how to cite paraphrasing chicago style

The Chicago Manual of Style Guide: Quoting and Paraphrasing

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• Quoting and Paraphrasing
• Author-Date vs. Notes and Bibliography
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Direct Quotes

• Incorporate text less than 100 words into your text
• Place the quote in quotation marks
• Include page reference in parenthesis after quotation mark
• If quotation ends the sentence place parenthetical reference at end including page reference

While Fierro, Moreales, and Alvarez (2011) found that "no variables regarding the consumption of alcohol or illicit drugs associated with the experiences of being only a victim of road rage" (191), they did find a correlation with the consumption of alcohol and illicit drugs and being a perpetrator of road rage incidences.

While several studies have found a connection between alcohol and illicit drug consumption and perpetrating a road rage incident (Butters 2005, Ashbridge, 2006), one study (Fierro, Moreales, and Alvarez, 2011) has found "no variables regarding the consumption of alcohol or illicit drugs associated with the experiences of being only a victim of road rage." (191)

Quotation over 100 words

• Start a new paragraph
• Enter text as a free-standing block of text
• Indent text on left margin by one half inch
• Double space
• Place the reference with page number(s) at the end of the quote after punctuation
• Do not use quotation marks

Older men's somewhat delayed reduction in alcohol consumption relative to older women highlights the importance of health care providers continuing to monitor men's alcohol consumption. More broadly, out finding counter the widespread assumption that alcohol consumption and drinking problems invariably and rapidly decline past middle age and thus have limited relevance as late-life health issues, For many individuals, use of alcohol remains a consistent and important aspect of health status and social functioning even as they advance into later old age. (Brennan, Schutte, Moos, and Moos, 2011, 319)

Don't rely too heavily on the use of quotes in your paper.  Rather, employ the technique of rephrasing the cited idea into you own words.

Please refer to the Chicago Manual of Style for further information on quotation style.

Paraphrasing

Rephrasing another's ideas into you own words is known as paraphrasing.

With paraphrasing you still do need to site the original resource; however, if you are borrowing heavily from an author but still using you own words, add a reference. You are citing the ideas! Give credit where credit is due.

Secondary or Indirect Sources

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Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition

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Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Please note that although these resources reflect the most recent updates in the The Chicago Manual of Style  (17 th  edition) concerning documentation practices, you can review a full list of updates concerning usage, technology, professional practice, etc. at  The Chicago Manual of Style Online .

Introduction

The Chicago Manual of Style  (CMOS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation, and as such, it has been lovingly dubbed the “editor's bible.”

The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the two CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB) , which is used by those working in literature, history, and the arts. The other documentation style, the Author-Date System, is nearly identical in content but slightly different in form and is preferred by those working in the social sciences.

Though the two systems both convey all of the important information about each source, they differ not only in terms of the way they direct readers to these sources, but also in terms of their formatting (e.g., the position of dates in citation entries). For examples of how these citation styles work in research papers, consult our sample papers: 

Author-Date Sample Paper

NB Sample Paper

In addition to consulting  The Chicago Manual of Style  (17th edition) for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. Turabian's  Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations  (8th edition). This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMOS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts.

Notes and Bibliography (NB) in Chicago style

The Chicago Notes and Bibliography (NB) system is often used in the humanities to provide writers with a system for referencing their sources through the use of footnotes, endnotes, and through the use of a bibliography. This offers writers a flexible option for citation and provides   an outlet for commenting on those sources, if needed. Proper use of the Notes and Bibliography system builds a writer’s credibility by demonstrating their accountability to source material. In addition, it can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental uncredited use of source material created by others.

Introduction to Notes

In the Notes and Bibliography system, you should include a note (endnote or footnote) each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary. Footnotes are added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, while endnotes are compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document.

In either case, a superscript number corresponding to a note, along with the bibliographic information for that source, should be placed in the text following the end of the sentence or clause in which the source is referenced.

If a work includes a bibliography, which is typically preferred, then it is not necessary to provide full publication details in notes. However, if a bibliography is not included with a work, the first note for each source should include  all  relevant information about the source: author’s full name, source title, and facts of publication. If you cite the same source again, or if a bibliography is included in the work, the note only needs to include the surname of the author, a shortened form of the title (if more than four words), and the page number(s). However, in a work that does not include a bibliography, it is recommended that the full citation be repeated when it is first used in a new chapter.

In contrast to earlier editions of CMOS, if you cite the same source two or more times consecutively, CMOS recommends using shortened citations. In a work with a bibliography, the first reference should use a shortened citation which includes the author’s name, the source title, and the page number(s), and consecutive references to the same work may omit the source title and simply include the author and page number. Although discouraged by CMOS, if you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, it is also possible to utilize the word “Ibid.,” ( from the Latin ibidem, which means “in the same place,”) as the corresponding note. If you use the same source but a draw from different new page, the corresponding note should use “Ibid.” followed by a comma and the new page number(s).

In the NB system, the footnote or endnote itself begins with the appropriate full-sized number, followed by a period and then a space.

Introduction to Bibliographies

In the NB system, the bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given work. This page, most often titled Bibliography, is usually placed at the end of the work preceding the index. It should include all sources cited within the work and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited but provide further reading.

Although bibliographic entries for various sources may be formatted differently, all included sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) are arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. If no author or editor is listed, the title or, as a last resort, a descriptive phrase may be used.

Though useful, a bibliography is not required in works that provide full bibliographic information in the notes.

Common Elements

All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title, and publication information.

Author Names

The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name first and separating the last name and first name with a comma; for example, John Smith becomes Smith, John.

Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation marks .

Publication Information

The year of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name .

Punctuation

In a bibliography, all major elements are separated by periods.

For more information and specific examples, see the sections on  Books  and  Periodicals .

Please note that this OWL resource provides basic information regarding the formatting of entries used in the bibliography. For more information about Selected Bibliographies, Annotated Bibliographies, and Bibliographic Essays, please consult Chapter 14.61 of  The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition).

Tips on Paraphrasing

• Have you simply changed a few words to synonyms? Try again. Being handy with a thesaurus is not enough to make the sentence yours.
• Have you included exact sequences of words from the original? If so, make sure to put quotation marks around those phrases, or re-write until the entire paraphrase is your words.
• Have you retained the meaning of the original? Changing the author's meaning is not plagiarism, but academic honesty requires you to represent other's work accurately in your writing.

1. Jody Baumgartner and Jonathan S. Morris, " The Daily Show Effect: Candidate Evaluations, Efficacy, and American Youth," American Politics Research 34, no. 3 (2006): 362.

Baumgartner, Jody and Jonathan S. Morris. " The Daily Show Effect: Candidate Evaluations, Efficacy, and American Youth." American Politics Research 34, no. 3 (2006): 341-367.

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Chicago (notes-bibliography) quoting and paraphrasing

This page describes what to do when quoting or paraphrasing using the Chicago note-bibliography system:

In this section

Several citations in a single footnote, quotations and block quotations, quotation within a footnote, multiple titles by the same author.

New to referencing? See the introduction to referencing .

When several sources have been used to inform your paraphrase, or several sources are cited within a single paragraph or sentence, you can put all the sources in a single footnote in order to reduce the number of footnotes.  Each citations is separated by a semi-colon and are formatted as they would appear in a regular footnote (either full or short form). They are ordered according to the order they appear in your text.

If several sources are used to substantiate the same claim, then alphabetise the sources within the same footnote, separating each with a semi-colon. Note, each source has its own entry in the bibliography.

.....which provides justification for the theoretical framework 1 .

1 Paul Fussell, "Whitman's Curious Warble: Reminiscence and Reconciliation," in The Presence of Walt Whitman, ed. R. W. B. Lewis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962), 28-51; William Sutton, "The Analysis of Free Verse Form, Illustrated by a Reading of Whitman," Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 18, no. 2 (December, 1959): 241-54.

Direct quotations are usually put inside quotation marks (" "), followed by the reference. The page number is only given in the footnote, and not in the bibliography:

When gathering data it is important to remember that "only relevant types of demographic information should be requested" 1

1 Jonathon Lazar, Web Usability: A User-Centered Design Approach (Boston Pearson Addison Wesley, 2006), 35.

Lazar, Jonathon. Web Usability: A User-Centered Design Approach . Boston, MA: Pearson Addison Wesley, 2006.

If a quotation is longer than a paragraph or 100 words, or a list, or correspondence, no quotation marks are used, and the quotation is indented instead. Note the full stop closing the quote and before the footnote number:

Lazar describes the delicate balance of survey design:

Only relevant types of demographic information should be requested. Asking inappropriate questions in a survey, interview, or focus group lessens the likelihood that users will respond. Also, if too many questions are asked, users are less likely to respond. 1

Quotations should be identical to the original source, but some small changes can be made. See quoting for details.

When a footnote includes a quote, the source follows the final punctuation mark of the quote. The source of the quote in the footnote is included in the bibliography.

1 Crouchman highlights the tension between causation and correlation: "If two variables are significantly correlated, this does not imply that one must be the cause of the other. Association is not sufficient to establish a casual relationship." John Crouchman, Introductory Mathematics and Statistics , 6th ed. (Sydney: McGraw-Hill Education, 2016), 509.

In a bibliography, multiple titles by the same author are listed alphabetically rather than chronologically. After the first citation, an em dash is used to replace the author's name.

Judt, Tony. A Grand Illusion? An Essay on Europe. New York: Hill and Wang. 1996.

—. Reappraisals: Reflections on the Forgotten Twentieth Century. New York: Penguin Press, 2008.

—, ed. Resistance and Revolution in Mediterranean Europe, 1939-1948. New York: Routledge, 1989.

References and further reading

Chicago Manual of Style . 17 th ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2017. [Massey Library link] [E-book link]

Chicago Manual of Style Online. http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html

These pages are provided as a guide to proper referencing. Your course, department, school, or institute may prescribe specific conventions, and their recommendations supersede these instructions. If you have questions not covered here, check in the style guide listed above, ask your course coordinator, or ask at Academic Q+A .

Page authorised by Director - Centre for Learner Success Last updated on 17 April, 2020

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How to Paraphrase Video

What is a Paraphrase

A  paraphrase  translates the source’s words into your own voice and your own words. If you copy three or more words in a row, you must put those words in quotation marks and name the source. Just like a quotation, a paraphrase is always cited in your paper and on a separate page at the end.

5 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing

• Read your passage until you comprehend its full meaning. As you read, jot  down bullet points on the facts or opinions presented, but do not copy "word for word" without using quotation marks. 
• Put your passage aside, and write out your paraphrase in full sentences. Try u sing the notecard feature in NoodleTools and view your notes in 'detail view'.
• Check your version with the original to ensure accuracy. Make any corrections about facts or details. 
• Use quotation marks to identify any unique phrases that you may have used directly from the source. The 'detail view' in NoodleTools lets you look at the original passage with your paraphrase below it to easily compare.   
• Record the source and page number so that you can refer back to it later when creating your citations.

Adapted from the Purdue Online Writing Lab's Guide to Paraphrasing .

Use Paraphrase Indicators to...

• Present research as fact
• Demonstrate analysis
• Support ideas
• Question an idea

When an author has conducted valid research via scientific methods and data collection, their findings may be presented as evidence of fact. Evaluate the credibility of your source (author's credentials + research methodology), then introduce your paraphrase using assertive language such as:

According to  Cowell....

Brovick  shows  …, gard  finds/found  that…, hatton  has determined ....

* Special thanks to Lora Cowell and Nancy Florio for permission to use this information.

Scholars use evidence gathered through research to develop theories. This interpretation of findings is not always black and white. If an author's interpretation is debatable, present their ideas as "analysis or opinion." You can begin the paraphrase of such ideas with phrases such as:

Moberg hypothesizes …

Scott  maintains  that…, van berkum  predicts …, butterfield  suggests ….

Use multiple credible authors to support and strengthen your arguments. Be sure that the authors are agreeing with the idea based on their own analysis and expertise. Start by paraphrasing the original idea (with citation), following with a paraphrase of agreement, such as:  

Miller  acknowledges …

Parker  confirms ..., andrews  verifies ..., fritz  substantiates ....

Controversial topics generate multiple viewpoints. Acknowledge viewpoints that oppose your main thesis and then COUNTER with evidence or interpretations to support the opposing view. Introduce the opposing viewpoint with a phrase such as:   

Anderson  argues …

Parker  contends ...

Speigle  disagrees ..., jenkins  responds ….

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There are four common methods of referring to a source document in the text of an essay, thesis or assignment. These methods are direct quotation from another source, paraphasing or summarising material, and citing the whole of a source document. In academic writing, most of your essay or assignment should be phrased in your own words and the overuse of direct quotation should be avoided.

Short quotes

• Quotations match a small section of the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author and enclosed within quotation marks. When quoting, the relevant page number(s) must be given:

Larsen (1991, 245) stated that "many of the facts in this case are incorrect".

• If information is left out, three dots ... must be used to show where the missing information goes:

As Ballard and Clanchy (1988, 14) have argued, "Learning within the university is a process of gradual socialization into a distinctive culture of knowledge, and … literacy must be seen in terms of the functions to which language is put in that culture".

Longer quotes

• In general, avoid using too many long quotes and remember to introduce or integrate quotations smoothly into the rest of your assignment.

• You may choose to indent a larger block of quoted text. Such blocks of quoted texts usually consist of more than one paragraph or more than 100 words.

• Blocks of quoted text should be indented from the left margin only, single spaced and may be one point smaller than the standard font size:

Wider applications are increasingly being found for many drugs such as invermectin. For example, Crump (2006, 53) confirms that:

Ivermectin - already used extensively in animal health and in eliminating onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis, two of the most disfiguring and deleterious human diseases - is now being used commercially for the treatment of strongyloidiasis, mites and scabies.

Quotations within quotations

• Use a single quotation mark to indicate previously quoted material within your quotation.

Short Quotation:

She stated, "The 'placebo effect' ... disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (Miele 1993, 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.

Miele (1993) found that "the 'placebo effect', which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (276).

Longer Quotation:

Miele (1993) found the following:

The "placebo effect", which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviours were never exhibited again, even when reel [ sic ] drugs were administered. Earlier studies (eg. Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect (276).

Note: Because the original source (Miele, 1999) used quotation marks around the term "placebo effect", this phrase will be given single quotation marks within a short quotation which is marked by double quotation marks. For block quotes, however, the passage is reproduced as in the original, including misspelling, such as "reel". the use of sic indicates to the reader that this is exactly what the author wrote and that you are not misquoting.

Paraphrasing and Summarising

• Both paraphrasing and summarising involve putting information from source material into your own words .

• When paraphrasing, do not add your own opinion or use the original wording. The purpose of paraphrasing is to express the ideas of others in your own words or phrasing so that it flows better with your own writing. You generally need to change both the sentence structure and the expression, using synonyms or alternative expressions. Paraphrased material may be shorter than the original passage, taking a larger section of the source and condensing it slightly. When paraphrasing, you must cite the original source. Page numbers should be given, in order to assist in locating the relevant passages within the source material, unless you are referring to the ideas of a whole work in general (see example below).

• Summarising also involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material. Once again, it is necessary to cite the original source. Page numbers should be given when summarising.

• The following are examples of how to appropriately paraphrase and summarise to avoid plagiarism:

Paraphrasing Original - "Named for James Brady, the White House press secretary who was shot and wounded by John Hinckley Jr. during the attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan in March 1981, the Brady Bill establishes a national waiting period and background check for the purchase of a handgun" (Bender 1995, 137).

Paraphrase - Bender (1995) explains that the introduction of a waiting period and a background check for people buying handguns in the US, is due to the Brady Bill. The bill was named after White House aide James Brady, who was wounded during an assassination attempt on President Reagan (137).

Summarising Original - "At a typical football match we are likely to see players committing deliberate fouls, often behind the referee's back. They might try to take a throw-in or a free kick from an incorrect but more advantageous positions in defiance of the clearly stated rules of the game. They sometimes challenge the rulings of the referee or linesmen in an offensive way which often deserves exemplary punishment or even sending off. No wonder spectators fight amongst themselves, damage stadiums, or take the law into their own hands by invading the pitch in the hope of affecting the outcome of the match" (Mantex 1999, 1-2).

Summary - Unsportsmanlike behaviour by footballers may inspire hooliganism among spectators (Mantex 1999, 1-2).

In this example, a longer paragraph of approximately 100 words is reduced to a short sentence of nine words.

Citing the whole of a document

• Sometimes it may be necessary to give a general reference to the whole of a source document. This method of referencing is used least often:

Sternberg (2006) explores the basics of cognitive psychology through its coverage of cognitive neuroscience, attention and consciousness, perception, memory, knowledge representation, language, problem solving and creativity, decision making and reasoning, cognitive development, and intelligence.

In Text Citation

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Chicago/Turabian Documentation

The Chicago Manual of Style offers two very different methods of citation: (1) notes-bibliography and (2) author-date . The first method uses footnotes or endnotes to place citations at the bottom of a page or at the end of a paper; these notes refer to the sources that are further detailed in the paper’s final bibliography. The second method uses in-text, parenthetical references that correspond to a final “Reference List.” While the notes-bibliography system is most commonly used in the humanities and the author-date system is most common in the sciences, you should always check with your instructor or publisher to find out which style you should use.

This resource uses information from the 17 th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style to detail how to cite sources in both the notes-bibliography system and the author-date system. All of this information is also available as a downloadable PDF .

What to document

Whether you’re using the notes and bibliography or author-date style, you should always cite:

•  direct quotations
• paraphrases and summaries
• information and ideas that are not common knowledge or are not available in a standard reference work (like a dictionary)
• any borrowed material—published or unpublished—that might appear to be your own if there were no citation.

If you would like more information on what needs to be documented, ask your course instructor or refer to our resource on quoting, paraphrasing, and acknowledging sources .

If you are a UW–Madison student, faculty, or staff, you can access The Chicago Manual of Style online through the UW Libraries subscription for further information about this documentation style.

Cite References in Your Paper

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Chicago/Turabian Table of Contents

Notes-Bibliography

Author-Date

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• Writing Tips

Quotations and Block Quotes in Chicago Referencing

2-minute read

• 28th April 2023

When writing an academic paper, you may need to quote something you’ve read somewhere. But how to do this depends on the referencing system being used, so it pays to do some research. In this blog post, we’re looking at how quotations work in Chicago referencing, also known as the Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition .

Quoting vs. Paraphrasing

When citing a source, you can either:

• Use a direct quotation
• Paraphrase what you’ve read

Direct quotation involves using the exact words written in the source you’re citing. To do this, you should place the quoted text inside double quotation marks (i.e., “ ”). It’s a good idea to quote a source directly if your argument depends on the exact wording of what you’re quoting.

If you don’t want to quote a source directly, you can paraphrase it instead. This means explaining what you’ve read in your own words. However, you still need to cite a source when paraphrasing, and you should be careful not to accidentally copy the original author’s wording.

Footnotes or In-Text Citations?

Chicago referencing offers two ways of citing sources, so the rules depend on the version you use. With the footnote and bibliography system, you indicate citations using superscript numbers after the quoted text:

Mitchell investigates “possible causal pathways connecting genetic replicators and social behaviors.” 1

The first time you cite a source, you need to give full source information in the footnote (including page numbers for the section quoted).

With the author-date version of Chicago referencing, you cite sources in the main text of your paper. When quoting, this means giving the author’s surname, year of publication, and relevant page numbers in brackets:

It is important to investigate “possible causal pathways connecting genetic replicators and social behaviors” (Mitchell 1996, 132).

If you name the author in the text, however, you should give the citation immediately afterward:

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Mitchell (1996, 132) investigates “possible causal pathways connecting genetic replicators and social behaviors.”

You then give full bibliographic information for all cited sources in the reference list .

Long Quotations

Longer quotations are formatted differently in Chicago referencing. These “block quotes” should be:

• Prose quotations of five or more lines
• Not enclosed in quotation marks
• Preceded and followed by a blank line
• Indented .5” from the left margin

The rules for citing a block quote are the same as when quoting a source elsewhere in your text. As such, a Chicago-style block quote using footnote citations would look something like this:

Discussing genetics and behavior, Mitchell writes that:

In order to evaluate the legitimacy of such explanations it is, thus, necessary to explicate the variety of possible causal pathways connecting genetic replicators and social behaviors. If phenotypic variation is the direct object of natural selection, one must understand the underlying relationship between the phenotypic expression and genetic replicators to argue that any such phenotypic trait is, or can be, an adaptation. 1

This suggests the relationship between genetics and behavior in animals is….

The full citation for the source would then be given in a footnote at the bottom of the page.

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Paraphrasing & Quoting: Citation in Chicago Style

Table of Contents

It might not be easy to see if you have used someone else’s words without citing them.

Luckily, there are resources to help you cite information paraphrased from a text source. You’ll find Chicago-style references in many kinds of writing, including academic papers and essays, presentations, and blogs.

If you’re not aware of how to cite paraphrase in Chicago style , this post can help you.

What Is Chicago Style Citation?

Chicago style citation is a specific way of citing sources. It relies on alphabetizing a list of authors and quoting or paraphrasing the passage found in their work . This style is done by dividing the paragraph into relevant phrases that are then used to cite the source.

Chicago-style source citations have two different variations.

1. Notes and Bibliography

The notes and bibliography style is preferred in content related to humanities subjects, such as history, literature, and arts. In this style, your citations should appear in either footnotes or endnotes. A superscript number is added to the end of the phrase or sentence that the citation refers to after any punctuation.

2 Author-Date.

The author-date style is preferred in the science subjects, primarily social science. In this style, the sources are cited in parentheses within the text. From the author’s last name, the year of publication to page number and range are all included in this in-text citation.

4 Citation Methods in Chicago Style

According to Chicago Style, there are four standard citation methods to refer to a source in the text of an essay, thesis, or assignment. These four citation methods are a direct quotation from another source, paraphrasing material, summarizing a source document, and citing the whole paper.

Direct Quotation

The Chicago referencing method varies for shorter and longer quotes. The differences are mentioned below:

Short Quotes

When using a text from a source shorter than 100 words, use quotation marks to include the content in your paragraph. The citation for the quotation should appear next to the quotation mark in parentheses.

You should also include the page number from where the text was taken in the citation.

Longer Quotes

When using a text from a source that is longer than 100 words, you should start a new paragraph. Furthermore, the text should be written as a single block of text.

In addition, the text should be written in double space and indented one-half inch to the right. The citation with the page number should be placed at the end of the paragraph after the punctuation.

Paraphrasing the Text

Paraphrasing is the process of rewording or rephrasing the source text in your own words .

The primary goal of paraphrasing is to communicate the concepts in your own words for a better flow of writing. And you don’t need to incorporate your thoughts or ideas into the text. However, you must still cite the source when paraphrasing.

How to Cite Paraphrase in Chicago Style?

When paraphrasing a text, you should use alternative expressions and synonyms to change the sentence structure. Paraphrasing is a common practice to avoid plagiarism in writing.

Therefore, it’s important to know how to cite paraphrase in Chicago style. When paraphrasing, you must include the page number of the original text.

Summarizing a Source Document

Summarizing a text also means writing the ideas in your own words but including only the most important points in the text.

Summaries are far shorter than the original and provide a high-level overview of the underlying material. For summarized text, you also need to cite the sources and include the page numbers.

Citing the Whole Document

It may be important to give a general reference to the entire source document at times. However, this is the least common referencing method in the Chicago style.

If you are writing a paper, it is vital to avoid plagiarism by referencing your work throughout your paper. Therefore, you should find a few different ways to document your sources throughout your paper.

Chicago style citations typically fall into one of four methods: direct quotation, paraphrase, long quotes, or summarizing. Many detailed instructions are used to properly cite a source in Chicago style. It can be daunting, but when put into practice, the end result is worth it.

Pam is an expert grammarian with years of experience teaching English, writing and ESL Grammar courses at the university level. She is enamored with all things language and fascinated with how we use words to shape our world.

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Chicago Style Guide - 17th Edition

• Chicago Style
• Title Page and Pagination
• Quotations and Signal Phrases
• Bibliography
• Chicago's Citation Parts
• Articles - Online
• Articles - Print
• Blogs and Social Media
• Government Publications
• Elders & Knowledge Keepers
• Other Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Generative AI Tools (e.g., ChatGPT, DALL·E 2)
• Author/Date (Scientific) System
• Need More Help?

Resources to Help Avoid Plagiarism

• Camosun Academic Integrity Guide
• Camosun Plagiarism Guide
• Purdue OWL - Paraphrase: Write It In Your Own Words
• Purdue OWL - Avoiding Plagiarism
• SFU Library - Plagiarism Tutorial

Chicago Manual of Style - Online

• Chicago Manual of Style Online This link opens in a new window Access to the 17th edition of Chicago writing and citation style guides. Includes the full contents, a quick guide, help & tools, Q&A, etc.

A quotation is a collection spoken or written words repeated in speech or text by someone other than the original speaker or author. Quoting the work and ideas of others in your assignments helps to demonstrate that you have undertaken some scholarly research  as well as helps  establish credibility for your topic or position. In order to avoid plagiarism, you must  acknowledge all the resources  (oral, print, and electronic) that you used in your research. 

Short Quotations

A quotation of four or less lines should be cited within quotation marks (appearing at the beginning and end of the quote). The end punctuation of the quotation (e.g., period, question mark, exclamation mark) should be contained within the quotation marks . The  footnote should be inserted after the closing quotation mark . 

Block Quotations

Quotations of five or more lines should be put into “ blocked ” formatting. Blocked quotations require no quotation marks ; however, to properly format the quotation you need to:

• Single-space the quotation (this will visually contrast with the double-spacing of the rest of your paper);
• Indent each line  of the quotation ½ inch from the left margin;
• Create an extra line of space immediately before and after the quotation;
• Add the footnote at the end of the quote .

Quoting and Paraphrasing – Signal Phrases

Signal Phrases

Signal phrases are ways to lead into or introduce  a source or quote.

When introducing your sources, Chicago style uses verbs in the present tense (for details, see sec. 5.129 of  The Chicago Manual of Style. 17 th  ed.  and Chicago Style Q & A ).  

A signal phrase often names the author of the source and provides context . Include:

• the full name of the author the first time you refer to them – (Jean Barman says " . . . " 14 ).
• the author's last name only in subsequent references – (Barman emphasizes " . . . " 16 ).

Examples of Signal Phrases

Try one of these signal phrases to create a smooth transition in your text:

• Historian Sylvia Van Kirk insists that ". . ." 1
• Andrew Mclaughlin suggests ". . ." 6
• Van Kirk points out ". . ." 9
• Mclaughlin reports ". . ." 12

Other signal words include:

• demonstrates

This information on signal phrases has been adapted from: Hacker, Diana, and Nancy Sommers.  A Canadian Writer's Reference. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012.

How to avoid plagiarism

Avoiding Plagiarism

When writing an academic paper, you must  acknowledge all the resources  (oral, print, or web) that you used in your research. Not only does this allow your instructor to locate the sources you mention, it prevents you from being accused of  plagiarism . In most instances, plagiarism is unintentional; it can be confusing to know what to cite. In general, it is better to be safe than sorry.

• Have you taken an exact quote from your original source?   

If yes, then you need to quote the source and provide a page number in your in-text citation. You must give them credit.

• Have you paraphrased from your original source?

If yes, then you still must provide citation information. In Chicago and MLA styles you must provide a page number. In APA, you don't have to provide page numbers though it is recommended.

• You include information that you think is “common knowledge” such as: Victoria is the Capital of British Columbia. Do you need to cite this information?

No, you do not need to cite information that is considered "common knowledge."

• Is it plagiarism to cut and paste from an electronic document without acknowledging the source?   

Absolutely. Just because it is easy to do, doesn't make it right. Cite the source!

• You’ve added a statistic found on the Statistics Canada website. Since it is a government site, you do not need to cite the source. Is that correct?

No, it is not. Even government information must be cited.

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• Last Updated: Apr 25, 2024 10:37 AM
• URL: https://camosun.libguides.com/Chicago-17thEd