this course are openly licensed, and are available as-is, or can be modified to suit your students’ needs. Available answer keys will be provided to faculty who adopt Waymaker or OHM courses with paid support from Lumen Learning. This approach helps us protect the academic integrity of these materials by ensuring they are shared only with authorized and institution-affiliated faculty and staff.

If you import this course into your learning management system (Blackboard, Canvas, etc.), the assignments will automatically be loaded into the assignment tool.

You can view these faculty-contributed assignments below or throughout the course.

Discussions

The following discussion assignments will also be preloaded (into the discussion-board tool) in your learning management system if you import the course. They can be used as is, modified, or removed. You can preview them below:

Optional Reading-Based Discussions

If you wish, you can include the following prompt to encourage students to complete their reading and discuss class topics with their peers.

Discussion Board Standards

It is expected that students will complete the assigned textbook readings prior to posting responses to the discussion board. Student interaction is encouraged. The goal of these online discussions is to simulate the sort of group discussion that can occur in traditional classroom settings. Therefore, students must post comments to at least two classmates. In addition, the instructor may post their reaction to student comments.

The instructor will assess the quality of student contributions towards group discussion and determine a grade for each unit/chapter.

• Student discussion must be relevant to the specific question being discussed.
• Students should demonstrate their understanding of the issues, theories, and problems from their textbook readings and homework. Good student commentary will make reference to specific textbook readings and make use of the terminology introduced in the chapter.
• Students should respond to the discussion questions with an attitude of proper objectivity and a willingness to discuss matters with others who do not share their viewpoint. Criticism of theories or ideas is appropriate; however, the tone of this criticism should remain scholarly rather than personal.
• Students are encouraged to make use of examples and counter-examples, compare and contrast theories, make reference to past learning, indicate problems or difficulties they have with the theories, and draw out the relevant implications of the discussion.
• Students may also raise questions they have about the readings and discuss possible answers provided these questions are relevant to the topic of the discussion.

Consider the discussions as opportunities to share ideas about this exciting material with your classmates—enjoy this!

• Assignments. Provided by : Lumen Learning. License : CC BY: Attribution
• Reading-Based Discussions. Authored by : Shawn Shields. Provided by : Germanna Community College. License : CC BY: Attribution
• Pencil Cup. Authored by : IconfactoryTeam. Provided by : Noun Project. Located at : https://thenounproject.com/term/pencil-cup/628840/ . License : CC BY: Attribution

Lab Report for Chemistry Example: Format, Sample & Template Science Report

Learn the easy way to make a lab report from a chemistry example. Master the lab report format, use our sample lab report as a guide, and produce a lab report template for your science report. Easy.

First, let’s discuss why a science report is an important thing to learn. Second, Dr Scott will debunk the myth that your science report is a difficult thing. Third, we show the step-by-step process to write up a good science report, using a chemistry lab report example.

Why Write a Science Report?

• Reports are part of life, and report writing will help you understand them. Examples of everyday reports include bills, invoices, taxes, food labels, blood tests, and report cards. Please stop acting like reports are something that teachers made up to make school less fun.
• Writing a science report will get easier with practice. As with anything, the first time is always the hardest. That’s why it’s important to write up your first science report… otherwise reports will confuse you for a lifetime. The world is full of reports, so why not get good at them?

5 Most Common Reasons for Not Writing a Science Report

Based on a study of 7,000 students,* Dr. Scott scientifically analyzed the following 5 most common “reasons” (excuses) for not writing reports. His analysis irrefutably  proved that all 5 excuses are totally false and without any merit whatsoever.

“This looks strange. I don’t get the format.”

More than anything, science report writing is a style of writing. There are many styles of writing, and they all have their particularities. For example, a college admissions essay had better use the word “the” properly, whereas newspaper headlines cut out the word “the” to save space.

Style is about being consistent and being organized, not about following rules. Style, by its very definition, is something that you gain with practice. You will learn how to save time and effort by organizing things into paragraphs, sections, lists, bullets, tables, etc as you feel appropriate. You cannot possibly develop a science report style without writing that report. Just do it!

“I got a bad result. Or had a bad experiment. “

The purpose of a science report is to explain what went wrong. You are “not allowed” to brag about your successes in a science report. Therefore, there is a lot to say about bad results, which makes writing the lab report easier. Not harder. Easier.

If you are expecting a perfect result from a perfect laboratory experiment from a perfect human, you should probably do science on some other planet. Because perfect laboratory experiments don’t happen here on Earth. Never. Not even once.

“I don’t understand everything.”

Not understanding everything is called life here on planet Earth. Anybody who claims to understand everything is a liar. This is a scientific fact.

The purpose of science is to produce something… like a report… based on imperfect knowledge of an imperfect world.

“I am stuck on step #4 (or whatever step) therefore all progress must immediately and forever stop.”

There are 23 steps to writing a lab report. Sometimes some of the steps don’t go so well. So be it. You can still do all the other steps.

The most important aspect of a science report is that it looks like a science report. If it has most of the right steps in mostly the right order, it’s going to turn out okay even if it’s not perfect. Remember, there is no such thing as a perfect science report. Focus on what you can do. Don’t focus on what you cannot do, unless you enjoy being unhappy.

“I can’t start with blank paper and create something original.”

First, yes you can. Stop saying you cannot.

It’s true that your very first science report may be one fo the hardest tasks of your life. Seriously. That’s why we made this guide. Once you follow the 23 steps to make your first good report, however, you can use it as a lab report template in the future. So you will never, ever have to truly start from scratch again after this. Writing your first science report is a once-per-lifetime experience that will benefit you for your entire lifetime. Guaranteed. That’s a lot of value for a few short hours.

*About This Study

Dr Scott has professionally evaluated the opinions of over 7,000 students writing lab reports. Note that he never asked for these opinions, certainly didn’t want them, and definitely didn’t appreciate the sarcasm, cynicism, anxiety, fear, disgust, sadness, annoyance, anger, rage, and temper tantrums associated with the delivery of such “data.” 

Dr Scott was for some time stuck in his teaching due to these ununderstandable, bad, and strangley formatted opinions. You might say that Dr Scott was overwhelmed by sarcasm, cynicism, anxiety, fear, disgust, sadness, annoyance, anger, rage, and temper tantrums regarding teaching about lab reports.  Yet, he started with a blank piece of paper and produced the following 23 step guide found below. It’s not perfect, yet it has helped thousands of learners just like you.

Might this be the lesson within the lesson?

Writing Science Lab Reports Video Course

Lab Report for Chemistry Example: Format of a Science Report​

Follow these 23 steps to success.

The most important thing is to have all 23 parts of a lab report in the correct order.

1. Start with paper and pen:  

Use pen (blue or black ink) and blank computer paper or graph paper. Don’t use pencil, don’t use lined paper. If it needs to be typed up, do it by hand first then type it as a second draft. The computer is going to complicate things if you don’t have a draft on paper. Trust me on this.

2. Name , Date , Purpose and Procedur e

Make a simple header including your Name , a Date , and a Title . 

Just pick a Date — it could be the date the experiment started, when the experiment ended (sometimes it takes more than a day), or when the report was written. Don’t allow yourself to get hung up on little details like this… just pick a Date that seems reasonable and keep going. There are 21+ more steps, after all.

Pick a Title . The experiment might already have a name, because, for example, you read about it in a lab manual or saw a video on the internet. If not, make something up that relates to the Purpose (comes after title). Decide a formatting style– do you capitalize, underline, center, etc? Again, don’t allow yourself to get hung up on the details. Just pick a style for the Title and keep going.

Create a section called Purpose or Goal . Decide the formatting style, like a colon (:), underlined, centered vs left justified, etc. Just pick something, and remember to format all the below sections with the same style. Write the purpose or goal in probably 1 sentence. Keep it short.

Create a section called Procedure . Use the same formatting style. Keep it short , definitely don’t write a book. The writing comes later… List, bullet, or number the basic steps. You may include an equipment list, or the equipment can be explained in the steps. In addition to what you did, the Procedure should say what you measured. You could include a diagram or not.

If you have some sort of teacher that gave you some sort of prelab assignment , do the prelab now. The prelab isn’t really part of a formal lab report, yet this might not be a formal lab report. The  prelab  generally would go after the Procedure , unless your teacher told you to put it somewhere else, such as at the end.

3. The Super Important Data Table

The Data Table is the heart of the report. Make it at least twice as big as necessary. It should probably take up a whole, entire piece of paper. Make it big. Bigger… Yes a whole page big. I am not kidding. Count exactly how many data (measurements or observations) you have. Decide how they can fit into a grid, and draw the grid with a ruler. Make it nice and straight, and, again, it should be really, really big. Bigger! Even bigger!!

4. Checking Your Work

Stop for a moment to reflect. Your Procedure talks about collecting data. Is there exactly one grid square for each measurement? Do all the measurements fit in the Data Table grid? If not, you have a problem. Fix it before moving on.

5. Determine Precision and Bias of Measurement Instruments

Be sure to always use a Metric instrument. Note how many decimal places it reads to. Be sure to always write the correct number of decimal places everywhere in the report, no matter what.

6. Recording Your First Measurement

As you perform the experiment, record your data in the Data Table . Make sure to use the correct number of decimal places, and always put a unit (like cm for centimeters) after every single number. Always have a unit and the correct number of decimal places. Honestly, this is the main thing most teachers look for when grading lab reports. It’s not about having good data, it’s about having the correct number of decimal points and units.

7. Planning and Patience

Again, take a moment to reflect. Does it seem like all your collected data will fit cleanly into the Data Table ? If not, stop and make a better Data Table .

8. Recording Your Other Measurements

Keep going and get all the data into the Data Table .

9. Side Calculation of Your Result

Got data? Probably you need to calculate something. Do it on scratch paper, not on the report. Get the math all worked out on the scratch paper.

10. Side Calculation of Percent Error

Got a result? On the same scratch paper, work out the calculation for percent error (if you know the “correct answer”). Or skip this step.

11. Selecting Sample Calculations for the Report

Don’t write all your calculations in the report, just one example, or sample, of each type of calculation. For example, if you calculated the volume and surface area of 4 objects (8 calculations total), just write 2 calculations (1 surface area, 1 volume) in your report. Decide which calculations to write… just pick and keep moving.

12. Writing Sample Calculation in the Report

Create a section called Sample Calculations . Write down one example of each type of calculation.  Be really, really neat and show all the steps, so that somebody could figure out what you did. It’s about showing the steps, not getting a good answer. The answer can be bad and that’s totally fine. On the other hand, it’s super uncool to just show an answer, even a good answer, without showing the steps in the calculation.

13. Results in a Table

Create a section called Results . Make a table for your results, just like you made a table for your data. Make it big. Bigger! Do all your results, including percent error and averages, if you calculated such things, fit? If not, do it again.

14. The 4 Main Elements of a Discussion

Create a section called Discussion . Now put the report aside and stop writing on it. You need to work out 4 paragraphs as rough and perhaps second drafts before copying it over to your report. Don’t get anxious and expect to miraculously inject a perfect Discussion directly into your report instead of first making a rough draft on scratch paper. You are almost there, so don’t ruin the report by writing on it before you have a solid rough draft.

15. It’s Not Rough Draft

The science lab report should have a reasonably polished Discussion , to the best of your imperfect writing ability. Proofread that rough draft, then proofread it again… and once more again… before transcribing it into your report. Your report should not look like a rough draft. Polish it first.

16. Discussion: Paragraph 1

 What did you intend to measure (the Purpose ) vs actually measure? What did you assume?

17. Discussion: Paragraph 2

Where your results high or low? By how much?

18. Discussion: Paragraph 3

Why were your results high or low? Give a science reason. The most important aspect of the whole report is that this specific paragraph says something scientific. Not my dog ate my experiment, but an actual science explanation. If you really cannot come up with anything, at least pick a few vocabulary words related to the experiment and use them in sentences that show you understand their definitions. Again, this specific paragraph has to, at bare minimum, sound scientific. You can probably fool your teacher into grading your report well so long as this paragraph sounds reasonably scientific. Be sure to put some honest thought into this one… it’s highly unlikely that you find something to plagiarize off the internet that would match the rest of the report.

If you really need to cheat, don’t do it here because it would be SOOOOO obvious to anybody who knows how science works. Cheating is hard work, and you are just going to waste lots of time trying. Be the type of person who finishes reports, not a time waster that never finishes things. Your life will be easier this way.

19. Discussion: Paragraph 4

Suggest recommendations to improve the experiment. Don’t redo the experiment. Your result is your result, for better or worse, and it’s on your “permanent record” at this point. Just write down something that somebody else at some other time and place could possibly do to make the experiment better. Don’t actually do it. Just recommend. 

20. Use a Science Analogy

Think you got a good Discussion ? It would be greatly enhanced if you could come up with an everyday analogy to explain something scientific in layman’s terms. Your report will never be perfect, yet the next report could be better by including an analogy in the Discussion . This is the type of higher level writing that teachers like for A+ grades. If it’s your first report, don’t get hung up on this. Just keep moving.

21. Proofread the Discussion

You transcribed the Discussion into your report. Proofread it. Again.

22. How to Write a Conclusion for a Lab

Here’s how to write a  Conclusion  of a lab report: Create a section called  Conclusion . Then just restate the (main) result(s) in a sentence or three.

Keep it short, keep it simple, don’t be creative, and definitely don’t introduce any new ideas in the Conclusion of a lab report. Just conclude by restating the result(s). If you forgot to say something important, go back and discuss it in the Discussion . Never discuss anything in the  Conclusion . This is probably the worst mistake commonly made. Don’t ruin it at the end. Just conclude.

Discussion  vs  Conclusion : Do you see the not-so-subtle difference between the Discussion vs Conclusion ? The Discussion always discusses things at length, the Conclusion never does.

23. Assemble Your Report & Keep a Digital Copy

Be organized. Number your pages. Staple it. Scan it into a pdf. (Try Camscanner app for a phone, it’s free and easy).  Give it a good file name. Email yourself a copy of your beautiful report so you never lose it.

Lab Report for Chemistry Example: Sample of a Science Report​

Click image to download the pdf of a sample science report. This lab report for chemistry example was written for an experiment to explore by how much and why does water expand when it freezes.

You can find more details, including over 4 hours of highly detailed videos explaining the above 23 steps, in the short course Writing Science Lab Reports . If you are interested to learn more about the science of why does water expand when it freezes, you can learn about this in Immersive Chemistry First Semester . For now, you might note it’s totally possible to write a good report about the expansion of freezing water, without having perfect knowledge of exactly why does water expand when it freezes in the first place.

Lab Report for Chemistry Example: Template of a Science Report​

By following the 23 steps above, you have successfully completed a good lab report. Did you do it? Or just think about doing it? Thinking about report writing makes it harder, while doing it makes it easier. Just do it!

Now, you can use your science report as a lab report template. Never start from scratch again. In the future, use your lab report template as a guide. If you have all the parts of a lab report in the right order, it’s going to look good. You can continue to hone your style and science writing skills, now that you have the basics down.

Online Assignments

Supplement in-class learning with interactive, multimedia-rich Google Forms lesson modules, perfect for reinforcing key chemistry concepts and scientific investigation skills.

Last modified: Jun 30, 2023

Access Online Assignments 

Chapter 1: matter—solids, liquids, and gases.

• 1.1  Molecules Matter
• 1.2  Molecules in Motion
• 1.3  The Ups and Downs of Thermometers
• 1.4  Moving Molecules in a Solid
• 1.5  Air, It's Really There

Chapter 2: Changes of State

• 2.1  Heat, Temperature, and Conduction
• 2.2  Changing State—Evaporation
• 2.3  Changing State—Condensation
• 2.4  Changing State—Freezing
• 2.5  Changing State—Melting

Chapter 3: Density

• 3.1  What is Density?
• 3.2  Finding Volume—The Water Displacement Method
• 3.3  Density of Water
• 3.4  Density—Sink and Float for Solids
• 3.5  Density—Sink and Float for Liquids
• 3.6  Density—Temperature and Density

Chapter 4: The Periodic Table & Bonding

• 4.1  Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
• 4.2  The Periodic Table
• 4.3  The Periodic Table & Energy Level Models
• 4.4  Energy Levels, Electrons, and Covalent Bonding
• 4.5  Energy Levels, Electrons, and Ionic Bonding

Chapter 5: The Water Molecule and Dissolving

• 5.1  Water is a Polar Molecule
• 5.2  Surface Tension
• 5.3  Why Does Water Dissolve Salt?
• 5.4  Why Does Water Dissolve Sugar?
• 5.5  Using Dissolving to Identify an Unknown
• 5.6  Does Temperature Affect Dissolving?
• 5.7  Can Liquids Dissolve in Water?
• 5.8  Can Gases Dissolve in Water?
• 5.9  Temperature Changes in Dissolving

Chapter 6: Chemical Change

• 6.1  What is a Chemical Reaction?
• 6.2  Controlling the Amount of Products in a Chemical Reaction
• 6.3  Forming a Precipitate
• 6.4  Temperature and Rate of a Chemical Reaction
• 6.5  A Catalyst and the Rate of Reaction
• 6.6  Using Chemical Change to Identify an Unknown
• 6.7  Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
• 6.8  pH and Color Change
• 6.9  Neutralizing Acids and Bases
• 6.10  Carbon Dioxide Can Make a Solution Acidic

What Are Online Assignments?

Middle School Chemistry’s Interactive Chemistry Lesson Modules are a set of digital resources designed to complement your in-class, inquiry-based chemistry lessons. Originally developed during the pandemic as remote learning tools, these Google Forms modules have been repurposed for the post-pandemic era, providing an engaging and flexible way to support and assess student learning.

You can use Online Assignments for

• In-class reinforcement: Use the modules during class time to support hands-on activities, providing students with additional context and visuals to enhance understanding.
• Homework assignments: Assign modules as homework to reinforce concepts covered in class and encourage independent learning.
• Review and assessment: Utilize the modules as a review tool before exams, enabling students to self-assess their understanding and identify areas for improvement.
• Flipped classroom: Implement a flipped classroom approach, where students engage with the module content before class and use class time for active learning and discussion.

How to Use Online Assignments

How to copy, edit, and assign.

Youtube ID: hrNceDbTksQ

• Click on a remote learning assignment to copy it to your Google Drive
• Do not edit the copy link when you click on it
• Create a copy in your Google Drive and make any edits you wish
• Click on the “eyeball” symbol at the top right to preview the form and view the videos, which only appear as images in your editable copy
• Assign your copy to your students
• Students will receive an email with their responses after they submit
• Grade student work by clicking on “Responses” at the top of the editable form in your Google Drive

Online Assignments Walkthrough

Check out this short walkthrough to see how you can use these assignments with your students.

Youtube ID: DDy3GakQHXw

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• How to write a lab report

How To Write A Lab Report | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples

Published on May 20, 2021 by Pritha Bhandari . Revised on July 23, 2023.

A lab report conveys the aim, methods, results, and conclusions of a scientific experiment. The main purpose of a lab report is to demonstrate your understanding of the scientific method by performing and evaluating a hands-on lab experiment. This type of assignment is usually shorter than a research paper .

Lab reports are commonly used in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. This article focuses on how to structure and write a lab report.

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Table of contents

Structuring a lab report, introduction, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about lab reports.

The sections of a lab report can vary between scientific fields and course requirements, but they usually contain the purpose, methods, and findings of a lab experiment .

Each section of a lab report has its own purpose.

• Title: expresses the topic of your study
• Abstract : summarizes your research aims, methods, results, and conclusions
• Introduction: establishes the context needed to understand the topic
• Method: describes the materials and procedures used in the experiment
• Results: reports all descriptive and inferential statistical analyses
• Discussion: interprets and evaluates results and identifies limitations
• Conclusion: sums up the main findings of your experiment
• References: list of all sources cited using a specific style (e.g. APA )
• Appendices : contains lengthy materials, procedures, tables or figures

Although most lab reports contain these sections, some sections can be omitted or combined with others. For example, some lab reports contain a brief section on research aims instead of an introduction, and a separate conclusion is not always required.

If you’re not sure, it’s best to check your lab report requirements with your instructor.

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Your title provides the first impression of your lab report – effective titles communicate the topic and/or the findings of your study in specific terms.

Create a title that directly conveys the main focus or purpose of your study. It doesn’t need to be creative or thought-provoking, but it should be informative.

• The effects of varying nitrogen levels on tomato plant height.
• Testing the universality of the McGurk effect.
• Comparing the viscosity of common liquids found in kitchens.

An abstract condenses a lab report into a brief overview of about 150–300 words. It should provide readers with a compact version of the research aims, the methods and materials used, the main results, and the final conclusion.

Think of it as a way of giving readers a preview of your full lab report. Write the abstract last, in the past tense, after you’ve drafted all the other sections of your report, so you’ll be able to succinctly summarize each section.

To write a lab report abstract, use these guiding questions:

• What is the wider context of your study?
• What research question were you trying to answer?
• How did you perform the experiment?
• What did your results show?
• How did you interpret your results?
• What is the importance of your findings?

Nitrogen is a necessary nutrient for high quality plants. Tomatoes, one of the most consumed fruits worldwide, rely on nitrogen for healthy leaves and stems to grow fruit. This experiment tested whether nitrogen levels affected tomato plant height in a controlled setting. It was expected that higher levels of nitrogen fertilizer would yield taller tomato plants.

Levels of nitrogen fertilizer were varied between three groups of tomato plants. The control group did not receive any nitrogen fertilizer, while one experimental group received low levels of nitrogen fertilizer, and a second experimental group received high levels of nitrogen fertilizer. All plants were grown from seeds, and heights were measured 50 days into the experiment.

The effects of nitrogen levels on plant height were tested between groups using an ANOVA. The plants with the highest level of nitrogen fertilizer were the tallest, while the plants with low levels of nitrogen exceeded the control group plants in height. In line with expectations and previous findings, the effects of nitrogen levels on plant height were statistically significant. This study strengthens the importance of nitrogen for tomato plants.

Your lab report introduction should set the scene for your experiment. One way to write your introduction is with a funnel (an inverted triangle) structure:

• Start with the broad, general research topic
• Narrow your topic down your specific study focus
• End with a clear research question

Begin by providing background information on your research topic and explaining why it’s important in a broad real-world or theoretical context. Describe relevant previous research on your topic and note how your study may confirm it or expand it, or fill a gap in the research field.

This lab experiment builds on previous research from Haque, Paul, and Sarker (2011), who demonstrated that tomato plant yield increased at higher levels of nitrogen. However, the present research focuses on plant height as a growth indicator and uses a lab-controlled setting instead.

Next, go into detail on the theoretical basis for your study and describe any directly relevant laws or equations that you’ll be using. State your main research aims and expectations by outlining your hypotheses .

Based on the importance of nitrogen for tomato plants, the primary hypothesis was that the plants with the high levels of nitrogen would grow the tallest. The secondary hypothesis was that plants with low levels of nitrogen would grow taller than plants with no nitrogen.

Your introduction doesn’t need to be long, but you may need to organize it into a few paragraphs or with subheadings such as “Research Context” or “Research Aims.”

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A lab report Method section details the steps you took to gather and analyze data. Give enough detail so that others can follow or evaluate your procedures. Write this section in the past tense. If you need to include any long lists of procedural steps or materials, place them in the Appendices section but refer to them in the text here.

You should describe your experimental design, your subjects, materials, and specific procedures used for data collection and analysis.

Experimental design

Briefly note whether your experiment is a within-subjects  or between-subjects design, and describe how your sample units were assigned to conditions if relevant.

A between-subjects design with three groups of tomato plants was used. The control group did not receive any nitrogen fertilizer. The first experimental group received a low level of nitrogen fertilizer, while the second experimental group received a high level of nitrogen fertilizer.

Describe human subjects in terms of demographic characteristics, and animal or plant subjects in terms of genetic background. Note the total number of subjects as well as the number of subjects per condition or per group. You should also state how you recruited subjects for your study.

List the equipment or materials you used to gather data and state the model names for any specialized equipment.

List of materials

35 Tomato seeds

15 plant pots (15 cm tall)

Light lamps (50,000 lux)

Nitrogen fertilizer

Measuring tape

Describe your experimental settings and conditions in detail. You can provide labelled diagrams or images of the exact set-up necessary for experimental equipment. State how extraneous variables were controlled through restriction or by fixing them at a certain level (e.g., keeping the lab at room temperature).

Light levels were fixed throughout the experiment, and the plants were exposed to 12 hours of light a day. Temperature was restricted to between 23 and 25℃. The pH and carbon levels of the soil were also held constant throughout the experiment as these variables could influence plant height. The plants were grown in rooms free of insects or other pests, and they were spaced out adequately.

Your experimental procedure should describe the exact steps you took to gather data in chronological order. You’ll need to provide enough information so that someone else can replicate your procedure, but you should also be concise. Place detailed information in the appendices where appropriate.

In a lab experiment, you’ll often closely follow a lab manual to gather data. Some instructors will allow you to simply reference the manual and state whether you changed any steps based on practical considerations. Other instructors may want you to rewrite the lab manual procedures as complete sentences in coherent paragraphs, while noting any changes to the steps that you applied in practice.

If you’re performing extensive data analysis, be sure to state your planned analysis methods as well. This includes the types of tests you’ll perform and any programs or software you’ll use for calculations (if relevant).

First, tomato seeds were sown in wooden flats containing soil about 2 cm below the surface. Each seed was kept 3-5 cm apart. The flats were covered to keep the soil moist until germination. The seedlings were removed and transplanted to pots 8 days later, with a maximum of 2 plants to a pot. Each pot was watered once a day to keep the soil moist.

The nitrogen fertilizer treatment was applied to the plant pots 12 days after transplantation. The control group received no treatment, while the first experimental group received a low concentration, and the second experimental group received a high concentration. There were 5 pots in each group, and each plant pot was labelled to indicate the group the plants belonged to.

50 days after the start of the experiment, plant height was measured for all plants. A measuring tape was used to record the length of the plant from ground level to the top of the tallest leaf.

In your results section, you should report the results of any statistical analysis procedures that you undertook. You should clearly state how the results of statistical tests support or refute your initial hypotheses.

The main results to report include:

• any descriptive statistics
• statistical test results
• the significance of the test results
• estimates of standard error or confidence intervals

The mean heights of the plants in the control group, low nitrogen group, and high nitrogen groups were 20.3, 25.1, and 29.6 cm respectively. A one-way ANOVA was applied to calculate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer level on plant height. The results demonstrated statistically significant ( p = .03) height differences between groups.

Next, post-hoc tests were performed to assess the primary and secondary hypotheses. In support of the primary hypothesis, the high nitrogen group plants were significantly taller than the low nitrogen group and the control group plants. Similarly, the results supported the secondary hypothesis: the low nitrogen plants were taller than the control group plants.

These results can be reported in the text or in tables and figures. Use text for highlighting a few key results, but present large sets of numbers in tables, or show relationships between variables with graphs.

You should also include sample calculations in the Results section for complex experiments. For each sample calculation, provide a brief description of what it does and use clear symbols. Present your raw data in the Appendices section and refer to it to highlight any outliers or trends.

The Discussion section will help demonstrate your understanding of the experimental process and your critical thinking skills.

In this section, you can:

• Interpret your results
• Compare your findings with your expectations
• Identify any sources of experimental error
• Explain any unexpected results
• Suggest possible improvements for further studies

Interpreting your results involves clarifying how your results help you answer your main research question. Report whether your results support your hypotheses.

• Did you measure what you sought out to measure?
• Were your analysis procedures appropriate for this type of data?

Compare your findings with other research and explain any key differences in findings.

• Are your results in line with those from previous studies or your classmates’ results? Why or why not?

An effective Discussion section will also highlight the strengths and limitations of a study.

• Did you have high internal validity or reliability?
• How did you establish these aspects of your study?

When describing limitations, use specific examples. For example, if random error contributed substantially to the measurements in your study, state the particular sources of error (e.g., imprecise apparatus) and explain ways to improve them.

The results support the hypothesis that nitrogen levels affect plant height, with increasing levels producing taller plants. These statistically significant results are taken together with previous research to support the importance of nitrogen as a nutrient for tomato plant growth.

However, unlike previous studies, this study focused on plant height as an indicator of plant growth in the present experiment. Importantly, plant height may not always reflect plant health or fruit yield, so measuring other indicators would have strengthened the study findings.

Another limitation of the study is the plant height measurement technique, as the measuring tape was not suitable for plants with extreme curvature. Future studies may focus on measuring plant height in different ways.

The main strengths of this study were the controls for extraneous variables, such as pH and carbon levels of the soil. All other factors that could affect plant height were tightly controlled to isolate the effects of nitrogen levels, resulting in high internal validity for this study.

Your conclusion should be the final section of your lab report. Here, you’ll summarize the findings of your experiment, with a brief overview of the strengths and limitations, and implications of your study for further research.

Some lab reports may omit a Conclusion section because it overlaps with the Discussion section, but you should check with your instructor before doing so.

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A lab report conveys the aim, methods, results, and conclusions of a scientific experiment . Lab reports are commonly assigned in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields.

The purpose of a lab report is to demonstrate your understanding of the scientific method with a hands-on lab experiment. Course instructors will often provide you with an experimental design and procedure. Your task is to write up how you actually performed the experiment and evaluate the outcome.

In contrast, a research paper requires you to independently develop an original argument. It involves more in-depth research and interpretation of sources and data.

A lab report is usually shorter than a research paper.

The sections of a lab report can vary between scientific fields and course requirements, but it usually contains the following:

• Abstract: summarizes your research aims, methods, results, and conclusions
• References: list of all sources cited using a specific style (e.g. APA)
• Appendices: contains lengthy materials, procedures, tables or figures

The results chapter or section simply and objectively reports what you found, without speculating on why you found these results. The discussion interprets the meaning of the results, puts them in context, and explains why they matter.

In qualitative research , results and discussion are sometimes combined. But in quantitative research , it’s considered important to separate the objective results from your interpretation of them.

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An assignment examples on chemistry s is a prosaic composition of a small volume and free composition, expressing individual impressions and thoughts on a specific occasion or issue and obviously not claiming a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject.

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Assignment on Chemistry

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Sample Question Sheet

Question 1:

Identify the correct chemical formula for aluminum nitrate from the following options:

(b) Al3(NO3)

(c) Al(NO2)3

(d) Al(NO3)3

The correct formula is (d) Al(NO3)3. Aluminum nitrate is composed of the aluminum cation (Al³⁺) and the nitrate anion (NO3⁻). The chemical formula is determined by balancing the charges of the ions. Since aluminum has a charge of +3 and each nitrate ion has a charge of -1, three nitrate ions are required to balance the charge of one aluminum ion, resulting in Al(NO3)3.

Question 2:

When does a substance release heat during a phase change?

(a) from liquid to solid

(b) from solid to gas

(c) from liquid to gas

(d) from solid to liquid

The correct answer is (a) from liquid to solid. This process is known as freezing or solidification. When a liquid turns into a solid, it releases heat to the surroundings. This release of heat occurs because the particles in the liquid lose energy and move into a more ordered, lower-energy solid state.

Question 3:

Calculate the mass of water (H2O) formed when 9.00 mol of hydrogen gas (H2) reacts completely with excess oxygen gas (O2), as per the balanced equation: 2H2(g) + O2(g) --> 2H2O(l). The molar mass of H2O is 18.0 g/mol. Choose the correct answer:

The correct answer is (d) 162 g. According to the balanced equation, 2 moles of H2 produce 2 moles of H2O. Therefore, 9.00 moles of H2 will produce 9.00 moles of H2O (since the ratio is 1:1). The mass of water produced can be calculated using the formula:

mass=molar mass×number of molesmass=molar mass×number of moles mass of H2O=18.0 g/mol×9.00 moles=162 gmass of H2O=18.0g/mol×9.00moles=162g

Question 4:

Which of the following elements has exactly five electrons in its highest principal energy level (outer shell)?

The correct answer is (a) Se (Selenium). Selenium is in group 16 (or VIA) of the periodic table, which means it has six electrons in its outer shell. However, since it is in the fourth period, the highest principal energy level is the fourth level, which has 2 electrons in the 4s sublevel and 4 electrons in the 4p sublevel, adding up to 6. The option that fits the description of having exactly five electrons in the outer shell is phosphorus (P), but it is not among the given options.

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Attached Files

Institut Kimia Malaysia | Malaysian Institute of Chemistry

Inaugurated on 8 april 1967.

Institut Kimia Malaysia (IKM), or the Malaysian Institute of Chemistry, is a statutory professional organization incorporated under the Chemists Act 1975 on 1st November 1977.

• Introduction
• Council, Divisions and Committees
• Chemists Act 1975 and By-Laws
• Power and Privileges
• Functions of IKM
• National Cooperation
• International Affiliations
• IKM Branches
• List of MoUs
• Introduction & Membership Registry
• Membership Application & Grade Upgrading
• Membership Renewal
• LMIC Examinations
• Malaysian Young Chemists Network (MYCN)
• Training Calendar
• Training Courses
• Trainers Profile
• Karnival Kimia Malaysia (K2M)
• Kuiz Kimia Kebangsaaan Malaysia (K3M)
• Malaysian Journal of Chemistry
• Berita IKM – Chemistry in Malaysia
• Directory of Lab Services
• IUPAC Basic Terms in Polymer Sciences
• Other Publications

Medals & Awards

• IKM Gold Medal Award
• Tan Sri Datuk Amar Stephen K T Yong Award
• Tan Sri Dato Seri Law Hieng Ding Award
• Tan Sri Datuk Ong Kee Hui Postgraduate Chemistry Medal Award
• CHAN WOON PENG Outstanding Chemistry Entrepreneurship Award
• IKM Merit Award
• IKM Citation Award
• IKM Graduate Chemistry Medal Award
• Outstanding Young Chemist Award
• IKM/RSC – Synthomer Award in Polymer Science
• IKM Laboratory Excellence Award
• IKM Travel Grants
• IKM Research Prize in Polymer & Materials Science

CHEMISTS ACT 1975

The Chemists Act 1975 gave recognition to the professional practice of chemistry in Malaysia. IKM was incorporated under the Act to regulate and promote the practice of the profession of chemistry in Malaysia

CHEMISTS (AMENDMENT) ACT 2015

The Chemists (Amendment) Act 2015 was gazetted on 24th Aug 2015 and comes into operation on 1st November 2015.

Section 2,7,9,14,15,17,18,19,23,25,27 and the First Schedule of the Principal Act were amended with the following objectives:

• To provide for IKM to expand its functions;
• To rename the grades of membership and to amend the qualification and working experience requirements to be elected to the various grades of IKM membership; circumstances as to indicate or to be likely to lead persons to refer that he is a registered chemist; and
• To provide more efficient and effective administration and management of IKM functions and activities.

One of the amendments is that the Associate grade of membership is amended to Member and the initials AMIC which stands for Associate of the Malaysian Institute of Chemistry is now amended to MMIC or Member of Malaysian Institute of Chemistry. The other grades of membership namely Licentiate and Fellow remain the same. There are also changes in the minimum number of years of working experience required for admission as a Licentiate or Member.

DOWNLOAD THE ATTACHMENT

• Chemists Act 1975 [Act 158] (English version)
• Akta Ahli Kimia 1975 [Akta 158] (Malay version)
• Chemists (General) Rules 1977
• Professional Code of Ethics By-Laws
• IKM Branches By-Laws (approved at 39th AGM on 25 March 2006)
• Member Login
• Trainers’ profile
• IKM Research Prize in Polymer and Materials Science Sponsored By HARPS Global and Synthomer Sdn Bhd