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Java if...else Statement

In programming, we use the if..else statement to run a block of code among more than one alternatives.

For example, assigning grades (A, B, C) based on the percentage obtained by a student.

• if the percentage is above 90 , assign grade A
• if the percentage is above 75 , assign grade B
• if the percentage is above 65 , assign grade C

1. Java if (if-then) Statement

The syntax of an if-then statement is:

Here, condition is a boolean expression such as age >= 18 .

• if condition evaluates to true , statements are executed
• if condition evaluates to false , statements are skipped

Working of if Statement

Example 1: Java if Statement

In the program, number < 0 is false . Hence, the code inside the body of the if statement is skipped .

Note: If you want to learn more about about test conditions, visit Java Relational Operators and Java Logical Operators .

We can also use Java Strings as the test condition.

Example 2: Java if with String

In the above example, we are comparing two strings in the if block.

2. Java if...else (if-then-else) Statement

The if statement executes a certain section of code if the test expression is evaluated to true . However, if the test expression is evaluated to false , it does nothing.

In this case, we can use an optional else block. Statements inside the body of else block are executed if the test expression is evaluated to false . This is known as the if-...else statement in Java.

The syntax of the if...else statement is:

Here, the program will do one task (codes inside if block) if the condition is true and another task (codes inside else block) if the condition is false .

How the if...else statement works?

Example 3: Java if...else Statement

In the above example, we have a variable named number . Here, the test expression number > 0 checks if number is greater than 0.

Since the value of the number is 10 , the test expression evaluates to true . Hence code inside the body of if is executed.

Now, change the value of the number to a negative integer. Let's say -5 .

If we run the program with the new value of number , the output will be:

Here, the value of number is -5 . So the test expression evaluates to false . Hence code inside the body of else is executed.

3. Java if...else...if Statement

In Java, we have an if...else...if ladder, that can be used to execute one block of code among multiple other blocks.

Here, if statements are executed from the top towards the bottom. When the test condition is true , codes inside the body of that if block is executed. And, program control jumps outside the if...else...if ladder.

If all test expressions are false , codes inside the body of else are executed.

How the if...else...if ladder works?

Example 4: Java if...else...if Statement

In the above example, we are checking whether number is positive, negative, or zero . Here, we have two condition expressions:

• number > 0 - checks if number is greater than 0
• number < 0 - checks if number is less than 0

Here, the value of number is 0 . So both the conditions evaluate to false . Hence the statement inside the body of else is executed.

Note : Java provides a special operator called ternary operator , which is a kind of shorthand notation of if...else...if statement. To learn about the ternary operator, visit Java Ternary Operator .

4. Java Nested if..else Statement

In Java, it is also possible to use if..else statements inside an if...else statement. It's called the nested if...else statement.

Here's a program to find the largest of 3 numbers using the nested if...else statement.

Example 5: Nested if...else Statement

In the above programs, we have assigned the value of variables ourselves to make this easier.

However, in real-world applications, these values may come from user input data, log files, form submission, etc.

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Java if (if-then) Statement
• Example: Java if Statement
• Java if...else (if-then-else) Statement
• Example: Java if else Statement
• Java if..else..if Statement
• Example: Java if..else..if Statement
• Java Nested if..else Statement

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The if-then and if-then-else Statements

The if-then statement.

The if-then statement is the most basic of all the control flow statements. It tells your program to execute a certain section of code only if a particular test evaluates to true . For example, the Bicycle class could allow the brakes to decrease the bicycle's speed only if the bicycle is already in motion. One possible implementation of the applyBrakes method could be as follows:

If this test evaluates to false (meaning that the bicycle is not in motion), control jumps to the end of the if-then statement.

In addition, the opening and closing braces are optional, provided that the "then" clause contains only one statement:

Deciding when to omit the braces is a matter of personal taste. Omitting them can make the code more brittle. If a second statement is later added to the "then" clause, a common mistake would be forgetting to add the newly required braces. The compiler cannot catch this sort of error; you'll just get the wrong results.

The if-then-else Statement

The if-then-else statement provides a secondary path of execution when an "if" clause evaluates to false . You could use an if-then-else statement in the applyBrakes method to take some action if the brakes are applied when the bicycle is not in motion. In this case, the action is to simply print an error message stating that the bicycle has already stopped.

The following program, IfElseDemo , assigns a grade based on the value of a test score: an A for a score of 90% or above, a B for a score of 80% or above, and so on.

The output from the program is:

You may have noticed that the value of testscore can satisfy more than one expression in the compound statement: 76 >= 70 and 76 >= 60 . However, once a condition is satisfied, the appropriate statements are executed (grade = 'C';) and the remaining conditions are not evaluated.

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There is also a short-hand if else , which is known as the ternary operator because it consists of three operands.

It can be used to replace multiple lines of code with a single line, and is most often used to replace simple if else statements:

Instead of writing:

Try it Yourself »

You can simply write:

Test Yourself With Exercises

Insert the missing parts to complete the following "short hand if...else" statement:

Start the Exercise

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• Java One Line if Statement
• Java Howtos

Ternary Operator in Java

One line if-else statement using filter in java 8.

The if-else statement in Java is a fundamental construct used to conditionally execute blocks of code based on certain conditions. However, it often requires multiple lines to define a simple if-else block, which may not always be ideal, especially for concise and readable code.

Fortunately, Java provides a shorthand form called the ternary operator, which allows us to write a one-line if-else statement.

The ternary operator in Java, denoted as ? : , provides a compact way to represent an if-else statement. Its syntax is as follows:

Here, condition is evaluated first. If condition is true, expression1 is executed; otherwise, expression2 is executed.

Example 1: Assigning a Value Based on a Condition

This code uses the ternary operator to determine if a student has made a distinction based on their exam marks.

If marks is greater than 70 , the string Yes is assigned to the distinction variable and the output will be:

If marks is less than or equal to 70 , the string No is assigned to the distinction variable and the output will be:

Example 2: Printing a Message Conditionally

This code defines a Boolean variable isRaining with the value true and uses a ternary operator to print a message based on the value of isRaining .

If isRaining is true , it prints Bring an umbrella ; otherwise, it prints No need for an umbrella .

Example 3: Returning a Value from a Method

In this code, we’re assigning the maximum of a and b to the variable max using a ternary operator. The maximum value is then printed to the console.

You can try it yourself by replacing the values of a and b with your desired values to find the maximum between them.

Java 8 introduced streams and the filter method, which operates similarly to an if-else statement. It allows us to filter elements based on a condition.

Here’s its syntax:

Predicate is a functional interface that takes an argument and returns a Boolean. It’s often used with lambda expressions to define the condition for filtering.

Here’s a demonstration of a one-line if-else -like usage using the filter method in Java 8 streams.

As we can see, this example demonstrates a one-line usage of an if-else -like structure using the filter method. It first defines a list of words and then applies a stream to this list.

Within the map function, a lambda expression is used to check if each word starts with the letter b . If a word meets this condition, it remains unchanged; otherwise, it is replaced with the string Not available .

Finally, the resulting stream is collected back into a list using collect(Collectors.toList()) . The output shows the effect of this one-line if-else -like usage, modifying the words based on the specified condition.

Let’s see another example.

This example code also showcases the use of Java 8 streams to filter and print elements from a list based on a condition. The code begins by importing necessary packages and defining a class named Java8Streams .

Inside the main method, a list of strings, stringList , is created with elements 1 and 2 . The stream is then created from this list using the stream() method.

Next, the filter method is applied to this stream, utilizing a lambda expression as the predicate. The lambda expression checks if the string is equal to 1 .

If this condition is true, the string is allowed to pass through the filter; otherwise, it is discarded.

Finally, the forEach method is used to iterate over the filtered stream and print each element that passed the filter. It uses a method reference System.out::println to achieve this.

In summary, one-line if statements in Java offer a compact and efficient way to handle simple conditional logic. By understanding the syntax and appropriate usage, you can write concise code while maintaining readability and clarity.

Rashmi is a professional Software Developer with hands on over varied tech stack. She has been working on Java, Springboot, Microservices, Typescript, MySQL, Graphql and more. She loves to spread knowledge via her writings. She is keen taking up new things and adopt in her career.

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If-Else Java: Mastering Decision Making in Code

Ever found yourself puzzled on how to make your Java program make decisions? You’re not alone. Many developers find themselves at crossroads when it comes to controlling the flow of their Java programs. Think of the ‘if-else’ statement in Java as a traffic light – it regulates the flow of your program, directing it where to go based on certain conditions.

This guide will take you through the journey of mastering the ‘if-else’ statement in Java , from the basics to more advanced usage. We’ll cover everything from writing your first if-else statement, understanding its flow, to handling more complex scenarios with nested if-else and if-else-if ladder. We’ll also explore alternative approaches to control the flow of a Java program.

So, let’s dive in and start mastering the if-else statement in Java!

TL;DR: How Do I Use the If-Else Statement in Java?

An ‘if-else’ statement is used to perform different actions based on different conditions, defined with the syntax: if (condition) {// code if condition is true} else {code if condition is false} It’s like a fork in the road, directing your program based on the conditions you set.

Here’s a simple example:

In this example, the ‘if-else’ statement checks a condition. If the condition is true, it executes the code within the ‘if’ block. If the condition is false, it executes the code within the ‘else’ block. It’s a simple yet powerful way to control the flow of your program.

But there’s so much more to the ‘if-else’ statement in Java. Continue reading for a deeper understanding, more advanced usage scenarios, and alternative approaches.

Table of Contents

Beginner’s Guide to If-Else in Java

Intermediate-level if-else in java, exploring alternatives to if-else in java, troubleshooting java if-else statements, control flow: the heart of programming, if-else in larger java projects, wrapping up: mastering if-else statements in java.

The ‘if-else’ statement in Java is a cornerstone of decision-making in your program. It allows you to execute different blocks of code based on specific conditions. Let’s break down how to use it step by step.

Writing Your First If-Else Statement

Here’s a simple example of how to use the ‘if-else’ statement:

In this example, we’re checking if the score is greater than or equal to 90. If it is, the program will print ‘Excellent!’, otherwise it will print ‘Good job, but there’s room for improvement.’

Advantages of Using If-Else

The ‘if-else’ statement is a powerful tool for controlling your program’s flow. It allows you to specify different actions for different conditions, making your program more flexible and adaptable.

Pitfalls to Watch Out For

While the ‘if-else’ statement is incredibly useful, it’s important to use it correctly. Be careful not to write conditions that are always true or always false, as this can lead to unexpected behavior. Additionally, remember that the order of your conditions matters. The program will check the conditions in the order they appear, so make sure you’re considering all possible scenarios.

As you gain more experience with Java, you’ll find situations where a simple ‘if-else’ statement isn’t enough. This is where more complex structures like nested ‘if-else’ and ‘if-else-if’ ladders come in.

Nested If-Else Statements

A nested ‘if-else’ statement is an ‘if-else’ statement within another ‘if-else’ statement. It allows for more complex decision-making in your program.

Here’s an example:

In this example, if the score is not greater than or equal to 90, the program checks another condition: if the score is greater than or equal to 80. If it is, it prints ‘Very Good!’. If not, it prints ‘Good job, but there’s room for improvement.’

If-Else-If Ladder

An ‘if-else-if’ ladder is a series of conditions checked one after the other. It’s useful when you have multiple conditions to check.

In this example, the program checks the conditions in order. If the score is not greater than or equal to 90, it checks if the score is greater than or equal to 80. If it is, it prints ‘Very Good!’. If not, it prints ‘Good job, but there’s room for improvement.’

While ‘if-else’ statements are a fundamental part of controlling flow in Java, they aren’t the only tool at your disposal. Another powerful tool is the ‘switch’ statement.

The Power of Switch Statements

The ‘switch’ statement in Java allows you to select one of many code blocks to be executed. It’s a more readable and efficient alternative to the ‘if-else-if’ ladder when dealing with multiple conditions.

In this example, the ‘switch’ statement checks the value of ‘day’. Depending on the value, it assigns a different string to ‘dayOfWeek’. If ‘day’ is not a value between 1 and 7, it assigns ‘Invalid day’ to ‘dayOfWeek’.

Advantages and Drawbacks of Switch Statements

Switch statements can make your code cleaner and easier to read when dealing with multiple conditions. However, they are less flexible than ‘if-else’ statements. They can only be used with discrete values and cannot handle ranges or complex conditions.

Making the Right Choice

When deciding whether to use ‘if-else’ or ‘switch’, consider the complexity of your conditions. If you’re dealing with ranges or complex conditions, ‘if-else’ is the way to go. If you’re dealing with multiple discrete values, consider using ‘switch’ for cleaner, more readable code.

Like any tool, ‘if-else’ statements in Java can present challenges, especially when used in complex ways. Let’s look at some common issues and their solutions.

Dealing with Syntax Errors

One of the most common issues when using ‘if-else’ statements is syntax errors. These can occur if you forget a bracket, misspell a keyword, or make other typographical errors. For example:

In this case, the opening bracket after the ‘if’ statement is missing, causing a syntax error. The solution is to correct the syntax:

Handling Logical Errors

Another common issue is logical errors, where the code runs without errors, but doesn’t produce the expected result. This usually happens due to incorrect conditions in the ‘if-else’ statement.

For example, consider this code:

Even though the score is 85, the program prints ‘Excellent!’ because the condition checks if the score is less than or equal to 90, not greater than or equal to. The solution is to correct the condition:

These are just a few examples of the challenges you might face when using ‘if-else’ statements in Java. Remember, the key to effective troubleshooting is understanding the problem, reading error messages carefully, and knowing how ‘if-else’ statements work.

Control flow is a fundamental concept in programming. It’s the order in which your program executes instructions. In Java, control flow is managed using conditional statements like ‘if-else’, loops, and other constructs.

The Role of If-Else in Control Flow

The ‘if-else’ statement is a conditional statement that plays a pivotal role in control flow. It allows your program to choose a path of execution based on whether a condition is true or false.

Here’s a simple ‘if-else’ statement:

In this example, the program checks the condition. If it’s true, it executes the code within the ‘if’ block. If it’s false, it executes the code within the ‘else’ block.

Understanding Conditional Statements

Conditional statements are the building blocks of control flow. They allow your program to make decisions, repeat actions, and handle complex logic. The ‘if-else’ statement is one of the most common conditional statements, but there are others, like ‘switch’ and ‘for’, each with its unique use cases.

By mastering ‘if-else’ and other conditional statements, you’ll be able to write Java programs that can handle complex tasks, making you a more effective and versatile developer.

The ‘if-else’ statement isn’t just for simple programs or exercises. It’s a fundamental tool that you’ll use in almost every Java project, no matter how large or complex.

Integrating If-Else with Loops

In larger projects, you’ll often find ‘if-else’ statements used in conjunction with loops. For example, you might use a ‘for’ or ‘while’ loop to iterate over a collection of items, and an ‘if-else’ statement to perform different actions based on each item.

In this example, the program uses a ‘for’ loop to iterate over the numbers 0 through 9. For each number, it uses an ‘if-else’ statement to check if the number is even or odd, and prints a message accordingly.

If-Else and Exception Handling

‘If-else’ statements are also often used in exception handling, a crucial part of any Java program. You might use an ‘if-else’ statement to check if a certain condition is met before performing an action that could throw an exception.

In this example, the program uses an ‘if-else’ statement to check if ‘str’ is not null before trying to get its length. If ‘str’ is null, it prints a warning message instead of throwing a NullPointerException.

Further Resources for Mastering If-Else in Java

If you want to dive deeper into the ‘if-else’ statement in Java and related topics, here are some resources to check out:

• IOFlood’s Complete Guide to Java Loops explores nested loops for complex iteration patterns in Java.

Java Switch Statement – Explore the switch statement in Java for multi-branch decision-making.

Using Else-If in Java – Master the else-if construct for complex decision-making in Java programs.

Java if-else statement by Oracle : Oracle’s official Java tutorials offer exhaustive information on if-else statements.

Java if-else by JavaTpoint explains using if-else conditions in Java, with easy-to-understand examples.

Java if-else statement with examples by GeeksforGeeks includes a variety of examples and use cases.

In this comprehensive guide, we’ve explored the ins and outs of ‘if-else’ statements in Java, from the basics to more advanced usage scenarios.

We began with the basics, learning how to use ‘if-else’ statements to control the flow of a Java program. We then delved deeper, tackling more complex structures like nested ‘if-else’ and ‘if-else-if’ ladders. Along the way, we also discussed common issues that you might encounter when using ‘if-else’ statements and provided solutions to these problems.

We didn’t stop at ‘if-else’ statements, though. We also explored alternative approaches to control flow in Java, such as using ‘switch’ statements. We compared these methods, giving you a sense of the broader landscape of tools for managing control flow in Java.

Here’s a quick comparison of the methods we’ve discussed:

Whether you’re just starting out with Java or you’re looking to level up your control flow skills, we hope this guide has given you a deeper understanding of ‘if-else’ statements and their alternatives.

With a solid grasp of ‘if-else’ statements, you’ll be well-equipped to write Java programs that can handle complex decision-making. Happy coding!

About Author

Gabriel Ramuglia

Gabriel is the owner and founder of IOFLOOD.com , an unmanaged dedicated server hosting company operating since 2010.Gabriel loves all things servers, bandwidth, and computer programming and enjoys sharing his experience on these topics with readers of the IOFLOOD blog.

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• How to Create a Package in Java?
• Java.util Package in Java
• Java.lang package in Java
• Java.io Package in Java
• Java Collection Tutorial

Exception Handling in Java

• Exceptions in Java
• Types of Exception in Java with Examples
• Checked vs Unchecked Exceptions in Java
• Java Try Catch Block
• Flow control in try catch finally in Java
• throw and throws in Java
• User-defined Custom Exception in Java
• Chained Exceptions in Java
• Null Pointer Exception In Java
• Exception Handling with Method Overriding in Java
• Multithreading in Java
• Lifecycle and States of a Thread in Java
• Java Thread Priority in Multithreading
• Main thread in Java
• Java.lang.Thread Class in Java
• Runnable interface in Java
• Naming a thread and fetching name of current thread in Java
• What does start() function do in multithreading in Java?
• Difference between Thread.start() and Thread.run() in Java
• Thread.sleep() Method in Java With Examples
• Synchronization in Java
• Importance of Thread Synchronization in Java
• Method and Block Synchronization in Java
• Lock framework vs Thread synchronization in Java
• Difference Between Atomic, Volatile and Synchronized in Java
• Deadlock in Java Multithreading
• Deadlock Prevention And Avoidance
• Difference Between Lock and Monitor in Java Concurrency
• Reentrant Lock in Java

File Handling in Java

• Java.io.File Class in Java
• Java Program to Create a New File
• Different ways of Reading a text file in Java
• Java Program to Write into a File
• Delete a File Using Java
• File Permissions in Java
• FileWriter Class in Java
• Java.io.FileDescriptor in Java
• Java.io.RandomAccessFile Class Method | Set 1
• Regular Expressions in Java
• Regex Tutorial - How to write Regular Expressions?
• Matcher pattern() method in Java with Examples
• Pattern pattern() method in Java with Examples
• Quantifiers in Java
• java.lang.Character class methods | Set 1
• Java IO : Input-output in Java with Examples
• Java.io.Reader class in Java
• Java.io.Writer Class in Java
• Java.io.FileInputStream Class in Java
• FileOutputStream in Java
• Java.io.BufferedOutputStream class in Java
• Java Networking
• TCP/IP Model
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• Differences between IPv4 and IPv6
• Difference between Connection-oriented and Connection-less Services
• Socket Programming in Java
• java.net.ServerSocket Class in Java
• URL Class in Java with Examples

JDBC - Java Database Connectivity

• Introduction to JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)
• JDBC Drivers
• Establishing JDBC Connection in Java
• Types of Statements in JDBC
• JDBC Tutorial
• Java 8 Features - Complete Tutorial

Operators constitute the basic building block of any programming language. Java too provides many types of operators which can be used according to the need to perform various calculations and functions, be it logical, arithmetic, relational, etc. They are classified based on the functionality they provide.

Types of Operators: 

• Arithmetic Operators
• Unary Operators
• Assignment Operator
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Ternary Operator
• Bitwise Operators
• Shift Operators

This article explains all that one needs to know regarding Assignment Operators. 

Assignment Operators

These operators are used to assign values to a variable. The left side operand of the assignment operator is a variable, and the right side operand of the assignment operator is a value. The value on the right side must be of the same data type of the operand on the left side. Otherwise, the compiler will raise an error. This means that the assignment operators have right to left associativity, i.e., the value given on the right-hand side of the operator is assigned to the variable on the left. Therefore, the right-hand side value must be declared before using it or should be a constant. The general format of the assignment operator is, 

Types of Assignment Operators in Java

The Assignment Operator is generally of two types. They are:

1. Simple Assignment Operator: The Simple Assignment Operator is used with the “=” sign where the left side consists of the operand and the right side consists of a value. The value of the right side must be of the same data type that has been defined on the left side.

2. Compound Assignment Operator: The Compound Operator is used where +,-,*, and / is used along with the = operator.

Let’s look at each of the assignment operators and how they operate: 

1. (=) operator: 

This is the most straightforward assignment operator, which is used to assign the value on the right to the variable on the left. This is the basic definition of an assignment operator and how it functions. 

Syntax:  

Example:  

2. (+=) operator: 

This operator is a compound of ‘+’ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by adding the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right and then assigning the result to the operand on the left. 

Note: The compound assignment operator in Java performs implicit type casting. Let’s consider a scenario where x is an int variable with a value of 5. int x = 5; If you want to add the double value 4.5 to the integer variable x and print its value, there are two methods to achieve this: Method 1: x = x + 4.5 Method 2: x += 4.5 As per the previous example, you might think both of them are equal. But in reality, Method 1 will throw a runtime error stating the “i ncompatible types: possible lossy conversion from double to int “, Method 2 will run without any error and prints 9 as output.

Reason for the Above Calculation

Method 1 will result in a runtime error stating “incompatible types: possible lossy conversion from double to int.” The reason is that the addition of an int and a double results in a double value. Assigning this double value back to the int variable x requires an explicit type casting because it may result in a loss of precision. Without the explicit cast, the compiler throws an error. Method 2 will run without any error and print the value 9 as output. The compound assignment operator += performs an implicit type conversion, also known as an automatic narrowing primitive conversion from double to int . It is equivalent to x = (int) (x + 4.5) , where the result of the addition is explicitly cast to an int . The fractional part of the double value is truncated, and the resulting int value is assigned back to x . It is advisable to use Method 2 ( x += 4.5 ) to avoid runtime errors and to obtain the desired output.

Same automatic narrowing primitive conversion is applicable for other compound assignment operators as well, including -= , *= , /= , and %= .

3. (-=) operator: 

This operator is a compound of ‘-‘ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by subtracting the variable’s value on the right from the current value of the variable on the left and then assigning the result to the operand on the left. 

4. (*=) operator:

 This operator is a compound of ‘*’ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by multiplying the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right and then assigning the result to the operand on the left. 

5. (/=) operator: 

This operator is a compound of ‘/’ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by dividing the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigning the quotient to the operand on the left. 

6. (%=) operator: 

This operator is a compound of ‘%’ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by dividing the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigning the remainder to the operand on the left. 

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