essay in punjabi on drugs

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Punjabi Essay on "Drug Addiction", “ਨਸ਼ਾ ਨਾਸ਼ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਨਾਰੀ ਦੀ ਭੂਮਿਕਾ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਲੇਖ”, “Say No to Drugs”, Punjabi Essay for Class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10

Essay on Drug Addiction in Punjabi Language : In this article, we are providing  ਨਸ਼ਾ ਨਾਸ਼ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਨਾਰੀ ਦੀ ਭੂਮਿਕਾ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਲੇਖ  for students...

ਜਿਵੇਂ ਕਿ ਕਈ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਪਤਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਪਿਛਲੇ ਕੁੱਝ ਸਮੇਂ ਤੋਂ ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀਆਂ ਵਿਚ ਨਸ਼ਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਭੈੜੀ ਆਦਤ ਲਗਾਤਾਰ ਜ਼ੋਰ ਪਕੜ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ । ਅੱਜ ਕਲ੍ਹ ਸਕੂਲਾਂ, ਕਾਲਜਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਪੜ੍ਹਦੇ ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ, ਹੋਸਟਲਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਹੋਸਟਲਰਾਂ ਆਦਿ ਵਿਚ ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਨਸ਼ਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰ ਹਨ । ਹੋਸਟਲਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ ਉੱਤੇ ਤਾਂ ਨਸ਼ਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਦਾ ਇਕ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਦਾ ਭੂਤ ਹੀ ਸਵਾਰ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ । ਉਹ ਇਕ ਦੂਜੇ ਦੀ ਰੀਸ ਤੇ ਭੇਡ ਚਾਲ ਕਾਰਨ ਇਸ ਬੀਮਾਰੀ ਦਾ ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰ ਹੋ ਰਹੇ ਹਨ । ਹੋਸਟਲ ਦੇ ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀਆਂ ਕੋਲੋਂ ਸ਼ਰਾਬ, ਚਰਸ, ਗਾਂਜਾ, ਕੋਕੀਨ, ਭੰਗ, ਐਲ.ਐਮ.ਡੀ. ਦੀਆਂ ਗੋਲੀਆਂ ਆਦਿ ਕਈ ਕੁਝ ਮਿਲਦਾ । ਹੈ । ਇਹ ਆਦਰ ਮੁੰਡਿਆਂ ਵਿਚ ਹੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਸਗੋਂ ਕੁੜੀਆਂ ਵੀ ਇਸ ਦਾ ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰ ਹੁੰਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ ।

ਆਮ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਹੋਸਟਲ ਦੇ ਪੁਰਾਣੇ ਨਸ਼ੇਵਾਂਜ ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ ਨਵੇਂ ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਜਬਰਦਸਤੀ ਜਾਂ ਮਜ਼ਾਕੀ ਮਜ਼ਾਕ ਵਿਚ ਇਸ ਨਸ਼ੇ ਦੀ ਆਦਤ ਪਾਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ । ਸਿਗਰਟ ਅਤੇ ਸ਼ਰਾਬ ਪੀਣਾ ਉਹ ਇਕ ਸ਼ਾਨ ਮੰਨਦੇ ਹਨ । ਹੌਲੀ-ਹੌਲੀ ਉਹ ਇਹਨਾਂ ਨਸ਼ਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਆਦੀ ਹੋ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ । ਇਹਨਾਂ ਨਸ਼ੀਲੇ ਪਦਾਰਥਾਂ ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਦਾ ਕਾਰਨ ਜਿੱਥੇ ਉਦਾਸੀਨਤਾ, ਬੇਚੈਨੀ ਅਤੇ ਮਾਨਸਿਕ ਪਰੇਸ਼ਾਨੀਆਂ ਹਨ, ਉਥੇ ਛੇੜੀ ਸੰਗਤਾਂ ਵੀ ਹੈ ।

ਨਸ਼ਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਦੀ ਬੀਮਾਰੀ ਨੌਜਵਾਨ ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਆਉਣ ਵਾਲੀ ਪੀੜੀ ਨੂੰ ਨਕਾਰਾ ਅਤੇ ਕਮਜ਼ੋਰ ਬਣਾ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ । ਇਸਦਾ ਸੌਖਾ ਇਲਾਜ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਨਸ਼ੀਲੇ ਪਦਾਰਥਾਂ ਦੀ ਖੁੱਲੀ ਵਿਕਰੀ ਉੱਤੇ ਪਾਬੰਦੀ ਲਾਈ ਜਾਵੇ । ਜਿਹੜਾ ਵੀ ਚੋਰੀ ਛਿਪੇ ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਨਸ਼ੀਲੀਆਂ ਵਸਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਸਪਲਾਈ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਉਸਨੂੰ ਸਖ਼ਤ ਸਜ਼ਾ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾਵੇ । ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਕੁਰੀਤੀਆਂ ਦੀ ਥਾਂ ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀਆਂ ਵਿਚ ਵੱਖ ਵੱਖ ਢੰਗਾਂ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਮੁਕਾਬਲੇ, ਕਲਾ ਪਿਆਰ, ਸਾਹਿਤ ਸਿਰਜਣਾ ਆਦਿ ਦੀਆਂ ਰੁਚੀਆਂ ਪੈਦਾ ਕੀਤੀਆਂ ਜਾਣ ।

ਨਸ਼ੇ ਦੀ ਆਦਤ ਸਿਰਫ ਹੋਸਟਲਾਂ ਦੇ ਬੱਚਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਹੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਇਹ ਆਦਤ ਘਰ ਵਿਚ ਮਾਂ-ਪਿਉ ਦੇ ਪਿਆਰ ਤੋਂ ਸੱਖਣੇ ਰਹਿ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ ਜਾਂ ਘਰ ਵਿਚ ਆਪਣੀਆਂ ਜਿੰਮੇਦਾਰੀਆਂ ਪੂਰੀ ਨਾ ਕਰ ਸਕਣ ਦੀ ਹਾਲਤ ਵਿਚ ਵੀ ਉਹ ਇਸ ਨਸ਼ੇ ਦਾ ਸਹਾਰਾ ਲੈਂਦੇ ਹਨ ।

ਇਸ ਕੰਮ ਲਈ ਇਕੱਲੀ ਸਰਕਾਰ ਕੁਝ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰ ਸਕਦੀ। ਮਾਪਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਇਸ ਕੰਮ ਲਈ ਹੰਭਲਾ ਮਾਰਨਾ ਪਏਗਾ । ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਸੁਚੱਜੇ ਢੰਗ ਨਾਲ ਨਸ਼ਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਤੋਂ ਜਾਣੂ ਕਰਾਇਆ ਜਾਵੇ । ਮਾਂ ਪਿਉ ਨੂੰ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਉਹ ਆਪਣੇ ਬੱਚਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਪਿਆਰ ਨਾਲ ਧਿਆਨ ਨਾਲ ਰੱਖਣ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਜਰੂਰਤਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸਮਝਣ ਤੇ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਜਿੰਮੇਦਾਰੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਪੂਰੀ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਤਿਆਰ ਕਰਨ । ਇਸੇ ਨਾਲ ਹੀ ਅਸੀਂ ਆਪਣੀ ਆਉਣ ਵਾਲੀਆਂ ਪੀੜੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਸਹੀ ਰਾਸਤਾ ਵਿਖਾ ਸਕਦੇ ਹਾਂ ਤੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਨੂੰ ਚੜ੍ਹਦੀ ਕਲਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਰਖ ਸਕਦੇ ਹਾਂ ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਅਜ ਦਾ ਨੌਜਵਾਨ ਹੀ ਸਾਡੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਭਵਿੱਖ ਹੈ ।

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• v.6(3); Jul-Sep 2017

Drug abuse: Uncovering the burden in rural Punjab

Bhuwan sharma.

1 Department of Community Medicine, Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences Medical College and Hospital, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

Anjali Arora

Kanwaljit singh, harinder singh, prabhjot kaur, introduction:.

Drug abuse is a global phenomenon, affecting almost every country, but its extent and characteristics differ from region to region. India too is caught in this vicious circle of drug abuse, and the numbers of drug addicts are increasing day by day. The bane of drug abuse in Punjab has acquired the proportions of a pestilence that has shaken the entire society in the state. It is observed that in Punjab “drug abuse” is a raging epidemic, especially among the young.

Methodology:

The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 adolescents and young adults (11–35 years) from 15 villages of Jalandhar District. Systematic sampling (probability proportionate to size) was used for the selection of study subjects. A preformed, semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on type and frequency of drugs abused and other sociodemographic variables. The statistical evaluation of the data was performed using SPSS software, version 21.0.

The prevalence of substance abuse among study group was 65.5% and most common substance abused was alcohol (41.8%), followed by tobacco (21.3%). A high prevalence of heroin abusers was noted among study subjects (20.8%). The prevalence of nonalcohol and nontobacco substance abuse was 34.8%. A significant association of drug abuse was observed with male gender, illiteracy, and age above 30 years.

Conclusions:

The problem of drug abuse in youth of Punjab is a matter of serious concern as every third person is hooked to drugs other than alcohol and tobacco. The other striking observations were the high prevalence of heroin and intravenous drug abuse.

Introduction

Drug abuse is a global phenomenon, affecting almost every country, but its extent and characteristics differ from region to region. Illicit drug abuse not only affects the health and lives of individuals but also undermines the political, social, and cultural foundation of all countries. Problems of drug dependence produce dramatic costs to all societies in terms of lost productivity, transmission of infectious diseases, family and social disorder, crime, and excessive utilization of health care. The picture is grim if the world statistics on the drugs scenario is taken into account. With a turnover of around $500 billion, it is the third largest business in the world, next to petroleum and arms trade. About 190 million people all over the world consume one drug or the other. Drug addiction causes immense human distress, and the illegal production and distribution of drugs have spawned crime and violence worldwide. Today, there is no part of the world that is free from the curse of drug trafficking and drug addiction. Millions of drug addicts, all over the world, are leading miserable lives, between life and death.[ 1 ]

India too is caught in this vicious circle of drug abuse, and the numbers of drug addicts are increasing day by day. The epidemic of substance abuse in young generation has assumed alarming dimensions in India. Changing cultural values, increasing economic stress, and dwindling supportive bonds are leading to initiation into substance use. According to a UN report, 1 million heroin addicts are registered in India, and unofficially, there are as many as 5 million.[ 2 ]

Cannabis, heroin, opium, and hashish are the most commonly used drugs in India after alcohol and tobacco. However, some evidence indicates that there is an increasing prevalence of methamphetamine as well.[ 3 ] Drug users are mainly young and predominately male. A National Survey (2004) on the extent, pattern, and trends of drug abuse in India found that opiates are primary drug abused and 49% of respondent's families had a history of drug abuse.[ 4 ] The study conducted by the Institute of Development and Communication revealed that a majority of drug abusers, i.e., 70% had rural background and were hooked to drugs and opium which they procured from village chemists.[ 5 ]

The National Household Survey of Drug Use in the country is the first systematic effort to document the nationwide prevalence of drug use. Alcohol (21.4%) was the primary substance used (apart from tobacco), followed by cannabis (3.0%) and opioids (0.7%). The Drug Abuse Monitoring System, which evaluated the primary substance of abuse in inpatient treatment centers, found that the major substances were alcohol (43.9%), opioids (26%), and cannabis (11.6%).[ 4 ]

A Rapid Situation and Response Assessment among 5800 male drug users[ 6 ] revealed that 76% of the opioid users currently injected buprenorphine, 76% injected heroin, 70% chasing, and 64% using propoxyphene. Most drug users concomitantly used alcohol (80%). According to the World Drug Report,[ 7 ] of 81,802 treatment seekers in India in 2004–2005, 61.3% reported use of opioids, 15.5% cannabis, 4.1% sedatives, 1.5% cocaine, 0.2% amphetamines, and 0.9% solvents.

The bane of drug abuse in Punjab has acquired the proportions of a pestilence that has shaken the entire society in the state. It is observed that in Punjab “drug abuse” is a raging epidemic, especially among the young. According to a survey, 66% of the school going students in the state consume “gutka” or tobacco; every third male and every tenth female student have taken to drugs on one pretext or another and seven out of ten college-going students are into drug abuse.[ 8 ]

The present study was thus conducted to assess the prevalence and pattern of substance abuse and its correlates among adolescents and young adults of rural Punjab.

Methodology

The present study was conducted in 15 villages of Jalandhar district by the Department of Community Medicine, Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences Medical College and Hospital, Jalandhar, Punjab, India.

Study design

This is a cross-sectional study.

Study participants

Adolescents and young adults (11–35 years) giving written informed consent were included in the study.

Sampling technique and sample size

Systematic sampling (probability proportionate to size [PPS]) was used for the selection of study subjects. The Prevalence of Drug Abuse in Punjab ranges from 40% to 70%.[ 5 , 8 ] By taking prevalence as 50% and on applying formula:

Sample size ( n ) = Z α 2 PQ / E 2

where Z α 2 – 1.96 for 95% confidence interval (i.e., α-error = 5%)

P = Prevalence

Q = 1 − P

E = Allowable error (taken as 10%)

Final sample size ( n ) =400 subjects (approximately).

A total of 400 households were chosen from the 15 villages (PPS sample) as depicted in the Table 1 . All households in theses villages were enlisted first and then required number of households (from each village) was taken using systematic random sampling. If no eligible subject was identified in a household, the next household was approached, and if more than one eligible subject was present, the one who was contacted first was taken.

Villages covered for systemic random sampling

Operational definitions

Drug user is defined as a person who had used substance in the last 1 year.

Drug nonuser refers to a person who had never used any drug in the past in their life.

Statistical analysis

A preformed, semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on type and frequency of drugs abused and other sociodemographic variables. The statistical evaluation of the data was performed using SPSS software, version 21.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).

A total of 400 subjects were studied between the age group of 11 and 35 years, with the mean age of 23.32 ± 7.6 years. Out of total 400 subjects, 93.3% were males, 48% were adolescents, and 17.3% were illiterate or educated up to primary levels [ Table 2 ]. The prevalence of substance abuse among study group was 65.5%, and the most common substance abused was alcohol (41.8%), followed by tobacco (21.3%). A high prevalence of heroin abusers was also noted among study subjects (20.8%). Out of total heroin abusers ( n = 83), two-third ( n = 55) were taking the drug through intravenous (IV) route while rest of them were taking it as sniff or smoke. The median dose of heroin abuse was 1 mg (range: 0.25–5 mg). The prevalence of nonalcohol and nontobacco substance abuse was 34.8%. Other abused substances were bhukki (11%), bhang (6.3%), charas and ganja (1.5% each) [ Table 3 ]. A significant association of drug abuse was observed with male gender, illiteracy, and age above 30 years [ Table 4 ].

Sociodemographic profile of study subjects

Prevalence and type of substance abuse

Sociodemographic correlates of substance abuse

There appears to be a number of reasons for why Punjab is currently in the midst of a drug epidemic such as rampaging unemployment, easy and cheap availability of heroin, and the location of Punjab means that most of the drugs will pass through this area on its way to India.[ 8 ]

With most drug users being in the productive age group of 18–35 years, the loss in terms of human potential is incalculable. The damage to the physical, psychological, moral, and intellectual growth of the youth is very high. Adolescent drug abuse is one of the major areas of concern in adolescent and young people's behavior. A study in the Andamans[ 9 ] shows that onset of regular use of alcohol in late childhood and early adolescence is associated with the highest rates of consumption in adult life, compared to the later onset of drinking. It is estimated that, in India, by the time most boys reach the ninth grade, about 50% of them have tried at least one of the substance of abuse nature.[ 10 ] In the present study, 48% of the subjects were in adolescence age group and prevalence of substance abuse was 56.3%.

The present study found the prevalence of substance abuse as 65.5%. The most common substance abused was alcohol (41.8%), followed by tobacco (21.3%). Various Indian studies have shown that alcohol and tobacco are the most abused substance.[ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ] In Uttar Pradesh, Dube et al .[ 11 ] reported that 22.8/1000 were dependent on alcohol and drugs while Thacore[ 12 ] from Lucknow gave a statistic of 18.55/1000. The important finding of these studies is that alcohol was the most common substance used (60%–98%). Epidemiological surveys[ 13 , 14 ] also revealed that 20%–40% of subjects above 15 years are current users of alcohol and 10% of them are regular or excessive users. In a rural population of Uttar Pradesh, alcohol was found to be the most common substance abused (82.5%), followed by cannabis (16.1%). Varma et al .[ 15 ] found that rates of current use of alcohol in Punjab were 45.9% in Jalandhar and 27.7% in Chandigarh whereas it was 28.1% in rural areas of Punjab.[ 16 ] Shukla[ 17 ] reported that 38.3% of the rural population in Uttar Pradesh was habitual substance users. In a study of rural Bihar, prevalence of alcohol/drug use was found to be 28.8% of the study population.[ 18 ]

A high prevalence of heroin abusers was also noted in present study (20.8%) as compared to previous reports.[ 19 , 20 ] Out of total heroin abusers ( n = 83), two-third ( n = 55) were taking the drug through IV route. The increasing consumption of nacrodrugs, especially heroin, in Punjab is basically an off-shoot of the inflow of Afghan heroin through Pakistan.[ 8 ] In a study by Singh et al .[ 21 ] in a De-addiction Center of Amritsar, Punjab, a total number of 10,568 patients were screened for urine toxicology. Out of 10,568 enrolled patients, 9815 (92.87%) patients were found patients for morphine, and out of 9815 morphine addict patients, 5785 (54.74%) patients were abusing heroin in one or the other form. Such high prevalence of heroin abuse can be attributed to its easy availability, steady supply across the border mainly from Afghanistan and Pakistan, and a thriving smuggler-police-politician nexus which is hampering enforcement action. The numbers of people starting to use heroin have been steadily rising since 2007.[ 22 ]

Prevalence of heroin addiction was reported as 0.2% in the National Household Survey[ 4 ] in India (2000–2001) and as 10.74% in a study done in De-addiction Centers in New Delhi.[ 19 ] While comparing these findings with our study, it is apparent that there is a significant change in the pattern of drug use. Heroin is a costly drug; its increasing use has also resulted in rise of economic crimes such as snatching, robbery, and theft.[ 23 ] Increase heroin use through IV route can also increase the incidences of HIV, hepatitis B and C, thus burdening the health-care system further.

In the present study, a significant association of drug abuse was observed with male gender, illiteracy, and age above 30 years. Male predominance in substance abuse is universal as proved by various studies.[ 4 , 8 , 19 ] Basu et al . studied the changing pattern of substance abuse in North India (from 1978 to 2008) observed that majority of the subjects were males and maximum prevalence of drug abuse was in the age group of 26–35 years, with no decade-wise difference.[ 20 ] The findings of the National Household Survey also observed the highest prevalence (37%) in the age group of 31–40 years.[ 4 ]

Education level has been found to have an impact on the risk of drug or alcohol abuse. One particular study from 2004 in Copenhagen included over 30,000 men and women aged 20–93 and measured schooling level, smoking, and alcohol use. This study found that those with the lowest level of schooling were most frequently heavy smokers and heavy drinkers.[ 21 ] A National Survey by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (2002) found that 29% of the drug abusers were illiterates and a significant number of them came from lower strata.[ 24 ] In a study by Kumar et al . in De-addiction Centers of New Delhi, 21% of the addicts were illiterate or educated till primary level as compared to 17.3% in the present study.[ 19 ]

We suspect that there could be some under-reporting by the abusers who can be considered as the limitation of the study. However, it gives definitive clues regarding pattern of drug use in rural Punjab. More multicenter studies are required to compare data and to generalize for the whole state.

Conclusions

The problem of drug abuse in the youth of Punjab is a matter of serious concern as every third individual is hooked to drugs other than alcohol and tobacco. The other striking observations were the high prevalence of heroin and IV drug abuse.

Recommendations

Government should plan to increase the number of de-addiction and rehabilitation centers with recreational facilities for these addicts. Various nongovernment organizations and nonprofit organizations can be involved to initiate vocational training and other employment programs for unemployed addicts. Appropriate linkages between health workers, community leaders, religious leaders, and teachers for planning prevention and rehabilitation activities for drug abuse should be established. Periodic outreach awareness camps for antidrug abuse activities in the community and government schools should be undertaken.

Financial support and sponsorship

Conflicts of interest.

There are no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgment

We acknowledge the great help received from the scholars whose articles cited and included in references of this manuscript. We are also grateful to authors/editors/publishers of all those articles, journals, and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

research methodology notes for phd

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Ph.D. in Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methodology

Qualitative and quantitative research methodology, (formerly ph.d. in inquiry methodology).

This unique program enables students to focus on quantitative research, qualitative research, or an integrated program of study.

The flexible curriculum enables you to delve deeply into your chosen area of interest, from statistical modeling to ethnography, from discourse and narrative analysis to psychometrics and assessment.

Yet our program is rigorous enough to ensure that all graduates are able to meaningfully contribute to the study of social and behavioral research.

Application Deadlines

Admission requirements.

The Graduate Studies Office will accept unofficial transcripts and self-reported test scores for admission reviews. Any admission made with these documents would be conditioned on receipt of official documents, which should be provided as soon as possible.

Note: If you are currently enrolled or have applied in the past year, you are eligible for a reduced application fee of $35. Learn more »

• Bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution
• Minimum undergraduate GPA of 2.75 out of 4.00
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• Resume (required from international students only)
• Three letters of recommendation
• Minimum 79 TOEFL score or minimum 6.5 IELTS score or minimum 115 Duolingo score (international students only)

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Program Requirements

• Ph.D. in Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methodology – (formerly Ph.D. in Inquiry Methodology) Program Requirements

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Qualifying Examination

At the completion of course work and before the dissertation, doctoral students specializing in Inquiry Methodology will need to pass a qualifying exam in the form of portfolio of work and an oral examination. This examination is tailored to the student's program of study. All students with a minor in education must also take a minor qualifying examination. Some departments outside of the School of Education waive the minor qualifying examination, under certain conditions.

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As a student you will have the opportunity to focus on methodology through theory and practice that cuts across a divide in qualitative and quantitative methods.

We are dedicated to advancing the understanding of social inquiry, especially with respect to the field of education, and we imagine these possibilities to be necessarily inclusive of methods typically disenfranchised from one another.

This 90-credit hour degree program requires students to spend at least two consecutive semesters on campus. Up to 30 credit hours may be transferred from another institution.

A 12-credit hour minor is also available to doctoral students majoring in other disciplines.

David Rutkowski ED 4234 drutkows@iu.edu (812) 856-8384

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PhD in Research Methodology

Use numbers and data to drive systematic change in education.

A number is not simply a number in our research methodology program. Here, unlike in math or statistics, numbers are not the final answer. With a PhD in Research Methodology, you can work in educational and institutional research, using numbers to tell the story of the human experience and create meaningful change.

Our commitment to you

Upon graduation with a PhD in research methodology from Loyola, you will possess the following knowledge, skills, and professional values necessary to commence a career as an institutional researcher, evaluator, college professor, or researcher at large professional organizations, testing companies, or consulting agencies that provide educational evaluation services.

You will develop expertise in evaluation, statistics, and measurement, and recognize when research findings are being misrepresented or data misused. Our expert faculty will train you in both qualitative and quantitative methodology, including applied statistics and psychometrics. You'll also learn how numbers relate to action, policy, and advocacy.

You will be able to critically evaluate bodies of knowledge from a variety of methodological traditions, use a variety of software programs to implement analyses, and conduct all stages of a research study in applied settings. Plus, you'll participate in a required consulting experience, where you'll conduct a research study and then provide consulting advice to a researcher or organization.

Professional Values

We strive to ensure that our graduates never lose sight of the humanity that number reflect, and become responsible researchers whose conclusions align with their findings. You will engage in ethical, just, and culturally competent research practices.

Program Faculty

Our dedicated Research Methodology Faculty are experts in their fields who will support students throughout each stage of the program.

Program Length

Students typically take up to two or three courses each term and up to two courses during the summer, and completion times for this degree vary with the topic of each student's dissertation. The typical length for this program is five years.

Continuous Enrollment Doctoral students in research methodology are required to maintain continuous enrollment during their program of studies. This means that during each semester of each academic year (excluding Summer Sessions), each student must enroll in at least one course. A formal  leave of absence  may be granted upon request and the approval of the School of Education’s Associate Dean of Student Academic Services.

Admission Requirements

Interested in applying? Check out the  PhD Research Methodology application requirements .

• For  application  related questions,  contact Graduate Enrollment Management . 
• For  program structure and academics  related questions, contact:  Ken Fujimoto , Program Chair

Tuition, Financial Aid and Scholarships

The School of Education and Loyola's Financial Aid Office are committed to helping students secure the necessary financial resources to make their education at Loyola affordable. You can learn more on the  Financial Assistance  page.

How long will it take to finish the program?

Five years is about the average length of time, especially if the student is not full-time. However a full-time student who transfers the maximum 30 credit hours from another university could complete the PhD in as few as three years. Please note that a maximum of six years is allowed to complete your coursework and dissertation.

Much will depend upon how many courses a student is able to take during any given term. Since the minimum is 20 courses, one should count on two or three years of coursework, another year for taking and passing comprehensive exams and developing a proposal, and at least one more year for the dissertation research. 

What can I do with a degree in research methodology?

This degree offers many professional opportunities. Recent graduates work at research firms, testing companies, professional associations or accrediting agencies, nonprofits, and in higher education, including institutional research.

How is the consulting experience structured?

The consulting experience is fulfilled by providing research or statistical consulting. Students, in consultation with their advisor, will determine the form of the consulting. For example, some students have provided statistical analysis assistance to faculty members or other doctoral students at the university, working on a research team with a faculty member in the School of Education. Others have completed a project associated with the student's full-time employment.

• Research Methodology

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15 kinds of research methodologies for phd. pupils, basic research.

Pure research or fundamental research or basic research zooms on enhancing scientific knowledge for the exhaustive understanding of a topic or certain natural phenomena, essentially in natural sciences; knowledge that is obtained for the purpose of knowledge it is called fundamental research.

1.Applied research

Research that covers real life applications of the natural sciences; aimed at offering an answer to particular practical issues and develops novel technologies

2.Fixed research versus flexible research

In fixed research, the design of the study is fixed prior to the main phase of data gathering; moreover, fixed designs are essentially theoretical. Variables that need to be controlled and measured need to be known in advance and they are measured quantitatively.

3.Quantitative research and qualitative research

Quantitative research denotes gauging phenomena in various grades; on the other hand, qualitative research sometimes deems Boolean measurements alone; solution can be studied qualitatively for its appropriateness. However, comparison between candidate solutions requires quantitative observation.

4.Experimental research and non-experimental research

In an experimental design , operationalize the variables to be measured; moreover, operationalize in the best manner. Consider the study expectations, outcome measurement, variable measurement, and the methods to answer research questions.

Think of the practical limitations such as the availability of data-sets and experimental set-ups that represent actual scenarios.

5.Exploratory research and confirmatory research

Confirmatory research tests a priori hypotheses—outcome predictions done prior to the measurement stage. Such a priori hypotheses are usually derived from a theory or the results of previous studies.

Exploratory research generates a posteriori hypotheses by investigating a data-set and ascertaining potential connection between variables.

6.Explanatory research or casual research

Causal research is also called explanatory research ; conducted to ascertain the extent and type of cause-effect relationships. Causal research are conducted to evaluate effects of specific changes on existing norms, various processes etc.

7.Descriptive research

Descriptive research is the available statement of affairs; researcher has no control over variable. Descriptive studies are characterised as simply an effort to ascertain, define or recognize.  Not “why it is that way” nor “how it came to be,” which is the objective of analytical research.

8.Historical research

Historical research explores and explains the meanings, phases and traits of a phenomena or process at a certain phase of time in the past; historical research is a research strategy from the research of history.

9.Casual comparative research

Also called as “ex-post facto” research (In Latin, implies “after the fact”); researchers determine the causes or consequences of differences that already exist between or among groups of individuals.

An effort to ascertain a causative relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable; relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable are usually a suggested relationship (not proved yet) because you do not have complete control over the independent variable

10.Correlational research

Correlational research is a form of non-experimental research technique wherein a researcher measures 2 variables and assesses the statistical connection between them with no influence from any external variable.

The correlation between two variables is given through correlation coefficient, which is a statistical measure that calculates the strength of the relationship between two variables that is a value measured between -1 and +1.

11.Evaluation research method

Evaluation research technique is known as program evaluation and refers to a research purpose instead of a particular technique; objective is to assess the effect of social involvements such as new treatment techniques, innovations in services, etc.

A form of applied research to have some real-world effect. Methods such as surveys and experiments are used in evaluation research.

12.Formative and summative evaluation

While learning is in progress, formative assessment offers feedback and information; measures participant’s progress and also assess researcher’s own progress as well.

For example, when implementing a new program, you can determine whether or not the activity should be used again (or modified) with the help of observation and/or surveying.

Summative assessment happens after the learning has ended and offers info and feedback to sum up the process; essentially, no formal learning is happening at this phase other than incidental learning which might take place through the completion of program.

13.Diagnostic research

Descriptive research studies define the characteristics of a particular individual, or of a group.

Studies showing whether certain variables are linked are examples of diagnostic research.

Researcher defines what he or she wants to measure and finds adequate methods for measuring it along with a clear description of ‘population’.

Aim is to obtain complete and accurate information. And the researcher plans the procedure carefully.

14.Prognostic research

Prognostic research (specifically in clinical research) examines chosen predictive variables and risk factors; prognostic research assesses influence on the outcome of a disease. Clinicians have a better understanding of the history of the ailment.

This understanding facilitates clinical decision-making via providing apt treatment alternatives and helps to predict accurate disease outcomes.

Assessing prognostic studies involves ascertaining the internal validity of the study design and assessing the effects of bias or systemic errors.

15.Action research

A systematic inquiry for improving and/or honing researchers’ actions. Researchers find it an empowering experience.

Action research has positive result for various reasons; most important is that action research is pertinent to the research participants.

Relevance is assured because the aim of each research project is ascertained by the researchers, who are also the main beneficiaries of the research observations.

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Notes on Research Methodology. Discover the world's research. 25+ million members; ... research in conducted - PhD, MSc, BSc, etc., including so me specifications which may be .

4 Research Methodology. to behave in a particular manner or which make people like or dislike a particular thing. It may be stated, however, that to apply qualitative research in practice is relatively a difficult job and therefore, while doing such research, one should seek guidance from experimental psychologists.

Step 1: Explain your methodological approach. Step 2: Describe your data collection methods. Step 3: Describe your analysis method. Step 4: Evaluate and justify the methodological choices you made. Tips for writing a strong methodology chapter. Other interesting articles.

RESEARCH METHODS 4.1 Research questions and analysis overview 4.2 Discourse, context and qualitative research 4.2.1 Views of discourse 4.2.2 Qualitative research in language education 4.2.3 Language classroom discourse and participant perspectives 4.3 The study design 4.3.1 The case study approach 4.3.2 Observation 4.3.3 Field notes

Writing up your PhD (Qualitative Research) Independent Study version . Tony Lynch ... 0 Opening: About the course i-iii . 1 Structure and Introduction 1-13 . 2 The Literature Review 14-28 . 3 The Methodology Chapter 29-37 . 4 The Data Chapters 38-54 ... 'The PhD: some informal notes'. Unpublished paper. School of Health and Social Care ...

PhD Seminar: Research Methods (B9708) Spring 2019. This course addresses the fundamentals of research in the social sciences: theory, research design, methods, and critique. It is designed for Ph.D. students who wish to undertake research publishable in scholarly social science journals. The course will focus on research methods used in pursuit ...

Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data. Developing your research methods is an integral part of your research design. When planning your methods, there are two key decisions you will make. First, decide how you will collect data. Your methods depend on what type of data you need to answer your research question:

human and societal problems. This research is more prescriptive in nature, focusing on how questions. 3. Evaluation Research (summative and formative): Evaluation research studies the processes and outcomes aimed at attempted solution. The purpose of formative research is to improve human intervention within specific conditions, such as

Instructor: David L. Brown, PhD . Office Location: Education South, 229 . Office Hours: By Appointment . Office Phone: 903-886-5536. Office Fax: 903- 886-5581 . ... Because no one research design or methodology is considered best practice, this course places a balanced emphasis on various data collection and analysis techniques. Consequently ...

This unique program enables students to focus on quantitative research, qualitative research, or an integrated program of study. The flexible curriculum enables you to delve deeply into your chosen area of interest, from statistical modeling to ethnography, from discourse and narrative analysis to psychometrics and assessment.

Research Research is, a very powerful instrument of knowledge and development. Research is a movement —a movement from 'known' to the 'unknown'. The method we employ for obtaining the knowledge of the 'unknown' is research. The word research is combination of "re" and "search," which means a systematic investigation to gain new knowledge from

Advanced Quantitative Research Methodology, Lecture Notes: Introduction1. Inference: Using facts you know to learn about facts you don't know. Inference: Using facts you know to learn about facts you don't know Specific statistical methods for many research problems Inference: Using facts you know to learn about facts you don't know ...

Our commitment to you. Upon graduation with a PhD in research methodology from Loyola, you will possess the following knowledge, skills, and professional values necessary to commence a career as an institutional researcher, evaluator, college professor, or researcher at large professional organizations, testing companies, or consulting agencies that provide educational evaluation services.

Week 1: Philosophy of Science (subjective versus objective, materialism versus idealism, causality, etc.) Week 2: Logical Reasoning (inductive logic, deductive logix, syllogistic logic) Week 3: History of development of science and the influence of philosophy. Week 4: What Scientists Actually Do. Week 5: Forming a Hypothesis.

15.Action research. A systematic inquiry for improving and/or honing researchers' actions. Researchers find it an empowering experience. Action research has positive result for various reasons; most important is that action research is pertinent to the research participants. Relevance is assured because the aim of each research project is ...

This notes for PhD course work unit introduction to research what do you mean term how the everyday thinking does differs from research? explain with suitable. Skip to document. ... Research Methodology: Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done ...

For the research methodology PhD entrance exam, you need to clear all the basic concepts of this subject, for which the following notes are useful for studying from basic to advanced level in a very simple language. We have used beautiful images in these notes so that you understand the topic quickly and remember the images for a long time.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (R22DHS53) LECTURE NOTES ... Research methods include all those techniques/methods that are adopted for conducting research. Thus, research techniques or methods are the methods that the researchers adopt for conducting the research studies. On the other hand, research methodology is the way in which research

Drug abuse: Uncovering the burden in rural Punjab

Affiliation.

• 1 Department of Community Medicine, Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences Medical College and Hospital, Jalandhar, Punjab, India.
• PMID: 29417008
• PMCID: PMC5787955
• DOI: 10.4103/2249-4863.222037

Introduction: Drug abuse is a global phenomenon, affecting almost every country, but its extent and characteristics differ from region to region. India too is caught in this vicious circle of drug abuse, and the numbers of drug addicts are increasing day by day. The bane of drug abuse in Punjab has acquired the proportions of a pestilence that has shaken the entire society in the state. It is observed that in Punjab "drug abuse" is a raging epidemic, especially among the young.

Methodology: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 adolescents and young adults (11-35 years) from 15 villages of Jalandhar District. Systematic sampling (probability proportionate to size) was used for the selection of study subjects. A preformed, semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on type and frequency of drugs abused and other sociodemographic variables. The statistical evaluation of the data was performed using SPSS software, version 21.0.

Results: The prevalence of substance abuse among study group was 65.5% and most common substance abused was alcohol (41.8%), followed by tobacco (21.3%). A high prevalence of heroin abusers was noted among study subjects (20.8%). The prevalence of nonalcohol and nontobacco substance abuse was 34.8%. A significant association of drug abuse was observed with male gender, illiteracy, and age above 30 years.

Conclusions: The problem of drug abuse in youth of Punjab is a matter of serious concern as every third person is hooked to drugs other than alcohol and tobacco. The other striking observations were the high prevalence of heroin and intravenous drug abuse.

Keywords: Adolescents; Punjab; drug abuse; heroin; young adults.

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OPINION: How to face Punjab’s drug problem

Over-reliance on law enforcement is not just ineffective; it may be counterproductive

The drug problem in Punjab is serious. In terms of proportion of people affected by drug addiction (or ‘substance use disorders’ which is the more correct term), Punjab figures among top states in the country for almost all the categories of drugs.

Among various drug categories, the most serious problem for Punjab (and indeed for India) is the category of opioid drugs. Opioids are substances which have action similar to that of opium on the body, even though not all opioids are derived from opium (some are synthetically prepared as well). Among opioids, it is the heroin which is most addictive. Addiction to opium is associated with high risk of devastation and death. 

India is a legally opium cultivating country with an established (socio-culturally accepted) practice of use of opium and other low potency opioid products. However, it is heroin that is used by a far higher number of people, as noted in the report, Magnitude of substance use in India (Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment and All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 2019).

The data shows that the highest rates of opioid addiction in India are in states that are located along the known international heroin trafficking routes (those in the northeast and in the northwest). Thus, it seems that excessive control on legal opium cultivation, and on availability of low-potency opium products like doda or bhukki (poppy husk), has been followed by a higher demand for internationally trafficked heroin in India.

Dealing with the problems of drug addiction requires a judicious combination of three types of strategies—drug supply reduction, drug demand reduction and harm reduction. Unfortunately, almost everywhere in the world the knee-jerk (and populist) response to drug problems is that of supply control. Using brute force, the authorities (erroneously) believe that it will be possible to clamp down on drug availability. 

Over-reliance on drug law enforcement is just not ineffective; it may in fact be counterproductive. As long as there is demand for drugs, the supply would continue (and a relatively less harmful drug will often be replaced by a more harmful drug).

Many countries have realised this and have taken demand reduction and harm reduction approaches along with supply reduction.

Demand reduction constitutes two broad sets of measures—those aimed at prevention of drug use and those aimed at treatment of drug use disorders. Harm reduction essentially means that reducing harms of drug use (such as death or spread of serious infections like HIV) is much more important than insistence on complete cessation of drugs use. Thus, supplying clean needles and syringes to people who use drugs or educating them on how to minimise the risk is an effective harm reduction approach employed in many parts of the world, including India.

In 2015, the report of Punjab Opioid Dependence Survey was released. In that report—looking at the high prevalence of opioid dependence in the state—we recommended a judicious combination of supply reduction, demand reduction and harm reduction. More specifically, as the treatment strategy for opioid dependence, we recommended not relying only on the conventional approach of inpatient or residential treatment in the de-addiction or rehabilitation centres (which was then, the predominant approach in Punjab). 

Since opioid dependence is a chronic, relapsing non-communicable disease (just like hypertension or diabetes or depression), it requires a long-term medical and psychosocial treatment at the outpatient level (not just a few weeks stay in a restrictive setting).

Fortunately, over the years, we have seen the recommendation being followed in Punjab. The Outpatient Opioid Assisted treatment (OOAT) programme is the largest programme of its kind for any state of the country, delivering treatment to lakhs of patients. Indeed, many other states which are facing the opioid dependence epidemic need to develop and implement similar, state-specific treatment programmes which are based on scientific evidence of effectiveness.

The National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre at AIIMS has been proud to provide its assistance to Punjab over many years now in the form of research, guidance, mentoring and hand-holding to enhance the capacity of health systems and the treatment professionals in the state to respond effectively to the challenge posed by drug addiction.

Dr Ambekar is professor at the National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre and department of psychiatry at AIIMS, Delhi.

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Table of Contents

Drug abuse in Punjab

Tags: GS Paper 1 Indian Society

Context: Punjab Chief Minister Bhagwant Mann led a large prayer gathering of schoolchildren, in which they pledged to reject the scourge of drugs.

• Punjab continues to grapple with the menace that has plagued it for over a decade. Seasoned police officers describe it as narco-terrorism, propagated by an unfriendly neighbour.
• The Director-General of Police regularly updates the public on drug seizures, citing an alarming annual tally of 12,000 to 14,000 cases filed under the NDPS Act, alongside a record seizure of 1,100 kg of heroin in 2023.
• Drug overdose deaths continue — as per the government’s own report, 266 persons have died of drugs between April 2020 and March 2023.
• Earlier it was also reported that the problem of drug abuse is likely to explode in the next decade as the usage in now reaching the adolescents. It was also observed that impact of drug abuse has increased both in rural and Urban India.
• There has been also an increase in drug-abuse particularly post the corona pandemic.

What is Drug or Substance Addiction?

Drug addiction occurs when its abuse affects a person’s work and normal family life. It creates a ripple effect in the lives of the user and his immediate circle of family, friends, co-workers, neighbours and acquaintances. 

Why Punjab remains a problem?

Geographic Location:

The state’s vulnerable geography makes it a hotspot for smuggling of heroin and other opioids across the border.

Declining Agricultural Wealth

Agriculture, which brought the state its wealth, is stagnating and with little industrialisation there is high unemployment present today in Punjab, which makes it a ideal breeding ground for drug industry to make inroads.

Reminiscent of Khalistan movement

In the 1980s, Punjab was in the grip of a violent separatist militancy which has now ebbed but has left its scars. Though Punjab got rid of the secessionist movement only for it to be replaced with narcotics-terrorism thus highlighting the linkages between organised crime and terrorism.

Functional challenges

The small quantity of the drugs seized by the police are clubbed under personal consumption and not as aggregators or peddlers, and this lapse is being utilised by the drug cartels which now engage small time and part time drug peddlers not only making it difficult for police to crack but also multiplying the spread.

Ludhiana as the Drug capital

As Drug usage is also directly proportional to availability of money, Ludhiana being a business hub and with the large population has led to its emergence as Drug capital in Punjab. 

Further the presence of strong diaspora abroad and the remittances contributed by them increases the paying capacity of people also in rural areas.

REASONS FOR DRUG ABUSE IN INDIA

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION: India is located between the Golden Crescent (IRAN, PAKISTAN and AFGHANISTAN)  and the Golden Triangle (Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam) which are the largest opium producing region globally.

LOW INCOME GROUP: Population belonging to the lower strata of the society are particularly exposed to drug abuse in India, and use these as a form of relaxation agent.

SOCIETAL PRESSURE: Most of the youth who get addicted to drug abuse is due to the fact that they start it under the peer pressure or even due to the isolation suffered at the adolescent level at the hands of parents and friends. Apart from this performance pressure, growing emptiness and changing socio-economic conditions are having a toll on the age group.

HEALTH CONDITIONS: It can also be due to mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression or even due to the high levels of stress.

POOR LAW ENFORCEMENT: Corruption among the local enforcement agencies (police) and the loopholes at the border levels have been successfully exploited by the drug cartels. There is also a shortage of staff and equipment to tackle the illicit traffic of drugs.

CURRENT ECONOMIC DOWNTURN: The economic downturn due to covid pandemic and the global recession that is following will certainly increase the trend of drug abuse in India.

GLAMOURISATION:

There has been also glamourisation of intoxication and addictive substance via social media and OTT platforms through web series. 

Steps taken by Punjab to counter

• Many villages have formed their own anti-drug committees .
• Some police districts have introduced gully cricke t, while others have instructed constables to mentor addicts.
• Police personnel’s are also harnessing the power of social media , with district police chiefs often leading these initiatives.
• The prayer gathering at the Golden Temple was an attempt in this direction such that the tenets of religion can be also utilised as a tool of moral suasion.

  Indian Government Efforts To Fight Drug Abuse

• Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB ): NCB is primary agency responsible for curbing trade in illicit drugs & precursor chemicals. NCB shares intelligence with other agencies like Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI), Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC), and Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) for better coordination. 
• NCB also take required actions to control drug trafficking under the Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act of 1985. India has entered into 26 bilateral agreements to tackle the threat of drug trade.
• Narco-Coordination Centre was established in 2016.
•  A mechanism under the NCB which was restructured in 2019 into a four-tier district-level scheme.
• Seizure Information Management System (SIMS ) was also launched in 2019 under Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, for better coordination of all drug law enforcement agencies.
• Constitution of National Fund for Control of Drug Abuse
• Project SUNRISE was launched specially for the Northeast region to tackle rising HIV prevalence, especially among the people injecting drugs.
• NASHA MUKT BHARAT campaign was also launched.
• India’s NCB works with several international agencies like SAARC Drug Offences Monitoring Desk, BRICS, Colombo Plan Drug Advisory Program, ASEAN Senior Officials on Drug Matters, BIMSTEC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), and International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), among others, to combat the illicit trade of drugs.
• India is also a signatory to UN Convention on NARCOTIC DRUGS (1961), UN Convention on PSYCHOTROPIC Substances (1971), UN Convention on TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME.

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Punjabi Essays on Latest Issues, Current Issues, Current Topics for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation Students.

Punjabi-Essay-on-current-issues

* 43   ਨਵੇ ਨਿਬੰਧ ਕ੍ਰਮਾੰਕ 224  ਤੋ ਕ੍ਰਮਾੰਕ  266   ਤਕ       

1. ਦੇਸ਼-ਭਗਤੀ

2. ਸਾਡੇ ਤਿਉਹਾਰ

3. ਕੌਮੀ ਏਕਤਾ

4. ਬਸੰਤ ਰੁੱਤ

5. ਅਖ਼ਬਾਰ ਦੇ ਲਾਭ ਤੇ ਹਾਨੀਆਂ

6. ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਦੀਆਂ ਕਾਢਾਂ

7. ਸਮਾਜ ਕਲਿਆਣ ਵਿਚ ਯੁਵਕਾਂ ਦਾ ਹਿੱਸਾ

8. ਸਾਡੀ ਪ੍ਰੀਖਿਆ-ਪ੍ਰਣਾਲੀ

10. ਪੁਸਤਕਾਲਿਆ ਲਾਇਬ੍ਰੇਰੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਲਾਭ

11. ਮਹਿੰਗਾਈ

12. ਬੇਰੁਜ਼ਗਾਰੀ

13. ਟੈਲੀਵੀਯਨ ਦੇ ਲਾਭ-ਹਾਨੀਆਂ

14. ਭਾਰਤ ਵਿਚ ਵਧ ਰਹੀ ਅਬਾਦੀ

15. ਨਾਨਕ ਦੁਖੀਆ ਸਭੁ ਸੰਸਾਰ

16. ਮਨਿ ਜੀਤੈ ਜਗੁ ਜੀਤੁ

17. ਹੱਥਾਂ ਬਾਝ ਕਰਾਰਿਆਂ, ਵੈਰੀ ਹੋਇ ਨਾ ਮਿੱਤ

18. ਸਚਹੁ ਉਰੈ ਸਭੁ ਕੋ ਉਪਰਿ ਸਚੁ ਆਚਾਰ

19. ਮਿਠਤ ਨੀਵੀਂ ਨਾਨਕਾ ਗੁਣ ਚੰਗਿਆਈਆਂ ਤਤੁ

20. ਪੜਾਈ ਵਿਚ ਖੇਡਾਂ ਦੀ ਥਾਂ

21. ਸਮੇਂ ਦੀ ਕਦਰ

23. ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ ਅਤੇ ਅਨੁਸ਼ਾਸਨ

24. ਦਾਜ ਪ੍ਰਥਾ

25. ਕੰਪਿਉਟਰ ਦਾ ਯੁਗ

26. ਯੁਵਕਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਨਸ਼ਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਸੇਵਨ ਦੀ ਰੁਚੀ

27. ਕੇਬਲ ਟੀ ਵੀ ਵਰ ਜਾਂ ਸਰਾਪ

28. ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ ਅਤੇ ਰਾਜਨੀਤੀ

29. ਜੇ ਮੈਂ ਪ੍ਰਿੰਸੀਪਲ ਹੋਵਾਂ

30. ਅਨਪੜ੍ਹਤਾ ਦੀ ਸਮੱਸਿਆ

31. ਸੰਚਾਰ ਦੇ ਸਾਧਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਭੂਮਿਕਾ

32. ਇੰਟਰਨੈੱਟ

33. ਪ੍ਰਦੂਸ਼ਣ ਦੀ ਸਮਸਿਆ

34. ਮੋਬਾਈਲ ਫੋਨ

35. ਔਰਤਾ ਵਿਚ ਅਸੁਰੱਖਿਆ ਦੀ ਭਾਵਨਾ

36. ਪ੍ਰੀਖਿਆਵਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਨਕਲ ਦੀ ਸਮਸਿਆ

37. ਗਲੋਬਲ ਵਾਰਮਿੰਗ

38. ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਨੌਜਵਾਨਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਵਿਦੇਸ਼ ਜਾਣ ਦੀ ਲਲਕ

39. ਧੁਨੀ ਪ੍ਰਦੂਸ਼ਣ

40. ਸ਼੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਜੀ

41. ਭਗਵਾਨ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਨ ਜੀ

42. ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ ਜੀ

43. ਅਮਰ ਸ਼ਹੀਦ ਭਗਤ ਸਿੰਘ

44. ਪੰਡਿਤ ਜਵਾਹਰ ਲਾਲ ਨਹਿਰੂ

45. ਸਕੂਲ ਦਾ ਸਾਲਾਨਾ ਸਮਾਗਮ

46. ਵਿਸਾਖੀ ਦਾ ਅੱਖੀਂ ਡਿੱਠਾ ਮੇਲਾ

47. ਅੱਖੀਂ ਡਿੱਠੀ ਰੇਲ ਦੁਰਘਟਨਾ

48. ਅੱਖੀਂ ਡਿੱਠਾ ਮੈਚ

49. ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਦੀਆਂ ਕਾਢਾਂ

50. ਮੇਰਾ ਮਿੱਤਰ

51. ਮੇਰਾ ਮਨ-ਭਾਉਂਦਾ ਅਧਿਆਪਕ

52. ਟੈਲੀਵੀਜ਼ਨ

53. ਸਾਡੇ ਸਕੂਲ ਦੀ ਲਾਇਬਰੇਰੀ

54. ਬਸੰਤ ਰੁੱਤ

55. ਸਵੇਰ ਦੀ ਸੈਰ

56. ਦੇਸ਼ ਪਿਆਰ

57. ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਵਿੱਚ ਖੇਡਾਂ ਦਾ ਮਹੱਤਵ

58. ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੇ ਲੋਕ-ਨਾਚ

59. ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ – ਇਕ ਸੁੰਦਰ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ

60. ਰੁੱਖਾਂ ਦੇ ਲਾਭ

61. ਮੇਰਾ ਪਿੰਡ

62. ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਅਰਜਨ ਦੇਵ ਜੀ

63. ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਤੇਗ ਬਹਾਦਰ ਜੀ

64. ਸ਼ਹੀਦ ਕਰਤਾਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਰਾਭਾ

65. ਨੇਤਾ ਜੀ ਸੁਭਾਸ਼ ਚੰਦਰ ਬੋਸ

66. ਰਵਿੰਦਰ ਨਾਥ ਟੈਗੋਰ

67. ਡਾ: ਮਨਮੋਹਨ ਸਿੰਘ

68. ਮੇਰਾ ਮਨ ਭਾਉਂਦਾ ਕਵੀ

69. ਮੇਰਾ ਮਨ-ਭਾਉਂਦਾ ਨਾਵਲਕਾਰ

70. ਗੁਰਬਖ਼ਸ਼ ਸਿੰਘ ਪ੍ਰੀਤਲੜੀ

71. ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਾ ਪ੍ਰੀਤਮ

73. ਦੁਸਹਿਰਾ

74. ਵਿਸਾਖੀ ਦਾ ਅੱਖੀ ਡਿੱਠਾ ਮੇਲਾ

75. ਵਾਦੜੀਆਂ ਸਜਾਦੜੀਆਂ ਨਿੱਭਣ ਸਿਰਾਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ

76. ਮਨ ਜੀਤੇ ਜੱਗ ਜੀਤ

77. ਮਿਠਤੁ ਨੀਵੀ ਨਾਨਕਾ ਗੁਣ ਚੰਗਿਆਈਆ ਤਤੁ

78. ਨਸ਼ਾਬੰਦੀ

79. ਭਾਰਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਬਾਦੀ ਦੀ ਸਮੱਸਿਆ

80. ਦਾਜ ਪ੍ਰਥਾ

81. ਭ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟਾਚਾਰ

82. ਅਨਪੜ੍ਹਤਾ ਦੀ ਸਮੱਸਿਆ

83. ਪਰੀਖਿਆਵਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਕਲ ਦੀ ਸਮੱਸਿਆ

84. ਭਰੂਣ ਹੱਤਿਆ

85. ਵਹਿਮਾਂ-ਭਰਮਾਂ ਦੀ ਸਮੱਸਿਆ

86. ਜੇਕਰ ਮੈਂ ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ ਮੰਤਰੀ ਹੋਵਾਂ

87. ਜੇ ਮੈਂ ਕਰੋੜ ਪਤੀ ਹੁੰਦਾ

88. ਜੇ ਮੈਂ ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਮੰਤਰੀ ਹੋਵਾਂ

89. ਜੇ ਮੈਂ ਇੱਕ ਪੰਛੀ ਬਣ ਜਾਵਾਂ

90. ਸੰਚਾਰ ਦੇ ਸਾਧਨ

91. ਸਿਨਮੇ ਦੇ ਲਾਭ ਤੇ ਹਾਨੀਆਂ

92. ਕੰਪਿਊਟਰ ਦੇ ਲਾਭ ਤੇ ਹਾਨਿਯਾ

93. ਇੰਟਰਨੈੱਟ ਦੇ ਲਾਭ ਤੇ ਹਾਨਿਯਾ

94. ਕੇਬਲ ਟੀ. ਵੀ. ਦੇ ਲਾਭ ਤੇ ਹਾਨੀਆ

95. ਆਈਲਿਟਸ ਕੀ ਹੈ?

96. ਜੇ ਮੈਂ ਇੱਕ ਬੁੱਤ ਹੁੰਦਾ

97. ਪਹਾੜ ਦੀ ਸੈਰ

9 8. ਸ੍ਰੀ ਹਰਿਮੰਦਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ (ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ ਦੀ ਯਾਤਰਾ) 

99. ਤਾਜ ਮਹੱਲ ਦੀ ਯਾਤਰਾ

100. ਗਰਮੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਬੱਸ ਦੀ ਯਾਤਰਾ

101. ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੇ ਮੇਲੇ

102. ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੇ ਲੋਕ-ਗੀਤ

103. ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ ਤੇ ਫੈਸ਼ਨ

105. ਸਾਂਝੀ ਵਿੱਦਿਆ

106. ਬਿਜਲੀ ਦੀ ਬੱਚਤ

107. ਪੇਂਡੂ ਅਤੇ ਸ਼ਹਿਰੀ ਜੀਵਨ

108. ਬਾਲ ਮਜ਼ਦੂਰੀ

109. ਸੱਚੀ ਮਿੱਤਰਤਾ

110. ਔਰਤਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਸੁਰੱਖਿਆ ਦੀ ਭਾਵਨਾ

111. ਸੰਤੁਲਿਤ ਖੁਰਾਕ

112. ਮੇਰੀ ਮਨਪਸੰਦ ਪੁਸਤਕ

113. ਗਰਮੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਰੁੱਖਾਂ ਦੀ ਛਾਂ

114. ਮਿਲਵਰਤਨ

116. ਮਿੱਤਰਤਾ

117. ਅਰੋਗਤਾ

118. ਅਨੁਸ਼ਾਸਨ

119. ਪਰੀਖਿਆ ਜਾਂ ਇਮਤਿਹਾਨ

120. ਪਰੀਖਿਆ ਤੋਂ ਪੰਜ ਮਿੰਟ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ

121. ਸਕੂਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਅੱਧੀ ਛੁੱਟੀ ਦਾ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼

122. ਸਕੂਲ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਰਥਨਾ ਸਭਾ

123. ਕਾਲਜ ਵਿੱਚ ਮੇਰਾ ਪਹਿਲਾ ਦਿਨ

124. ਬੱਸ-ਅੱਡੇ ਦਾ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼

125. ਇੱਕ ਪੰਸਾਰੀ ਦੀ ਦੁਕਾਨ ਦਾ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼

126. ਪੁਸਤਕਾਂ ਪੜ੍ਹਨਾ

127. ਚੋਣਾਂ ਦਾ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼

128. ਖ਼ਤਰਾ ਪਲਾਸਟਿਕ ਦਾ

129. ਸਵੈ-ਅਧਿਐਨ

131. ਖੁਸ਼ਾਮਦ

133. ਯਾਤਰਾ ਜਾਂ ਸਫ਼ਰ ਦੇ ਲਾਭ

134. ਚਾਹ ਦਾ ਖੋਖਾ

135. ਭਾਸ਼ਨ ਕਲਾ

138. ਵਾਰਸ ਸ਼ਾਹ ਨਾ ਆਦਤਾਂ ਜਾਂਦੀਆਂ ਨੇ

139. ਨਾਨਕ ਫਿਕੈ ਬੋਲੀਐ ਤਨੁ ਮਨੁ ਫਿਕਾ ਹੋਇ

140. ਆਪਣੇ ਹੱਥੀ ਆਪਣਾ ਆਪੇ ਹੀ ਕਾਜ ਸੁਆਰੀਐ

141. ਨਾਨਕ ਦੁਖੀਆ ਸਭ ਸੰਸਾਰ

142. ਮਨ ਜੀਤੈ ਜਗੁ ਜੀਤੁ

143. ਸਚਹੁ ਉਰੈ ਸਭ ਕੋ ਓਪਰਿ ਸਚੁ ਆਚਾਰ

144. ਹੱਥਾਂ ਬਾਝ ਕਰਾਰਿਆ ਵੈਰੀ ਹੋਇ ਨਾ ਮਿੱਤ

145. ਸਿਠਤਿ ਨੀਵੀਂ ਨਾਨਕਾ ਗੁਣ ਚੰਗਿਆਈਆਂ ਤਤੁ

146. ਪੇਟ ਨਾ ਪਈਆਂ ਰੋਟੀਆਂ ਸੱਭੇ ਗੱਲਾਂ ਖੋਟੀਆਂ

147. ਇੱਕ ਚੁੱਪ ਸੌ ਸੁੱਖ

148. ਨਵਾਂ ਨੌਂ ਦਿਨ ਪੁਰਾਣਾ ਸੌ ਦਿਨ

149. ਸਾਂਝ ਕਰੀਜੈ ਗੁਣਹ ਕੇਰੀ

150. ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਜੀ

151. ਗੁਰੂ ਅਰਜਨ ਦੇਵ ਜੀ

152. ਗੁਰੂ ਤੇਗ ਬਹਾਦਰ ਜੀ

153. ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ ਜੀ

154. ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਜੀ

155. ਸ਼ਹੀਦ ਭਗਤ ਸਿੰਘ

156. ਮਹਾਤਮਾ ਗਾਂਧੀ

157. ਪੰਡਤ ਜਵਾਹਰ ਲਾਲ ਨਹਿਰੂ

158. ਰਾਣੀ ਲਕਸ਼ਮੀ ਬਾਈ

159. ਮਦਰ ਟੈਰੇਸਾ

160. ਡਾ. ਅਬਦੁੱਲ ਕਲਾਮ

161. ਮੇਰਾ ਮਨਭਾਉਂਦਾ ਕਵੀ -ਭਾਈ ਵੀਰ ਸਿੰਘ

162. ਮਨਭਾਉਂਦਾ ਲੇਖਕ : ਨਾਵਲਕਾਰ ਨਾਨਕ ਸਿੰਘ

163. ਦੁਸਹਿਰਾ

164. ਵਿਸਾਖੀ

165. ਹਰਿਮੰਦਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ ਦੀ ਯਾਤਰਾ

166. ਕਿਸੇ ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕ ਸਥਾਨ ਦੀ ਯਾਤਰਾ

167. ਪਹਾੜ ਦੀ ਸੈਰ

168. ਭਰੂਣ-ਹੱਤਿਆ

169. ਏਡਜ਼ : ਇਕ ਭਿਆਨਕ ਮਹਾਂਮਾਰੀ

170. ਨੈਤਿਕਤਾ ਵਿਚ ਆ ਰਹੀ ਗਿਰਾਵਟ

171. ਦੇਸ-ਪਿਆਰ

172. ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ ਨਿਰਮਾਣ ਵਿਚ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਦਾ ਯੋਗਦਾਨ

173. ਸਾਡੀਆਂ ਸਮਾਜਕ ਕੁਰੀਤੀਆਂ

174. ਸਮਾਜ ਵਿਚ ਬਜ਼ੁਰਗਾਂ ਦਾ ਸਥਾਨ

175. ਵਧਦੀ ਅਬਾਦੀ : ਇਕ ਵਿਕਰਾਲ ਸਮੱਸਿਆ

176. ਭ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟਾਚਾਰ

177. ਬੇਰੁਜ਼ਗਾਰੀ

178. ਨਸ਼ਾਬੰਦੀ

179. ਅਨਪੜਤਾ ਦੀ ਸਮਸਿਆਵਾਂ

180. ਮੰਗਣਾ : ਇਕ ਲਾਹਨਤ

181. ਦਾਜ ਦੀ ਸਮੱਸਿਆ

182. ਚੋਣਾਂ ਦਾ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼

183. ਹਰਿਆਵਲ ਲਹਿਰ : ਲੋੜ ਤੇ ਸਾਰਥਕਤਾ

184. ਰੁੱਖਾਂ ਦੇ ਲਾਭ

185. ਪਾਣੀ ਦੀ ਮਹਾਨਤਾ ਤੇ ਸੰਭਾਲ

186. ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ ਅਤੇ ਫੈਸ਼ਨ

187. ਪਬਲਿਕ ਸਕੂਲ ਤੇ ਲਾਭ ਤੇ ਹਾਨਿਯਾ

188. ਪੁਸਤਕਾਂ ਪੜ੍ਹਨ ਦੇ ਲਾਭ

189. ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਵਿਚ ਖੇਡਾਂ ਦੀ ਥਾਂ

190. ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੀਆਂ ਲੋਕ-ਖੇਡਾਂ

191. ਮਾਤ-ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਦੀ ਮਹਾਨਤਾ

192. ਸੜਕਾਂ ਤੇ ਦੁਰਘਟਨਾਵਾਂ

193. ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੇ ਲੋਕ ਗੀਤ

194. ਸਕੂਲ ਦਾ ਇਨਾਮ-ਵੰਡ ਸਮਾਰੋਹ

195. ਵਿਦੇਸਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਜਾਣਾ : ਫ਼ਏਦੇ ਜਾ ਨੁਕਸਾਨ

196. ਟੁੱਟਦੇ ਸਮਾਜਕ ਰਿਸ਼ਤੇ

197. ਮਿਠਤੁ ਨੀਵੀ ਨਾਨਕਾ ਗੁਣ ਚੰਗਿਆਈਆ ਤਤੁ

198. ਮਨਿ ਜੀਤੈ ਜਗੁ ਜੀਤਲਾਲ

199. ਨਾਵਣ ਚਲੇ ਤੀਰਥੀ ਮਨ ਖੋਟੇ ਤਨ ਚੋਰ

200. ਵਾਦੜੀਆਂ ਸਜਾਦੜੀਆਂ ਨਿਭਣ ਸਿਰਾਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ

201. ਕਿਰਤ ਦੀ ਮਹਾਨਤਾ

202. ਸੰਗਤ ਦੀ ਰੰਗਤ

203. ਵਿਹਲਾ ਮਨ ਸ਼ੈਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਘਰ

204. ਸਮੇਂ ਦੀ ਕਦਰ

205. ਧਰਮ ਅਤੇ ਇਨਸਾਨੀਅਤ

206. ਜੇ ਮੈਂ ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ ਮੰਤਰੀ ਹੁੰਦਾ ?

207. ਜੇ ਮੈਂ ਪ੍ਰਿੰਸੀਪਲ ਹੁੰਦਾ ?

208. ਮੇਰੇ ਜੀਵਨ ਦਾ ਉਦੇਸ਼

209. ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਦੇ ਚਮਤਕਾਰ

210. ਕੰਪਿਊਟਰ ਦਾ ਵਧ ਰਿਹਾ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵ

211. ਸਮਾਚਾਰ ਪੱਤਰ

212. ਸੰਚਾਰ ਦੇ ਆਧੁਨਿਕ ਸਾਧਨ

213. ਮੋਬਾਈਲ ਫ਼ੋਨ ਅਤੇ ਇਸ ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ

214. ਗਲੋਬਲ ਵਾਰਮਿੰਗ

215. ਕੇਬਲ ਟੀ.ਵੀ.– ਵਰ ਜਾਂ ਸਰਾਪ

216. ਮੈਟਰੋ ਰੇਲ

217. ਵਿਸ਼ਵੀਕਰਨ

218. ਵਿਗਿਆਪਨ

219. ਤਕਨੀਕੀ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ

220. ਪ੍ਰਦੂਸ਼ਣ ਦੀ ਸਮਸਿਆ

221. ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਕਰੋਪੀਆਂ

222. ਦਿਨੋ-ਦਿਨ ਵਧ ਰਹੀ ਮਹਿੰਗਾਈ

223. ਗਲੋਬਲ ਵਾਰਮਿੰਗ ਦੇ ਪ੍ਰਤੱਖ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵ

224. ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਜੀ

225. ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ ਜੀ

226. ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਤੇਗ ਬਹਾਦਰ ਜੀ

227. ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਅਰਜਨ ਦੇਵ ਜੀ

228. ਨੇਤਾ ਜੀ ਸੁਭਾਸ਼ ਚੰਦਰ ਬੋਸ

229. ਕਰਤਾਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਰਾਭਾ

230. ਸ੍ਰੀਮਤੀ ਇੰਦਰਾ ਗਾਂਧੀ

231. ਪੰਡਿਤ ਜਵਾਹਰ ਲਾਲ ਨਹਿਰੂ

232. ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਿਤਾ ਮਹਾਤਮਾ ਗਾਂਧੀ

233. ਸ਼ਹੀਦ ਭਗਤ ਸਿੰਘ

234. ਮਹਾਰਾਜਾ ਰਣਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ

235. ਸ੍ਰੀ ਰਾਜੀਵ ਗਾਂਧੀ

236. ਸ੍ਰੀ ਅਟਲ ਬਿਹਾਰੀ ਵਾਜਪਾਈ

237. ਰਵਿੰਦਰ ਨਾਥ ਟੈਗੋਰ

238. ਸਵਾਮੀ ਵਿਵੇਕਾਨੰਦ

239. ਛੱਤਰਪਤੀ ਸ਼ਿਵਾ ਜੀ ਮਰਾਠਾ

240. ਸਹਿ-ਸਿੱਖਿਆ

241. ਸਾਡੀ ਪ੍ਰੀਖਿਆ ਪ੍ਰਣਾਲੀ ਦੇ ਦੋਸ਼

242. ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਵਿਚ ਖੇਡਾਂ ਦੀ ਥਾਂ

243. ਹੋਸਟਲ ਦਾ ਜੀਵਨ

244. 10+2+3 ਵਿੱਦਿਅਕ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ 10+2+3

245. ਬਾਲਗ ਵਿੱਦਿਆ

246. ਟੈਲੀਵਿਜ਼ਨ ਜਾਂ ਦੂਰਦਰਸ਼ਨ

247. ਰੇਡੀਓ ਅਤੇ ਟੈਲੀਵਿਜ਼ਨ ਦੇ ਲਾਭ

248. ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਦੀਆਂ ਕਾਢਾਂ

249. ਵੀਡੀਓ ਦੀ ਲੋਕਪ੍ਰਿਯਤਾ

250. ਸਿਨਮਾ ਦੇ ਲਾਭ ਅਤੇ ਹਾਨੀਆਂ

251. ਜੰਗ ਦੀਆਂ ਹਾਨੀਆਂ ਤੇ ਲਾਭ

252. ਸੰਚਾਰ ਦਾ ਸਾਧਨ

253. ਵਾਦੜੀਆਂ ਸਜਾਦੜੀਆਂ ਨਿੱਭਣ ਸਿਰਾਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ

254. ਮਨ ਜੀਤੇ ਜੱਗ ਜੀਤ

255. ਮਿਠਤੁ ਨੀਵੀਂ ਨਾਨਕਾ ਗੁਣ ਚੰਗਿਆਈਆਂ ਤੱਤ

256. ਗੁਲਾਮ ਸੁਫਨੇ ਸੁੱਖ ਨਾਹੀ

257. ਜੇਕਰ ਮੈਂ ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ ਮੰਤਰੀ ਹੋਵਾਂ

258. ਜੇ ਮੈਂ ਕਰੋੜਪਤੀ ਹੁੰਦਾ

259. ਜੇ ਮੈਂ ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਮੰਤਰੀ ਹੁੰਦਾ

260. ਜੇ ਮੈਂ ਇਕ ਪੰਛੀ ਹੁੰਦਾ

261. ਜੇ ਮੈਂ ਇਕ ਪੁਸਤਕ ਹੁੰਦਾ

262. ਜੇ ਮੈਂ ਇਕ ਬੁੱਤ ਹੁੰਦਾ

263. ਜੇ ਮੈਂ ਪ੍ਰਿੰਸੀਪਲ ਹੁੰਦਾ

264. ਮੇਰਾ ਰੋਜ਼ਾਨਾ ਜੀਵਨ-ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮ

265. ਮੇਰੇ ਸ਼ੌਕ

266. ਮੇਰੇ ਜੀਵਨ ਦੀ ਇਕ ਮਨੋਰੰਜਕ ਘਟਨਾ

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Given their side effects, weight-loss drugs might not be good for all

The injectable drug Ozempic. Credit: AP/David J. Phillip

This guest essay reflects the views of Dr. Aurora Pryor, system director for bariatric surgery at Northwell Health and surgeon in chief at Long Island Jewish Medical Center.

When will we see through the haze of drugs like Ozempic and Wegovy?

Hopefully soon. These drugs might reach 30 million U.S. users by 2030. Surging, off-label demand has come with unintentional overdoses, rising prices and medication shortages. Further expansion seems likely with the Food and Drug Administration’s recent approval of another class of medications to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death, heart attack, and stroke in adults with cardiovascular disease and either obesity or overweight.

These medications, called GLP-1 receptor agonists or semaglutides, have gotten the attention of the New York City Council. One member has proposed a law requiring the city health department to release information on the consequences of off-label use of these medications for weight loss.

About 20% of patients taking GLP-1s for weight loss experience nausea and vomiting; 30% get diarrhea. Add headaches, swelling of nasal passages, allergic reactions, pancreatitis, and fatigue to the list, along with rare cases of thyroid cancer in laboratory animals.

Admittedly, bariatric surgery, my area of expertise, also poses risks, like any surgical procedure. Still, it remains a safe, long-term option offering better long-term control of weight and glucose levels than medical therapies for patients with Type 2 diabetes. Patients need accurate information about the risks and benefits of all options.

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There is no denying: Semaglutides are a powerful class of drugs helping push back on the obesity epidemic. They offer weight loss, reduced appetite, and slower emptying of the stomach that makes patients feel full faster.

I’ve also seen at my Great Neck-based practice what can happen when patients stop taking semaglutides. It can trigger weight (re)gain, a greater appetite, a surge of blood sugar, and lean muscle mass loss with body fat percentage gain. There can be withdrawal symptoms.

Data, physician awareness, and patient education can help us assess what’s best for each patient, medication or bariatric surgery. The lack of knowledge translates into only about 200,000 patients per year pursuing weight-loss surgery — about 1% of those who qualify for it.

Physicians need to share that bariatric surgery remains an effective, long-term tool that has become safer and less invasive. It can be highly effective for weight loss and management of obesity-induced complications, especially when surgeons use minimally invasive procedures. This approach, used in 90% of bariatric surgeries, results in shorter hospital stays, less blood loss during procedures, less postoperative pain, and fewer pulmonary complications and wound infections.

We need to review data comparing outcomes for patients who have undergone gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, and intensive medical therapy alone. Of patients who underwent medical therapy, 12% achieved the desired diabetes targets after a year, but positive effects of metabolic surgery lasted longer and also improved cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Those advantages must be considered against potential post-surgical drawbacks like anemia or gastrointestinal problems.

It’s clear semaglutides have tremendous potential, though we don’t yet know their full impact. If we can find optimal ways to wean patients off those them, perhaps they might help patients maintain weight loss after bariatric surgery.

Semaglutides also have opened the door to reframing obesity as a medical condition — without shame. When we can consider weight-loss options without stigma, patients are better positioned to receive information from their doctors and make decisions. The less starry-eyed we are, the better we can focus on the positive, long-term health outcomes each patient deserves.

 THIS GUEST ESSAY reflects the views of Dr. Aurora Pryor, system director for bariatric surgery at Northwell Health and surgeon in chief at Long Island Jewish Medical Center.

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Chandigarh: The video of a speech by Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) MLA Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh, levelling serious allegations against Rajya Sabha member and his party’s senior leader Raghav Chadha, has snowballed into a major political controversy in Punjab, ahead of the Lok Sabha polls.

In the video, which is circulating on social media, Singh has alleged that at least two officers of the Punjab Police are involved in supporting the drug trade in Amritsar and these officers are Chadha’s “blue-eyed boys”.

Chadha is one of the leaders closest to AAP supremo Arvind Kejriwal and has been in London since the first week of March, reportedly for an eye surgery. Kejriwal is currently lodged in Tihar Jail following his arrest by the Enforcement Directorate in the Delhi excise policy case.

Earlier, Chadha had come in for severe criticism from opposition leaders for being absent when the party was faced with a crisis following Kejriwal’s arrest on 21 March.

Messages sent on Chadha’s number for his response to Singh’s allegations remained unanswered till the time of filing of this report.

The allegations have not only caused huge embarrassment to the AAP, but also given fresh fodder to the opposition to attack party leader and Punjab Chief Minister Bhagwant Mann and his government.

Opposition leaders are demanding a probe into the allegations and are questioning Mann’s silence on the matter.

Singh, a former IPS officer who resigned from his job in the state to join politics, is the MLA from Amritsar North and is known to be critical not only of his opponents but his own party as well.

In the video , Singh speaks at a “mega rally” he organised in Amritsar on 14 April to seek votes for the AAP candidate for the Amritsar Lok Sabha seat, Kuldeep Singh Dhaliwal. In his speech, he says that whatever drugs are sold in Amritsar “are of the police”.

“This is the same police that have not been able to control the open sale of drugs. I know everything… The same people are still there… five commissioners have come and gone and I have talked to the DGPs (Director Generals of Police) as well… that at least those people (policemen) who are selling drugs should be transferred out from Amritsar to Batala… There is one SP (superintendent of police) and there is one DSP (deputy superintendent of police) who look after the civil lines area in Amritsar North and are the blue-eyed boys of Raghav Chadha,” says Singh.

“I never question why somebody has been posted at a place… or shift them out… if you like these people, then there is no point in saying anything… (we are told to) somehow carry on with them… who am I to carry on with them.. you carry on with them,” he adds.

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Opposition demands action

Leader of the opposition, senior Congressman Partap Singh Bajwa, has demanded a thorough investigation into the allegations levelled by Singh.

“A thorough investigation should be conducted as the @AAP Punjab MLA from Amritsar North, Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh, accused Rajya Sabha MP Raghav Chadha of having a close association with those police officers who allegedly indulged in drug trading. Cabinet minister and AAP candidate from Amritsar Lok Sabha Constituency, @KuldeepSinghAAP was also present, when Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh made these allegations. He should have assured on the occasion that the matter would be probed further, however, he failed to utter a single word on the issue and preferred to keep quiet,” Bajwa said on social media .

Congress leader Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa wrote to the Election Commission of India Friday asking it to intervene in the matter. Attaching a clip of the video, Randhawa asked for the registration of an FIR and investigation.

आज मैने माननीय @ECISVEEP को पत्र लिखकर अपील की है की आप विधायक @Kvijaypratap की तरफ से शरेआम बेचे जा रहे नशे वाले बयान को गंभीरता के साथ लेते हुए सख्त करवाई की जाए। क्यूंकि पंजाब सरकार ही खुद नशे के व्यापार में लग गई है। पंजाब को इंसाफ की कोई उम्मीद नजर नहीं आ रही। @BhagwantMann … pic.twitter.com/oNPnBV9AzC — Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa (@Sukhjinder_INC) April 19, 2024

Congress MLA Sukhpal Singh Khaira asked Mann if he would be registering a case under The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act against Chadha.

Now that @AamAadmiParty Amritsar Mla Kunwar Vijay Partap Singh has publicly leveled serious allegations of drug mafia nexus between police and politicians like @raghav_chadha i urge @BhagwantMann to come forward and state what action he intends to take against police officers and… pic.twitter.com/8sEc8oR6Uq — Sukhpal Singh Khaira (@SukhpalKhaira) April 17, 2024

Sandeep Jakhar, suspended MLA of the Congress from Abohar, highlighted Mann’s silence on the issue.

State of affairs…yesterday, serious allegations were levelled against senior police officers of Amritsar, giving patronage to drug dealers by sitting AAP MLA @Kvijaypratap & in turn the officers had the protection of a sitting Rajya Sabha MP, but strangely, no statement on this… — Sandeep Jakhar (ਜਾਖੜ/जाखड़) (@SandeepJakharpb) April 18, 2024

Shiromani Akali Dal leader Bikram Singh Majithia wrote on social media that AAP’s own MLAs were exposing the truth of their government.

Putting out a clip from a press conference by AAP MLA Jagsir Singh, in which he rues the deterioration of law and order and the inefficiency of the Punjab Police, Majithia said: “All this just goes on to show that Bhagwant Mann is a failed chief minister and a failed home minister.”

Congress leader Pargat Singh also lashed out at the CM for not doing anything despite revelations by his own party’s MLA. “This is your own party’s MLA who is levelling the serious allegations. Bhagwant Mann Ji, you should immediately remove him (Chadha) as the Rajya Sabha member and investigate the matter,” he wrote on X.

ਮੁੱਖ ਮੰਤਰੀ @BhagwantMann ਜੀ, ਤੁਹਾਡੀ ਪਾਰਟੀ ਦੇ ਵਿਧਾਇਕ @Kvijaypratap ਦੱਸ ਰਹੇ ਹਨ, @raghav_chadha ਦੇ ਖਾਸਮ ਖ਼ਾਸ ਅਧਿਕਾਰੀ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਸ਼ਾ ਵੇਚ ਰਹੇ ਹਨ। ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਤੁਰੰਤ @raghav_chadha ਤੋਂ ਰਾਜ ਸਭਾ ਦੀ ਮੈਂਬਰਸ਼ਿਪ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਲੈਣੀ ਚਾਹੀਦੀ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇਸ ਸਭ ਦੀ ਜਾਂਚ ਕਰਨੀ ਚਾਹੀਦੀ ਹੈ। pic.twitter.com/q7rebDLzyj — Pargat Singh (@PargatSOfficial) April 17, 2024

(Edited by Nida Fatima Siddiqui)

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