globalization and its impact on education essay

Essay on Globalization And Its Impact On Education

Students are often asked to write an essay on Globalization And Its Impact On Education in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on Globalization And Its Impact On Education

What is globalization.

Globalization means the way countries and people of the world interact and connect. It’s like a big web that links different places and cultures. This happens because of trade, technology, and travel. People can share ideas and goods more easily than ever before.

Globalization in Schools

In schools, globalization has led to more cultural exchange. Students from different countries can study together, either online or in the same classroom. This helps kids learn about new cultures and languages right from their desks.

Technology in Education

Thanks to globalization, technology in education has grown. Students use computers and the internet to learn from teachers around the world. They can find information quickly and join global discussions.

Challenges and Opportunities

Globalization makes education exciting but also challenging. Not all students have the same access to technology. But, it gives a chance for all to learn from each other and prepare for a world that’s more connected.

250 Words Essay on Globalization And Its Impact On Education

Globalization means the way countries and people of the world interact and connect. It’s like a big web that links different places and cultures, making it easier for them to share things like goods, ideas, and information.

Education Around the World

Education is how we learn and grow in knowledge. Thanks to globalization, students can now learn about different parts of the world easier than ever before. For example, a child in India might learn about the history of Egypt or the science behind the Eiffel Tower in France, all while sitting in their classroom.

Technology in Learning

Globalization has brought technology into the classroom. Kids can use computers and the internet to find information quickly and to join classes that might be happening in other countries. They can also use apps and games that make learning fun and interesting.

Sharing Knowledge

Because of globalization, teachers from different countries can share their ways of teaching. This means students get to experience different styles of learning and can understand things better. Books and study materials from across the world are also easier to get.

Preparing for the Future

Globalization helps prepare students for jobs all over the world. They learn new languages and about different cultures, which is important because companies work with people from many places. This makes students ready to work in this big, connected world.

In conclusion, globalization has made a big difference in education. It brings new ways of learning, helps share knowledge, and prepares kids for a global future.

500 Words Essay on Globalization And Its Impact On Education

Globalization is like a big web that connects different countries and people around the world. It makes it easier for us to share things like products, ideas, and even cultures. With the help of phones, computers, and the internet, we can now talk to someone on the other side of the world as if they were next door.

Education is how we learn about the world. It includes going to school, reading books, and even talking to other people. In the past, most students only learned about things that were close to them. Now, because of globalization, they can learn about faraway places and different ways of life without having to leave their classrooms.

New Ways of Learning

Globalization has brought new technology into our classrooms. Now, students can use computers and the internet to find information quickly. They can watch videos from different countries, play educational games, and even take classes online with students from other parts of the world.

Learning Different Languages

Speaking more than one language is very useful in our connected world. Many schools now teach languages from other countries. This helps students talk to more people and understand other cultures better. It’s like having a key that opens many doors to new opportunities.

Teachers and students from different countries can share what they know with each other. This means that a science project done by students in one country can help students in another country learn. Or a teacher in one place can teach a math trick to a teacher in another place.

Challenges in Education

Not everything about globalization is easy. Some students and schools have a lot of technology and resources, while others do not. This can make it hard for all students to have the same chances to learn and grow. It’s important for countries to work together to make sure everyone gets a good education.

Because our world is always changing, education needs to help students be ready for the future. They need to learn how to solve problems, think creatively, and work with others. Globalization means that what students learn today can help them in jobs that might not even exist yet.

Globalization has changed education in many ways. It has made learning more exciting and full of possibilities. Students can now explore the world from their classrooms and prepare for a future where they can work and share ideas with people from all over. Even though there are challenges, if we all work together, we can make sure that education helps every student succeed in this connected world.

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Reimagining Globalisation and Education

Opinion: Fazal Rizvi, Professor of Global Studies in Education at the University of Melbourne

The past few years have witnessed the rise of a strident form of nationalism around the world. This has clearly been evident in the unexpected electoral victory of Donald Trump and the Brexit vote; but also in the nationalist political tides in countries as diverse as Philippines, Turkey and India.

To explain the global rise of this nationalism, many commentators have pointed to the idea of globalisation itself. They have argued that this historical shift represents a major backlash against the various forms and effects of globalisation, and that ordinary people no longer believe in what they now regard as its false promises.

What implications does this anti-globalisation sentiment have for the internationalisation agenda to which many systems of education are now committed? In what ways do they now need to re-imagine the relationship between globalisation and education? How might we now need to rethink the ideas of global learning and global citizenship education?

It is of course no longer possible to deny the contention that recent global transformations have resulted in much economic anxiety, social unrest and political angst. Recent economic shifts are at least in part responsible for unsustainable and unacceptable levels of inequality, both within and across national borders.

Politically, globalisation has spawned a new world order in which power is in the hands of a transnational elite. The rise of transnational corporations and the influence of intergovernmental organisations have squeezed out the democratic voices of citizens within their own communities. It has led to a democratic deficit.

And, culturally, a growing number of people believe that cross-border migration, encouraged by global economic processes, has unsettled the deeply held values and traditions that had given them and their communities a sense of meaning and purpose. Distrust of migrants and refugees has increased markedly.

These voices of discontent are clearly linked to the uneven distribution of opportunities resulting from globalisation. While in some countries, such as China and Korea, it has created new opportunities in others it has exasperated social inequalities. Even in those countries that have benefitted from it, gaps in people’s life chances have widened.

In Europe and the United States, both the industrial cities and rural areas have carried much of the burden of global economic transformations. Job security has vanished, forcing people to move to places where the new jobs might be, away from their communities. They have had to retrain for new jobs, but lifelong learning is often privatised and requires an investment that many are not able to afford.

There is a growing realisation that the issues of environmental sustainability and global peace cannot be adequately addressed without acknowledging the ontological realities of  ‘one world’

At the same time, welfare provisions have been cut. Governments have increasingly objected to them on ideological grounds. They have argued that state subsidies and programmes encourage inefficiencies, making people dependent on handouts. A relentless ideological campaign has celebrated the logic of the markets, suggesting that each individual should be, responsible for his or her own future.

It is these sentiments – some justified others exaggerated or false – that have arguably given rise to a class of people whom the sociologist Guy Standing aptly calls the ‘precariat’, an agglomerate of several different social groups that include young educated but underemployed people, those who fear losing their cultural privileges, and those who have fallen out of the old-style industrial working class.

This new class of people is not only worried about job insecurity but is also concerned about loss of cultural identity, and especially its long-established cultural privileges. Not surprisingly therefore it is susceptible to the siren calls of political extremism, including those enunciated by expedient politicians who are not reluctant to stoke the fear of immigrants, refugees, indigenous peoples and other vulnerable groups.

In the context of these developments, ethno-nationalism’s appeal is perfectly understandable. But is it justified? To what extent is globalisation responsible for the economic, political and cultural conditions that have exasperated social inequalities? And is it possible to abandon globalisation in favour of a nationalism that can bring back prosperity and cultural certainties?

These are profound questions, of deep relevance to educational policy and practice. This is so because education is simultaneously about the present and the future: about how things are and should be. In a world characterised increasingly by cynicism, distrust and pessimism, educators face the challenging task of helping young people to understand the sources of their confusions and discontents, and imagine the possibilities of a better future.

This pedagogic task clearly demands an appreciation of how global interconnectivity may not in fact be the main source of the contemporary problems, but the ways in which it is interpreted and articulated; how a particular way of thinking about it has been grounded into our popular imaginary; and how many of our major institutions have been re-shaped in line with its ideological assumptions.

Collectively these assumptions are widely referred to as ‘neoliberalism’. Neoliberalism assumes that a society is best imagined as a sum of individuals, each pursuing their own self-interest. It rests on a belief that the public sector is necessarily inefficient and presents a barrier to individual freedom, economic productivity and national development. It suggests therefore transferring the control of public institutions to the private sector, opening them up to global competition.

Most communities have already been transformed by the global flows of people. Cultural diversity, exchange and hybridity have become a fact of life . . . and cannot simply be wished away.

In this way, the ideas of globalisation and neoliberalism are viewed as inextricably linked. However, recent nationalist movements do not view globalisation in economic terms only, but more seriously as a major source of cultural concerns. They thus present a most diffused and often contradictory account of globalisation. Perhaps their success lies in their ability to bring under one ideological umbrella a range of conflicting ideas, political interests and cultural prejudices.

What they fail to consider however is that it is the automation of work and the privatisation and corporatisation of institutions that might have arguably contributed more to the economic distress of the precariat than the facts of global mobility and exchange. If social inequalities are not inherently an outcome of the global flows of people then it is perfectly possible that their causes lie in the excesses of the global corporations and the transnational elite.

In recent decades, the neoliberal reading of globalisation has involved the contention that globalisation is a force to which there are no alternatives. Accepting the neoliberal logic, nations around the world have accordingly reconstituted their major institutions, including education. In the process however they have failed to manage the contradictions of the neoliberal logic of the markets, and also redistribute the benefits of global trade in a more inclusive manner.

Yet what is intriguing now is that while recent anti-globalisation rhetoric has been strong among the new nationalists around the world, they have not abandoned a commitment to neoliberalism. Indeed, under the Trump Presidency, neoliberal policies have been promoted with even greater vigour. In India, its neoliberal assumptions have driven the Modi Government to further open the Indian economy to global competition, even as its nationalist rhetoric has become stronger.

In the United States, private and charter schools have never been supported with greater conviction. The notion of public higher education has been undermined by the withdrawal of a great deal of state funding, especially for programmes that promote the equality of educational opportunity. The idea of individual self-reliance has become the key driver underpinning policy shifts.

These contradictions will of course play themselves out over the next decade or so. But it is hard to imagine national systems anywhere once again separating themselves totally from global forces and opportunities. There are some aspects of global interconnectivity that now appear ontologically fixed. Developments in information and communications technologies have, for example, rendered inevitable the global flows of ideas, images and ideologies. They have intensified transnational connectedness.

. . . the challenge facing education is not to reject the facts of global interconnectivity and exchange, but to redefine globalisation, beyond its neoliberal imaginary; to re-articulate the meaning of global interdependence

Most communities have already been transformed by the global flows of people. Cultural diversity, exchange and hybridity have become a fact of life in both America and Europe, and cannot simply be wished away. Economies have increasingly become service-oriented, with a growing recognition that such industries as tourism, education and retail rely invariably on global mobility and cultural exchange.

At the same time, there is now a deep awareness, especially among the young, that many of the most serious problems facing humanity are global, requiring collective action. Indeed there is a growing realisation that the issues of environmental sustainability and global peace cannot be adequately addressed without acknowledging the ontological realities of ‘one world’. In these and other ways, many aspects of globalisation are thus here to stay.

If this is so then the challenge facing education is not to reject the facts of global interconnectivity and exchange, but to redefine globalisation, beyond its neoliberal imaginary; to re-articulate the meaning of global interdependence. This meaning should not only refer to economic exchange but should also view interdependency as an opportunity to build a more just global community. This should be seen as a moral and political issue. It is also an educational issue, for it involves young people imagining their future, beyond the neoliberal terms in which economic, political and cultural exchange is currently defined.

Globalisation is not only about the material structures of power, but it also constitutes, and is constituted by, a particular way of interpreting and representing the world, a ‘common sense’. One of the unexpected benefits inherent in the rise of nationalism might yet be its unmasking of the ‘common sense’ generated by neoliberal social imaginary,  in which education clearly has a role to play.

This unmasking should show students how the benefits of neoliberal globalisation are unevenly distributed and how it has disempowered many communities. Students need to recognise that in order to empower themselves and their communities, they need to develop a new common sense of globalisation that does not ignore the ontological realities of globalisation but interrogates further the neoliberal assumptions upon which its hegemonic understanding has been framed, as a way of better understanding the effects and discontents it has produced.

They need to explore ways of rescuing globalisation from the clutches of neoliberalism, and imagining a conception that is not wedded to its deeply ideological structures. At the same time, they need to be alerted to the risks associated with nativism, the dangerous form of ethno-nationalism that has in recent years been promoted widely by the popular media and is often exploited by expedient politicians.

The task of education is to show students how economic and cultural nationalisms are unlikely to deliver the economic and social benefits they promise. Instead they will intensify a cultural politics based on a permanent state of fear, resentment and conflict. The future of young people cannot be well served by such a politics.

Fazal Rizvi  is a Professor of Global Studies in Education at the University of Melbourne, as well as an Emeritus Professor at the University of Illinois  at Urbana-Champaign. Fazal has written extensively on issues of  identity and culture in transnational contexts, globalisation and education policy and Australia-Asia relations.  A collection of his essays is published in: Encountering Education in the Global: Selected Writings of Fazal Rizvi (Routledge 2014). Fazal is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Social Sciences, a past Editor of the journal, Discourse: Studies in Cultural Politics of Education, and past President of the Australian Association of Research in Education. He is a co-author of Class Choreographies: Elite Schools and Globalization (Palgrave 2017), and of a major report, Australia’s Asian Diaspora Advantage, produced for the Australian Council of Learned Academies (ACOLA 2016).

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Assessing the Impact of Globalization on Education and Educational Policy Reform

• First Online: 30 September 2016

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‘Assessing the Impact of Globalization on Education’ offers a synthesis of themes related to globalization, policy borrowing, and educational reform. Portnoi emphasizes alternatives to globalization (from above), and highlights local adaptions and globalization from below. She stresses the importance of understanding globalization and its related developments in any consideration of educational reform in today’s globalized world.

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Firebaugh, G., & Goesling, B. (2007). Globalization and global inequalities: Recent trends. In G. Ritzer (Ed.), The Blackwell companion to globalization (pp. 549–564). Malden, MA: Blackwell.

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Stromquist, N. P., & Monkman, K. (2014). Defining globalization and assessing its impact for knowledge and education, revisited. In N. P. Stromquist & K. Monkman (Eds.), Globalization and education: Integration and contestation across cultures (2nd ed., pp. 1–20). Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littlefield.

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Portnoi, L.M. (2016). Assessing the Impact of Globalization on Education and Educational Policy Reform. In: Policy Borrowing and Reform in Education. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53024-0_8

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Globalization: how it has affected philippine education and beyond.

Before the twentieth century, education was handled as a home phenomenon, and institutions for studying have been dealt with as neighborhood institutions. Before the 20th century, training was generally restricted within rustic confines, solely meant for its neighborhood citizens’ intake. Scholars or college students no longer need to travel miles from their nations of starting place to look at and benefit from talents. They need to traverse the trails in their selected careers.

Moreover, countrywide borders served as impenetrable partitions within the name of sovereignty. Gaining a university degree and its abilities had been merely for the staunch nationalistic carrier’s motive to at least one’s land of the foundation. Furthermore, information about the valleys and oceans encircling the world map , overseas languages, and worldwide political regimes had been not imperative.

The intercultural trade turned into not large and sophisticated if no longer complicated. Acceptance and know-how of cultural diversity had not not been pressured upon us, nor were we enticed to participate in a globally interconnected world. In different phrases, earlier than the 20th century, academic work was predominantly easy and restricted to the domestic and nearby. They were limited to at least one’s village, one’s vocation, one’s very own U. S. A pupil has his neighborhood because he is to be born, educated, and later to be of the carrier to – the local village that is his domestic, his network , his use.

Nevertheless, the arena has been in a regular state of flux. From the twentieth century onwards, globalization rose and became a buzzword. Anything that pertained to globalization was attributed to modernization or updated, if not better. Part and parcel of this trend is the advent and irresistible force of record generation and record growth via the wonders of the Internet.

The concept of cosmopolitanism – an experience of all of humanity, regardless of race, creed, gender, and so on, living in a so-called international village – is another primary indicator of globalization. Moreover, worldwide media traffic and funding were rampant, and features occurred transnationally. Finally, globalization has concerned the uncontrollable movement of students, employees, and migrants transferring from one vicinity to another in higher employment and dwelling situations.

Globalization seemed all-encompassing, affecting all human existence regions, including schooling. One indicator of that is the emergence of worldwide training as an idea. Internationalization of education is manifested by using catchphrases like The Global Schoolhouse; All the sector’s a classroom, One huge campus in Europe, Thinks Global. Act local, and Go West. Students from internationally had been ostensibly persuaded to learn about the sector and to cope with technological advancements, if not to

become a Citizen of the World. Moreover, globalization and global schooling are at play, for instance, when speaking of Singapore being branded as the Knowledge Capital of Asia, demonstrating the city-nation as some of the international’s educational powerhouses; De La Salle University in Manila, the Philippines moving into agreements and external linkages with several universities within the Asian vicinity like Japan’s Waseda.

University and Taiwan’s Soochow University for partnership and guidance; the status quo of branch campuses or satellites in Singapore of American and Australian universities like the University of Chicago and the University of New South Wales, respectively; online degree programs being offered to a housewife who’s eager to accumulate a few schooling no matter her being occupied with her motherly duties; college students taking semesters or take a look at-abroad applications; and subsequently the call for to examine English – the lingua franca of the modern educational and enterprise world – through non-conventional speakers, like the Chinese,

the Japanese, and the Korean students exerting efforts to research the language with a view to qualify for a place in English-talking universities and offices. All of those promote international training, convincing their potential customers that during the ultra-modern ongoing frenzy of opposition, a robust pressure to enhance self-funding is to go away from their houses, fly to any other, and take in the world over relevant courses. Indeed, globalization and worldwide schooling have encouraged college students to understand their world more and worry about it extra.

Moreover, European Association of International Education professional S. Caspersen supported that internationalization affects the following regions: Curriculum, language education, research and training overseas, teaching in overseas languages, receiving international students , using foreign personnel and visiting instructors, presenting teaching materials in overseas languages, and provision of worldwide Ph. D. College students. Nevertheless, globalization’s objective of a “one-length-suits-all” lifestyle that might ease global

transactions has not seemed relevant to all of the world’s nations. In the phrases of Nobel Laureate economist Joseph Stiglitz, globalization’s results are dualistic. Globalization itself is neither suitable nor awful. It has the electricity to do full-size right. But in a great deal of the sector, globalization has not brought comparable benefits. For many, it seems to be in the direction of an unmitigated catastrophe.

In Andrew Green’s 2007 ebook, “Education and Development in a Global Era: Strategies for ‘Successful Globalisation,'” he asserted that optimists might confer with the upward thrust of East Asian tigers – Japan, China, and South Korea – as globalization’s fulfillment testimonies . But those are only a minority of the world’s two hundred countries. Most of their growing conditions have remained amongst those in the Philippines.

In phrases of international training in the Philippines, universities have integrated into their assignment and vision the values of molding graduates into globally competitive professionals. Furthermore, Philippine universities have undergone internationalization involving foreign teachers and college students’ recruitment and collaboration with universities in unfamiliar places. English schooling has also been intensified, with the language being used because of the medium of guidance aside from the triumphing Filipino vernacular. Finally, Philippine better training has strengthened the imparting of nursing and data era courses due to the call for foreign nations for those graduates at some stage in the onset of the twenty-first century.

In terms of pupil mobility, even though gaining global training through reading overseas, like inside the United States , is deemed fantastic, if not advanced, with the aid of maximum Filipinos, the idea of practicality is overriding for top college students. Study-abroad endeavors aren’t famous in some of the contemporary eras of students. The typical outlook is that it is not realistic to study distant places because of the charges – tuition costs, residing costs, accommodation, and airfare. Although economic resources may be to be had, they

may be constrained. Several universities offer an advantage or educational scholarships, talent scholarships, athletic scholarships, teaching assistantships, studies assistantships, and complete or partial lessons fee waivers. Still, sincerely, there’s truly no longer loads of pupil money . Global education is thought of as international trouble, a global commodity, and, in particular, a privilege – and consequently, it isn’t always for all and sundry. Hence, analyzing in America is a trifling alternative for folks who can pay

the fees entailed with reading overseas. The Philippines is a Third World USA heavily motivated by evolved nations like the United States. Globalization may also have affected it in a few ways, but a massive bite of its results has led to the Filipinos’ detriment. On the whole, globalization has affected no longer the most effective the United States’ training system but even past it – economically and socially . These include brain drain, declining pleasantly in education due to profiteering, labor surplus, the vulnerability of its people to distant places, and declining circle of relatives’ values .

For one, the Philippines is a migrant-employee u. S. This phenomenon of sending its laborers (also known as Overseas Filipino Workers or OFWs) abroad to paintings and to send money again home has been intensified through globalization. Brain drain – or the exodus of gifted and skilled residents of a rustic transferring to commonly evolved countries for better employment and residing conditions – is one hassle that globalization has stepped up. The Philippine overseas coverage of exertions in international relations commenced in the 1970s, while growing oil costs triggered an increase in settlement migrant works in the Middle East . From the mid-sixties to the mid-1980s, the authorities of dictator Ferdinand Marcos saw

a possibility to export young guys left unemployed via the stagnant economic system and installed a system to alter and inspire labor outflows. This situation has led Filipinos to observe guides like nursing, which would secure them employment in remote places in preference to their home United States. For more than 25 years, the export of temporary hard workers like nurses, engineers, data technology practitioners, caregivers,

entertainers, domestic helpers, factory employees, creation workers, and sailors had been despatched distant places to be employed. Ingo back, the Philippine economy has benefited via the financial remittances sent via those OFWs. In the last quarter of 2010, the Philippine financial system won more or less $18.Seventy-six billion in remittances largely came from OFWs in the United States, Saudi Arabia , United Kingdom, Japan, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Italy, Germany, and Norway.

Second, the call for distant places of employment through those Filipino professionals has affected the quality of the nearby schooling device inside the shape of fly-by using-night, substandard faculties which were best aimed at profiteering. A Filipino legislator, Edgardo Angara, once aired his difficulty over the spread of many schools that give courses believed to be demanded in foreign international locations and the declining first-class schooling. The Angara observed that the Philippines has too much access to education versus first-rate instruction. For example, every five kilometers in the United States of America, there is a nursing school, a laptop faculty, a care-giving school, and a cosmetic faculty. The Angara cautioned that lawmakers and educators must discover a satisfactory training method.

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✍️Essay on Globalisation: Samples in 100, 150 and 200 Words

• Updated on  
• Oct 25, 2023

Globalisation means the combination of economies and societies with the help of information, ideas, technology, finance, goods, services, and people. It is a process where multinational companies work on their international standing and conduct operations internationally or overseas. Over the years, Globalisation has had a profound impact on various aspects of society. Today we will be discussing what globalisation is and how it came into existence with the essay on globalisation listed below.

This Blog Includes:

How globalisation came into existence, essay on globalisation in 100 words, essay on globalisation in 150 words, essay on globalisation in 200 words.

For all those unaware, the concepts of globalisation first emerged in the 20th century. Here are some of the key events which led to the development of globalisation in today’s digital world.

• The ancient Silk Route as well as the maritime routes led to the exchange of goods, ideas and culture in several countries. Although these were just trade routes, but later became important centres for cultural exchange.
• Other than this, the European colonial expansion which took place from the 15th to the 20th century led to the setting up of global markets where both knowledge and people were transferred to several developing countries. 
• The evolution and exchange of mass media, cinema and the internet further led to the widespread dissemination of cultures and ideas.

Also Read: Essay on the Importance of the English Language for Students

Globalization, the interconnectedness of nations through trade, technology, and cultural exchange, has reshaped the world. It has enabled the free flow of goods and information, fostering economic growth and cultural diversity. However, it also raises challenges such as income inequality and cultural homogenization. 

In a globalized world, businesses expand internationally, but local industries can suffer. Moreover, while globalization promotes shared knowledge, it can erode local traditions. Striking a balance between the benefits and drawbacks of globalization is essential to ensure a more equitable and culturally diverse global community, where economies thrive without leaving anyone behind.

Also Read: Essay on Save Environment: Samples in 100, 200, 300 Words

Globalization is the process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among countries, economies, and cultures. It has transformed the world in various ways.

Economically, globalization has facilitated the flow of goods, services, and capital across borders. This has boosted economic growth and reduced poverty in many developing nations. However, it has also led to income inequality and job displacement in some regions.

Culturally, globalization has resulted in the spread of ideas, values, and cultural products worldwide. While this fosters cultural exchange and diversity, it also raises concerns about cultural homogenization.

Technologically, globalization has been driven by advances in communication and transportation. The internet and smartphones have connected people across the globe, allowing for rapid information dissemination and collaboration.

In conclusion, globalization is a complex phenomenon with both benefits and challenges. It has reshaped the world, bringing people closer together, but also highlighting the need for responsible governance and policies to address its downsides.

Also Read: Essay on Unity in Diversity in 100 to 200 Words

Globalization, a multifaceted phenomenon, has reshaped the world over the past few decades. It involves the interconnectedness of economies, cultures, and societies across the globe. In this essay, we will briefly discuss its key aspects and impacts.

Economically, globalization has led to increased international trade and investment. It has allowed companies to expand operations globally, leading to economic growth in many countries. However, it has also resulted in income inequality and job displacement in some regions.

Culturally, globalization has facilitated the exchange of ideas, values, and traditions. This has led to a more diverse and interconnected world where cultures blend, but it can also challenge local traditions and languages.

Socially, globalization has improved access to information and technology. It has connected people across borders, enabling global activism and awareness of worldwide issues. Nonetheless, it has also created challenges like cybercrime and privacy concerns.

In conclusion, globalization is a double-edged sword. It offers economic opportunities, cultural exchange, and global connectivity, but it also brings about disparities, cultural tensions, and new global challenges. To navigate this complex landscape, the world must strive for responsible globalization that balances the interests of all stakeholders and promotes inclusivity and sustainability.

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The movement of goods, technologies, information, and jobs between countries is referred to as globalisation. 

Globalization as a phenomenon began with the earliest human migratory routes, or with Genghis Khan’s invasions, or travel across the Silk Road.

Globalisation allows wealthy nations to access cheaper labour and resources, while also providing opportunity for developing and underdeveloped nations with the jobs and investment capital they require.

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Nursing education in the path of globalization: Promotion or challenge?

Safoura dorri.

School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

1 Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Nooredin Mohammadi

2 Department of Critical Care Nursing, Nursing Care Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Globalization has been attracted by great literature and papers of many disciplines in recent years. Although globalization has considerable social, political, and economic effects, it has turned to an important challenge in health-care systems. Nursing, as the largest part of the health system in the world, has also been affected by globalization. The purpose of the present paper is to critique globalization and its impacts on the nursing profession. This review article was conducted by searching for reliable internet resources in the English language on the impact of globalization on nursing. Published articles were searched until 2018, and related articles were extracted in three stages: 1-selection of articles by reading abstract, 2-selection with an overview of the text, and 3-selection with a full review of the article's text. According to the literature of globalization, we categorize and discuss the nursing areas that are affected by globalization in nine areas: global nursing development, nurses emigration,information interchange and interactions in nursing, higher education in nursing, professional territory, nursing specialization, professional ethics, management and supervision, and professional independence. The intensity of globalization effects on the nursing profession has not been the same in all societies, and factors such as compliance of society, culture, and technology are among the most important factors that affect it. Globalization is an inevitable process and brings with itself many prominent promotions such as global nursing development and important challenges such as nursing emigration and ethical issues.

Introduction

Globalization is a phenomenon that has been rooted in economic and attracted considerable attention in literature at the international level in recent years. Some consider it is a novel phenomenon, and on the other hand, some believe that globalization, beyond its term, is a long-term process during years and centuries.[ 1 , 2 , 3 ] Aside from the question that is it a novel phenomenon or existed a long time ago, it is considered that the differences between societies and their development in addition to the philosophical viewpoint of people that has effects on their ideology-are also effective on attitude about this phenomenon. So that in developed countries and maybe western societies, this phenomenon has been more understood, although in developing countries it has been experienced recently and in under-developed countries, it will be proposed in future. This is why most of the papers about globalization from developed countries have been published in 1995–2010, but in developing countries, most of them have been published since 2005 till now (By advance search in Google scholar and checking the number of the published article).

Globalization is a process that connects nations, trades, and people by financial development, communication changes, cultural transformations, and travels.[ 4 , 5 ] The most appropriate definition of globalization for all fields of health is this definition: globalization is a process, in which the events, activities, and decisions of a region in the world can have important effects on people, societies, or connections of another region of the world. This definition can cover the spread of a disease from one part of the world to another, or that health decisions in one part of the world can have important outcomes in another part of the world.[ 6 ] Globalization and its impact on health have been discussed by a few experts, especially in the field of nursing. Keighley believes that globalization in healthcare is a complex concept that not only needs attention and knowledge of caring and health but also needs attention to other factors like immigration, financial development, having an international common language, and using technology in daily routine life.[ 7 ] Regarding the changes in the nursing system comparing to the past, such as nurses' immigration, technology development in the health-care area, and new fields in universities, it can be claimed that nursing is affected by globalization. However, there are little data available in the literature about this. Hence, considering the lack of information about the effects of globalization on the nursing profession, the purpose of the present study is to critique and discuss the impacts of globalization on nursing and review the opportunities and challenges.

The focus of this essay was to assess the impacts of globalization on the nursing profession. In this scholarly review study, related articles in web references were investigated. Published papers in scientific websites, PubMed, Science Direct, CINAHL, and Scopus, were searched by MeSH keywords including, “globalization,” “Internationality,” “opportunity,” “threat,” “global,” and “nursing,” separately and combined with no time limits till 2018 in English. With the three steps of 1-selection of articles by reading abstract, 2-selection with an overview of the text, and 3-selection with full review of the article's text, related articles were selected. In the first stage of searching, 1220 papers were obtained from which 121 papers were selected by overview of the texts. Then articles more related to the topic were selected, which counted 26 papers. Related subjects were also studied in library references and then appropriate contents were studied carefully, and summaries were prepared. After full understanding of the subjects, globalization in nursing, challenges, and opportunities were described and discussed. The inclusion criteria were: the relevancy and having the characteristics of a scientific paper based on the Critical Appraisal Skills Program. The exclusion criterion was: lack of access to the full text of articles (such as articles that presented at seminars and congresses) [ Figure 1 ].

The article search process

Regarding the definition of globalization as a phenomenon that erodes conventional borders separating people from society, one of the considerable characteristics of globalization, mentioned above, is omitting borders. According to the literature review, we categorize and discuss the nursing areas that are affected by globalization in nine areas: Globalized nursing, nurses' migration, information interchange and interactions in nursing, higher education in nursing, professional territory, nursing specialization, professional ethics, management and supervision, and professionalism and independence, which are described in more detail below.

Globalized nursing

Globalization in the health-care system removes borders and brings systems, structures, and processes in the health care area closer in all over the world.[ 8 ] By removing borders, nursing systems of different countries come closer to each other, and they will become more similar in systems, structures, and processes. Acceptability of international nursing standards and health care guidelines in many countries, Nursing care based on the nursing process, North American Nursing Diagnosis Association nursing diagnoses, and then planning based on these diagnoses are examples of globalized nursing.

Removing borders and globalized nursing can be considered a desired opportunity in nursing because it produces health-care integration and makes nurses to act based on international standards in many countries. On the other hand, eradication of borders and union of health care standards in different countries regardless the rituals and beliefs of peoples who lived in this countries, can be a threat too, because the culture, ideas, and beliefs of people about health care and nursing in different countries are not the same, however, in the current century, when most of the countries are on their way for globalization, cultures, and beliefs are almost closer or it will be sooner or later. Thus, the above-mentioned challenge looks less important. The other critics about nursing globalization and removing borders are that similar systems, structures, and processes that can limit creativity in clinical and educational environments even more.

Nurses’ migration

Nurses’ migration can be considered as a feature of geographical borders erosion in nursing and one of the results of globalization. Nurses' emigration can also be considered as positive or negative consequences of globalization. In the 1950s, Philippian nurses emigrated and traveled mostly to America for education, and then, they traveled to middle-east countries or developed countries for a job so that during 1994–2003 about 84,000 nurses left Philippine[ 9 , 10 ] which is considerable statically. As a result of these migrations, Philippine has experienced a number of challenges and threats in its healthcare system in the last decade.[ 11 ] However, this problem is not limited to Philippine, and other countries are facing similar ones.[ 12 , 13 ]

Today, the number of nurses who want to emigrate and are searching for a job in other countries is increasing, so that nurses immigrate to other countries searching for a job and employment. These migrations are mostly to developed countries such as England, News land, and Australia.[ 14 ] Woodbridge and Bland stated that in the last decade, the number of nurses immigrated to News land has increased so that 52% of nurses with work permission in this country has been graduated in another country.[ 15 ] Hence, a great number of skilled and experienced human resources go to developed countries, though in the past, skilled and experienced nurses moved from developed to underdeveloped countries.[ 14 ] The most threatening challenge for the source country is the lack of skilled and specialist labor force. On the other hand, countries have spent a lot of expense for training nurses that are needed, and by their emigration, the expenses that have been spent are spoiled. Moreover, by the emigration of specialists and skilled nurses, countries will have problems with achieving short-term and strategic goals for the health-care system.

Although, there are some advantages in these emigrations; many nurses who emigrate return to their countries at the end of their education or job course with lots of experiences and skills[ 14 ] that is a great advantage for their country in clinics, schools, and management.

Information interchange and interactions in nursing

One of the characteristics of globalization is the acceleration of interactions and processes. In a world that is on its way to globalization, not only communications and transportation but also ideas, data, goods, and decision distribution is revolutionized and accelerated.[ 16 ] Nursing has not been an exception, and nowadays, technology advances are observed in it. The question here is that can interactions and technology expansion be an opportunity or a threat in nursing. Regarding Siegal, communication technology results in improving the availability of health-care facilities.[ 17 ] Hence, it seems that technology entering nursing is advantageous since it results in expanding inter and intra-professional relations and also facilitates the availability of patients' information. Thus, meeting patient's needs for care will be easier. A global view that is accepted and approved by the WHO is that globalization and information technology and communication in healthcare can lead to rapid and global access to new treatments, technologies, and knowledge can resources. Abbott and Coenen have stated a good example by describing the role of information technology and communication in treating SARS in 2003. During the first cases of SARS in China in 2003, a virtual digital environment consisting of 11 labs in 9 countries connected by information technology and communication was developed and results of tissue analysis after death, electron microscope images of viruses, genetic sequences, and other related data were shared by E-mails and a safe website.[ 18 ] The above case is an obvious example of the role of technology entering health care. In the nursing profession, technology development and electronic communication have resulted in increasing nurses' knowledge, acceleration of data interchange, and improvement in time-saving. On the other hand, technology improvement and developing nursing services sites facilitate the availability of needed information and cares. Thus, nursing absolutely is affected by technology and information. Advances in education, telenursing, telemedical education, moving toward health electronic files, and nursing knowledge management are some examples of this claim. However, one of the concerns in this issue that seems logical is ignoring the spirituality, because human is a biological, psychological, and social entity and communication, caring, and treatment regardless of the human spirit and emotional relationship is incomplete. Hence, concern about less emotion due to technology development in the nursing profession, is a true critic.

Higher education in nursing

Baumann and Blythe stated that in today's world, the need for skilled and educated people like nurses has increased. Regarding them, America, Australia, and Britain have had vital roles in training nurses in higher-level educations. They described higher education development is possible in three ways: First, traveling and migration of students to receive these educations. Second, using distant learning, and third, educational institutes of one country that Have established branches in another country.[ 1 ] Regarding these statements, higher education of nurses is considerably affected by globalization, particularly if the three ways mentioned above are considered, it is obvious that they are affected by globalization. For example, in Iran, which is a developing country, the first way has been more common, but increasing in the other two ways as a result of globalization in the coming years is not surprising. Currently, in Iran, we have a master degree and doctorate. Based on the Iran Nursing Association website, attempts to get a doctorate degree began in the 1980s in Iran, and the first doctorate student began academic studying in 1995 in Tabriz, Iran.[ 19 ] Accepting doctorate students began about 20 years ago in Iran; however, it might be due to globalization because the first attempts for this purpose were by graduates of other countries who had returned to Iran. The authors could not find the exact statistics of graduates in Iran by using the nursing association and health ministry websites. Although currently higher education development is under critics by some criticisms and can be considered a threat or a challenge, because they believe that under current circumstances, we are in a lack of clinical nurses, accepting higher education students must be matched with colleges needs not more. Arani-Mansouri, in his paper, has stated that one of the biggest problems in higher education is the lack of regulations and scientific guidelines for using these specialists in clinics. Particularly in recruiting nursing doctorates, there is an obvious concern for mismanagement of them in a clinical position, and there is not yet enough potential job for them.[ 20 ] However, in the present paper, higher education development has been considered one of the positive consequences of globalization, considering its identity that is one of the facilitating elements of the professionalizing process, profession independence, and social prestige of nursing.

Professional territory

The other positive consequence of globalization is the expansion of nursing professional territory. Seloilwe believes that in the 1970s, nursing was limited to hospitals and clinics; however, today, there are a lot of fields for nurses to work.[ 14 ] Nowadays, the professional territory of nurses is more expanded than the past and in addition to hospitals, nurses can work in health clinics, schools, physician's offices, family clinics, Methadone therapy clinics, neonates and pregnancy care clinics, rehabilitation centers, sexually transmitted disease units, home care, and research centers.[ 17 , 21 ] In many countries, due to globalization, the professional territory of nurses has expanded compared to the past, and in addition to hospitals and clinics, they are working in private sectors, outpatient clinics, health and hygiene training fields, schools, rehabilitation centers, insurance offices, teaching in academic centers, and research centers. Today, the expanded and variable professional territory of nursing is one of the attractions for students, and as mentioned above, it is one of the effects of globalization.

Nursing specialization

Regarding Haste, the specialist nurse concept was developed in North America and was entered to Britain in the 1970s.[ 22 ] Nevertheless, Scott states in his paper that there have been trends of nursing specialization in the 1950s and 1960s in Britain. He has pointed out the nursing specialty in Nursing Royal College in England and has described two purposes of nursing specialization in this college that were professional improvement and patient care improvement. Scott states that in held committees in this college, it is documented that in a time that medical sciences are specialized, specialization of nursing is essential too.[ 23 ] What is obvious to us in today's world is that nursing specialization is expanded and used in many countries due to globalization phenomenon and its interactions.

Nursing specialization has opponents and proponents too. There has some literature about evaluating specialist nurses roles[ 24 , 25 ] that have shown specialized nursing services valuable and recommended specialist nurses training. Despite the advantages of nursing specialization, like higher skill and knowledge in one domain, some experts do not agree with specialization. They believed that nursing must be total-oriented and considered human as a whole, not an organ or a body.[ 23 ] Authors believe that it is true and can be a challenge for nursing specialization. However, specialist nurses' training has begun and is going on in many countries. Nevertheless, training total-oriented nurses must not be neglected because human is a biological, emotional, and social entity and attention to one organ or one disease hides another aspect.

Professional ethics

Since Florence Nightingale, nursing was formed based on ethical rules.[ 26 ] In today's world in which migrations are increasing, and there are a variety of cultures, ethical and professional responsibilities of nursing seem to be much more complex than ever. The challenge here is the effect of globalization. On the one hand, by editing ethical codes by Nursing International Association, globalization can be considered an effective step toward ethics improvement, and on the other hand, many believe that after globalization, ethics are less pronounced, and obtaining profit and wealth are replacing that. Today, western culture distribution affected by borders' opening and migrations seem to be challenging in Iran. Many experts of nursing in Iran have ethical concerns. Some consider ethical codes and law charters, emphasis on justice, private domain, health-care services availability, and international supervising organizations as positive consequences of globalization. They believe that globalization caused ethical improvement in the profession. For example, in the past in Iran, there was a negative image of HIV affected patients even among health-care staff, and there was the possibility of information disclosure outside of health-care system so these patients were taunted and thrown from society. However, today patients' data protection is an ethical code, and negligence of it is a crime. On the other hand, those who believe that globalization has a negative effect on ethics state the cause of their concern Western culture spreading. Xu, in his paper for establishing the difference between West and East, says that many Asian nurses have more empathy than American nurses, and American nurses follow caring because of fear from rules and being sued.[ 27 ] Thus, those who believe that globalization is a challenge considered mechanical care, fear from rules and being sued instead of empathy and altruism, increased financial motives, and Loss of traditional Eastern cultures relationship as a major threat due to globalization. Reviewing paper by Visovsky et al .,[ 28 ] can be helpful in this issue. They described that societies need students with cultural awareness and international competencies, so in this way, they will be better able to meet their complex needs of health-care system.

Do aside from agreeing or disagreeing with ethical issues that have been described above, what is obvious is that currently in the nursing profession due to globalization, nurses are facing ethical dilemmas more than ever. For example, in today's world, in some countries, suicide is considered a right, but in others it is not. An immigrant nurse to a culture in which suicide is a human right faces an ethical dilemma. Assume a nurse from a country where euthanasia is a sin enters a country in which it is allowed, and now he/she is facing a patient that his/her family asks for euthanasia. These are ethical issues that challenge nursing more than the past due to globalization, nurses' migrations, and working in places with different culture, religion, and values. Although there has always been an ethical dilemma in the nursing profession and many nurses, have faced them, today they seem to be more pronounced because of globalization and its effects on nursing.

Management and supervision

Globalization, which has expanded management knowledge, has challenges with itself that make managers and supervisors concerned. One of them is diseases' burden and its management. Meier believes that globalization has caused an increase of infectious diseases such as AIDS, SARS, drug resistance, non-communicable diseases, and chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and diabetes by increasing traveling and removing borders.[ 29 ]

It should be noted that globalization does not always have similar effects on countries. Lack of healthy food and water in underdeveloped countries like African countries causes a high mortality rate and high birth rate, so poor will become poorer, and rich will become richer. As one of the results of globalization is diseases and infectious factors distribution due to open borders and open relationships, it should be noted there is a need for a management and supervision system in international, national, and hospital levels. On the other hand, regarding bioterrorism, there is a need for supervision systems more than the past, and this is a challenge which affects nursing too.

In today's world, societies need nursing leaders who trained about technology knowledge and communications and globalization process. While globalization is deploying, nursing can use this phenomenon as a step forward to better serving and creating a unique environment for nursing leadership and nursing cares. So, although globalization, associated with management challenges mentioned above, but new technologies can create creative opportunities in health-care domain that facilitate the availability of isolated and remote areas. Hence, this challenge can be an opportunity for nurses and increases productivity, justice, and quality of health care and decreases the effect of geographical distance.

Professional independence

Today, nursing is considered a profession and steps are taken for its professionality.[ 30 ] Professional interactions, initiative, and academic educations[ 31 ] are among factors that have a role in nursing professionality. Factors like academic education deployment and professional interactions and many other effective factors in nursing professionality are globalization characteristics. Thus, it seems that nursing professionality, although formed in developed countries a long time ago, but in developing countries, is deploying and under evolution by the effect of globalization and its characteristics. So, based on the opinion of the authors, globalization could improve knowledge, competence, and skills of nurses, particularly in developing countries and nursing is considered today or will be considered in the coming years, not as a job, but as a profession, however, there are problems considering the cultural and social background in these countries.

About professional independence, Ballou quoted by Freidson (1970) has said that all characterized factor of professionality is originated from independence and go back to it.[ 32 ] In a part of Ballou's article, independence is considered as ability, capacity, and competence. In previous sections, it was mentioned that globalization increases the knowledge, ability, and skills of nurses. Regarding the previous discussion, the authors believe that globalization, by increasing professional knowledge and awareness, has increased the nursing profession's independence. On the other hand, entering men to nursing, industrialization, advances in hospitals, and nurses' socialization[ 33 ] are factors that effective in professional independence, and many characteristics like industrialization and advances are hidden in globalization nature. Of course, the development and deployment of independent nursing organizations are the factors enhancing professional independence.

Another discussion is the professional authority, which is seemed by achieving professional identity and independence, can achieve professional authority. Authority, power, knowing one as a competent nurse, and self-satisfaction are consequences of independence.[ 32 ] However, it should be noted that in Iran and maybe other developing countries, achieving professional authority is under question because Professional nursing and professional independence still not been achieved 100%.

Based on the results, globalization can affect nursing in nine areas. Table 1 summarizes these results.

Effects of globalization on nursing

According to the literature review, globalization is the dynamic process, and it seems that no discipline or profession does not be affected by the effects of globalization. Although the intensity and deepness of these effects are not the same in different parts of the world and have not similar results for all countries, all health professions, including nursing, are affected by globalization. The intensity of globalization effects on the nursing profession has not been the same in all societies, and factors like compliance of society, culture, and technology are among the most important factors that affect it.[ 34 ]

The ways to turn challenges into opportunities are not included in this discussion, but in the following, some examples of these strategies briefly mentioned in some area:

Nursing instructors should address challenges in the global nursing development area by putting critical thinking principles in the core curriculum. They must Foster social values, solidarity, sensitivity, and political literacy in nursing students.[ 35 ] For example, they can teach students about the values, cultures, and beliefs of different people in the community health nursing class through some methods such as brainstorming, strengthening students 'creativity. In the same tutorials and discussions, there are even opportunities for entrepreneurship, like inspiration from the cultural coverage for a hospital dressing company.

In nurse's emigration area, as mentioned, countries of origin experience more challenges. These countries can turn this challenge into a viable opportunity by attracting education and employment conditions, such as providing short-term scholarships to go to the requested countries in the fields required and by bail. In this way, nurses return home with expertise, experience, and satisfaction. Therefore, the challenges of shortage of workforce will be eliminated, clinical conditions will be improved, and expert nurses with high perception will work.

Nurses can turn challenges into opportunities in the Professional independence area by working in a systematic and comprehensive manner, strengthening knowledge in the field of their work, along with experience and autonomy in practice.[ 36 ] They must be self-employed and should be responsible for their own policies and regulations.[ 37 ] In the Professional ethics area Nursing instructors should address challenges by educating students with cultural awareness and international nursing competences (28).

Consequently, it can be concluded that globalization is inevitable, and the nursing profession is not an exception to be affected by this phenomenon. It means that by increasing global awareness and communication deployment, which are results of globalization, even conversations in the nursing system are affected. One of the limitations of this study is searching in English that it can limit our findings, but because of the main and global language of nursing literature is English, we conducted this searching strategy.

In conclusion, Nursing can consider globalization as a threat or an opportunity, what is desirable in nursing about globalization is using opportunities, decreasing challenges, and changing them to opportunities by creative and principled management.

Financial support and sponsorship

Iran University of Medical Sciences.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgment

We would like to thank Dr. Naimeh Seyed Fatemi from Iran University of Medical Sciences for her valuable comments.

Globalization: What Globalization Is and Its Impact Essay

Primary source data, secondary source data, comparative analysis.

Bibliography

Globalization is a complex phenomenon that has a big influence on various fields of human life, including economics, society, and culture. Even though trade between countries has existed since time immemorial, in the 21st-century, globalization has become an integral part of the world’s development. While businesses try to expand on a global scale, and countries’ economies are intertwined in the international network, several outcomes occur out of this process. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate the impact of globalization on the world economy, whether it is good or bad. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive review of the relevant literature will be conducted. The information will be extracted from both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources will include an interview and a chart, while the secondary sources will consist of scholarly articles and books published from the year 2015 forward. The main argument of this research is that even though globalization offers endless business opportunities, it has a number of effects that negatively influence the resources and the economy.

First of all, in order to understand this phenomenon, it is important to define the term “globalization.” Several researchers have conducted a thorough study of this subject. For example, Martell describes globalization as “the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away” 1 . It is a complex and multidimensional mechanism that allows a local business subdivision to integrate into the global economic system. The biggest companies of the 21st century are no longer limited to one country; they have become more multinational: businesses from several countries exchange resources, money, data, and employees. Nowadays, international relations are becoming more intense not only in politics but in the economy as well. Moreover, globalization has a significant influence on the distribution of not only skilled and unskilled labor but of capital and labor as well, both locally and globally. The tendencies of this process were analyzed by experts, for example, in the research by Chandy and Seidel, where they presented globalization trends in the form of a chart (Figure 1).

The chart above demonstrates how the GDP of the U.S. was changing while the global population was also growing. The diagram includes the analysis of foreign capital stock, merchandise exports, and migrant stock. According to it, it becomes evident that even though the world GDP was high during the 1910s, the global economy is more integrated in the 21st century. However, the researchers also point out that the economy of the U.S. is a relatively closed economy, which is surprising. Nevertheless, the study states that “it accounts for only 11 percent of global trade volumes, which is far below its 24 percent share of global GDP” 2 . In addition, despite the attempts to find evidence of the recession of globalization, Chandy and Seidel did not manage to present any. It means that the trend keeps developing as money, goods, and people continue to move around the world.

It is evident that one cannot talk about globalization without mentioning international companies. Global corporations are defined by the fact that they execute business in at least two countries 3 . They conduct various types of economic activities, for example, foreign investment, managing plants in different countries to avoid transaction costs. An example of an international firm that obtains cost advantages through foreign investments in international plants is Apple Inc.

To understand how companies conduct business internationally, several types of multinational corporations must be indicated: economists usually divide them into four categories. The first type of firm is determined by the fact that it has a strong presence in its home country. Another category is characterized by acquiring cost advantage through the means of buying cheaper resources in other countries, despite being controlled by one central office. The third type is a company that is based on the Research and Development of the parent corporation. The fourth and final category is a transnational business, which includes all features that are peculiar to the corporations that were mentioned above 3 . Since global companies generally combine different approaches to business, sometimes it can be hard to distinguish between these four categories. Nestle S.A. may serve as an example of a big transnational corporation that conducts its financial operations in many countries outside of the headquarters.

Since globalization is a complicated phenomenon, many analysts and businessmen have different views on its impact. For instance, the former Director-General of the World Trade Organization, Pascal Lamy, expressed his point of view in the interview, “Can Europe Civilize Globalization?”. Despite the fact that the concerns about European civilization may recede due to this process, he states that he does not see globalization as a threat. Instead, he sees it as a reality that has to be dealt with in a professional way. Lamy explains his opinion by pointing out the fact that some European countries have managed to gain more benefits than others by means of global trade 4 . As examples, he presents Sweden and Germany, which, during the last decades of the 20th century, conducted structural reforms that allowed them to get profit from international trade.

Moreover, Lamy notes that globalization presents new challenges for businesses. They include promoting “more actively global norms in the environmental and job protection, health protection, than the reduction of trade barriers that have been now largely operated worldwide”4. In other words, the ex-director of WTO believes that this process can have a positive impact on Europe’s economy as it provides opportunities for countries to develop and grow their benefits.

As for other researchers, Burlacu, Gutu, and Matei overview both sides of globalization, pointing out positive and negative impacts. For example, the advantages include reducing the economic isolation of poor countries as they are given the opportunity to sell their goods on the global market and participate in the trade 5 . Moreover, as the economy expands, the information does it as well. It means that access to education becomes more easy and available, which increases the number of professionals who are capable of expanding and developing the business even further. In addition, according to the study, globalization “enhances the speed of commercial, financial, and technological operations”5. It can be seen even nowadays as new products and devices continue to appear on the market every year. Furthermore, globalization ensures the efficiency of the entire economic activity on a global scale.

Other researchers have also pointed out several positive aspects of this process. For example, Parente et al. talk about the sharing economy, which is a new phenomenon. Their study indicated that due to internet globalization, some companies managed to perform business online, which helped them to expand around the world and raise funds 6 . Therefore, globalization allowed firms to achieve worldwide success at an unprecedented pace. Furthermore, Martell et al. elaborated on reasons for how exactly the internalization changed economic activities. The reasons included “the speeding up of global interactions and processes as a result of the development of transport and communications”1. In other words, the spread of resources, ideas, capital, and products accelerated, which allowed businesses to develop quicker.

However, aside from positive results that can come from globalization, researchers also indicate some negative aspects to it. For instance, Burlacu et al. Note that harmful effects include an international security deficit and an increased amount of illegal migrations5. Globalization opened borders for a large number of people to move to other countries illegally. Moreover, it allowed corrupt businessmen to employ these migrants and make them work for a lesser wage, which is a violation of human rights. Moreover, economists believe that nowadays, the export of human resources has risen, which means that some countries have lost intellectual potential5. The other downsides include the deterioration of the environment, which is caused by the rapid growth of the economy.

While rethinking the effects of globalization, Broner and Ventura elaborated on the negative consequences that it can bring to domestic markets. The researchers gathered data from other scholars and concluded that “financial globalization, in addition to providing a new, cheaper source of funding for emerging markets, can have indirect effects by affecting the workings of domestic financial markets” 7 . For example, according to them, with the rise of globalization, the incidence of domestic financial crises also grows. In addition, Mamedov et al. discusses the impact on traditional economies, which, according to the study, will reach a new level of their development 8 . It is difficult to say whether such changes are positive or not since some people may be reluctant to abandon the old economic structures.

As it can be observed, primary sources and secondary sources seem to express various opinions about globalization. First and foremost, most of them seem to agree that this phenomenon is relatively new and only recently began to spread. However, then the standpoints start to differ among experts. While the interview with Lamy demonstrates that the former leader of the World Trade Organization seems optimistic about it, such secondary sources as scholarly articles and books differentiate in positions.

Some researchers identify the internalization of the economy as a beneficial process that can create new opportunities for countries to develop and expand their businesses. However, other studies make a link between globalization and several other problems, such as environmental deterioration, security issues, and the increasing number of domestic crises. The last factor is especially interesting since it contradicts the general assumption that increased international trade opportunities can improve the country’s welfare.

Moreover, the recent events that were caused by the outbreak of coronavirus exposed vulnerabilities in the current globalized economy. Since traveling is restricted, the transportation of resources has become difficult. While big international corporations managed to stay afloat, some local firms were forced to shut down, and the suspension of one company factory can lead to a closing of another. Experts argue that such an intertwined international economic relationship is what caused changes in a global supply chain, and overall, stock declines 9 . The current situation provided proof that globalization may not be that good for the world economy.

While the system offers opportunities for businesses to grow, it also has some loopholes and weak points that seriously damage the economy of not only one country but of the whole world. Moreover, the situation with the pandemic supports the argument made by Broner and Ventura. The outbreak caused domestic market crises in Asian countries, and then in Europe and America, which significantly affected the global economy. Even the help of Widespread Disease Emergency Financing Facility 10 would not be enough to restore all financial damage. As the recession of the international market became apparent, businesses in other countries have also suffered.

In addition, the environmental aspect of globalization is also important since it affects the increasing deficiency of natural resources. While companies are trying to expand their business everywhere, new factories and new plants are built around the world. While new products and new technology continue to appear on the market and the demand grows, more damage is inflicted upon the environment by the constant production.

Moreover, the higher need for transportation means that more fossil fuels are used, causing harm to the climate. There is no doubt that such issues can be resolved with the creation of new technology. However, the process of development is complicated and expensive, which can lead to additional expenditures. It can cause more federal budget deficits and increased government debt; therefore, the economy is also negatively affected by environmental issues of globalization.

For this reason, it can be said that despite all the positive aspects of globalization, it definitely has several downsides. Internationalization brought not only different cultures but the economies of various countries together, allowing businesses to grow and reach financial benefits. Furthermore, it opened opportunities for people to find jobs and expand their profit. Nevertheless, the current system is vulnerable during difficult situations, and if there is a crisis in one country, it tends to spread to others like dominoes, because the economies are deeply connected. Moreover, globalization also causes harm to other fields of human life, which are can also negatively influence not only the financial state of a particular country but the economy of the world as well.

It is evident that more research needs to be conducted as the process of globalization is complex and ongoing. There are several topics that can be further explored while studying the impact of globalization on the world’s economy. For example, one can investigate the methods that can be implemented to minimize the negative consequences of globalization that were described earlier in this paper. In order to obtain the information, one can look through the suggestions of other researchers, analyze them, and select the ones that seem the most effective.

Moreover, as the current situation with the outbreak has a major impact on the international economy, it would be interesting to study the experts’ opinions on how it will affect globalization. A huge amount of relevant information can be gathered from recent interviews, news, and scholarly articles. In conclusion, it would appear that the topic of globalization and its influence is broad and can provide a good starting point for further discussion and analysis.

Chandy, Laurence, and Brina Seidel. “Donald Trump and the future of globalization.” The Brookings Institution , 2016. Web.

Broner, Fernando, and Jaume Ventura. “Rethinking the Effects of Financial Globalization.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 131, no. 3 (2016): 1497-1542.

Burlacu, Sorin, Corneliu Gutu, and Florin Octavian Matei. “Globalization – Pros and Cons.” Calitatea 19, no. S1 (2018): 122-125.

Lamy, Pascal. “Interview. Can Europe Civilize Globalization?”, The Federalist Debate 28, no. 1 (2015): 60-63.

Mamedov, Oktay, Irina Movchan, Oksana Ishchenko-Padukova, and Monika Grabowska. “Traditional Economy: Innovations, Efficiency and Globalization.” Economics & Sociology 9, no. 2 (2016): 61.

Martell, Luke. The Sociology of Globalization . John Wiley & Sons, 2016.

Parente, Ronaldo C., José-Mauricio G. Geleilate, and Ke Rong. “The Sharing Economy Globalization Phenomenon: A Research Agenda.” Journal of International Management 24, no. 1 (2018): 52-64.

• Sułkowski, Łukasz. “Covid-19 Pandemic; Recession, Virtual Revolution Leading to De-globalization?”, Journal of Intercultural Management 12, no. 1 (2020): 1-11.
• Luke Martell. The Sociology of Globalization (John Wiley & Sons, 2016), 10.
• Laurence Chandy and Brina Seidel. “Donald Trump and the future of globalization.” The Brookings Institution , 2016.
• Lecture on Multinational Corporation (MNC)
• Pascal Lamy. “Interview. Can Europe Civilize Globalization?”, The Federalist Debate 28, no. 1 (2015): 60.
• Burlacu, Sorin, Corneliu Gutu, and Florin Octavian Matei. “Globalization – Pros and Cons.” Calitatea 19, no. S1 (2018): 124.
• Parente, Ronaldo C., José-Mauricio G. Geleilate, and Ke Rong. “The Sharing Economy Globalization Phenomenon: A Research Agenda.” Journal of International Management 24, no. 1 (2018): 53.
• Broner, Fernando, and Jaume Ventura. “Rethinking the Effects of Financial Globalization.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 131, no. 3 (2016): 1533.
• Mamedov, Oktay, Irina Movchan, Oksana Ishchenko-Padukova, and Monika Grabowska. “Traditional Economy: Innovations, Efficiency, and Globalization.” Economics & Sociology 9, no. 2 (2016): 61.
• Lecture on the World Bank
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2022, February 16). Globalization: What Globalization Is and Its Impact. https://ivypanda.com/essays/globalization-what-globalization-is-and-its-impact/

"Globalization: What Globalization Is and Its Impact." IvyPanda , 16 Feb. 2022, ivypanda.com/essays/globalization-what-globalization-is-and-its-impact/.

IvyPanda . (2022) 'Globalization: What Globalization Is and Its Impact'. 16 February.

IvyPanda . 2022. "Globalization: What Globalization Is and Its Impact." February 16, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/globalization-what-globalization-is-and-its-impact/.

1. IvyPanda . "Globalization: What Globalization Is and Its Impact." February 16, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/globalization-what-globalization-is-and-its-impact/.

IvyPanda . "Globalization: What Globalization Is and Its Impact." February 16, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/globalization-what-globalization-is-and-its-impact/.

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