references for project management assignment

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Project Management Institute. (2008). A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK guide) (4th ed.). Project Management Institute.

Project Management Institute (PMI). (2022). About Us. https://www.pmi.org/about

Project Manager. (2019, Nov 27). The 10 project management knowledge areas (PMBOK). https://www.projectmanager.com/blog/10-project-management-knowledge-areas

Anthony, S. (2009). Major league innovation. Harvard Business Review . https://hbr.org/2009/10/major-league-innovation

Cabrera, E. F. & Bonache, J. (1999, March). An expert HR system for aligning organizational culture and strategy. Human Resource Planning, 22 (1).

Cooper, D. G., Edgett, D. J., & Kleinschmidt, D. J. (2000). New problems, new solutions: Making portfolio management more effective. Research Technology Management , 43 (2). http://www.stage-gate.net/downloads/working_papers/wp_09.pdf

Dean, T. (2013).   Network+ guide to networks (6th ed.). Course Technology.

El-Erian, M. A. (2014, June 13). The secret to Southwest’s success. Bloomberg View . http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2014-06-13/the-secret-to-southwest-s-success.

Hammonds, K. H. (2001, February 28). Michael Porter’s big ideas. Fast Company .  https://www.fastcompany.com/42485/michael-porters-big-ideas

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Strategy. In  Merriam-Webster.com dictionary . Retrieved April 1, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/strategy

Morgan, M., Levitt, R. E., & Malek, W. A. (2007). Executing your strategy: How to break it down and get it done . Harvard Business School Publishing.

Porter, M. E. (2001, November 12). Manager’s journal: How to profit from a downturn. Wall Street Journal . https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1005516732627585320

Russo, P.E., & Boor, S. (1993). How fluent is your interface?: Designing for international users. Proceedings of the INTERACT ’93 and CHI ’93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems .

Seeber, J. (2011). Project selection criteria: How to play it right. International Project Management Association .  http://www.ipma-usa.org/articles/SelectionCriteria.pdf

DiSC Profile. (n.d.). History of DiSC. Retrieved from: https://www.discprofile.com/what-is-disc/history-of-disc

Laufer, A., Hoffman, E. J., Russell, J. S., & Cameron, S.W.  (2015). What successful project managers do.  MIT Sloan Management Review , Spring:  43-51. http://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/what-successful-project-managers-do/.

Myers, I. (1962). The Myers Briggs type indicator : Manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Amabile, T. & Kramer, S.  (2011).   The progress principle: Using small wins to ignite joy, engagement, and creativity at work . Harvard Business Review Press.

Dugan, J. P.  (2017). Leadership theory: Cultivating critical perspectives . Jossey-Bass.

Kerby, H. W., Brittland DeKorver, K., & Cantor, J. (2018, September 1).  Fusion story form: A novel, hybrid form of story.  International Journal of Science Education , 40 (14),  1774-1794. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2018.1512172

Laufer, A. (2012). Mastering the leadership role in project management: Practices that deliver remarkable results . FT Press.

Laufer, A., Little, T., Russell, J., & Maas, B. (2018). Becoming a project leader: Blending planning, agility, resilience, and collaboration to deliver successful projects . Palgrave Macmillan.

Manning, T.  (2018). Help! I need to master critical conversations . Trevor Manning Consultancy Pty Ltd.

Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D.R. (2001). MSCEIT (trademark) personal summary report , New York & Toronto: Multi-health Systems, Inc.

Nelson, J.  (2017, October 4). Lecture on reliable promising for EPD612: Technical Project Management. University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Page, S. E. (2008). The difference: How the power of diversity creates better groups, firms, schools, and societies . Princeton University Press.

Rock, D. & Grant, H. (2016, November 4). Why diverse teams are smarter. Harvard Business Review . https://hbr.org/2016/11/why-diverse-teams-are-smarter.

Snow, F. (2003). Give it to Chuck. Ask Magazine , 12-13.

Tuckman, B. (1965). Developmental sequence in small groups.  Psychological Bulletin ,  63 , 384–399.

Viki, T.  (2016, December 6). Why diverse teams are more creative.  Forbes .  https://www.forbes.com/sites/tendayiviki/2016/12/06/why-diverse-teams-are-more-creative/#f27da2772628.

Bigelow, B. (2011, 22 October). Scope – mastering the fuzzy constraint [Paper presentation]. PMI Global Congress 2011, Dallas, TX, United States. https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/scope-understanding-change-perspectives-managing-6177

Bloomenthal, A. (n.d.). Deliverables. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/deliverables.asp .

California Health and Human Services Agency (CHHS). (2008, August 28).  Project monitoring & control procedure . Office of Systems Integration.  http://www.bestpractices.ca.gov/sysacq/documents/Project%20Monitoring%20&%20Controlling%20Procedure.pdf

Contract. (n.d.). The People’s Law Dictionary . (1981-2005). Retrieved July 1, 2018. https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/contract

Feldsher, R. (2016, July 9). What to include in a project scope statement. Clarizen. https://www.clarizen.com/what-to-include-in-a-project-scope-statement/

Howell, G.A., Laufer, A., & Ballard, G. (1993). Uncertainty and project objectives.  Project Appraisal ,  8 (1), 37-43.  https://doi.org/10.1080/02688867.1993.9726884

Martinez, M. (n.d.) Project management scope . Project Management Skills . https://www.project-management-skills.com/project-management-scope.html

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Planning. In  Merriam-Webster.com dictionary . Retrieved April 4, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/planning

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Proposal. In  Merriam-Webster.com dictionary . Retrieved April 4, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/proposal

Peterman, R. (2016, September 12).  Project management phases: Exploring phase #4 — monitoring & control.   PM project-management.com .    https://project-management.com/project-management-phases-exploring-phase-4-monitoring-control/

Peters, C. (2011, May 10).  An overview of the RFP process for nonprofits, charities, and libraries: Some basic considerations for each phase of the RFP process.  Tech Soup . http://www.techsoup.org/support/articles-and-how-tos/overview-of-the-rfp-process

Portny, S. (n.d.).  What to include in a project scope statement. Dummies .   http://www.dummies.com/careers/project-management/what-to-include-in-a-project-scope-statement/

Financial Times. (n.d.). Risk management. Financial Times Lexicon. http://lexicon.ft.com.

Parker, D. & Mobey, A. (2004). Action research to explore perceptions of risk in project management. I nternational Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 53 (1), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410400410509932

Business Dictionary. (n.d.)  Businessdictionary.com dictionary . Retrieved May 2, 2018, from  http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/direct-cost.html.

Harrin, E. (2017, October 13). Learn what a project milestone is.  The Balance Careers .   https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-a-project-milestone-3990338

Law, J.  (Ed.).  (2016).  A dictionary of business and management  (6th Edition). Oxford University Press.

Project-Management.com. (2016). PMO and project management dictionary.  https://project-management.com/pmo-and-project-management-dictionary/

State of Michigan: Department of Technology, Management & Budget. (2013, August). Project management key term, definitions and acronyms.  https://www.michigan.gov/documents/suite/PM_KeyTerms_Defs_Acronyms_080213_431285_7.pdf

Symes, S. (2018, April, 13). Advantages & disadvantages of a fixed-price contract.  Chron .  http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-fixedprice-contract-21066.html.

Thomack, David. 2018. “Introduction to Lean and Project Delivery.”  Video Lecture for CEE 498: Construction Management.  University of Wisconsin-Madison, College of Engineering, April 20.

Tracy, P. (n.d.). What is a general and administrative expense (G&A)?  InvestingAnswers.  https://investinganswers.com/dictionary/g/general-and-administrative-expense-ga

Viter, I. (2021). Creating a Project Budget-A Complete Guide. Forecast. https://www.forecast.app/blog/how-to-create-a-project-budget

Duarte, D. L. & Tennant Snyder, N.  (2006). Mastering virtual teams: Strategies, tools, and techniques that succeed.  Josey-Bass, A Wiley Imprint.

Govindarajan, V. & Gupta, A. K.  (2001) . Building an effective global business team.  MIT Sloan Management Review . http://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/building-an-effective-global-business-team/.

Meyer, E.  (2010, August 19). The four keys to success with virtual teams.”   Forbes .  https://www.forbes.com/2010/08/19/virtual-teams-meetings-leadership-managing-cooperation.html?sh=532fa6e630cc

Purvanova, R. K. (2014).  Face-to-face versus virtual teams: What have we really learned? The Psychologist-Manager Journal , 17 (1), 2-29. http://www.doi.org/10.1037/mgr0000009

Siebdrat, F., Hoegel, M., & Ernst, H. (2009, July 1).  How to manage virtual teams. MIT  Sloan Management Review,   Summer,  63-68. https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/how-to-manage-virtual-teams/

Sivasankari, R. (2010). Art of communication in project management. Project Management Institute . https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/effective-communication-better-project-management-6480

Thompson, L. [Kellog School of Management]. (2015, July 31). Optimizing virtual teams [Video]. YouTube.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SzWrazgt7Y&feature=youtu.be

Mackenzie, L.N., Wehner, J., Correll, S. (2019). Harvard Business Review. Why Most Performance Evaluations Are Biased, and How To Fix Them. https://hbr.org/2019/01/why-most-performance-evaluations-are-biased-and-how-to-fix-them

Williams, T. C.  (2011).   Rescue the problem project: A complete guide to identifying, preventing, and recovering from project failure.   AMACOM.

Commisceo Global Consulting Ltd. (2022a). Hello! (Bonjour) and Welcome to our Guide to Canadian Culture, Business Practices and Etiquette . https://www.commisceo-global.com/resources/country-guides/canada-guide

Commisceo Global Consulting Ltd. (2022b). Italy: Language, Culture, Etiquette and Business Practices . https://www.commisceo-global.com/resources/country-guides/italy-guide

Commisceo Global Consulting Ltd. (2022c). Sweden: Culture, Etiquette & Business Practices . https://www.commisceo-global.com/resources/country-guides/sweden-guide

Lysgaard, S. (1955). Adjustment in a foreign society: Norwegian Fulbright grantees visiting the United States. International Social Science Bulletin, 7, 45-51.

Participate Learning.  (2018). The Four Stages of Culture Shock. https://www.participatelearning.com/blog/the-4-stages-of-culture-shock/

Zimmermann, K.A. & Gordon, J. (2022). Indian culture: customs and Traditions. https://www.livescience.com/28634-indian-culture.html

Beck, K., Beedle, M., van Bennekum, A., Cockburn, A.,  Cunningham, W., Fowler, M., Greening, J., Highsmith, J., Hunt, A., Jeffries, R., Kern, J., Marick, B., Martin, R. C., Mellor, S., Schwaber, K., Sutherland, J., & Thomas, D. (2001). Principles behind the Agile Manifesto. http://agilemanifesto.org/iso/en/principles.html.

Cohn, Z. & Boone, G. (2016, September 20). Mississippi brings agile and modular techniques to child welfare system contract. 18F . https://18f.gsa.gov/2016/09/20/mississippi-agile-modular-techniques-child-welfare-system/.

Cohn, M. (2010, January 7). The role of leaders on a self-organizing team. Mountain Goat Software . https://www.mountaingoatsoftware.com/blog/the-role-of-leaders-on-a-self-organizing-team.

Gupta, A. (2017, September 19). Resource capacity planning for agile teams. PM . https://project-management.com/resource-capacity-planning-for-agile-teams/.

Merrill, R. (2017, October 2). Senior business analyst [Interview]. University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Mittal, Nitin. 2013. “Self-Organizing Teams: What and How.”  Scrum Alliance.  January 7. https://scrumalliance.org/community/articles/2013/january/self-organizing-teams-what-and-how.

OptiSol. (2015, February 23). What is the scope creep in agile development? https://www.optisolbusiness.com/insight/what-is-scope-creep-in-agile-development

ORC International: Expert Advisory Services. (n.d.). Rapid Product Development Experts . https://www.expertengine.com/experts/?strSearchType=all&strQuery=rapid+product+development

Saunders, Gareth. 2015. “The challenges of resource management in our Agile team.”  Digital Communications.  November 9. http://digitalcommunications.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/2015/11/09/the-challenges-of-resource-management-in-our-agile-team/.

Strategic Project Management Copyright © 2022 by Debra Patterson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Project Management: Referencing for Project Management

As Built Environment   students, you will be asked to use the APA 7th referencing style . 

What is referencing and why is it important?

At university you are expected to reference information sources used in your assignments. Referencing is important as it:

• gives credit to authors
• shows that you’ve done your research  
• means that others can find the resources you have used .
• Academic Integrity Study Guide

Referencing for Project Management

As a built environment student, you will be asked to use the APA 7th referencing style. The Library's APA guide will give you guidance, templates and examples you can use to build your own references. 

Referencing Videos

Sample references for Project Management

Ingason, H., & Jónasson, H. I. (2020).  Project execution . Routledge.

Journal article:

Kivilä, J., Martinsuo, M., & Vuorinen, L. (2017). Sustainable project management through project control in infrastructure projects. International Journal of Project Management, 35 (6), 1167-1183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.02.009 

Australian Institute of Project Management. (2020, September 18). Specialist project management: The engine of successful economic recovery . https://www.aipm.com.au/resources/reports/spm

Library database:

Isurv. (n.d.).  Earned value management .  https://www.isurv.com/

Standards Australia & Standards New Zealand. (2018). Quality management - guidelines for quality management in projects  (AS/NZS ISO 10006:2018). https://www.saiglobal.com/

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Related guides

You might be able to find what you need in one of the related guides below

• Construction Project Management Guide
• Management Guide

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Project Management: APA Referencing

• SIT Library books, ebooks & journals
• Online Databases
• Research Help
• Web Resources
• APA Referencing
• Te Tiriti o Waitangi

Referencing is a critical part of assignments, you must always acknowledge where information has come from e.g. article, book or website.

APA 7th edition colour coded guide to referencing

• Parts of a reference...
• Colour code used in examples...
• Book with edition other than first
• Edited book
• Chapter in an edited book
• Journal article from online databases
• Journal article from the internet e.g. Google Scholar
• Lippincott Procedures
• MIMS New Ethicals
• Webpage with an author
• Webpage with no author listed
• Website with no date
• Document on a website with a corporate author

A reference has four main pieces of information: author, date, title and source information.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of work: Second part of title. Source information.

Author: Names are inverted, surname comes first followed by initial/s. For two or more initials leave single spaces between initials.  Always use ‘&’ between the last two names in a reference, not ‘and’.

Date: Copyright or publication year in brackets, followed by a full stop.  Provide the most specific date possible, so if month and day are given, include them as well as the year e.g. (2018, September 16).

Title: Capitalise only the first letter of first word.  For a two-part title also capitalise the first letter of the first word of the second part e.g. Small business management: Entrepreneurship and beyond .  If a proper noun (person, country, company etc) is in the title the first letter is capitalised e.g. Two people, one land: The New Zealand wars .  Most titles are also italicised, the exceptions are a journal article’s title or a chapter’s title in an edited book.

Source information: Publisher name, journal information, DOI or URL.  Do not include Inc. or Ltd as part of a publisher’s name.  Do not include a full stop at the end of DOIs or URLs.  For articles, source information includes the journal’s title, volume and issue number, page range and DOI.  Capitalise the first letter of all major words in a journal’s title and italicise along with the volume number but not the issue number e.g. Journal of Business Ethics, 150 (3), 961-709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3171-1     

The tabs of this box show examples of reference structures for common information sources.  Each example uses a colour code to identify the four main pieces of information a reference must include.

Wright, M. (2006). Two peoples, one land: The New Zealand wars . Reed Books.

Rudman, R. (2010). Human resources management in New Zealand (5 th ed.). Pearson.

• Please note there is no full stop or comma between the title and the edition number in brackets.  Close brackets and end with a full stop.

Shanken, E. A. (Ed.). (2009). Art and electronic media. Phaidon Press.

• Use (Ed.) for one editor or (Eds.) for multiple editors. Close the brackets and end with a full stop.

Papps, E. (2015). Cultural safety: Daring to be different. In D. Wepa (Ed.), Cultural safety in Aotearoa New Zealand (2 nd ed., pp. 36-48). Cambridge University Press.

• The chapter title is not in intalics, however, the title of the edited book is written in italics.
• Include the chapter page range.  If the book has an edition or volume number include this in the brackets before the page range.
• Write the word “In”, then the initials and last name (not inverted) of each editor. Use (Ed.) for one editor or (Eds.) for multiple editors. After the editor brackets end with a comma.

Example of a journal article from the online databases with a DOI:

Grandy, G., & Sliwa, M.   (2017).   Contemplative leadership: The possibilities for the ethics of leadership theory and practice.   Journal of Business Ethics, 143 (3), 423-440.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2802-2   

Write the authors’ names in the order they appear in the article.

• Capitalise the first letter of all major words in the journal’s title and italicise along with the volume number (but not the issue number).
• Do not put a space between the volume number and the brackets around the issue number.
• Do not include pp. at the start of the page range.      
• Articles from online databases accessed through the library's MySIT page must include the DOI number if available. 

Example of a journal article from the online databases without a DOI:             

Mohammed, M., & Naji, F. L. (2017). Benefits of exercise training for computer-based staff: A meta analyses. International Journal of Kinesiology & Sports Science, 5 (2), 16-23.

• Articles from online databases accessed through the library's MySIT page must include the DOI number .  If no DOI is listed on the article's record, end the reference after the page range.             

Lagerkvist, C. J., & Hess, S. (2011). A meta-analysis of consumer willingness to pay for farm animal welfare. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 38 (1), 55-78. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=b7ff2a9a4f2b3acc0ef8db8e0cc0ec077c19c79f

Include the URL if the article is accessible on the internet to all readers without needing to login to the website.

Blood pressure measurement.   (2022, February 18).   Lippincott Procedures: New Zealand Instance. http://procedures.lww.com

• Include both the month and date, if provided, along with the year.
• Lippincott Procedures is a subscription database accessed through the library's MySIT page.  Due to this, you cannot include the URL from the database but instead must include the general  Lippincott Procedures homepage URL  http://procedures.lww.com .
• The in-text citation will be formatted with the title in quotation marks and year e.g. ("Blood pressure measurement", 2022).

Paracetamol.   (2022).   MIMS New Ethicals, Jul-Dec 22 (37), 203-205.

• MIMS New Ethicals is a journal published twice a year so follows journal reference formatting.
• As there is no author, the drug name is moved to the author position.
• The in-text citation will be formatted with the title in quotation marks, year and page number e.g. ("Paracetamol", 2022, p.203) .

While MIMS is a journal, please confirm with your tutor the format they will accept as in some situtations tutors prefer MIMS referenced as a book.

Bersin, J. (2015, March 13). Culture: Why it’s the hottest topic in business today. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/joshbersin/2015/03/13/culture-why-its-the-hottest-topic-in-business-today/#54831119627f

• If the website provides the month and date include these with the year e.g. (2015, March 13).

List the website or organisation's name for the publisher.  

Ministry for the Environment. (2021, September 30). Evidence for climate change. https://environment.govt.nz/facts-and-science/climate-change/evidence-of-climate-change/

• If no author is specified use the website or organisation's name in place of the author e.g. (Ministry for the Environment). This is known as a corporate author.  The author’s may be located on an “about us” or acknowledgements page.  As the author and website/organisation's name are the same, do not repeat it as the publisher in the source information.  

Ministry of Education. (n.d.). Innovative learning environments. TKI. https://elearning.tki.org.nz/Teaching/Innovative-learning-environments

• Do not use a date from a website footer because this date may not indicate when the content on the webpage was published but when any information across the whole website was updated. If no separate date is indicated for the webpage, treat the page as having no date.  In the date field use (n.d.).

Ministry of Health. (2020). Eating and activity guidelines for New Zealand adults. https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/eating-activity-guidelines-new-zealand-adults-updated-2020-jul21.pdf

• If no individual author is specified use the website or organisation’s name in place of the author e.g. (Ministry for the Environment).  This is known as a corporate author.  The author’s may be located on an “about us” or acknowledgements page.  As the author and website/organisation's name are the same, do not repeat it as the publisher in the source information.  Just include the document's URL.

Useful APA websites

• Introduction to APA...
• Academic Writer Tutorial: Basics of 7th edition APA style
• In-text Citations
• Handouts and guides

Are you struggling with APA referencing?  Check out these links to the official APA 7 th edition referencing website https://apastyle.apa.org/ .  This website provides webinars, tutorials, handouts and information on all aspects of APA referencing as well as information on appropriate writing style.

https://extras.apa.org/apastyle/basics-7e/?_ga=2.183941029.2072941113.1602723313-185554434.1602723313#/

This tutorial helps writers understand and implement basic elements of APA style including format, academic writing style, grammar, bias-free language guidelines, mechanics of style, table and figures, in-text citations, paraphrasing, quotations and reference list format and order.

https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references

References provide the information necessary for the reader to identify and retrieve each work quoted or paraphrased by the writer.  This webpage answers any questions you may have about referencing.

Reference Examples:

https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples

This provides reference examples for the most common works that writers cite.  To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g. periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of work (e.g. journal article) and follow the relevant example.

https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations

In academic writing it is essential to acknowledge any ideas that are not your own.  This webpage helps writers understand the principles of citation and how to avoid plagiarism.

Basic Principles:

https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles/author-date

APA uses the author-date citation system.  This webpage explains the number of authors to include, the dates in a citation, exceptions to the basic in-text citation style and repeating a citation.

Quotations:

https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/quotations

A direct quotation reproduces word for word from another source.  This webpage addresses how to format short and long quotes.

Paraphrasing:

https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is restating another's ideas in your own words.  It allows your to summarise information from one or more sources.  This webpage states how to cite original works you have paraphrased.

https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/tutorials-webinars

These tutorial webinars explain how to format, cite and reference correctly to APA 7th edition standards.

https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/handouts-guides

This webpage provides guides, checklists and interactive activities to improve APA formatting and writing.

SIT APA 7th edition guides

• APA 7th Edition Referencing Guide This is the official referencing guide for SIT. It provides detailed information on APA referencing and examples of in-text citations and references for a wide variety of information sources.
• APA 7th Edition Quick Look Help Sheet This table has an in-text citation and reference example for the most common types of sources.
• Essay Handbook This is the official academic writing guide for SIT. This guide provides detailed information on all aspects of essay writing.
• APA 7th Edition Sample Essay with Comments This sample essay illustrates essay structure and correct use of in-text citations and references.

EndNote 20 Reference Manager

EndNote is software for managing references.  EndNote can:

• Store, organise and search references
• Import references from online databases, Google Scholar and Ebook Central
• Insert in-text citations into a Word document and create a reference list
• Format references in the appropriate style e.g. APA 7th edition  

Click here to access comprehensive instructions on the installation and use of the reference management software EndNote 20.

Useful library books on referencing...

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Project Management

• Module Three
• Module Four
• Module Five
• Module Seven
• Module Eight
• Citing Your References

APA Citation Help

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association provides detailed guidelines for using APA style. The most recent (7th) edition of the APA Publication Manual is kept at the Reference Desk. Come to the desk if you need help or would like to consult the manual.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association . (7th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

For specific details and examples on citing sources within a paper and on creating a Works Cited page, hover over the APA Style tab and select either In Text Citations or Reference List.

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• Last Updated: Mar 14, 2024 3:09 PM
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References in project reports and assignments

Each time you quote or write a passage inspired my something you might have read elsewhere, you must include a source reference  – this applies to books, newspapers, magazines, websites, etc. EVERY TIME you base your writing on information found elsewhere, you must include a source reference. This also applies to your own previous work, such as something you might have written yourself in previous projects.

The purpose of the source references are:

• To give credit to the people whose work you have applied.
• To academically support your own work.
• To enable your readers to obtain the works and examine whether he/she might have reached the same conclusions on the same basis.

Therefore, referencing forms a substantial part of academic project work. Source references must be short and uniform and must be positioned where necessary. Source references may be structured in various ways. Communication and Digital Media has decided that all source references must be structured according to the APA referencing style . We recommend that you always use the latest edition of APA. Page numbers are not required, but it is encouraged for clarity.

Example of APA referencing:

(Rienecker & Jørgensen, 2001, p. 192) This includes the last names of the authors (note: and is substituted with &), year of publication and page number.   For works with two authors, both names should be listed in each reference. For works with three, four or five authors, all authors should be listed in the first reference. For subsequent in-text references, the first author should be listed followed by et al. (the abbreviated form of the Latin et alii, meaning “and others”), year of publication; in the reference list, all authors must be listed.

(Rogers et al., 2011, p. 437)

For works with no obvious indication of an author, the author is replaced by the title,

(Curriculum and Regulations, section 15, subsection 6).

WEB DOCUMENTS

When adding link references you must either refer to the author of the website or the organisation behind the website.

RECURRING REFERENCES

When adding references to the same source several times in a row (without adding any references to other sources), you must do the following:

For works with two authors, both names should be listed in each reference.

For works with three, four or five authors, all authors should be listed in the first reference. For subsequent in-text references, the first author should be listed followed by et al., year of publication; in the reference list, all authors must be listed.

For works with six or more authors, the first author should be listed followed by et al., year of publication.

Please note: APA Style does not use Ibid.

GENERAL GUIDELINES

Whether referring to a book, an article or a link, you should always list the authors of the text to which you refer – the editor of the work to which the author may have contributed should not be listed. 

It is highly essential that your project includes accurate source references. Taking notes as you go along will make it easier for you to compile your final reference list, and you minimise the risk of finding yourselves in a situation in which you cannot find a particular reference. You may also use RefWorks or Mendeley which are tools used for collecting and managing references. Microsoft Word also allows you to create a ‘bibliography’.

You can find more information on the proper use of source references and quotations at the website en.stopplagiat.nu .

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Fundamentals of Project Management, Third Edition by James P. Lewis

Get full access to Fundamentals of Project Management, Third Edition and 60K+ other titles, with a free 10-day trial of O'Reilly.

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References and Reading List

Argyris, Chris. Overcoming Organizational Defenses: Facilitating Organizational Learning . Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1990.

Carlzon, Jan. Moments of Truth . New York: Perennial, 1987.

Deming, W. Edwards. Out of the Crisis . Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986.

Graham, Robert J., and Randall L. Englund. Creating an Environment for Successful Projects . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1997.

Lewis, James. Team-Based Project Management . Beard Books, 2003.

Lewis, James. Mastering Project Management . New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998.

Lewis, James. The Project Manager’s Desk Reference , Third edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006.

Lewis, James. Project Planning, Scheduling, and Control , Fourth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, ...

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Project Management

How to reference.

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Harvard Referencing

The core referencing style used at Teesside University is Harvard Standard according to the book 'Cite Them Right' by Pears and Shields.

Click on the book cover below for details of the print copies held in the Library.

Click here for the online version.

Help: Referencing and Paraphrasing

• Harvard referencing workshops and tutorials
• Referencing Guide
• Example Reference List
• How to paraphrase

Harvard - Cite Them Right referencing examples

• Book referencing examples
• Journal referencing examples
• Website referencing examples

How to reference a book

Books with up to 3 authors:, in-text citation.

Pears and Shields (2019, p. 20) or (Pears and Shields, 2019, p. 20)

• Reference list

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019)  Cite them right: the essential referencing guide.  11th edn. London: Red Globe Press .

Books with more than 3 authors:

(Nadeau  et al ., 2005, p. 46) or Nadeau   et al . (2005, p. 46)

Nadeau, J.  et al .  (2005) Case studies in applied mechanics . 2nd edn. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.

Secondary Referencing

(Macmillan and Crelman,1991, cited in Wickens, 2002, p. 37)

Wickens, T.D. (2002)  Elementary signal detection theory . Oxford: Oxford University Press

An ebook that includes all the same elements as the print version e.g. page numbers, edition, publication details, should be referenced as though it was a print book.

Ebooks available on an edevice e.g. Kindle

If the ebook is available on an edevice (Kindle, smartphones and tablets) the elements might not be the same as the print version.  If this is the case you need to use the information you do have e.g. loc or %

(Adams, 1979, loc 876) or Adams (1979, loc 876)

Adams, D. (1979)  The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy.  Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Downloaded: 28 August 2013) .

How to reference a journal 

Journal articles with up to 3 authors.

(Parton and Fleming, 2008) or Parton and Fleming (2008)

Parton, S. and Fleming, H. (2008) 'Academic libraries and learning support in collaboration',  New Review of Academic Librarianship , 13(1), pp. 79-89. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13614530802021698

Journal articles with more than 3 authors

(Garcia  et al ., 2010) or Garcia  et al.  (2010)

Garcia, P.  et al .  (2010) 'Food biopreservation: promising strategies using bacteriocins, bacteriophages and endolysins', Trends in Food Science & Technology , 21(8), pp. 373-382. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13614530802021698

How to reference a website  

Education World (2002)  or  (Education World, 2002)

Education World (2002)  Student guide to avoiding plagiarism . Available at: 

http://www.educationworld.com/a_curr/TM/curr390_guide.shtml  

(Accessed: 14 May 2015).

Online tutorial for referencing

• Paraphrasing

If you cannot view the online tutorial below, go to the following web page . When you've viewed the basics section there, click back to this page and select the 'In-text' tab above.

If you cannot view the online tutorial below, go to the following  web page . When you've viewed the in-text citations section there, click back to this page and select the 'Paraphrasing' tab above.

If you cannot view the online tutorial below, go to the following  web page . When you've viewed the paraphrasing section there, click back to this page and select the 'Reference list' tab above.

If you cannot view the online tutorial below, go to the following  web page . When you've viewed the reference list section there, click back to this page.

RefWorks allows you to create and manage your own personal database of useful references. You can then use these to quickly compile a reference list or bibliography for your assignments. 

Click on the link below for more information, and details of Library workshops on how to use Refworks.

• Refworks LibGuide
• Website example
• Sample Word document
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Project Management: APA Citation

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Citing Articles & Websites

Author, A., Author, B., & Author, C. (Date). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume# (Issue#), page#. doi: (if avai lable )  

Offstein, E. H., Morwick, J. M., & Koskinen, L. (2010). Making telework work: Leading people and leveraging technology for competitive advantage. Strategic HR Review , 9 (2), 32-37. https:// doi.org/1 0.1108/14754391011022244

Author, A. (date). Title of document.  Website name if available.  https://xxxxxxxxx

Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc. (2021).   Sustainability: Cultivate a better world. https://www.chipotle.com/about-us/sustainability

Chipotle issues new sustainability report. (2019, April 30) . PR Newswire. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/chipotle-issues-new-sustainability-report-and-shares-progress-on-waste-diversion-goal-of-50-by-2020-300840403.html

If no publication date - use (n.d.) for "no date"

If no author - put Title of document/webpage first

Citing Specfic Business Resources

Annual Report / 10K

Wells Fargo. (2020). 2019 annual report . https://www.wellsfargo.com/downloads/pdf/invest_relations/wf2019annualreport.pdf

AtoZ World Culture

World Trade Press. (n.d.). Canada: The business experience. AtoZ World Culture database.

Books (whole)

Levitt, S. D., & Dubner, S. J. (2005). Freakonomics: A rogue economist explores the hidden side of everything. William Morrow.

Books (chapter)

Paauwe, J., & Dewe, P. (1995). Organizational structure of multinational corporations: Theories and models. In A.W. Harzing & J. Van Ruysseveldt (Eds.), International human resource management: An integrated approach (pp. 51-74). Sage Publishing.  

Business Insights: Global

Gale Group. (2019). Exxon Mobil Corp.: Company profile . Business Insights: Global database.

Nike Inc.: Financial and strategic analysis review. (2018, November 1). Global Market Direct SWOT Reports.  Business Insights: Global database.

CountryWatch

Canada: Cultural etiquette . (2018). Retrieved from CountryWatch database.

D&B Key Business Ratios

Dun and Bradstreet. (2018). SIC 5122: Stationary and office supplies. D&B Key Business Ratios database.

First Research

First Research. (2014, January 12). Industry profile: Candy manufacturing. First Research database.

Le, T. (2019, May). Colleges & universities in the US. IBISWorld database.

MarketLine Plus

MarketLine. (2012, June 28). Google Inc.: Company profile. MarketLine Plus database.

Mergent Online

Mergent. (2019). Ford Motor Co. company financials: Ratios . Mergent Online database.

Mergent. (2018, September). Automotive and parts North America: A company and industry analysis. Mergent Online database

Failla, J. (2020, April), Quick service restaurants: US . Mintel database.

Standard & Poor’s (S&P) NetAdvantage

Corridore, J. (2012, June 28). Airlines. Standard & Poor’s Industry Surveys. Standard & Poor’s NetAdvantage database.

YouTube / Videos

Sam Houston State University. (2015, December 16). Santa visits Sam Houston State University  [Video file].  https://youtu.be/L-EpbSelcOk

In-Text Citation

General (Author, Date)    e.g. (Levitt & Dubner, 2005)

No author ("First part of title," Date)    e.g. ("Making telework work," 2010)

"Direct quote" (Author, Date, page #) e.g. (Levitt & Dubner, 2005, p.73)

Direct Quote w/o page # (Author, Date, paragraph #) e.g. (Levitt & Dubner, 2005, para. 5)

Ordering Ref Entries

First, order entries alphabetically  by their 1st citation element (i.e., author's last name or title of work with no author)

• Use letter spelling to order numbers, e.g., order "2020" under "T"
• List single author work before mutli-author work

Then, order ascendingly by publication date (i.e., for entries with the same 1st citation element, order by 2nd element)

• List no date (n.d.) entries first
• List from earliest to most recent
• In-press references are last

Example of ref entry order

Smith, A. (n.d.)... Smith. A, (2011).... Smith, A., & Smith, B. (2011)... Smith, A. (2021)... Smith, B, (2019)... Smith, B. (in press)...

More APA Help

• Sample APA Style Paper
• APA Guide from Purdue University (Purdue OWL)
• ASC Writing Tutors Make an appointment to meet with a writing tutor from the Academic Success Center (ASC)
• EndNote Web This link opens in a new window Introduction & Instructions ; Create an account off-campus with PC . more... less... EndNote Web is a Web-based bibliography and database manager that allows users to create their own personal database by importing references from text files or online databases. They can use these references in writing their papers and automatically format the paper and the bibliography in seconds. EndNote Web is a free version of EndNote.

Evaluating Sources

• How to Evaluate Sources Detailed library guide for ways to evaluate different types of sources
• Evaluating News Sources "4 Moves & A Habit" handout from the American Democracy Project's (ADP) for evaluating web sources
• CRAAP Test Quick 1 page handout for questions to consider when evaluating information

Other Citation Styles

• And more...
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Project Management: Reference Sources

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• Referencing

Quick Links

Britannica Academic Online

Encyclopedia.com

Print resources on the reference shelves have to be consulted in the library. 

Copies of chapters or entries can be made in the photocopy section on level 4 of the library.

Clarification and Definitions of Concepts

Extracts from some e-reference sources explaining the relevant concepts. Further information can be found by searching the e-reference databases.

• Project management
• Project cost management and control
• Work breakdown structures
• Project leadership
• Project risk management
• Project stakeholders
• Project trade-offs

Print References Sources

E-reference sources.

Main e-Reference sources for further browsing

• Wiley Encyclopedia of Management Online, 3rd ed., 2015 This link opens in a new window Comprehensive encyclopedia in management covering digital technologies; ethics and governance-related issues; innovation; emerging markets; organizational networks; and new avenues of sustainable business growth
• Sage Knowledge: all Sage ebooks, reference and handbooks titles This link opens in a new window Books, handbooks, reference sources, business cases, in the social sciences.
• Oxford Reference Online Premium This link opens in a new window A premier online reference product, spanning 25 different subject areas, bringing together 2 million digitized entries across OUP's Dictionaries, Companions and Encyclopedias.

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Have your project planned? Here’s 11 steps to help you manage it like a pro

Whether you’re embarking on your very first management gig or just brushing up on some tips, we’ve got tons of advice to help you shine in your managerial role.

You don’t have to be a full-time project manager to make of these resources.

All of these tips are applicable to any project – big or small.

In Project Central, we operate our projects under three key phases:

1. Plan a project

2. Manage a project

3. Manage across multiple projects.

If you’re here, you’ve probably already visited our ‘ Plan a Project ‘ article. If not, we recommended checking it out here before moving on.

Today we’re talking about phase number two – managing a project . We’re going to show you how even the most complex projects can follow our go-to project management process.

Easily manage projects with Project Central

Project Central helps teams to plan, manage, and collaborate on any project with Microsoft 365.

11 steps to help you manage projects like a pro.

Stage 1: collaborate as a project team.

Steps 1-4 are all about collaboration. Team collaboration is the lifeblood of any project. So, you’ll want to cultivate a strong and communicative team dynamic as son as possible. That means effective idea sharing, decision making, and efficient team management.

Remember, your project team is probably going to include people with different topics of expertise.

Your team members may not even have met each other before – especially if they have been brought in from different departments.

In order to encourage effective collaboration, you’ll want to focus on transparency, engagement, team morale and motivation.

And to do this, a project collaboration and management tool is going to help you out a ton.

If you’re hoping to manage a multifaceted project using Excel, then you might want to think again. Spreadsheets are great for simple, or individual, tasks, but if you want to manage a team successfully, you’ll be much better served with a designated management tool.

Project Central is a simple project tracking tool that can help you plan and structure your projects in the way that’s best for you.

You’ll be able to assign tasks to your teammates, organize due dates, keep track of deadlines, set team priorities, and much more. With all of your project management and collaboration needs under one roof, you’ll be well on your way to hitting those project goals.

So, we know that effective collaboration is essential for successful project management, but what can you actually do as a project manager to ensure healthy collaboration practices in your teams? Here are some ideas to get you started!

Step 1: set up task notifications

First thing’s first, ensure that your team members are notified when they are assigned new tasks or have tasks due soon.

This is a great way to keep your project rolling and motivate team members.

With Project Central you can manage all of your tasks simply and easily in your My Tasks tab.

My Tasks is a simple and visual dashboard displaying all tasks assigned to you across all of your projects. It’s super easy for your team members to access. Each team member will be able to assess their individual tasks and see what needs to get done and when. And that benefits everyone. When individual tasks stay on track, projects stay on track.

Step 2: Update tasks

Update each task with all the relevant details pertaining to it. For example, you could attach all relevant documents needed for the task ahead of time.

Other important details to add, include task instructions (how it needs to be done) and task deliverables (what is expected upon completion).

Next, you’ll want to allocate each task to a team member. In order to do this effectively you should first define everyone’s role.

Once you’ve done this you can try to assign each task to employees based on their respective roles and individual skill sets.

Finally, try to keep workloads realistic. Setting too many tasks in too short a period of time is going to be counterproductive to end results (not to mention team morale).

Setting realistic time frames and project milestones is a super important part of being a project manager. It’s important to keep things moving but always achievable.

Step 3: Monitor project activity

Step three is to keep tabs on your project activity. Project management isn’t a ‘launch and be done with it’ kind of role.

The most successful project managers will regularly monitor and assess how their project is going. Are you meeting your goals? Are you managing to maintain the schedule?

Are there any adjustments needed? Monitoring your project activity isn’t just about bathing in the glory of your success.

Sometimes initial timescales and ideas don’t go to plan. And that’s fine. The important thing is that you’re keeping tabs on day-to-day progress so that you can make those necessary adjustments in a timely manner – before any more serious damage is done.

Step 4: Work in tasks on other projects

Just because you’ve taken on the role of project manager, doesn’t mean all of your other responsibilities go out of the window.

And the same goes for your team members.

When you find yourself with multiple projects on-the-go, in tandem, organization is even more important than ever.

Make sure to consider all project responsibilities when drawing up your project management plan.

When setting goals and timings, remember to factor in any deadlines or important tasks required for your adjacent projects.

A great way to do this is to unify all of your projects under one project management environment. That way you’ll have seamless visibility across all of your projects.

Stage 2: Track and adjust the project

Stage one is complete. You’ve set yourself up for a project based on amazing team collaboration.

Now it’s time to track and adjust your project after lift-off. As we already touched on, tracking your progress is key to maintain a manageable workload and successful outcome in managing your project.

So, without further ado, Steps 5 – 9 are all about tracking!

Here are our Project Central top-tips for tracking and adjusting projects as you go!

Step 5: resolve flagged tasks

At the beginning of your project, it’s a good idea to ask your team members to flag any tasks that require extra attention along the way.

This is inevitable. Not every task is going to go to plan first time around.

The important thing is being able to locate and troubleshoot the issue early on. As you conduct your reviews, ensure that you take note of a flagged tasks and rectify any issues.

Step 6: Review project structure and tasks

Even the seemingly most perfect plans can go askew.

When your plan starts to be delivered in reality, its inevitable that some timings are going to need adjustment.

Every so often it’s a good idea to review the project structure (phases, tasks, project sections) to ensure that it’s still fit for purpose.

For example, imagine you’re managing a marketing project. According to your initial plan, your team was supposed to deliver a marketing video by day 15 of the project. However, due to a delay caused by a third-party error, your team was set back. What should you do?

In a case like this, visit your project planning tool and shift around your project tasks to ensure a new, more manageable, timeline without sacrificing on your completion date.

If you planned your project timeline using a Gantt chart , this will be super easy.

Simply drag-and-drop you projects to adjust as needed and view your entire project timeframe at a glance.

Step 7: Update task status

Here’s a quick reminder. Whatever management tool you’re using make sure to keep it updated.

More complex projects with a lot of tasks can become confusing if the status of individual tasks is unclear. It could result in missed (or duplicated) tasks as a result of mismanagement and miscommunication.

To make sure this doesn’t happen to you, make sure all tasks are marketed as in-progress or complete as necessary.

Step 8: Update project schedule

As we’ve already alluded to, sometimes timelines don’t go 100% according to plan.

In most cases, you’ll be able to reassign and reshuffle tasks to accommodate the necessary changes and keep your project on track.

But sometimes you’ll need to adjust your completion date.

Step 9: Update project dashboard

Whatever happens during your project, whether it’s going ahead of schedule, falling behind, or in need of major intervention, it’s important to keep your team members and stakeholders in-the-know.

It’s good practice to regularly update your management dashboard with progress updates.

This should outline the current status of the project and give an overall project health indicator.

Stage 3: Close out the project

You’ve almost made it to project completion. It’s time to close out your project.

This is the time when you’ll be making those final updates and rounding off all those edges. Don’t treat your project like a hit and run. It’s really important that you close-out your projects appropriately.

You need to finalize all activities, transfer all completed or cancelled project information to the relevant parties, and remove access to the project.

This is also a time to sit down with your team and reflect. Talk about what went well and what could be done better next time.

Steps 10 and 11 are all about closing out gracefully.

Step 10: Close your project

It’s time to close your project for good. Make any final updates to the project dashboard and update your project status to complete. Once you’ve done this you can officially close-out the project.

Step 11: Save your project as a template

Your project is over, but it’s important to keep a record of it for future reference. Successfully projects can be kept as a reference for future project management assignments. If a project plan has worked well, hold onto it. Save the project as a template for you and your team. This will become a valuable resource that you can refer to for proven project management best practices.

Manage in style

You’re ready to go!

It’s time to manage your projects in style.

You’ve planned you project and now you’re ready to manage it like a pro.

Follow these 11 steps and you’ll be the occasional project manager of the year in no time.

Looking for some more inspiration? Check out our free downloadable template to get you off on the right foot.

Get Started With Project Central

Sign-up for your free 14-day trial and see how Project Central can help your teams to plan, manage, and collaborate with Microsoft 365.

Project Central is a safe and secure environment as it uses your existing Microsoft username and password.

In some cases you need permissions from your IT team to start your free 14 day trial. Reach out to us for more information:

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Accenture (2010). The Value of a PMO . Retrieved from https://www.apm.org.uk/sites/default/files/protected/8.accenture.pdf .

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Table of Contents

• Knowledge Management
• Organisation Studies
• Strategic Management

• [66.249.64.20|185.80.151.41]
• 185.80.151.41

Character limit 500 /500

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Managing Project Resources and Assignments

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Establish The Terms Of Reference

Now that you have documented a business case and undertaken a feasibility study to select your preferred solution, you are ready to define the scope of a project to deliver the solution to your customer. To formally define the scope of a project, you need to document its terms of reference (TOR).

The TOR outlines the purpose of the project, the way it will be structured and how it will be implemented. It describes the project:

• vision, objectives, scope and deliverables (ie what you have to achieve);

• stakeholders, roles and responsibilities (ie who will take part in it);

• resource, financial and quality plans (ie how it will be undertaken).

The TOR may also be referred to as a 'project charter' or 'project definition report'. It is usually presented by senior management in the business to the business sponsor or customer for approval. It is completed after the business case and feasibility study have been approved but before the project team is appointed. The TOR also defines the scope of the project, within which all deliverables are produced. Project activities will only be undertaken outside the defined scope of the project if a valid change request form has been approved.

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Readers' Questions

What is terms of reference (tor)?

Terms of reference (ToR) can be defined as a document that outlines the specific objectives, scope, and tasks of a project, assignment, or committee. It provides guidance and sets out the parameters within which the work should be carried out. Terms of reference typically include details such as the purpose of the project, the desired outcomes, the timeline, the budget, roles and responsibilities of team members, and any other relevant information. ToR helps to clarify the expectations and ensure consistency and alignment among stakeholders. It serves as a reference point throughout the course of the project, providing a framework for decision-making and evaluation.

Terms of Reference (TOR) is a document that outlines the scope and objectives of a project, assignment, or investigation. It provides instructions and guidelines on how to carry out the work, including the desired outcomes, deliverables, timelines, and resources required. The TOR typically includes the following information: Background: An overview of the context and reasons for undertaking the project or assignment. Objectives: The specific aims and goals to be achieved through the work. Scope: The boundaries and limitations of the project, including what is included and excluded. Deliverables: The tangible outputs or outcomes expected from the work, such as reports, recommendations, or completed tasks. Methodology: The approach, methods, and tools to be used in carrying out the work. Timeline: The proposed schedule and milestones for different phases of the project. Resources: The materials, equipment, facilities, human resources, and budget needed to complete the work. Reporting: The format and frequency of progress reporting, as well as the target audience(s) for such reports. Communication: The stakeholders involved and their roles, as well as the channels and frequency of communication. Overall, the TOR serves as a guideline that ensures clarity, consistency, and accountability in the execution of a project or assignment. It helps to establish a common understanding between all parties involved and provides a basis for evaluating the success and effectiveness of the work.

What is terms of reference?

A terms of reference (TOR) is a document that defines the purpose, structure, and participants in an endeavor. It is often used in the context of a project, committee, or negotiation. It establishes the scope, objectives, and participants in the activity, and outlines the roles, responsibilities, and expected results. TORs help clarify the purpose of the activity as well as the desired outcomes and can be used as a reference point for decision-making and evaluating progress throughout the process.

How to write a Project Management Assignment

• Post author By Sara Jason
• Post date 21st January 2020

Table of Contents

Writing a project management assignment comes with challenges in different stages. So, It is not easy to do assignment based on project management. The students need to be very resourceful. Not only in terms of finding the contents for the assignment but also the students need to be broad-minded. A visionary mind is necessary to deliver any kind of project. It is sometimes more than that. You have to have a broad perspective. 

The most crucial skill required to become a project manager is that you should have a critically thinking mind. You should be able to acknowledge the challenges and all sorts of contingencies that could take place while delivering a project. Most of the times, the goal is to find solutions to every obstacle and new challenges. 

The student that has the capability to anticipate the upcoming problems can write a good project management assignment. Most importantly, it makes them a little knowledgeable and skilful too. 

Required skills to become a project manager

The skillset required to deliver a project can only be developed through experience. For a student, the only way to gain experience is by taking part in internship programs. So, It is essential for students learning and growth. Nowadays, project management courses are at the boom. Hence, the demand for skilful candidates has been drastically increasing in the past couple of years. 

When it comes to delivering a project, the person has to be more like a stand-alone performer. You have to be more pro-active and good observer too. 

As it was said in the beginning, there are different stages of challenges that you can acknowledge in order to tackle them one by one. By doing so, you will be able to deliver a good project management assignment.

Frequent topics of Project management coursework

Let us first consider the different topics that include in a project management assignment

• Communication
• Computer-Integrated Project Delivery
• Cost-Engineering and Control
• Financial and Managerial Accounting
• Intelligent Transportation Systems
• Managerial Finance
• Project Feasibility Analysis and valuation
• Project Scheduling
• Sustainability Strategies in Organization
• Transaction Management and Risk Mitigation

There is a lot more to project management and it is not possible to create an exhaustive list of topics that fall under the umbrella of project management. You can pitch your requirements and we can assist you with writing.

Stage 1 – Growing Interest in the course and indulging in assignment writing

There could be many reasons behind not able to develop an interest in Project Management Assignment. The reason could be due to an inefficient tutor, lack of understanding of the concepts or simply the inability to address the application of theory on a real-time basis. 

Whatever the reason may be, at least make it point to communicate your problems with your tutor or counsellor. The psychological aspect of learning a new concept is that if you do not understand it, you gradually start to lose interest in the concept. Do not discourage yourself in those instances. 

• You can also read how to write a literature review for a dissertation
• Make your thesis great with our assistance. Read our blog article on how to write a thesis for best grades .

Learn the real-time applications of the project management assignment. Once you are aware of the concept from a practical point of view, you will slowly grow interested in your project management assignment. There is not a clear solution to finding a tangible method to grow your interest in a particular course synthetically. Every student has their perspectives and thought process. 

Therefore, you will have to find your own way through it. You have to figure out the things by yourself. Dig a little deeper and find out the cause that fascinates the most about the project management. Find the aspects of project management that you think you deliver better. Finally, choose one of the topics that interest you the most and study a little bit of that topic.

Stage 2 – Improper Language Technique or Writing Skills

The inability to understand the concepts due to the language barrier. It is the reason behind giving up on the course more often. Self-confidence is very necessary. It is considered a common problem. There are various methods you can learn the concepts in a much easier way. 

Stay connected with your professor and make sessions of all the concepts one by one. However, you should try and find the relation between the meanings of the book and your level of perceptions. There are many books in the library that could be useful. Find yourself a project management expert that can explain the topics more vividly.  You can also enrol yourself in short-term programs of language techniques and communication. By indulging those programs you can grow skills to comprehend the concepts quickly and easily. 

Stage 3 – Choosing the Right Topic for Project

It is the third challenge when it comes to writing a project management assignment. The problem comes when you do not have the idea of choosing the topic in which you can perform better. The topic that coincides with your expertise better. Choosing the right dissertation topic could be a little daunting task. 

Moreover, It is a daunting task. The reason is that there will be no turning back after you have chosen it. As the dissertation takes probably the longest time to finish. You have to brainstorm everything from the start. Therefore, it is important to know about your capabilities first, then your line of interest. Once you about your strengths and interest, you will be able to choose the right topic for yourself and start working on it. 

You can start by brainstorming every topic and evaluate them on the basis of your existing resources. Find out which topic would be easier for you to find tangible resources. Finally, you will be able to bifurcate between the topics. Choose the one that interests you the most and start working on it. 

Stage four – Designing the PMP Assignment

Now that you are ready to execute all your plans. Hence, there are a few things that you should consider while writing the project management assignment. Make sure, you organize all the contents of the assignment in a proper way. 

Basically, Knowing about the concept, topics, methods of conducting research and finding resources is 80% of the job. Remaining 20% depends on how you deliver the assignment in a concise manner. So, you should know how to structure the assignment. So, All the contents of the assignment should be in proper chronological order. 

The reader must be able to understand all the content very clearly therefore, it is necessary to keep your tone as simple as you can. Plus, the contents should be easily recognizable. For that, you should put more attention into creating the headings and sub-headings sensibly. 

First, Go through some Industry-specific references and case studies for your assignment. These are some powerful methods to make your assignment more professional and strong. Hence, you should learn from scratch. 

Also, make sure you go through the rubric given by the university as well. If you have followed all the instructions given in the rubric, it will help you to score better with your assignment. 

The information shared above regarding project management is the first segment of the larger process. The process also involves aspects related to Marketing and Accountancy. Hence, you can avail assistance with marketing assignment or accounting homework if required.

By Sara Jason

Sara has been closely working with academic websites for last 8 years. Sara has been associated with makemyassignments.co.uk for last 4 years a s a leading academic writer. She writes majorly about marketing, general management and human resources.

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Terms of Reference (ToR) for a consultant on Contribution Subsidy review survey and Learning Product

• International Labour Organization

Tasks related to supporting the ILO and ISSA Comparative study and identification of global best practices on contribution subsidies

May – November 2024

Comparative study and global best practices on contribution subsidies

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is conducting a study on contribution subsidies around the world. The purpose of the assignment is to develop the global evidence base for contribution subsidy mechanisms, highlighting the design choices, contextual factors, and overall impact. In doing so, the assignment will develop a typology of mechanisms that can inform design choices within national social security offices considering the use of this policy tool to extend coverage of social security to more vulnerable segments of the population. The study is financed and managed from the ILO Jordan Field Office, with the immediate requirement to inform discussions with the Jordan Social Security Corporation on the design of its contribution subsidy mechanism. However, the overall paper will be positioned to serve the wider interest in the social protection community as a global knowledge product.

The exercise is envisaged to take place over the course of 10 months, from November 2023 to August 2024. The exercise began with identifying and developing 6-8 case studies of contribution subsidy mechanisms to illustrate the breadth of existing designs. A more comprehensive mapping of existing mechanisms study will take place subsequently and require a more extensive survey-based mapping exercise and desk review. The mapping exercise will be led by ISSA, leveraging their outreach channels with national social security offices. The desk review should complement mapping efforts and focus on assessing the impact of contribution subsidy mechanisms on social security participation and reduction in informality. Based on the findings, the exercise should define a typology of different contribution subsidy schemes and structure the learnings from identified design features. The review can include high-income countries for the purposes of defining the typology, however, the main recommendations and learnings should be targeted towards lower- and middle-income contexts that may seek to adopt this intervention as a strategy for extension of coverage and formalization. Case studies and recommendations will prioritise learnings from contexts with high rates of labour informality and more limited institutional capacity. The report will conclude by highlighting key design considerations relevant for Jordan and other contexts of high worker informality.

Research activities under the Project

Research activities

The full list of activities for the project are as follows, shared between ILO and ISSA –

• Define contribution subsidy mechanism criteria. With ILO and ISSA, devise working definition of contribution subsidies for the purpose of scoping this study and designing survey questionnaire.
• Develop 6-8 country case studies. The exercise will begin with an internal brainstorm and development of 6-8 core case studies, highlighting the design choices, enabling factors and impact of select contribution subsidy mechanisms. The case studies should serve to provide the SSC and other key stakeholders in Jordan with reference points in the contribution subsidy literature and evidence base.
• Conduct a mapping exercise of contribution subsidy models. The mapping exercise will be led by ISSA and will leverage their country network to collect information on existing models of subsidy models. Given anticipated gaps in the literature, the mapping is intended to be expansive in surfacing less researched examples to facilitate structuring of possible typologies. Information collected should include a brief description of the challenge being addressed by the mechanism, type of mechanism, value, target population, duration, financing, and complementary design frameworks or benefits (such as embedding within a monotax regime with benefits of simplified administration and reductions in taxes).
• Conduct a desk review of studies and assessments covering contribution subsidies. In parallel with the above mapping exercise, a desk review should be conducted on all research relevant to contribution subsidy mechanisms. The review will focus on assessing the impacts of contribution subsidy mechanisms on social security participation and entry into formal employment, encompassing relevant indicators on registration, contribution density, gender equality etc. The review should also document elements of design (worker or employer-targeted, target group, delivery mechanism, subsidy value, phase out period, financing modality), administration (efficiency, effectiveness, including of targeting), and impact on participation.
• Identify draft framework of contribution subsidy mechanism typologies and case studies. After the mapping exercise and desk review, conduct a technical meeting with ILO to discuss possible frameworks of categorising different contribution subsidy mechanisms and identify case studies illustrating the key design features.
• Prepare report framing typology of different contribution subsidy mechanisms, case studies, key findings, lessons learned and recommendations. The final product is intended to present the evidence base for the use of contribution subsidy mechanisms and benefits in achieving goals of extension of coverage and formalization. The report should cater for an audience that understands social insurance concepts, whilst remaining accessible and easy-to-read. The completed version will be submitted in English. The report should include a one-page infographic conceptualising the typology, to ensure that findings can be translated to a wider audience.
• Presenting findings to key stakeholders. In Jordan, findings will be presented to the SSC and other stakeholders including the workers’ and employers’ organizations, civil society, development partners and Government Institutions. The paper should also serve a wider interest in the social protection community as a global knowledge product, with dissemination via webinars reaching ISSA members and the broader international social protection audience.
• Prepare learning materials based on the findings of the study. The global scope and relevance of the study present an opportunity to capture the knowledge produced in a user-friendly, learning-oriented product available to wider audiences beyond the life of the project. To this end, one additional product will be the design and development of materials that can be easily converted to regional or global training materials available to both the ILO and ISSA to incorporate into relevant training programmes for their respective knowledge and practitioner communities.

This project will be produced as a collaboration between ISSA and ILO, recognising the importance of this research area to both agencies, and recognising the anticipated advantages of each agency for different requirements of the research.

The research study will leverage ISSA’s country office network and outreach channels to social security offices to collect Country Profile information and other administrative data. Given this infrastructure, ISSA will lead on the mapping exercise, utilising a survey design to reach out to a subset of countries that are assessed to be target countries (50-60 countries). ISSA will be responsible for building the respondent list, sending out the surveys, follow-up, compilation of responses, and oversight of the development of learning materials.

• Key Tasks and Responsibilities for the External Collaborator

The external collaborator for this assignment will support the implementation of an ISSA member survey and the development of learning materials based on the project’s findings. The responsibilities of the external collaborator consist of performing the following tasks within an established schedule.

• Task 2: Compilation of survey responses, including the design and preparation of short country profiles based on the responses.
• The external collaborator will design and prepare short country profiles based on the responses and compile the survey responses with a view to presenting summary statistics corresponding to the key dimensions of interrogation of the study and identifying potential cases for further in-depth examination. The compilation will be done in consultation with the ISSA, ILO and the ILO external collaborator separately contracted to lead the main global study.
• Design of country profile: 15 May 2024
• Preparation of country profiles: 30 June 2024
• Descriptive statistics of survey responses: 05 July 2024
• Task 3: Development of a learning materials package , including a summary of key lessons, highlights of at least 6 short illustrative country case profiles, a resources kit and any other supporting materials.
• Outline for learning package contents and structure: 31 August 2024
• Learning package: 30 September 2024
• Short article 1: 31 October 2024
• Short article 2: 30 November 2024
• Each article will be approximately 3,000 words in length. The specific focus of the short articles will be determined in collaboration with the ISSA and ILO.

(Check attached TOR for further details on vacancy)

How to apply

How to Apply

Interested consultants are invited to submit the below via email to [email protected], and copying [email protected], under the email subject “Contribution Subsidies Global Review and Learning Product”. The deadline for submission is 20 April 2024. The position is open to both international and national consultants. No travel is anticipated for this assignment.

The application shall include:

• A Curriculum Vitae (CV), including at least two professional references that are relevant to the assignment.
• A financial proposal detailing the daily rate, number of working days required for each deliverable, and implied fee for each deliverable.
• One or more work samples demonstrating experience on a similar assignment, if any.

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