Interviews can be defined as a qualitative research technique which involves “conducting intensive individual interviews with a small number of respondents to explore their perspectives on a particular idea, program or situation.” [1]
There are three different formats of interviews: structured, semi-structured and unstructured.
Structured interviews consist of a series of pre-determined questions that all interviewees answer in the same order. Data analysis usually tends to be more straightforward because researcher can compare and contrast different answers given to the same questions.
Unstructured interviews are usually the least reliable from research viewpoint, because no questions are prepared prior to the interview and data collection is conducted in an informal manner. Unstructured interviews can be associated with a high level of bias and comparison of answers given by different respondents tends to be difficult due to the differences in formulation of questions.
Semi-structured interviews contain the components of both, structured and unstructured interviews. In semi-structured interviews, interviewer prepares a set of same questions to be answered by all interviewees. At the same time, additional questions might be asked during interviews to clarify and/or further expand certain issues.
Advantages of interviews include possibilities of collecting detailed information about research questions. Moreover, in in this type of primary data collection researcher has direct control over the flow of process and she has a chance to clarify certain issues during the process if needed. Disadvantages, on the other hand, include longer time requirements and difficulties associated with arranging an appropriate time with perspective sample group members to conduct interviews.
When conducting interviews you should have an open mind and refrain from displaying disagreements in any forms when viewpoints expressed by interviewees contradict your own ideas. Moreover, timing and environment for interviews need to be scheduled effectively. Specifically, interviews need to be conducted in a relaxed environment, free of any forms of pressure for interviewees whatsoever.
Respected scholars warn that “in conducting an interview the interviewer should attempt to create a friendly, non-threatening atmosphere. Much as one does with a cover letter, the interviewer should give a brief, casual introduction to the study; stress the importance of the person’s participation; and assure anonymity, or at least confidentiality, when possible.” [2]
There is a risk of interviewee bias during the primary data collection process and this would seriously compromise the validity of the project findings. Some interviewer bias can be avoided by ensuring that the interviewer does not overreact to responses of the interviewee. Other steps that can be taken to help avoid or reduce interviewer bias include having the interviewer dress inconspicuously and appropriately for the environment and holding the interview in a private setting. [3]
My e-book, The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation in Business Studies: a step by step assistance offers practical assistance to complete a dissertation with minimum or no stress. The e-book covers all stages of writing a dissertation starting from the selection to the research area to submitting the completed version of the work within the deadline.John Dudovskiy
[1] Boyce, C. & Neale, P. (2006) “Conducting in-depth Interviews: A Guide for Designing and Conducting In-Depth Interviews”, Pathfinder International Tool Series
[2] Connaway, L.S.& Powell, R.P.(2010) “Basic Research Methods for Librarians” ABC-CLIO
[3] Connaway, L.S.& Powell, R.P.(2010) “Basic Research Methods for Librarians” ABC-CLIO
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Top interview methods for research
Last updated
12 April 2023
Reviewed by
Jean Kaluza
- What is the interview method?
An interview is one of the best methods for gathering qualitative research.
In contrast to quantitative data collection methods, interviews allow researchers to access the minds and emotions of subjects, getting more detailed and nuanced information.
While methods such as surveys and polls are useful for learning people's opinions, interviews delve deeper into:
Feelings : People may have feelings about something you can't easily quantify.
Reasons : An interviewee can explain their answer rather than checking a yes/no box.
Ambiguity : Sometimes, people have mixed feelings about a product, feature, or option.
Experience : In an interview, people reveal their unique backgrounds and life experience.
Analyze all kinds of interviews
Bring all your interviews into one place to analyze and understand
- Essential factors for interviews
These are critical factors to consider before conducting interviews :
Find appropriate subjects
Who you choose as interviewees will have a major impact on your results. Consider the demographics and characteristics of your subjects.
Do you need a random sampling of opinions?
For some uses, you need to narrow it down to people with certain characteristics. If you're asking people to compare experiences playing two computer games, you'd likely want subjects familiar with gaming.
Formulate questions
The questions you ask and how you phrase them will affect the responses. Leading, loaded, biased, or unclear questions will distort results.
Select an interview format
You can conduct interviews in person, by phone, or online (via email, video conferencing, or a chatting app). While in-person interviews are ideal for getting thorough and honest answers, they can be costlier and more time-consuming.
- What are the main types of interview?
The following are seven of the most effective and widely used interview methods for research.
1. Focus groups
Companies often use focus groups to test consumers' reactions to products. A focus group usually consists of interviewing 8–12 people together. These informal sessions are more like conversations than formal interviews.
The advantages of focus groups include:
You can garner a lot of feedback from multiple participants in one session.
Interviewing people in groups is simpler than arranging one-on-one interviews.
In a group setting, people often let their guard down and reveal their true feelings.
On the downside, more extroverted and aggressive participants may dominate the discussion, while shy people may be reluctant to speak up.
A group setting also requires skilled interviewers who keep the discussion on point. While the setting is usually informal, the session needs to stay on-topic.
2. Structured interview
A structured interview is usually a one-on-one discussion between interviewer and interviewee.
Structured interviews are at the other end of the formality spectrum from focus groups. Rather than a flowing conversation, this type of interview involves a series of discrete questions.
A job interview is a common example of a structured interview. Police and law enforcement agencies also employ this technique when questioning suspects or witnesses.
Advantages of this approach include:
The interview is very focused and efficient, with less room for digressions and biases.
Each interviewee answers identical questions, so the results are clear and easier to interpret than in a less structured interview.
On the other hand, the formal atmosphere of a structured interview may put interviewees on guard, making them less likely to provide authentic answers.
Some interviewees are inclined to provide the answers they think the interviewer wants, which is the social desirability bias.
While the standardized approach is useful in some ways, there are advantages to observing people's reactions when they are engaging more spontaneously.
3. Unstructured interview
An unstructured or non-directive interview is where questions are open-ended and informal.
In contrast to a structured interview, the interviewer does not have a predetermined list of questions. This creates a more conversational tone and relaxed atmosphere.
Unstructured interviews essentially have the reverse pros and cons of structured interviews.
The advantage is that interviewees are more relaxed and likely to provide honest and spontaneous answers. On the downside, the informality of unstructured interviews makes it more challenging to analyze results systematically.
Since the questions are likely to differ from one interview to the next, there will be a wider range of possible responses. This means it takes more time to analyze the results.
4. Semi-structured interview
As the name suggests, a semi-structured interview lies between a structured and unstructured format.
The interviewer doesn’t have a strict list of questions to ask in a predetermined order. Instead, a general framework gives the interview some structure.
A semi-structured interview can combine some of the benefits of structured and unstructured interviews. The format is controlled enough to provide some structure but informal enough to keep the conversation casual and interviewees at ease.
The disadvantages of this approach are similar to those of unstructured interviews to a lesser degree. Compared to a structured interview, it can be difficult to compare interviewee responses with precision.
5. Personal interview
A personal interview is an in-person, one-on-one conversation between the interviewer and interviewee. Personal interviews can also be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured.
Unlike a focus group, there are no distracting influences from other group members. The interviewee can place all of their attention on one person, allowing for in-depth communication.
The main drawback of personal interviews is the time and expense of arranging in-person sessions with each interviewee.
6. Phone interviews
The phone interview is another time-honored practice that's been around almost as long as telephones. The basic idea hasn't changed much over the years.
In this age of digital technology and big data, it's possible to locate and screen potential interview candidates more precisely.
Advantages of phone interviews include:
The convenience for researchers and interviewees
The ability to tailor them to structured, unstructured, or semi-structured formats
Saving time and money
You can talk to multiple subjects on the phone in a short period.
People who may be reluctant to take the time to attend a live session are more likely to agree to a phone interview at their convenience.
Despite their convenience, phone interviews don't provide researchers with quite the same benefits as live sessions. Disadvantages include:
Being unable to observe body language and facial expressions
Many people are distracted while on the phone
Respondents may be multitasking while on the phone, so you may be interviewing someone who’s cleaning the house, watching TV, or scrolling through social media. In person, you have a better chance of getting the interviewee's full attention.
7. Online interview
Online interviews provide some of the benefits of phone interviews with some additional possibilities.
Online interviews fall into two general categories: Asynchronous and synchronous.
Typically, you’ll conduct asynchronous interviews via email. This includes one-on-one interviews, where interviewees respond to individual emails. There are also group interviews with group emails.
Synchronous interviews are real-time, using chat programs or video conferencing software.
Video interviews provide many of the advantages of live interviews along with the convenience of phone interviews, including:
Video interviews put the user in their natural, most comfortable environments.
Researchers can observe interviewees’ facial expressions and body language.
People are less likely to be distracted or multitasking while talking into a camera.
One potential drawback of online interviews is that they require interviewees to use a certain technology. This may exclude participants who are older, less tech-savvy, or without access to the appropriate technology.
What type of interview is the best?
You need to consider your needs and budget when determining the best interview method for your research.
Generally, focus groups and other in-person interviews in the user’s most authentic environment are best. They allow for the most depth and quality of communication. However, this is not always possible due to time and financial limits.
- How to conduct interviews in research
Follow these steps for conducting interviews:
Choose your interview method
When comparing interview formats, consider several criteria:
The type of research
The more complex the topic, the more advantageous it is to conduct in-person interviews.
For example, determining whether a user uses a product is much less complex than understanding exactly how and when they use it.
The population you're studying
When selecting an interview method, consider if that method favors or excludes participants.
Your budget
Phone or online interviews are a good choice if you have a limited budget, as you won’t need to secure a physical interview space.
Time constraints
In-person interviews are considerably more time-consuming than online or phone interviews.
Develop interview questions and process
The questions you ask and how you phrase them can greatly impact responses. For example, you can ask similar questions using informal language or industry jargon. You also need to avoid leading questions.
Facilitate the interview
Whether you conduct interviews in person, by phone, or online, you must select interviewees and set up times and locations.
When arranging interviews, ensure participants know how much of their time you’ll need.
Analyze your results
Analyzing the results of interviews consists of several steps:
Gather recordings of the interviews.
Transcribe the interviews:
If responses were via email, you'll already have the transcriptions
Otherwise, you can use AI tools to transcribe the interviews
Identify themes and categories, including:
Common reactions to questions
Reasons given for answers
Any reluctance to answer certain questions
Identify possible biases or limitations:
Interviewees may not represent a broad enough population
Leading questions may encourage or exclude certain answers
- Tips for conducting interviews
Keep these guidelines in mind when using interviews for research:
Choose the right interview setting
For in-person interviews, be mindful of the setting. The best environment is neutral without distractions, and interviewees should feel comfortable. Ensure comfortable seating, adequate lighting, and an appropriate temperature.
Be mindful of researcher bias
Bias can intrude on research in several ways, including:
In the formulation of questions
How you ask questions (e.g., your tone of voice)
In the interpretation of data
You can minimize this by taking appropriate precautions.
The most common types of researcher bias include:
Selection bias
You exclude part of the target population from the research.
Analysis bias
Researchers may emphasize data that confirms their beliefs.
Interviewer bias
The way you ask a question or your attitude can influence the response.
Here’s an example:
"How often do you engage in unhealthy habits?"
The negative connotations of " unhealthy " may influence the interviewee to understate how often they actually engage in the behavior.
Response bias
Researchers need to be aware of bias on the part of interviewees . People may answer questions based on what they think is the right or socially acceptable answer.
Sometimes interviewees can go silent or not speak their minds enough. You can use several techniques to try to get the information from a participant:
Remind them to “ think aloud. ”
More timid participants may need extra encouragement: Humor can bring down walls.
Playing dumb about specifics can boost confidence in quieter participants.
Silence is a powerful tool—it can open up even the most difficult subjects.
- Advantages and disadvantages of interviews
Here are some pros and cons of interviews as a research method:
Good for qualitative research, producing more than simple answers from surveys
In-person and video interviews provide non-verbal clues about how interviewees feel.
Disadvantages
Interviews are a costly, time-consuming research method.
Lack of anonymity may cause respondents to be less honest on sensitive topics.
Personal interaction can trigger interviewers’ and interviewees’ biases.
- Interviews are a valuable research tool
Interviews are extremely helpful for qualitative research, providing in-depth insights into people's opinions and experiences. Take the time to identify the most appropriate subjects to interview and questions to ask them to get the best results from interviews. It's also critical to account for and minimize biases.
You can use phone or online interviews if you have time or budget constraints.
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Interviews can be defined as a qualitative research technique which involves “conducting intensive individual interviews with a small number of respondents to explore their perspectives on a particular idea, program or situation.” There are three different formats of interviews: structured, semi-structured and unstructured.
In this paper, we analyse the use of interviews in research aimed at making decisions for conservation. Through a structured review of 227 papers, we explore where, why and how interviews were used in the context of conservation decision making; The review suggests that interviews are a widely used method for a broad range of purposes.
The following are seven of the most effective and widely used interview methods for research. 1. Focus groups. Companies often use focus groups to test consumers' reactions to products. A focus group usually consists of interviewing 8–12 people together.