essay on importance of non verbal communication

Importance of Non-Verbal Communication | Essay Example

Significance of nonverbal communication, features of nonverbal communication, forms of nonverbal communication, samples of nonverbal communication, nonverbal communication concept, nonverbal communication at the workplace, reference list.

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In communication, a reasonable percentage of understanding is derived from non-verbal communication. This kind of communication works always. However, it is not always the case that one speaks before people can derive the thoughts of that person. A lot of these thoughts can simply be derived from gestures, signals, or expressions.

This kind of communication can be very effective if one sends the appropriate signals aimed at the right target (Abramovitch 1977, p. 82). This form of communication can easily be misunderstood if the wrong signals are sent to the recipients. Hands are significant in conveying non-verbal communication as they are used for gesturing. The facial expression and body language also play a big role in this form of communication.

It is possible to know someone’s private feelings simply by looking at that person’s facial expression. For instance if a colleague is not in a good mood, one will simply need to look for the nonverbal communication that that person portrays. For communication to be effective, attention has to be given to that which is communicated non-verbally, good examples being the use of space, gestures and body language.

Non verbal communication may differ according to different cultures and this may be the main cause of misinterpretation. There are cultures that take the nodding of the head vertically as an agreement while others take it as a refusal. There are those who would perceive a minors direct look into the eye as honest while others while perceive it as disrespect.

For one to mask feelings or spontaneous reaction to information, the attention must be paid to the nonverbal behavior. It might be easy for one to control his/her voice or words yet still that person’s body language, facial expression as well as movement can expose his/her real thoughts and feelings.

No matter the position that one holds at the place of work, the ability to interpret non-verbal communication adds to the ability of that individual to share meaning with others. This is because the shared meaning is what constitutes communication (Abramovitch 1977, p. 87).

To understand nonverbal communication, one needs to recognize that different people communicate on different levels. Every gesture usually communicates something and all that is needed is to pay close attention to it. If the verbal and non-verbal communication is not in harmony, it is more likely that the communicator will be lying or is of a different idea from that being communicated. It might therefore be reasonable for the listener not to pay attention to that person’s non-verbal communication.

Non verbal communication might play a significant role during a job interview as the interviewer will be able to deduce the kind of person the candidate is, as well as his/her strengths and weaknesses. During a criminal investigation, the non-verbal signals that are relayed by the person under investigation may be even of greater importance that the verbal statements that that person gives.

It might be easier for the investigators to determine if the person being investigated is lying, is hiding some information or if the person is speaking the truth. This will only be possible if the investigator understands and rightly interprets the non-verbal signals.

When one is issuing a speech the nonverbal communication relayed by the audience might of great importance in helping the speaker know if the audience is paying attention, if the people are bored, exhausted, irritated or when it is time for another speaker to take charge. Listening to them is very important if the speaker needs to be effective. If the nonverbal communication is effectively used while delivering a message for instance through speech, that message will be effective and memorable (Abramovitch 1977, p. 90).

Non-verbal communication is complicated and it may be challenging to understand its signals. This type of communication involves the whole body, the space occupied, the time taken, what is left out and how it is left out. Non-verbal communication flows from one to another and this makes it difficult single out one element and interpret it correctly from the series of other elements. This type of communication is constantly in motion just as human beings are and it does not replicate itself in the same place.

This kind of communication unlike the spoken or written communication is irreversible. For the written communication, the communicator might be in a position to clarify, correct or retract the message that is conveyed. For the oral communication, one is able to give an explanation or restate with the intention of clarifying the point. It is therefore possible to correct oral communication, as much as the original message remains with its impact as well.

It is not possible to separate a single non-verbal action from its context correct it and take it back. In speech, this kind of communication is always occurring and it becomes difficult to tell when a single non verbal message starts or stops and to exactly determine when the next one starts. The communication is only relevant in its context and if it is singled out then it might easily be misinterpreted and misunderstood hence leading to a wrong conclusion being drawn.

One usually expresses himself or herself first through the nonverbal communication always without even consciously thinking about it. This communication portrays ones feelings and thoughts way before the person becomes aware of it.

This kind of communication usually brings out the intentional as well as unintentional messages. It is common for people to concentrate on how someone says something than what that message is really. It is surprising that human beings use more non-verbal communication than the verbal one and in some cases this type of communication may add up or even replace the verbal one (Bull 1987).

Illustrators which are nonverbal gestures are used to communicate the message in an effective way as well as reinforcing the points. This could for instance be a node which confirms acceptance. The response to this may be in the form of an emblem, which may be by using the O.K. sign to signal.

Regulators which are nonverbal messages may also be used for controlling, maintaining or discouraging interaction. One the speaker is irritating the listener could for instance hold up his/her hand and the speaker will interpret it as a request to stop (Benjamin & Craidler 1975, p. 27).Regulators may also be used by the audience listening to a speech. They may for instance look away, make drawings at the book margins or tap their feet, and all these regulators will be representing boredom or disinterest (Kelly 1982).

Adaptors can also be used in the non-verbal communication and they help one to adapt to the environment hence ensuring that the communicator is secure and comfortable. A good example would be the hairstyle or a behavior that is self adaptive. One may also use object-adaptors to convey a message of disinterest for instance.

They may use an object for a different purpose to show disinterest. A good example may be when the audience starts chewing the backside of their pens to signify disinterest. All in all, non-verbal communications are universal. They be used differently by different people in different places or they may take a different form but they will remain to be non-verbal communications.

Nonverbal communication forms a basis for communicating emotional massages as people rarely express their emotions through the spoken word. Most of the time people express their emotions none verbally. This is contributed to by the fact that some emotions might not be expressed well or fully in the verbal form. It is very easier to deduce deception for a speaker by keenly observing the person’s non-verbal communication.

Such a person may for instance avoid eye contact, awkwardly pause during the conversation, and delay while responding to questions, changing body movement and posture frequently. They person might also smile less and reduce the rate of his/her speech. When such behaviors are noticed in the speaker, the listener(s) may be required to be a bit keener. People’s speech patterns speak a lot concerning the truthfulness in the messages being conveyed.

This type of communication is very significant in the relationship that exists between the speaker and the audience. When people meet for the first time, the first conclusions that are made about the different parties are usually derived from the non-verbal messages that are displayed (Scheflen 1964).

This is usually based on the dressing code, the physical characteristics and the posture. Nonverbal communication therefore affects the first impression made, for better or for worse. Assumed expectation is usually derived from the speaker’s maintenance of personal space, the dressing code as well as the physical characteristics right from the time the speaker meets the audience. As much as these expectations may neither be fair nor accurate, they always exist.

Controlling the verbal and nonverbal communication is important in forming a good rapport with the audience (Ekman & Friesen 1969). Maintaining eye contact with them, using space appropriately and being formal enhances this kind of relationship. Nonverbal communication is usually perceived to be part of the message and it has the capability to contribute to or lead to detraction from the overall goal.

It is believed that whatever is not said is just as significant as what is said. Words just form a section of communication. From a facial expression, it is possible to determine whether someone is happy, surprised, fearful, angered, disgusted, interested or sad. Interpreting nonverbal communication needs no special communication.

It may however require extensive training for one to be self aware of portraying nonverbal communication to others. Agreement between the two forms of communication enhances the establishment of a common understanding. A genuine and positive smile could indicate an agreement with an idea or a person.

The attire that is worn also plays a significant role in bringing out a nonverbal message. What someone puts on is what people call a ‘fashion statement.

A formal dressing code could be adapted while speaking in an official meeting. On the contrary, a casual code could be adapted if the message is targeted to people within an informal setting. Eyes have always been perceived to be windows to the soul. Maintaining an eye contact could be a show of interest or attraction, while disgust is indicated by an upward nose wrinkle and raising of the upper lip.

The element of time keeping also falls under nonverbal communication. When a speaker arrives at a meeting on time, and sticks to the stipulated time, it speaks a lot about that person.

It implies seriousness and commitment on the speaker’s side. It also says a lot about the gravity of the topic under discussion (Scheflen 1964). Culture plays a very significant role in any communication. In the case of nonverbal communication, culture determines what is and what is not allowed. Some cultures give room for lateness while others do not (Argyle & Kendon 1967).

Nonverbal communication just like the verbal one is a section of a society’s backbone. This kind of communication is necessary for helping people to coexist and build their own culture. For any communication study to be effective, one needs to grasp the basic concepts of not only the verbal but the nonverbal communication as well.

Most of the time, these two forms of communication occur together. The non verbal communication is usually composed of three major components which include; the one creating the communication, the communication itself and the recipient (Darwin 1872). There has always been a misconception that sign language falls under the nonverbal communication. This is however not the case as sign language is categorized under the visual language-based communication.

There needs to be a complementary relationship between the verbal and the verbal forms of communication. If not, then the result is confusion, disappointment and mistrust. Whatever is said must be complemented by the actions (Benjamin & Creider 1975).

Nonverbal communication is significant in the clarification and making the verbal communication to be well understood. Facial and hand gestures are used to illustrate whatever is communicated. It offers the cues that assist in ensuring that the message is understood.

This type of communication is important as it portrays one’s perceptions, beliefs and the person’s world view. They expose whatever is in a person. If one pulls back when a hug is offered it may signify that the person has an aversion to the physical touch which could be attributed to his/her past experiences (Argyle & Kendon 1967).

The non verbal communication plays a big role in affirming a message. For instance, verbal communication demonstrating how to use online purchasing tools could be affirmed by the speaker taking a computer and demonstrating the same to the audience. It helps in reinforcing the message.

At the workplace, violating ones personal space is a nonverbal communication that might be offensive. Slumping in a chair could be a sign of fatigue or an indication that the person is sad. Boredom at a meeting could be expressed through yawning while anger could be expressed by folding the hands.

Such clues can be used while encouraging someone positively respond when asked to do something. While at the workplace, it is possible to know the feelings of workers just by observing their body languages or facial expressions. This is significant I determining whether the workers are displeased or please either by the working conditions or the rules and regulations that are in place at the workplace.

Abramovitch, R., 1977. Children’s recognition of situational aspects of facial expression’, Child Development, Vol. 48. No. 4, pp. 77-98.

Argyle, M., & Kendon, A., 1967, The experimental analysis of social performance. in L. Berkowitz (ed.). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Benjamin, G.R., & Creider, C. A., 1975. Social distinctions in non-verbal behavior.

Semiotica, Vol.14, No. 3, pp. 22-46

Bull, P.E., 1987, Posture and Gesture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Darwin, C., 1872, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. London: Macmillan Publishers.

Ekman P., & Friesen, W., 1969. The repertoire of nonverbal behavior. Semiotica, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 66-80.

Kelly, J. A., 1982, Social Skills Training: A Practical Guide for Interventions. London: Macmillan Publisher London.

Scheflen, A. E., 1964. The significance of posture in communication systems. Psychiatry Vol.27, No. 2, pp. 200-205

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What is body language?

The importance of nonverbal communication, types of nonverbal communication, how nonverbal communication can go wrong, how to improve nonverbal communication, how to read body language, nonverbal communication and body language.

Your facial expressions, gestures, posture, and tone of voice are powerful communication tools. Here’s how to read and use body language to build better relationships at home and work.

While the key to success in both personal and professional relationships lies in your ability to communicate well, it’s not the words that you use but your nonverbal cues or “body language” that speak the loudest. Body language is the use of physical behavior, expressions, and mannerisms to communicate nonverbally, often done instinctively rather than consciously.

Whether you’re aware of it or not, when you interact with others, you’re continuously giving and receiving wordless signals. All of your nonverbal behaviors—the gestures you make, your posture, your tone of voice, how much eye contact you make—send strong messages. They can put people at ease, build trust, and draw others towards you, or they can offend, confuse, and undermine what you’re trying to convey. These messages don’t stop when you stop speaking either. Even when you’re silent, you’re still communicating nonverbally.

In some instances, what comes out of your mouth and what you communicate through your body language may be two totally different things. If you say one thing, but your body language says something else, your listener will likely feel that you’re being dishonest. If you say “yes” while shaking your head no, for example. When faced with such mixed signals, the listener has to choose whether to believe your verbal or nonverbal message. Since body language is a natural, unconscious language that broadcasts your true feelings and intentions, they’ll likely choose the nonverbal message.

[Read: Effective Communication]

However, by improving how you understand and use nonverbal communication, you can express what you really mean, connect better with others, and build stronger, more rewarding relationships.

Your nonverbal communication cues—the way you listen, look, move, and react—tell the person you’re communicating with whether or not you care, if you’re being truthful, and how well you’re listening. When your nonverbal signals match up with the words you’re saying, they increase trust, clarity, and rapport. When they don’t, they can generate tension, mistrust, and confusion.

If you want to become a better communicator, it’s important to become more sensitive not only to the body language and nonverbal cues of others, but also to your own.

Nonverbal communication can play five roles:

• Repetition: It repeats and often strengthens the message you’re making verbally.
• Contradiction: It can contradict the message you’re trying to convey, thus indicating to your listener that you may not be telling the truth.
• Substitution: It can substitute for a verbal message. For example, your facial expression often conveys a far more vivid message than words ever can.
• Complementing: It may add to or complement your verbal message. As a boss, if you pat an employee on the back in addition to giving praise, it can increase the impact of your message.
• Accenting: It may accent or underline a verbal message. Pounding the table, for example, can underline the importance of your message.

Source:  The Importance of Effective Communication , Edward G. Wertheim, Ph.D.

The many different types of nonverbal communication or body language include:

Facial expressions. The human face is extremely expressive, able to convey countless emotions without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions are universal. The facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures.

Body movement and posture. Consider how your perceptions of people are affected by the way they sit, walk, stand, or hold their head. The way you move and carry yourself communicates a wealth of information to the world. This type of nonverbal communication includes your posture, bearing, stance, and the subtle movements you make.

Gestures. Gestures are woven into the fabric of our daily lives. You may wave, point, beckon, or use your hands when arguing or speaking animatedly, often expressing yourself with gestures without thinking. However, the meaning of some gestures can be very different across cultures. While the “OK” sign made with the hand, for example, usually conveys a positive message in English-speaking countries, it’s considered offensive in countries such as Germany, Russia, and Brazil. So, it’s important to be careful of how you use gestures to avoid misinterpretation.

Eye contact. Since the visual sense is dominant for most people, eye contact is an especially important type of nonverbal communication. The way you look at someone can communicate many things, including interest, affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye contact is also important in maintaining the flow of conversation and for gauging the other person’s interest and response.

Touch. We communicate a great deal through touch. Think about the very different messages given by a weak handshake, a warm bear hug, a patronizing pat on the head, or a controlling grip on the arm, for example.

Space. Have you ever felt uncomfortable during a conversation because the other person was standing too close and invading your space? We all have a need for physical space, although that need differs depending on the culture, the situation, and the closeness of the relationship. You can use physical space to communicate many different nonverbal messages, including signals of intimacy and affection, aggression or dominance.

Voice. It’s not just what you say, it’s how you say it. When you speak, other people “read” your voice in addition to listening to your words. Things they pay attention to include your timing and pace, how loud you speak, your tone and inflection, and sounds that convey understanding, such as “ahh” and “uh-huh.” Think about how your tone of voice can indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence.

Can nonverbal communication be faked?

There are many books and websites that offer advice on how to use body language to your advantage. For example, they may instruct you on how to sit a certain way, steeple your fingers, or shake hands in order to appear confident or assert dominance. But the truth is that such tricks aren’t likely to work (unless you truly feel confident and in charge). That’s because you can’t control all of the signals you’re constantly sending about what you’re really thinking and feeling. And the harder you try, the more unnatural your signals are likely to come across.

However, that doesn’t mean that you have no control over your nonverbal cues. For example, if you disagree with or dislike what someone’s saying, you may use negative body language to rebuff the person’s message, such as crossing your arms, avoiding eye contact, or tapping your feet. You don’t have to agree, or even like what’s being said, but to communicate effectively and not put the other person on the defensive, you can make a conscious effort to avoid sending negative signals—by maintaining an open stance and truly attempting to understand what they’re saying, and why.

What you communicate through your body language and nonverbal signals affects how others see you, how well they like and respect you, and whether or not they trust you. Unfortunately, many people send confusing or negative nonverbal signals without even knowing it. When this happens, both connection and trust in relationships are damaged, as the following examples highlight:

• Jack believes he gets along great with his colleagues at work, but if you were to ask any of them, they would say that Jack is “intimidating” and “very intense.” Rather than just look at you, he seems to devour you with his eyes. And if he takes your hand, he lunges to get it and then squeezes so hard it hurts. Jack is a caring guy who secretly wishes he had more friends, but his nonverbal awkwardness keeps people at a distance and limits his ability to advance at work.
• Arlene is attractive and has no problem meeting eligible men, but she has a difficult time maintaining a relationship for longer than a few months. Arlene is funny and interesting, but even though she constantly laughs and smiles, she radiates tension. Her shoulders and eyebrows are noticeably raised, her voice is shrill, and her body is stiff. Being around Arlene makes many people feel anxious and uncomfortable. Arlene has a lot going for her that is undercut by the discomfort she evokes in others.
• Ted thought he had found the perfect match when he met Sharon, but Sharon wasn’t so sure. Ted is good looking, hardworking, and a smooth talker, but seemed to care more about his thoughts than Sharon’s. When Sharon had something to say, Ted was always ready with wild eyes and a rebuttal before she could finish her thought. This made Sharon feel ignored, and soon she started dating other men. Ted loses out at work for the same reason. His inability to listen to others makes him unpopular with many of the people he most admires.

These smart, well-intentioned people struggle in their attempt to connect with others. The sad thing is that they are unaware of the nonverbal messages they communicate.

[Read: Tips for Building a Healthy Relationship]

If you want to communicate effectively, avoid misunderstandings, and enjoy solid, trusting relationships both socially and professionally, it’s important to understand how to use and interpret body language and improve your nonverbal communication skills.

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Nonverbal communication is a rapidly flowing back-and-forth process that requires your full focus on the moment-to-moment experience. If you’re planning what you’re going to say next, checking your phone, or thinking about something else, you’re almost certain to miss nonverbal cues and not fully understand the subtleties of what’s being communicated. As well as being fully present, you can improve how you communicate nonverbally by learning to manage stress and developing your emotional awareness.

Learn to manage stress in the moment

Stress compromises your ability to communicate. When you’re stressed out, you’re more likely to misread other people, send confusing or off-putting nonverbal signals, and lapse into unhealthy knee-jerk patterns of behavior. And remember: emotions are contagious. If you are upset, it is very likely to make others upset, thus making a bad situation worse.

If you’re feeling overwhelmed by stress, take a time out. Take a moment to calm down before you jump back into the conversation. Once you’ve regained your emotional equilibrium, you’ll feel better equipped to deal with the situation in a positive way.

The fastest and surest way to calm yourself and manage stress in the moment is to employ your senses—what you see, hear, smell, taste, and touch—or through a soothing movement. By viewing a photo of your child or pet, smelling a favorite scent, listening to a certain piece of music, or squeezing a stress ball, for example, you can quickly relax and refocus. Since everyone responds differently, you may need to experiment to find the sensory experience that works best for you.

Develop your emotional awareness

In order to send accurate nonverbal cues, you need to be aware of your emotions and how they influence you. You also need to be able to recognize the emotions of others and the true feelings behind the cues they are sending. This is where emotional awareness comes in.

[Read: Improving Emotional Intelligence (EQ)]

Being emotionally aware enables you to:

• Accurately read other people, including the emotions they’re feeling and the unspoken messages they’re sending.
• Create trust in relationships by sending nonverbal signals that match up with your words.
• Respond in ways that show others that you understand and care.

Many of us are disconnected from our emotions—especially strong emotions such as anger, sadness, fear—because we’ve been taught to try to shut off our feelings. But while you can deny or numb your feelings, you can’t eliminate them. They’re still there and they’re still affecting your behavior. By developing your emotional awareness and connecting with even the unpleasant emotions, though, you’ll gain greater control over how you think and act. To start developing your emotional awareness, practice the mindfulness meditation in HelpGuide’s free Emotional Intelligence Toolkit .

Once you’ve developed your abilities to manage stress and recognize emotions, you’ll start to become better at reading the nonverbal signals sent by others. It’s also important to:

Pay attention to inconsistencies. Nonverbal communication should reinforce what is being said. Is the person saying one thing, but their body language conveying something else? For example, are they telling you “yes” while shaking their head no?

Look at nonverbal communication signals as a group. Don’t read too much into a single gesture or nonverbal cue. Consider all of the nonverbal signals you are receiving, from eye contact to tone of voice and body language. Taken together, are their nonverbal cues consistent—or inconsistent—with what their words are saying?

Trust your instincts. Don’t dismiss your gut feelings. If you get the sense that someone isn’t being honest or that something isn’t adding up, you may be picking up on a mismatch between verbal and nonverbal cues.

Evaluating nonverbal signals

Eye contact – Is the person making eye contact? If so, is it overly intense or just right?

Facial expression – What is their face showing? Is it masklike and unexpressive, or emotionally present and filled with interest?

Tone of voice – Does the person’s voice project warmth, confidence, and interest, or is it strained and blocked?

Posture and gesture – Is their body relaxed or stiff and immobile? Are their shoulders tense and raised, or relaxed?

Touch – Is there any physical contact? Is it appropriate to the situation? Does it make you feel uncomfortable?

Intensity – Does the person seem flat, cool, and disinterested, or over-the-top and melodramatic?

Timing and place – Is there an easy flow of information back and forth? Do nonverbal responses come too quickly or too slowly?

Sounds – Do you hear sounds that indicate interest, caring or concern from the person?

More Information

• About Nonverbal Communications - Different categories of nonverbal communication, along with a detailed list of signals. (Adam Blatner, M.D.)
• Body Language: Understanding Nonverbal Communication - Particularly as it applies to the workplace. (MindTools)
• Take Control of Your Nonverbal Communication (video) - How to notice and use body language. (Harvard Business Review)
• The Importance of Nonverbal Communication (PDF) - Piece by Edward G. Wertheim, Ph.D. about the communication process. (Northeastern University)

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What Is Nonverbal Communication And Why Is It Important?

Body language is often considered when communicating with another person. However, people may not discuss how nonverbal communication works, as it might feel like second nature. You may have heard that only 7% of communication is verbal. While this “rule” has largely been  disproven , nonverbal communication skills are often essential to social connection and understanding. Additionally, some communities, such as the deaf or hard-of-hearing community, tend to use nonverbal communication types more often than others do.

Nonverbal cues tend to go beyond tone of voice and include facial expressions, hand gestures, and eye contact, which can play a significant role in interpersonal relationships and help convey information without words. Understanding your subconscious nonverbal behaviors may offer insight into how others view you. When used intentionally, reading body language, facial expressions, and other nonverbal signals can be valuable and rewarding tools for improving communication skills and learning how to convey information effectively in various cultural contexts, including Western cultures.

What is nonverbal communication?

How you hold your body, sit, lie down, or stand may communicate meaning to other people. For example, if you are interested in a conversation, you may lean in toward the person talking. Reclining back in a chair or crossing your legs might show you are comfortable and relaxed. If you are fidgeting and restless, it could indicate negative emotions such as nervousness, impatience, or difficulty sitting still.

Nonverbal communication examples like aggressive posture might include standing close to another person, invading their personal space without consent, rapid arm movements when angry, or walking hurriedly toward another person with an angry expression. Your person's body language might also communicate attraction, sadness, or illness. For example, you might hunch over or lower your head when you are ill, conveying physical characteristics associated with other negative emotions. Understanding these types of nonverbal communication can help enhance our interactions with others and effectively convey our feelings within the context of physical space. 

Eye contact

In some cases, eye contact may be perceived as a non verbal communication indicator. For example, if you are actively listening to someone, you might make eye contact to signal you’re paying attention. On the other hand, holding eye contact for an extended period might make someone feel uncomfortable.

Some individuals struggle with eye contact, such as those on the autism spectrum. However, studies on adults with autism show that when an autistic person makes eye contact, the processing centers of their brain deactivate, indicating that eye contact may not signify listening skills for everyone. Autistic adults and children may listen better and feel more comfortable not making eye contact. This demonstrates the importance of understanding both verbal communication and nonverbal communications in various contexts, as people may express their engagement and understanding differently beyond spoken words. 

Facial expressions 

There are many ways that your facial expressions may communicate the emotions you feel to the people around you. Smiling can let people know that you are happy or friendly. Frowning often communicates that you are sad, irritated, or concerned. Furrowing your eyebrows can make you look angry or focused. 

Often, facial expressions may be misinterpreted. In these cases, verbal language might be a tool to explain what one is feeling without assumptions. 

The hand gestures that you make may add to a conversation, allowing you to communicate with someone without having to speak out loud. For example, you might point at something to indicate importance or gesture to increase the importance of a statement you’re making. 

When using American Sign Language (ASL), the way you gesture may communicate the emotion that goes along with the words you are signing. You might gesture more hurriedly if you’re stressed or out of time or slowly if you’re trying to make an essential point. 

Personal space

The amount of space you leave between you and someone else may also communicate your feelings. When two people sit very closely together with little space between them, it can show that they are in a close relationship. Alternately, if a person purposefully puts a lot of space between them and someone else, they might feel uncomfortable with physical closeness, or wish to end the conversation. 

Physical touch can communicate several emotions. You might show compassion and empathy for someone by hugging them when they are sad. You may give a high-five to someone to show that you support them and are celebrating with them. Or you might tap someone on the shoulder to get their attention if they are turned away from you. 

Touch can be harmful, as well. For example, people might try to hug or kiss someone without consent. In some cases, physical touch can be used out of anger, such as punching, hitting, or kicking. These behaviors are abusive. 

If you are facing or witnessing abuse of any kind, the National Domestic Violence Hotline is available 24/7 for support. Call 1-800-799-SAFE (7233) or text “START” to 88788. You can also use the online chat.  

Assistive technology

Assistive technology is sometimes used to make verbal speech without actually speaking. Some individuals, including individuals living with autism and those with a mental or physical condition affecting speech, may experience selective or uncontrollable mutism. 

An app, or assistive device, may speak for these individuals by reading the words typed on a screen or selected through image queues out loud. In some cases, the technology may come with an eye tracker that allows individuals with paralysis to converse by looking at the words or letters they want to say. Although the words are spoken verbally, they are spoken by a machine prompted by the individual instead of by voice.  

Sign language

American Sign Language involves hand gestures and movements, sometimes accompanied by lip movements or verbal speech. Often, those who utilize ASL are deaf or hard of hearing. However, not everyone that uses it is. Those who experience mutism may also use ASL. 

ASL is a fully formed language that can communicate as much as verbal language. This language may be the only language used by some people. Each country may have its own form of sign language.

Cultural differences 

In different cultures, nonverbal communication can have varying connotations. For example, sitting close to someone in one culture may indicate attraction, while in other cultures, it could be normal or preferred, including among strangers. Smiling can also be interpreted differently depending on the country you are in. While a smile is considered friendly and inviting in some places, other locations may consider it rude, inconsiderate, or threatening. 

Why is nonverbal communication important?

The  importance of communication  in a relationship is immeasurable. While communication is often verbal, nonverbal communication can support a verbal message or communicate what is going unsaid. Additionally, it may be the only form of communication for some individuals. 

It helps people understand what you’re saying

If you are saying something important and are using serious facial expressions and direct gestures, it may help someone know to listen carefully. Additionally, smiling and nodding your head approvingly may communicate friendliness and agreeableness, which can help you make a positive first impression at job interviews or with a new friend. 

It can show confidence

Body language may convey confidence, which is often  considered attractive . You may portray confidence by keeping your shoulders back, your head up, and making eye contact with another person. Your body language could hide these emotions even if you feel scared or timid. 

It can help you make a positive first impression

It has been found that people may make their first  impression  of you in the first seven seconds after meeting you. You may not have been able to say anything verbally in those first seven seconds of meeting someone. For this reason, they might determine your trustworthiness through your body language. 

Learning to read nonverbal communication in others

When people are talking to you, you might try to look for nonverbal cues as you listen to see if their facial expressions communicate the same message as their words. It may help to pay attention to the position of their body as well as to their gestures. These nonverbal cues may help you understand their emotions or thoughts. 

Learning to read nonverbal communication may help you discern when another person may be trying to take advantage of you or lie. For example, they might have an off-putting posture while expressing an urge to connect. Trust your instincts. If something feels unsafe, it might be. 

How to improve nonverbal communication

Nonverbal communication is a skill you may learn and develop throughout your life. There are a few ways to improve this skill. 

Think about your physical reactions

Pay attention to your physical reaction as a result of your emotions. If you are stressed, you might not want to communicate that to the person with whom you’re talking. For example, if you’re at a job interview and aren’t feeling particularly happy, you might want to avoid slouching, holding your head down, or furrowing your brow. Instead, you could indicate confidence by:

Nodding your head

Sitting up straight

Smiling every so often

Laughing when possible 

Using hand gestures

Learning to recognize your natural physical responses may help you learn how to catch and correct them before communicating a message that you don’t want to communicate to others.

Get in touch with your emotions

Getting in touch with your emotions may help you control your nonverbal responses. It can be harder to choose what body language to use if you don’t know how you’re feeling, or feel that your body acts without your consent. 

The  basic emotions  include happiness, sadness, fear, and anger. Learning how to recognize the signs of these emotions can help you learn how to control your nonverbal communication.

Practice in front of a mirror

If you haven’t thought about what you’re communicating through your body language, you may be unaware of the signals you send to other people. You may find it helpful to practice meaningful conversations in front of a mirror so you can see what you’re communicating nonverbally.

If this exercise feels unnatural, you might try recording a conversation with a friend to see how you interact with them. If you sit still, fidget often, or appear to be zoning out, it may indicate a chance to change your nonverbal cues. 

You can practice working through situations that happen to you regularly to watch your responses. This exercise can help you look for areas you may need to tweak to improve your communication efforts.

Counseling to improve communication 

You may benefit from professional support if you’d like to learn more about nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication is something that can be improved, both through self-reflection and the guidance of a counselor. Talking with a therapist may help you improve your verbal and nonverbal communication skills. They might also help you understand different types of nonverbal communication, which may help you discern how other people feel in certain situations.

If you are nervous about meeting a new counselor, consider online therapy. Online counseling allows you to meet from a safe location, such as your home. Additionally, depending on your preferences, you can meet with your therapist over video chat, phone call, or live chat. With virtual therapy through platforms like  BetterHelp , video sessions may allow a therapist to observe your nonverbal communication.  Many studies  have shown that online therapy is just as effective as in-person therapy.

How you communicate with others, verbally and nonverbally, can play a significant role in the relationships in your life. If you are interested in learning more about nonverbal communication, consider speaking with a licensed counselor. You don’t have to experience a mental health condition to speak with a therapist, as counseling can be utilized as a tool for self-improvement. With BetterHelp, you can be matched with a licensed counselor who has experience helping people with nonverbal communication and other social skills. Take the first step toward improving your communication skills and contact BetterHelp today.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What Are The 5 Examples Of Non Verbal Communication? What Are The 8 Types Of Nonverbal Communication? What Are The Examples Of Verbal Communication? What Is Non Verbal Communication?

How do you differentiate verbal communication from non verbal communication? What are the 9 Elements of non verbal communication? What is the most common non verbal communication? What is positive nonverbal communication? Why is nonverbal communication important? How does nonverbal communication work? What is another word for non verbal? Where is non verbal communication used? How do you develop nonverbal communication? What are the characteristics of nonverbal communication? Why is nonverbal communication the most powerful?

• The Seven “Universal” Facial Expressions Medically reviewed by Julie Dodson , MA
• Body Language
• Relationships and Relations

Nonverbal Communication Skills: 19 Theories & Findings

In it, he introduces the concept of dramaturgy, which compares everyday social interactions to actors’ portrayals of characters, suggesting that one’s social interactions are analogous to a string of varying performances (Ritzer, 2021).

Goffman’s work also included the concept of impression management. The key to impression management includes appearance; your manner of interacting; and the attitudes conveyed through gestures, facial expressions, and nonverbal skills (Ritzer, 2021).

William Shakespeare said, “All the world’s a stage.”

I’m not a trained actor, but teaching public speaking courses has made me aware that audiences seem to prefer speakers who use a variety of hand gestures. These gestures signify the speaker as “warm, agreeable, and energetic” (Goman, 2021).

Just that nugget of information has taught me to incorporate hand gestures to develop my public speaking skills.

What other nonverbal communication skills enhance daily interactions?

Before you continue, we thought you might like to download our three Positive Communication Exercises (PDF) for free . These science-based tools will help you and those you work with build better social skills and better connect with others.

This Article Contains:

What is nonverbal communication, 9 types of nonverbal communication skills, is nonverbal communication important, 2 psychology theories and models, 8 fascinating research findings, importance in counseling and healthcare, resources from positivepsychology.com, a take-home message.

Nonverbal communication is a way to convey information “achieved through facial expressions, gestures, touching (haptics), physical movements (kinesics), posture, body adornment (clothes, jewelry, hairstyle, tattoos, etc.), and even the tone, timbre, and volume of an individual’s voice (rather than spoken content)” (Navarro & Karlins, 2008, p. 2–4).

In this YouTube video, Joe Navarro explains several nonverbal communication cues, exposes some myths, and discusses his work with nonverbal communication in law enforcement.

Marco Iacoboni (2008, p. 81), author of Mirroring People , takes it a step further, stating that “gestures accompanying speech have a dual role of helping the speakers to express their thoughts and helping the listeners/viewers understand what is being said.”

To competently read body language, Navarro and Karlins (2008) provide suggestions such as rigorous observation and a familiarity with the person’s baseline behaviors. They also recommend watching for changes, or ‘tells.’

Navarro and Karlins (2008) advise becoming familiar with universal behaviors and contextualizing nonverbal cues. However, cultural norms could inhibit rigorous observation.

Characteristics of nonverbal communication

The United States is considered a low-context communication culture (MacLachlan, 2010). This means that much of the information in a message comes directly from words rather than through implication or body language.

This style of communication involves lots of verbal detail so as not to confuse listeners. Low-context cultures rely less on nonverbal communication, which can obscure or censor portions of the message.

Nonverbal communication is culturally determined, and it is largely unconscious. It indicates the speaker’s emotional state. When nonverbal cues conflict with the verbal message, it may convey confusion or deception (Navarro & Karlins, 2008).

Finally, nonverbal communication varies by gender and displays power differentials, information effective leaders can use to influence others (Hybels & Weaver, 2015; Henley, 1977).

Nonverbal communication of successful leaders

It’s essential for leaders to read body language, also known as decoding. Deciphering between engagement (e.g., nodding, tilting the head, open body postures) and disengagement (e.g., body tilting away, crossed arms and legs) can be the difference between success and failure (Goman, 2021).

Successful actors could be considered professional first-impression artists. Like actors, leaders often find themselves center stage; they must learn the art of creating first impressions.

Subjective awareness and the ability to express yourself nonverbally are known as encoding – crucial for positive first impressions. Advice from professional actors includes a maintaining a pleasant facial expression, good posture, pausing, breathing, relaxing, and avoiding hiding your hands (Shellenbarger, 2018).

This video , 8 Things Successful People Do to Look Confident , provides quick tips for confident body language even if you’re not feeling confident.

First impressions are said to be formed in less than seven seconds (Goman, 2021). In this short time, others formulate labels such as “powerful,” “submissive,” or “trustworthy.” Evolved leaders incorporate mindfulness to help.

Naz Beheshti (2018) states, “Evolved leaders… use nonverbal tools mindfully and deliberately to reinforce their message.” She goes on to say, “this lifts the value of your communication and your value as a leader” (Beheshti, 2018).

Awareness of self, others, and the situation (mindfulness) allows us to ensure that our gestures and body language align with our spoken words. This creates congruence and generates trustworthiness (Beheshti, 2018; Newberg & Waldman, 2013).

This means we are analyzing several, simultaneous nonverbal cues. A frustrated person may tap their foot, cross their arms, and tightly squeeze their biceps (Jones, 2013). These clusters may cross over and include a variety of nonverbal categories, summarized below.

1. Kinesics

Kinesics is the study of how we move our body, specifically the head, hands, body, and arms (Jones, 2013). This includes sending messages through facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, and posture.

Haptics is the study of touch or coming into physical contact with another person (Hybels & Weaver, 2015). Throughout history, touch has been surrounded by mystery and taboo. We are perplexed by healing touch and riveted by stories of infants who perished due to lack of touch. Touch can denote relationship, status, power, and personality (Henley, 1977).

Cultural norms dictate guidelines regarding touch. Mindfulness regarding social and environmental settings is prudent. We greet a friend at an informal party differently than we would greet a boss or coworker in a professional setting.

3. Proxemics

The study of space and distance is called proxemics, and it analyzes how people use the space around them (Hybels & Weaver, 2015).

This YouTube video is a fun demonstration of students completing a school project on personal space and the discomfort felt by both humans and animals when social norms are violated.

4. Territory

Territory is often used to display power or reveal a lack thereof.

“'[P]osture expansiveness,’ positioning oneself in a way that opens up the body and takes up space, activated a sense of power that produced behavioral changes in a subject independent of their actual rank or role in an organization” (Goman, 2021).

Expansiveness conveys power.

5. Environment

Environment includes objects we use to adorn ourselves and the artifacts we surround ourselves with in order to create an impression. These objects provide nonverbal cues that help others form impressions (Jones, 2013).

6. Paralinguistics

Paralinguistics, also known as vocalics, is the study of how we speak and involves pitch, volume, rate of speech, tone, quality, tempo, resonance, rhythm, and articulation to help determine the context of the message (Jones, 2013).

7. Chronemics

Chronemics is the study of time, including how it is used. Nancy Henley (1977, p. 43), author of Body Politics: Power, Sex & Nonverbal Communication , asserts “Time is far from a neutral philosophical/physical concept in our society: it is a political weapon.”

Henley (1977, p. 47) describes the concept of “ritual waiting,” stating, “The more important the person, the longer we will ungrudgingly wait for the service or honor of attention.”

8. Attractiveness

The power of drawing attention to oneself doesn’t rely on physical appeal alone. Although facial symmetry and fashion of adornment are important (Jones, 2013), people who master good eye contact, have a lively face, offer encouragement, and use open gestures are also considered attractive (Kuhnke, 2012).

9. Olfactics

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Nonverbal communication is very important, as you could reveal unintentional information, as well as cause your communication to be misinterpreted.

Leakage: Unintentional messages

Teaching social–emotional skills to incarcerated people provided me with a powerful lesson about the nuances of nonverbal communication. On a particularly challenging day, I thought it wise to meditate and center myself prior to entering the jail. However, upon seeing me, the people inside began inquiring what was going on with me. What did they detect?

Nonverbal leakage can be shown through micro-expressions, which are “very fast facial movements lasting 1/25 to 1/5 of a second” and indicate a person’s real feelings (Ekman, 2003, p. 214).

This YouTube video is the opening scene of the series Lie to Me , based on the work of Paul Ekman regarding micro-expressions.

Varying statistics on the value of nonverbal communication may cause concern for those less practiced, but which statistics are accurate?

Crossed messages

The original research from Mehrabian and Ferris (1967) regarding nonverbal communication is widely interpreted. Elizabeth Kuhnke (2012, p. 10), author of Body Language for Dummies , interprets the study, saying, “55% of the emotional message in face-to-face communication results from body language.”

A nonverbal communication formula often cited is 7–38–55, which indicates 7% of the message comes from words, 38% vocal, and 55% facial. However, Lapakko (2007) believes this formula is reckless, faulty, and misleading. Sometimes the nonverbal elements of a message, such as gestures with directions, are incredibly important, and at other times incidental.

In addition, what something “means” in communication is connected to such variables as culture, history of the relationship, people’s intentions, personal experiences, time of day and specific words used. It would be naive to suggest all these nuances could be neatly quantified, and therefore attributing a precise formula to nonverbal communication is flawed in many ways.

So regardless of statistics and formulas, we know that nonverbal communication is essential and that people skilled at both reading and interpreting body language tend to enjoy greater success in life than those not skilled (Goleman, 1997).

Basic emotion theory

Basic emotion theory (BET) posits that emotions are a “grammar of social living” that situate us in the social and moral order of society (Keltner, Sauter, Tracy, & Cowen, 2019, p. 133). In addition, emotions structure interactions, particularly in relationships that matter. BET is integral to emotional expression.

Foundational to BET is the assumption that emotional expressions coordinate social interactions in three ways:

• Through rapid conveyance of important information to aid in decision making
• To evoke specific responses
• To serve as incentives for others’ actions

This is accomplished through reward systems such as parents smiling and caressing a child who exhibits specific behaviors (Keltner et al., 2019).

BET initially focused on six basic emotions. Literature reveals there are over 20 emotions with distinct, multimodal expressions, providing a deeper structure and highlighting the advancing nature of emotional expression (Keltner et al., 2019).

Neural resonance

Two people who like each other will mirror each other’s facial expressions, gestures, postures, vocalics, and movements. This is known as neural resonance, and it aids the accurate transfer of information from one person to another (Newberg & Waldman, 2013).

To fully understand what another is saying, “you have to listen to and observe the other person as deeply and fully as possible” (Newberg & Waldman, 2013, p. 81). Neural resonance uses mirror neurons to create cooperation, empathy, and trust.

Studying nonverbal communication is revealing and intriguing. Most experts will include aspects such as eyes, facial expressions, and hands, but digging deeper reveals less-acknowledged nonverbal nuggets.

1. The benefits of yawning

Yawning is one of the fastest and simplest ways to lower mental stress and anxiety (Waldman & Manning, 2017). Social norms dictate that we refrain from yawning in specific settings, but yawning has many benefits. Did you know that snipers are taught to yawn before pulling the trigger (Waldman & Manning, 2017)?

According to Waldman and Manning (2017), yawning stimulates alertness and concentration; optimizes brain activity and metabolism; improves cognitive functioning; increases recall, consciousness, and introspection; decreases stress and relaxes the upper body; recalibrates a sense of timing; enhances social awareness and empathy; and increases sensuality and pleasure.

2. Feet don’t lie

According to Navarro and Karlins (2008), the most honest part of our body is our feet, as demonstrated by small children who dance with happiness or stomp in frustration. Many people look to the face for truth; Navarro and Karlins take the opposite approach:

“When it comes to honesty, truthfulness decreases as we move from the feet to the head” (Navarro & Karlins, 2008, p. 56), reasoning that emotions are suppressed through fabricated facial expression.

3. Gestures that help

Gestures improve memory and comprehension skills. Gestures may convey information that can influence how listeners respond, depending on the hand being used. “We tend to express positive ideas with our dominant hand and negative ideas with the other hand” (Newberg & Waldman, 2013, p. 44).

4. The eyes have it

“Social network circuits are stimulated through face-to-face eye contact, decreasing cortisol, and increasing oxytocin. The result is increased empathy, social cooperation, and positive communication” (Newberg & Waldman, 2013, p. 135).

Eyes reveal a lot about us. When we are aroused, troubled, concerned, or nervous, our blink rate increases. Once we relax, our blink rate returns to normal (Navarro & Karlins, 2008).

5. Power posing for success

Body language affects how others see us and how we view ourselves. In this YouTube video, Amy Cuddy discusses her research on power posing and how it affects success.

Amy Cuddy’s book is also discussed in our article listing books on imposter syndrome .

6. Fingers crossed

One explanation of the origin of crossing fingers for good luck comes from early beliefs in the power of the cross. The intersection of the digits, epitomizing the cross, was thought to denote a concentration of good spirits and served to anchor a wish until it came true (Keyser, 2014).

7. Fake positivity is harmful

Positivity that doesn’t register in your body or heart can be harmful. According to Barbara Fredrickson (2009, p. 180), “fake smiles, just like sneers of anger, predict heart wall collapse.” To truly benefit from a smile, touch, or embrace, you need to slow down and make it heartfelt.

8. Stand up straight

Poor posture can reduce oxygen intake by 30%, resulting in less energy (Gordon, 2003). Stooping over can make us look and feel old and out of touch. By straightening up, we can make significant differences in how we think and feel. The effect is bi-directional; attitude influences posture, just as posture influences attitude.

Good rapport between clients and practitioners stems from mirroring and synchronicity associated with neural resonance (Finset & Piccolo, 2011; Newberg & Waldman, 2013).

Carl Rogers’s Client-Centered Therapy is based on an empathetic understanding of clients. Nonverbal communication provides valuable information for both the client and the therapist. Showing you like and accept a client may be the most important information a therapist can convey (Finset & Piccolo, 2011).

Nonverbal patterns in therapy evolve over time. Specific behaviors that further the therapeutic process include “a moderate amount of head nodding and smiling; frequent, but not staring, eye contact; active, but not extreme, facial responsiveness; and a warm, relaxed, interested vocal tone” (Finset & Piccolo, 2011, p. 122).

Conscious awareness of nonverbal cues can aid in rapport building. Leaning toward the other signals comfort, whereas leaning away or crossing your arms signals discomfort (Navarro & Karlins, 2008).

Torsos and shoulder blades seem innocuous; however, blading away (turning slightly) from another person shows discomfort, while blading toward or facing another squarely shows a level of comfort (Navarro & Karlins, 2008).

Open palms are an ancient sign of trustworthiness that help establish rapport and are considered nonthreatening (Kuhnke, 2012). Hidden hands (placed in pockets or behind backs) signal disconnection and reluctance to engage. To display respect, keep an open posture with your muscles relaxed and weight evenly distributed.

Mirroring and matching go a long way to show synchronicity. Be careful to avoid mimicry, which signals disrespect (Kuhnke, 2012). Too much of a good thing can jeopardize credibility. An extended, fixed gaze into another’s eyes or effortful smiling can seem awkward, or worse.

This short YouTube video explains the dynamics of fluctuating facial expressions, based on the work of Charles Darwin and Paul Ekman.

This Silent Connections worksheet is an exercise for groups that combines mindfulness and nonverbal communication to build connections.

Someone who lacks the ability to make eye contact during conversation can be easily misinterpreted. To overcome this nonverbal communication issue, our Strategies for Maintaining Eye Contact can be very useful.

Our blog post 49 Communication Activities, Exercises, and Games includes six nonverbal communication activities for adults and three nonverbal exercises that work for families and children.

The blog post What Is Assertive Communication? 10 Real-Life Examples includes nonverbal qualities that complement and enhance assertive statements. Hints for eye contact, facial expressions, and posture can be found throughout.

In the blog post Cultivating Social Intelligence : 3 Ways to Understand Others , we discuss characteristics of social intelligence, including body language.

If you’re looking for more science-based ways to help others communicate better, this collection contains 17 validated positive communication tools for practitioners. Use them to help others improve their communication skills and form deeper and more positive relationships.

17 Exercises To Develop Positive Communication

17 Positive Communication Exercises [PDF] to develop help others develop communication skills for successful social interactions and positive, fulfilling relationships.

Created by Experts. 100% Science-based.

Nonverbal communication is an essential communication skill. Nonverbal expertise aids in delivering clear messages and forming positive impressions. It doesn’t have to be a big gesture to make a difference. Gently stroking the hand of a grieving friend speaks volumes.

Viewing life as a series of dramatic performances, as implied by both Shakespeare and Goffman, can add a sense of intrigue and adventure to enhancing nonverbal communication. These essential skills will help us achieve goals.

Just as the highly motivated thespian will study and polish their craft, anyone wanting to succeed in their career or interpersonal relationships can study and practice the nuances of nonverbal communication.

Actors and public speakers often practice their craft in front of a mirror or videotape themselves to reflect on strengths and weaknesses.

This article includes a myriad of resources to help improve nonverbal communication skills with many additional resources available.

By starting with something as simple as posture, we exit stage right, headed toward the competency of center stage. Break a leg!

We hope you enjoyed reading this article. Don’t forget to download our three Positive Communication Exercises (PDF) for free .

• Beheshti, N. (2018, September 20). The power of mindful nonverbal communication. Forbes . Retrieved April 26, 2021, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/nazbeheshti/2018/09/20/beyond-language-the-power-of-mindful-nonverbal-communication/?sh=6f40b3d71501
• Ekman, P. (2003). Emotions revealed: Recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life . Holt Paperbacks.
• Finset, A., & Piccolo, L. D. (2011). Nonverbal communication in clinical contexts. In M. Rimondini (Ed.), Communication in cognitive-behavioral therapy (pp. 107–128).  Springer Science + Business Media.
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2009). Positivity . Crown Publishing Group.
• Goffman, E. (1956). The presentation of self in everyday life . University of Edinburgh.
• Goleman, D. (1997). Emotional intelligence . Bantam Trade Paperback.
• Goman, C. K. (2018, August 26). 5 Ways body language impacts leadership results. Forbes. Retrieved May 1, 2021, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/carolkinseygoman/2018/08/26/5-ways-body-language-impacts-leadership-results/?sh=5c1b235c536a
• Gordon, J. (2003). Energy addict: 101 Physical, mental, & spiritual ways to energize your life . Berkley Publishing Group.
• Henley, N. M. (1977). Body politics: Power, sex and nonverbal communication . Simon & Schuster.
• Hybels, S., & Weaver, R. L. (2015). Communicating effectively . McGraw-Hill Education.
• Iacoboni, M. (2008). Mirroring people: The new science of how we connect with others . Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
• Jones, R. (2013). Communication in the real world: An introduction to communication studies . University of Minnesota Libraries.
• Keltner, D., Sauter, D., Tracy, J., & Cowen, A. (2019). Emotional expression: Advances in basic emotion theory. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 43 (3), 133–160.
• Keyser, H. (2014, March 21). Why do we cross our fingers for good luck? Mental Floss . Retrieved May 27, 2021, from https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/55702/why-do-we-cross-our-fingers-good-luck
• Kuhnke, E. (2012). Body language for dummies . John Wiley & Sons.
• Lapakko, D. (2007). Communication is 93% nonverbal: An urban legend proliferates. Communication and Theater Association of Minnesota Journal , 34 (2), 7–19.
• MacLachlan, M. (2010, February 12). Cross-cultural communication styles: High and low context. Communicaid. Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://www.communicaid.com/cross-cultural-training/blog/high-and-low-context/
• Mehrabian, A., & Ferris, S. R. (1967). Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels.  Journal of Consulting Psychology, 31 (3), 248–252.
• Navarro, J., & Karlins, M. P. (2008). What every body is saying . Harper-Collins.
• Newberg, A. M., & Waldman, M. R. (2013). Words can change your brain . Avery.
• Ritzer, G. (2021). Essentials of sociology (4th ed.). SAGE.
• Shellenbarger, S. (2018, January 30). The mistakes you make in a meeting’s first milliseconds. Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 22, 2021, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-mistakes-you-make-in-a-meetings-first-milliseconds-1517322312
• Waldman, M. R., & Manning, C. P. (2017). NeuroWisdom: The new brain science of money, happiness, and success . Diversion Books.

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Home — Essay Samples — Sociology — Nonverbal Communication — The Impact of Nonverbal Communication

The Impact of Nonverbal Communication

• Categories: Nonverbal Communication

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Published: Jan 31, 2024

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Table of contents

Definition and types of nonverbal communication, functions and purposes of nonverbal communication, cultural influences on nonverbal communication, nonverbal communication in professional settings.

• Smith, A. (2019). The Importance of Nonverbal Communication in Professional Settings. Journal of Business Communication, 45(3), 289-302.
• Garcia, R. (2020). Cross-Cultural Communication: Understanding Nonverbal Cues. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(2), 165-178.
• Brown, P. & Levinson, S. (2018). Nonverbal Communication and Culture. Cambridge University Press.

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Nonverbal Communication: Types, Importance And Examples

Have you seen The Dying Swan, the signature solo dance performance by legendary ballerina Anna Pavlova? It expresses the pain…

Have you seen The Dying Swan , the signature solo dance performance by legendary ballerina Anna Pavlova? It expresses the pain and struggle of a dying swan trying to survive. As the graceful Pavlova trembles and finally collapses under the weight of melancholy, the passion and the beauty of the performance tugs at the heartstrings of the audience.

Have you heard about miming? It is the theatrical technique of expressing an idea or mood of a character entirely by gesture and body movements. Marcel Marceau, the celebrated French actor and mime artist, described mime as the ‘Art of Silence’.

At the heart of the powerful performances by Pavlova and Marceau lies strong and aesthetic nonverbal communication.

What Is Nonverbal Communication?

When you don’t want to take part in a particular conversation, you may look the other way. Without uttering a word, you convey, “I am not interested.”

Nonverbal communication is conveying your message through gestures, postures, signals, or clues. In our personal and professional lives, we give and receive countless nonverbal clues every day.

Types Of Nonverbal Communication

Let us explore the types of nonverbal communication.

Body language:

Body language is an effective means of nonverbal communication. You can tell a lot about a person from their facial expressions, body posture, gestures, eye movement, and use of space. One of the best-known examples is actor Amitabh Bachchan whose effective body language gave an aura to his angry young man persona in his early films.

Learn to read the body language of people around you by noticing their postures and gestures.

Eye contact:

Eyes are an effective communication tool to convey messages without saying a word. Eye contact says a lot about a person. For instance, those who avoid eye contact are often perceived as shy or less confident.

It is said that actor Irrfan Khan spoke a thousand words with his eyes. “I’m just beguiled by Irrfan’s magic eyes,” Hollywood star Tom Hanks once said.

Facial expressions:

From a lip movement to the raising of eyebrows and shifting of the glance, our facial expressions convey a wide range of emotions.  Some facial expressions are very powerful. For instance, a smile makes any situation easier to handle.

A gesture is another form of nonverbal communication. Different gestures could mean different things in different situations.

Have you seen people communicate using sign language? Every hand gesture means something. Even during regular conversations, most of us knowingly or unknowingly use certain gestures such as nodding or giving a thumbs-up or high five.

Para-linguistics:

Para-linguistics means vocal communication through the tone, pitch, and volume of your voice. Remember the community tennis matches held on the weekends? The way your sister came shouting, you knew she had won the match.

“The most important thing in communication is hearing what isn’t said,” said Peter Drucker, a well-known management consultant.  

Examples Of Nonverbal Communication

Let’s look at an example of nonverbal communication.

Hitesh works in an ad agency. He is always given the first preference for final presentations, and his colleagues wonder why. The reason is that his manager knows that in addition to content creation, Hitesh has excellent nonverbal communication skills. His body language exudes confidence and his habit of making eye contact and his gestures express trust and clarity.

Teachers, actors, lawyers, TV anchors, journalists, or salespeople, who communicate with their students, audience or customers regularly, need to have excellent nonverbal communication.

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Empathetic nonverbal communication is the secret ingredient of happy relationships and has the power to clear misunderstandings.

Importance Of Nonverbal Communication

Here’s how nonverbal communication helps. It:

Adds value to verbal communication

Helps overcome cultural barriers

Helps communicate with the nonliterate or people with a hearing disability

Increases workplace efficiency

Reinforces trust and credibility

You will be an effective communicator if you pay attention to yours as well as other people’s body language.

Harappa Education’s Speaking Effectively course is thoughtfully designed to help you use nonverbal cues to speak powerfully. The course will also tell you about Aristotle’s Appeals—the three appeals of reasoning, credibility, and emotion—besides giving insights through other interesting facts and examples. ( https://bettysco.com/ )

Explore blogs on topics such as effective communication , barriers of communication, types of verbal communication , forms of communication , and verbal and nonverbal communication in our Harappa Diaries section to make your world of work better.

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A Model for Effective Nonverbal Communication between Nurses and Older Patients: A Grounded Theory Inquiry

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Nonverbal communication is an inevitable art to be effectively mastered by nurses. Nurse nonverbal communication has many benefits when it is effective. For instance, nonverbal communication is important to convey affective and emotional information, and demonstrate respect for and build therapeutic relationships with older patients. As the older population is growing fast worldwide, effective nonverbal communication with older patients is an essential skill for nurses and will improve patients’ satisfaction and the quality of care. Therefore, this article presents a model to guide effective nonverbal communication between nurses and older patients. A Grounded Theory approach guided the study. Data were collected between July 2018 and January 2020 through overt participant observations and individual interviews. Purposive and theoretical sampling were used to select 13 clinically experienced nurses, 4 nursing students, and 8 older adults. Data analysis encompassed open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The results showed that effective nonverbal communication emerged as the co-phenomenon hinged within context and/or environment and is influenced by certain factors. This model, which is in support of person-centered communication and care, advocates for effective nonverbal communication between nurses and older patients.

1. Introduction

Worldwide, older adults account for 1.05 billion people, with 74.4 million in African countries with the expectation to reach 235.1 million by 2050 [ 1 ]. In sub-Saharan Africa, the burden of geriatric diseases is growing, with more older adults requiring geriatric healthcare services and frequent hospitalization with longer stays [ 2 , 3 ]. This is especially the case in sub-Saharan Africa where there are few long-term care settings [ 4 ]. With hearing deficits, changes in attention and coding of information, and restrictions in interaction, participation, and effective verbal communication [ 5 ], nurses’ effective communication with older adults emerges as an essential skill in geriatric care [ 6 ].

Communication, which is important to understand older adults’ needs and support their health and well-being [ 7 ], is defined as the process of sending and receiving messages to share knowledge, attitudes, and skills [ 8 ]. It includes both verbal and nonverbal components, since it is not just the mere transmission of information [ 9 ]. While verbal communication denotes the transmission of messages through spoken words [ 8 ], nonverbal communication describes the reaction of the face, body, or voice, including what is expressed between each other [ 10 , 11 ]. Nonverbal communication is important to convey affective and emotional information, demonstrate respect for patients, and build therapeutic relationships with patients [ 12 , 13 ]. This makes nonverbal communication unique and more important for effective communication between nurses and older patients. When nurses enhance their communication skills, it improves patients’ satisfaction as well as the quality of care [ 14 , 15 ].

Communication, as one of the important aspects of caring for patients that affects all other aspects of care, should be given special attention [ 16 ]. To date, there are few nonverbal communication models identified to help nurses to communicate effectively with patients let alone older adults. The first model is SOLER (Square, Open, Lean, Eye contact, Relax) developed in 1975 by Eagan to describe effective body language employed to make others feel listened to. It only includes proxemics (use of space) and kinesics (movements of the body), and mostly focuses on interactions during a consultation, not during hospitalization [ 17 ]. The second model is SURETY (Sit at an angle, Uncross legs and arms, Relax, Eye contact, Touch, Your intuition), which criticizes and advances the SOLER model by including the use of touch, emphasizing the importance of individual intuition, and encouraging the inclusion of therapeutic space [ 18 ]. Although it includes proxemics, kinesics, and haptics (use of touch), it has been developed to encourage the inclusion of therapeutic space and intuition in verbal communication skills’ content. None of these models were intended for nurses’ effective nonverbal communication with older patients or were derived from the participants’ views on nonverbal communication between patients and nurses. Moreover, a model with consideration of nurses’ views is more likely to be appropriate and acceptable by nurses [ 19 ], because healthcare workers’ perspectives are important in determining effective strategies [ 20 ].

As of 2018 in Cameroon, the growing older population is translating to increased healthcare demand [ 2 ]. Unlike other African countries such as Mauritius, Seychelles, and South Africa, there is no national effort to develop long-term care settings in Cameroon [ 4 ]. As a result, older adults solely utilize hospital settings when requiring medical assistance [ 21 , 22 ] where nurses communicate more often with them. Additionally, Cameroon is one of the most linguistically fragmented countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with approximately 250 indigenous languages, apart from English and French which are both considered official languages [ 23 ]. As a result, it is less likely that a nurse speaks the same vernacular as an older patient who does not speak French or English. Although communication skills training and models do not necessarily ascertain that nurses will be skilled communicators [ 24 ], they might be helpful in assisting nurses to improve their nonverbal communication with the older adult population. As some of these older adults mostly rely on nonverbal communication because of their functional impairments [ 25 ], nurses need to be equipped, more than ever, with tools to improve their communication skills. Therefore, this paper aims to present a model for effective nonverbal communication between nurses and older patients.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. design.

The purpose of this study was to develop a model for effective nonverbal communication between nurses and older patients during hospitalization. It was for this reason that a qualitative Grounded Theory (GT) approach was followed [ 26 ]. GT was chosen because “it is a useful methodology for the study of interpersonal activities between nurses and patients and others because a social interaction is at the heart of the caring process in nursing” [ 27 ] (p. 16).

2.2. Study Settings and Context

The study took place in two public hospitals in the east and central regions of Cameroon, a low-and-middle-income country at the heart of the Gulf of Guinea in Central Africa [ 28 ]. Both hospitals are in the central level of the three-level pyramidal Cameroonian healthcare system. The first hospital was chosen because it is the only one with a geriatric unit in Cameroon. Similarly, the second was selected because it is a referral regional hospital. In both hospitals, older adults are admitted to adult wards with younger adults but are categorized according to their illness. In addition, both hospitals employ qualified nurses and nurse assistants, irrespective of registration status given that registration was not mandatory in Cameroon before 2022.

2.3. Study Participants and Sampling Methods

In keeping with GT, which aims to recruit participants with rich information on the phenomenon under investigation, purposive and later theoretical sampling were used. Firstly, 10 clinically experienced nurses who were involved in the day-to-day care of older adults admitted to the hospital, could articulate in English or French, and were willing to participate in the study were purposively sampled. Furthermore, 8 older adults who were not critically ill, could articulate in English or French, and expressed a willingness to participate in the study were also purposively sampled. Theoretical sampling included the recruitment of additional participants who cared for older patients. These were 2 middle unit managers, 4 undergraduate student nurses allocated for clinical placement in the selected hospitals, and 1 nurse assistant. We collected and analyzed data simultaneously as recommended in Grounded Theory; thereafter, we stopped recruiting and including participants when no additional information emerged from the analysis. All up, 17 nurses and 8 older patients were included in the study. Their characteristics are described in Table 1 .

Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants.

2.4. Data Collection

Data were collected between July 2018 and January 2020 through overt participant observations and individual interviews. The principal investigator commenced with a month-long observation of how nurses communicated nonverbally with older patients during different types of interactions. Such interactions were, but are not limited to, day-to-day nursing care-related tasks, social interactions, and health education interactions. The observations were recorded as field notes because no ethics permission was granted for video recording. Data from the observations guided the development of the initial interview guide which was used to conduct individual in-depth interviews with participants.

Only the nurses who were observed met the criteria to be interviewed. Therefore, the principal investigator approached them in the nursing station when they seemed free, verbally provided information about the study, and issued each with an information letter with the intention to obtain consent to be interviewed. Following this, those nurses who showed interest in participating in the study were booked for individual in-depth interview at times most convenient for them. The initial interviews captured the meaning and channels of nonverbal communication from the nurses’ perspectives. One open-ended question was asked: “How can you define nonverbal communication with older patients”? This was followed by probing questions that allowed the researcher to elicit more information, obtain more clarity, and confirm data captured during observations. Due to the constant comparative methods for data collection and analysis, interviews informed each other. Each individual interview, conducted in the participant’s preferred language, lasted between 50 min and 60 min. Subsequently, field notes were recorded during and after the interviews. Data saturation was achieved at interview 17 when no additional information emerged.

The same principles were followed to recruit and include older adults for interviews. A total of 47 older adults were referred to the study, but 13 did not meet the eligibility criteria. The remaining 34 older patients who met the inclusion criteria were individually approached at their bedside when they seemed free with no visitors nor care activities happening. The principal investigator introduced herself, explained the purpose of the study, and sought consent for participation in the study. Consent to be observed was provided by 29 older patients, of whom 8 were interviewed thereafter. Older adults who consented to participate in the study either agreed to be interviewed on the spot or preferred to make an appointment for a different time. The initial interviews with older adults captured their interpretation and understanding of nurse nonverbal communication. One open-ended question was asked: “How do you understand when a nurse communicates without saying a word?” This was also followed by probing questions for more clarity and to obtain additional information. The interviews with older adults also informed each other. Field notes were also taken during and after interviews. Data saturation was achieved at interview 8 when no additional information emerged.

2.5. Data Analysis

Data were analyzed by three researchers, who were all female and comprised a principal investigator and two academics with PhDs who have supervised graduate students following qualitative research methodology. None of the researchers worked or was working at the data collection site; therefore, they had no relationship with the participants. Data analysis encompassed open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, which seemed intertwined as the researchers moved back and forth between data collection and data analysis. The process is referred to as a constant comparative method by Strauss and Corbin [ 29 ]. This allowed the generation of increasingly focused questions, thus providing direction for subsequent interviews [ 30 ]. In addition, constant comparison was used throughout the study. The software NVIVO version 12 [ 31 ] was used to import transcripts, write memos, code conceptual categories, properties, and dimensions from the data, conduct data analysis, and refine the model.

Data were initially coded sentence-by-sentence during open coding to summarize and define emerging categories, paying special attention to the processes linking them. This was followed by axial coding, where data were reassembled and codes refined and categorized into categories and subcategories [ 32 ]. This allowed for a better understanding of the categories, with similar ones merged into higher-order categories. After creating concepts and categories from data in the open coding phase, the researchers continued to group categories and subcategories in the axial coding phase. The researchers then developed a category by specific conditions, context, and actions or interactions by which it was managed [ 33 ]. The researchers further refined a list of categories by carefully trying to merge or delete some of them after making possible connections. Categories were linked depending on their properties and dimensions. Some categories were named in words and phrased by the participants, while others were renamed by the researchers’ academic and professional knowledge and readings. These concepts are referred to as “literature-driven concepts” [ 29 ]. The researchers continued to code new data, re-examining and comparing the data until saturation was reached. Selective coding followed axial coding, which involved the process of selecting the core category “ effective nonverbal communication ”, systematically relating it to other categories, validating those relationships, and completing categories that needed further refinement and development; by following the process of reduction and comparison. The iterative nature of the data analysis process allowed the researchers to repeatedly ask questions while studying the data, in addition to using the “ waving a red flag ” technique , which allowed them to look beyond the obvious in the data [ 26 ]. The researchers were convinced that the model began to emerge as soon as the diverse properties began to integrate.

2.6. Ethical Considerations

Ethical approval (reference number HSS/2008/017D) to commence the research study was obtained from the University of KwaZulu-Natal Humanities and Social Sciences Research Ethics Committee. Permission was further obtained from the two participating hospitals. Following ethical approval requirements, before data collection, an information letter explaining the purpose and nature of the study was given to each participant. The participants were allowed to ask any questions before the voluntary signing to participate in the study, be observed, and be audio-recorded. The participants were informed that they may withdraw from the study at any time with no due penalty or repercussions. Furthermore, all participants were assured that no information provided by them would be shared with another person without their authorization. To maintain confidentiality, pseudonyms were used. Participants did not receive monetary benefits for participating in the study.

To ensure trustworthiness, the researchers used the criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability [ 34 ]. The credibility of the study was promoted by the researchers’ prior engagement with participants. Prolonged engagement was ensured by the establishment of relationships with participants during the study. Data analysis was audited by taking observational field notes regarding the context of the interviews, with peer debriefing conducted to confirm emerging categories and themes. Confirmability was ensured by triangulating data sources and validating audiotaped and transcribed transcripts against emerging categories and themes through constant comparison. Further, nine interviews were returned to participants who did not add much to what they originally said. Dependability was ensured by data quality checks with an expert in Grounded Theory, peer review of coding, and consultation with qualitative researchers to validate the codes and categories that emerged from the analysis. Finally, transferability was established by rich descriptions of the study context, informants, research procedures, and the provision of extracts from the interviews to enrich the findings.

3. Results and Discussion

The model was developed based on the findings from open coding, selective coding, and axial coding. Table 2 , Table 3 and Table 4 summarize the extracts from the participants and the observations, which served as a starting point to develop the model.

Extracts of the contextual conditions forming the basis for developing the model.

Extracts of the core phenomenon forming the basis for developing the model.

Extracts of the outcomes forming the basis for developing the model.

Additionally, Figure 1 indicates the elements of the model in line with Strauss and Corbin’s paradigm, which include the antecedents, the contextual conditions, the core phenomenon, the actions and interaction strategies, the intervening conditions, and the outcomes.

Summary of findings in line with Strauss and Corbin’s paradigm.

These elements ( Figure 1 ) were used as the foundation for the development of this model. Some of these elements were extensively described in other papers by the same lead author [ 35 , 36 ]. Hence, this paper focuses on the emerged model, to enhance nonverbal communication between nurses and hospitalized older adults.

We followed the components for developing a model, which include the purposes of the model, the concepts and their definitions, the structure of the model, and the assumptions of the model, as described by Chinn and Kramer [ 37 ].

3.1. Purpose of the Model

According to Chinn and Kramer [ 37 ], the purpose of the model justifies the context and situation in which the model applies. Although communication is bidirectional, nurses are responsible for its proper conduct [ 38 ]. Therefore, this model of effective nonverbal communication between nurses and older patients, in the context of this study, provides a framework that guides nurses to effectively communicate nonverbally with older adults in hospital settings. Furthermore, in-service training for nurses who were not part of this study can be developed based on the elements provided by this model. This model can be used by curriculum developers and policymakers as a guide for nursing schools in the teaching and learning of nonverbal communication to both undergraduate and postgraduate students. Furthermore, this model answers the United Nations’ [ 39 ] call for more data on older adults from developing countries, thus contributing to the limited body of knowledge in the area of nonverbal communication in geriatric care in hospital settings [ 40 ], as compared to nonverbal communication in long-term care settings.

3.2. Basic Assumptions of the Model

The assumptions that formed the basis of effective nonverbal communication between nurses and older patients in this model are outlined below:

Effective nonverbal communication is present in every healthcare encounter between nurses and older patients because it is impossible not to communicate nonverbally [ 10 ]. In other words, whenever there is an interaction between a nurse and an older patient, nonverbal communication is inevitable even when there is no verbal content. Scholars have estimated the amount of nonverbal content in communication, in comparison to verbal content. They described that nonverbal communication accounts for 60% to 90% of total communication [ 13 ]. Thus, nonverbal communication is unavoidable. Therefore, nurses should be aware that their nonverbal communication might send conflicting messages to older patients if they do not match the verbal content. In addition, the awareness of nonverbal messages sent to others is essential, as it often provides an explanation as to why people respond to us in the way they do [ 41 ]. Hence, nonverbal communication emerges as an intentional concept, which nurses should be aware of, as it may have negative consequences to the level of care rendered.

Effective nonverbal communication with older patients is person-centered . It is worth noting that older patients are not a homogenous group, as they have different experiences [ 42 ] coupled with different nonverbal communication needs. Person-centered care assumes that healthcare workers should communicate and interact with patients in a person-centered way while paying attention to patients’ different expectations and needs through verbal and nonverbal communication [ 43 ]. Hence, an added assumption in this model is that nonverbal communication is individualized and needs-oriented. Nurses are encouraged to take into consideration older patients’ nonverbal communication needs. Despite this, authors acknowledge the beliefs of Chan et al. that initial interactions with older patients tend to be scripted and governed by established social norms [ 44 ]. In time, nurses should be able to easily bend or break these norms to align them with each older patient’s specific needs.

Effective nonverbal communication is unique, dependent on the context and the nurse rendering care . The model brings forth the assumption that clinical contexts are different, along with the types of interaction with patients and the types of illnesses. On the other hand, nurses bring to the table different backgrounds, training, and personalities. These lead to unique encounters with each one. The emphasis in this model is that unique does not mean chaotic but instead means distinct, that may or may not be automatically replicable to another encounter. Moreover, effective nonverbal communication cannot be reduced to a set of theoretical and linear principles to absolutely follow because there is no universal way to communicate. This allows room for the creativity, flexibility, intuition, and authenticity that are needed in effective communication [ 44 ]. Furthermore, as nurses grow in confidence and experience, the model assumes that they will embrace and master effective nonverbal communication in every encounter and obtain mastery over the external display of their emotions. Hence, nurses will become shapers of and accountable for effective nonverbal communication with older patients.

Effective nonverbal communication is a subjective and interactive process which may be misinterpreted or misunderstood. Indeed, there is a risk of miscommunication or misunderstanding that cannot be eliminated when using nonverbal communication [ 45 ]. In this model, we posit that nurses interpret situations based on filters and frames. Filters refer to what influences the way nurses attempt to communicate nonverbally with older patients. Such filters are, but are not limited to, nurses beliefs, past experiences, and personality traits [ 36 ]. On the other hand, frames can be defined as a nurse’s own interpretation of a situation. As an example, one participant reported that some older patients practice witchcraft in the hospital, therefore preventing nurses from getting closer to them or spending more time with them. According to the participant, this may have negative consequences on the effectiveness of nonverbal communication between nurses and older adults. As nonverbal communication is an interactive process, nurses may misunderstand and misinterpret nonverbal messages sent by older patients. Like nurses, older patients can misunderstand or misinterpret the nonverbal messages sent to them, resulting in ineffective nonverbal communication. The mismatch in the interpretation and understanding of nonverbal communication may be due to past negative experiences with nurses, critical conditions, or different cultures or religions between nurses and older adults [ 36 ]. To minimize misinterpretations and misunderstanding, the model suggests that nurses be encouraged to obtain feedback that ascertains that the older patients have understood, or not, the nonverbal messages sent by nurses. Similarly, nurses should ascertain that they have correctly captured messages sent to them by older patients for the success of nonverbal communication. This is called reaching an area of communicative communality [ 46 ].

Effective nonverbal communication is reliant on cultural and religious beliefs complicated by the multilingual nature of the context. Hence, the assumption in this model is that within effective nonverbal communication are the components of religion and culture. As an example, in some cultures or religions, eye contact with an older adult is considered rude; conversely, it can express empathy in other contexts. Another example is affective touch, which can be considered invasive in some contexts. Hence, the model posits that effective nonverbal communication is reliant on one’s culture and religion. Within the context of this study, nurses and older patients are often from religious and culturally diverse regions with language differences. Cameroon is known for being multilingual with more than 250 indigenous languages [ 23 ] in a population of more than 26 million people. Although there may be instances where both nurses and patients share the same cultural and religious beliefs, the assumption in this model is that different social circumstances, orientations, and languages may influence nonverbal communication. Nurse prudence is therefore essential when initiating nonverbal modalities that can be considered ambiguous.

3.3. Concepts and Definitions

Effective nonverbal communication is the core concept from which other concepts evolve. It is a dynamic and evolving process that takes place as the relationship with an older patient develops. The emerging concepts in this study and those described in this paper are effective nonverbal communication, context and environment, action and interaction strategies, pillars, and outcomes.

3.3.1. Core Concept

The core concept in this study is effective nonverbal communication between nurses and older patients. It refers to a variety of communicative behaviors that do not carry linguistic content, but are unique, religiously and culturally sensitive, and person-centered. In the literature, common attributes of effective communication include a significant tool in planning and implementing person-centered care, a foundation for interpersonal relationships, and a determinant of promoting respect and dignity [ 47 , 48 , 49 ]. On the other hand, inaccurate or ineffective nonverbal communication behavior will not enable older patients to understand and interpret nurse messages. Therefore, it should be accurate to avoid distortion of messages. In this model, effective nonverbal communication entails the channels and the purposes of nonverbal communication in the context of the study. However, the core concept has been extensively discussed in another manuscript [ 50 ]. Therefore, the following is a summary of the core concept.

The Channels of Effective Nonverbal Communication

The channels of effective nonverbal communication mostly include haptics, proxemics, kinesics, and vocalics. Few participants mentioned active listening, physical appearance, and artefacts.

Haptics refer to the use of touch or physical contact, which in this study includes handshake, kiss, hug, pat, and stroke.

Proxemics , the use of space and distance, are the physical proximity and distance with older patients. In this model, physical proximity refers to sitting close to older patients, including sitting on their beds. Physical proximity includes standing at the door to talk to them, sitting far from them, and having their back towards them.

Kinesics are the movements of any part of the body, such as smiling, frowning, leaning forward, and waving hands.

Vocalics are the aspects of the voice used when communicating with older patients. In this study, speaking too loudly, too fast, or even too slow were reported by participants.

Artefacts refer to the use of objects during communication. In this study, some participants reported that they show a bottle or the medication to some older patients who did not understand French to express the time to drink medication. It was followed by a change of position by the older patient, showing that he has understood the message and was ready to swallow his tablets.

Physical appearance refers to how nurses dress when they come to work. As described by one participant in this study, a nurse with a uniform can still look like a drug addict. Another one said that a nurse with a see-through uniform could sexually provoke older male patients.

The Purposes of Effective Nonverbal Communication

The purposes of effective nonverbal communication: the ultimate purpose of nonverbal communication is to help patients with their coping and recovery during hospitalization [ 51 ]. In this study, nurses reported that nonverbal communication assisted them in building relationships with older patients, winning their trust, creating a positive atmosphere, supporting verbal communication, reassuring, and conveying empathy to older patients.

To build relationships : Effective nurse–patient communication has been proven to be fundamental to building a positive relationship between nurses and patients [ 52 ]. Hence, this model advocates for nurses to use one or more channels of nonverbal communication to express their willingness to build relationships with older patients.

To win patients’ trust : Kourkouta and Papathanisou recommend that for nurses to develop relationships with their patients, they must be mindful of their first encounter with those patients because first impressions last forever [ 35 ]. Therefore, we encourage nurses to be aware of their body language on their first encounter with older adults.

To support verbal communication : Communication has two components, namely, verbal and nonverbal. The differences in the native languages of nurses and patients creates communication barriers [ 53 ]. Moreover, verbal communication and nonverbal communication can conflict with each other in one interaction [ 10 ] and patients believe the nonverbal when verbal communication is incongruent with nonverbal communication [ 54 ]. Therefore, this model encourages nurses to ensure the congruency of both verbal and nonverbal communication.

To create a positive atmosphere : The hospital environment is stressful to older patients. The noise of machines, the unfamiliar healthcare workers and environment, the pain, the discomfort, and the uncertainty of death lead to patients’ emotional fluctuations [ 55 ] in an atmosphere of fear and anxiety. Therefore, nurses are encouraged to use nonverbal communication to create a positive atmosphere or to change a negative atmosphere into a positive one.

To convey empathy : Empathy is the ability to understand and share another person’s emotions [ 56 ]. Nurses are encouraged to communicate to older patients that they are compassionate, interested, and concerned about their situations. Knowing the changes that older adults undergo concerning their physical, psychological, social, and environmental health will help nurses better understand older patients [ 57 ].

3.3.2. Context and Environment

Anderson and Risor [ 58 ] have argued about the importance of contextualization and how it relates to the notion of causality for eventual understanding and insight. In this study, the context refers to the types of encounters between nurses and older patients. These range from encounters around health communication, nursing tasks, activities of daily living, and normal social life, as described by Barker et al. [ 59 ]. The context also encompasses the nursing shortages, excessive workload, and poor communication skills that have been identified by Kwame and Petrucka as some barriers to effective communication with patients [ 60 ]. Wards in Cameroon have limited resources and there are out-of-pocket payments for every healthcare service. For example, if patients cannot afford to pay for cotton wool or syringes, they will not receive their prescribed injections. Ward staffing is often limited to one staff member per shift, which limits the interaction of the nurse with the older adult due to lack of time versus accomplishment of the routine.

The environment , within this model, is the ward and the persons involved in the communicative encounter, namely, the nurses, the older patient, and/or the relatives. The ward is mostly a medical ward because there are very few geriatric units in acute settings in Cameroon. Similar to Cameroon, in Ghana [ 57 ], older adults are mostly nursed in general wards together with young and middle-aged adults after diagnosis has been classified as a medical or surgical case. In the wards, at least one relative is requested to stay with the older patient 24/7. During their stay, the relatives participate to care (personal hygiene, medicine intake, temperature checking, etc.) when nursing teams are short-staffed and/or alert the nurses when problems arise, such as in Malawi [ 61 ]. Moreover, the presence of relatives in the ward has been reported as a nuisance to care [ 62 , 63 ]. All employed nurses are certified but not necessarily registered with the Nursing Council, as registration was not compulsory for practice before 2022. Some older adults are often seen as witches by the community and the healthcare population, similar to Ghana [ 57 ] and Uganda [ 64 ]. On the other hand, some are also seen as babies or as intelligent people. All the above-mentioned constitute the context and the environment for effective nonverbal communication between nurses and older patients.

3.3.3. The Action and Interaction Strategies

To achieve effective nonverbal communication with older patients, participants reported on a series of strategies that needed to be put in place, referred to as action and interaction strategies according to the GT language. These were, but are not limited to, being aware of one’s nonverbal communication, being “angels”, putting yourself in the shoes of older patients, and reducing negative attitudes towards older patients. Additionally, creating long-term care facilities, improving acute healthcare structures, enhancing communication skills through education and training, and recruiting more gerontologist nurses were mentioned as strategies for effective nonverbal communication with older adults. However, they will not be discussed in this paper.

Awareness of nonverbal communication : Nonverbal messages are often subconsciously transmitted; thus, nurses tend to be neither aware nor mindful of the value of nonverbal communication when communicating with older patients. In this study, some nurses reported that they had never used nonverbal communication with older patients. This means that they were not aware that they have been using nonverbal communication. Moreover, awareness of one’s nonverbal messages leads to a greater understanding of the messages exchanged [ 65 ]. Nurses should be on constant guard of their NVC to ensure maximum satisfaction of patients [ 66 ], especially their kinesics and proxemics [ 67 ]. After all, awareness of nonverbal communication explains why people respond to us the way they do, and influences how the other person communicates with us [ 41 ]. This means that if older patients respond to nurses in a certain way, it is because of nurses’ nonverbal communication.

Being “angels”: Participants described that to achieve effective nonverbal communication with older patients, nurses should be “angels”. Angels are commonly described as spiritual beings who do good. In this study, being an angel entailed showing concern and interest in older adults, being kind and close to older adults, and conveying empathy. Furthermore, the angelic being of nurses is further evident in their soft voice tones versus commanding tones and positive facial expressions.

Putting yourself in the shoes of older patients : Ageing is an inevitable event, and it will happen to everyone in the absence of premature death. Nurses reported that they do imagine themselves as older adults. Therefore, they attempt to render imaginary care and nonverbal communication that they would want to receive if they themselves were hospitalized. This particular study finding concurs with that of Van Der Cingel, who reported that nurses who cared for older people with a chronic disease put themselves in the patients’ shoes [ 68 ].

Reducing negative attitudes toward older patients : Ageist attitudes, which comprise discrimination, prejudice, and stereotypes toward a person based on their age, have been recognized as a factor influencing older adults [ 69 , 70 ]. Ageist attitudes can lead to age-based disparities in diagnostic procedures, decision-making, and types of treatment offered. As previously indicated, in this current study, some nurses avoided older patients because of alleged witchcraft. Additionally, some nurses shouted at older patients because they saw them as children. Moreover, ageist attitudes are reflected in interpersonal interactions that are patronizing or involve elder speak [ 71 ]. Ageism in healthcare limits older adults’ access to appropriate and respectful care, and results in adverse clinical outcomes [ 72 ]. Ageist attitudes are easy to deal with because although they are social constructs historically and culturally situated, they are individually interpreted [ 73 ]. Therefore, this model advocates for nonverbal communication free of age-related bias, which is essential to high-quality, patient-centered care.

3.3.4. The Pillars to Sustain Effective Nonverbal Communication between Nurses and Older Patients

For this model, pillars refer to factors that influence effective nonverbal communication between nurses and older patients. In this paper, we only list the pillars because they have been extensively discussed in Keutchafo and Kerr [ 35 ] and Keutchafo et al. [ 36 ]. The factors that influence effective nonverbal communication in this model are summarized as nurse-related and older-patient-related factors. The nurse-related factors are awareness of nonverbal communication, personality traits, previous experience with older adults, beliefs system, love for the job and for older patients, and views on older adults. The older-patient-related factors include moods, financial situation, interpretation of nurses’ nonverbal communication, and medical condition.

3.3.5. The Outcomes of the Model

This study evidenced that when nonverbal communication between nurses and older patients is effective, it yields positive outcomes. For this model, the outcomes are categorized as nurse-related, older-patient-related, and operational.

Individual-Related Outcomes

In this paper, we only describe the most cited outcomes by participants. They include better relationships between nurses and older patients, compliance with care and treatment, discovery of the unsaid, and older patient satisfaction.

Communication encompasses the verbal, the nonverbal, and any form of interaction in which messages are created and meanings are derived to influence the nurse–patient relationship [ 60 ]. Likewise, in this model, it emerges that the outcome of effective nonverbal communication is better relationships between nurses and older patients . Although nurses and older patients are strangers at the beginning of the relationship, they are expected to improve their relationship through positive nonverbal communication. Participants in this study reported that they avoided nurses who were always shouting. Consequently, older patients will become closer to nurses who display positive nonverbal communication; this will lead to the betterment of their relationships.

Sumijati et al. have argued that the essence of communication is relationships that can lead to changes in attitudes and behaviors [ 74 ], which in this model is referred to as compliance with care and treatment . One of the outcomes of effective nonverbal communication with older patients is compliance with care and treatment, as described in Figure 2 .

A model for effective nonverbal communication with older patients.

Nurses in this study reported that older patients did not want to take their medication nor accept certain care. Moreover, studies have shown that effective communication with patients leads to compliance to care and treatment [ 60 ]. As proposed in this model, older patients will be able to accept the care and treatment provided by nurses when nonverbal communication is effective.

The betterment of relationships is expected to lead to the discovery of what older patients do not express or have wrongly expressed. It has been shown that effective communication empowers patients to disclose their concerns and expectations [ 75 ], whereas patients would be less motivated to disclose their needs and feelings to nurses when they have past negative experiences in their interactions with nurses [ 76 ]. Moreover, patients need encouragement to talk about their psychological issues [ 77 ]. However, when communication is effective, older adults feel cared for, respected, and more able to describe their concerns [ 42 ]. This means that when relationships are better because of positive experiences in nonverbal communication with nurses, nurses would discover the unsaid . This is another important outcome in this model.

Older patient satisfaction is one of the outcomes of effective nonverbal communication. Evidence shows that nurse nonverbal positive behaviors lead to higher patient satisfaction [ 78 ]. To improve patient satisfaction, nurses are encouraged to enhance their communication skills [ 63 ]. In this model, and as confirmed by Junaid et al., to ensure maximum satisfaction of patients, nurses should be on constant lookout of their nonverbal communication [ 66 ]. Such a level of awareness will prevent nurses from sending conflicting messages to older adults through their nonverbal communication.

Operational Outcomes

Improved nursing care is one of the hospital-related outcomes. As confirmed by Tran et al., enhancing the effectiveness of verbal and nonverbal communication can improve the quality of care [ 14 ]. Effective nonverbal communication with older patients will make room for nurses to shift from task-oriented care to person-centered care. This will improve the quality of care rendered.

When nursing care is improved, older patients will have shorter lengths of stay in hospital . Participants mentioned the reduction of length of stay in hospital because they viewed older patients as people who not only want to stay at home, but who also want to return home after hospitalization [ 79 ]. Moreover, studies support both a shorter or longer length of stay associated with better quality of care [ 80 ]. As nurses do not decide on the discharge or otherwise of patients, they are encouraged to use effective nonverbal communication with older patients irrespective of the length of stay.

Improved quality of care and shorter stays in hospitals will lead to a positive reputation for these healthcare structures according to this study’s participants. In another study, hospital reputation was one of the factors influencing patients’ choice of hospital in Iran [ 81 ]. In Cameroon, people can often go to a tertiary hospital without previous referral from a secondary or a primary hospital. As healthcare services in public institutions are out-of-pocket payments, these “good” hospitals will see an increase in their financing. Effective nonverbal communication with older patients goes a long way. It not only benefits individuals but hospitals and society in general. Therefore, nurses should strive to sustain effective nonverbal communication with older patients.

3.4. Relationships between Concepts

In this model, all categories and subcategories are directly or indirectly interlinked. The category “ effective nonverbal communication ” is the core category in this model. It comprises the modalities of effective nonverbal communication and its purposes, which are directly linked. For instance, one or more modalities of nonverbal communication can be used to achieve one or more purposes of nonverbal communication in one interaction between a nurse and an older patient; an affective touch coupled with physical proximity can be used to win trust in older patients. The next category is the action and interaction strategies that need to be implemented to achieve effective nonverbal communication between nurses and older adults. This category is directly linked to the core category and intervening conditions. For instance, to support verbal communication, get messages across, and convey empathy or win older adults’ trust, nurses should be aware of their nonverbal behaviors, “being angels”, reduce negative stereotypes about older adults, and put yourself in the shoes of older patients. This shows the links between the purposes of effective nonverbal communication, the actions that should be taken by nurses, and the intervening conditions.

Figure 1 also shows that effective nonverbal communication between nurses and older patients rests on certain pillars that are interlinked and serve together as a solid structure. This means that effective nonverbal communication relies on nurses’ intrinsic factors, positive views of older adults, awareness of nonverbal communication, and nonverbal communication skills. Effective nonverbal communication also relies on older adults’ related factors such as their positive moods, their non-critical medical condition, and their financial situation. The diagram also shows that nurses’ effective nonverbal communication with older patients takes place within a specific context, which is the healthcare encounter. It also depends on the type of interaction between the nurse and the older patient. For instance, if the interaction is more task-related, affective nurses can use touch and sustained eye gaze to convey a positive emotion. The nonverbal communication that happens in a particular healthcare encounter and during a particular type of interaction is expected to yield positive results, such as older patients’ compliance with care and improved nursing care, thus leading to shorter stays in hospitals and the enhanced reputations of these hospitals.

4. Limitations

Although this model of effective nonverbal communication falls under transactional models of communication, it focuses more on the role of nurses; thus, one could argue that this model is linear. Moreover, the model acknowledges that older patients also have a role to play in effective nonverbal communication between them and nurses, but emphasizes nurses as shapers of the communication. A greater number of older patients could have enriched the study findings. However, as confirmed by Hall, Longhurst, and Higginson [ 82 ] and Lam et al. [ 83 ], it was difficult to conduct research with older adults because of the lack of trust in the researcher, lack of interest in the topic, the involvement of family members, and difficulties in obtaining consent. In addition, most of the older adults could speak neither French nor English. This can be seen as a limitation. Another limitation is that the observations were overt; therefore, the proposed model relies only on participants’ reports of what happened as well as interpretations of the observations made. Video recordings of interactions could have captured more details that might not have been captured by the researcher. The last limitation is that views from other healthcare workers, who also communicate nonverbally with older patients in the same settings, could have further strengthened the model.

5. Conclusions

This model adds to the body of knowledge on nonverbal communication between nurses and patients. It also answers the United Nations’ call on more data on older adults from low-and-middle-income countries. This model also provides a tool to help nurses communicate more effectively with older patients who mostly rely on nonverbal communication. The improved communication with older patients is expected to improve the quality of care rendered and the reputation of clinical settings. It is therefore recommended that the model is tested, evaluated, and refined for better outcomes.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge all the participants of this study as well as the College of Health Sciences of the University of KwaZulu-Natal for its support.

Funding Statement

This research received no external funding.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, E.L.W.K. and J.K.; methodology, E.L.W.K. and J.K.; data analysis, E.L.W.K. and O.B.B.; data collection, E.L.W.K.; writing—original draft preparation, E.L.W.K.; writing—review and editing, O.B.B. and J.K.; supervision, J.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Humanities and Social Sciences Research Ethics Committee of the University of KwaZulu-Natal (Number HSS/2008/017D, 23 November 2017).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

Conflicts of interest.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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