international media essay

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13.6 Globalization of Media

Learning objectives.

Identify three ways that technology has helped speed globalization.
Explain how media outlets employ globalization to their advantage.
Describe some advances that can be made in foreign markets.

The media industry is, in many ways, perfect for globalization, or the spread of global trade without regard for traditional political borders. As discussed above, the low marginal costs of media mean that reaching a wider market creates much larger profit margins for media companies. Because information is not a physical good, shipping costs are generally inconsequential. Finally, the global reach of media allows it to be relevant in many different countries.

However, some have argued that media is actually a partial cause of globalization, rather than just another globalized industry. Media is largely a cultural product , and the transfer of such a product is likely to have an influence on the recipient’s culture. Increasingly, technology has also been propelling globalization. Technology allows for quick communication, fast and coordinated transport, and efficient mass marketing, all of which have allowed globalization—especially globalized media—to take hold.

Globalized Culture, Globalized Markets

Much globalized media content comes from the West, particularly from the United States. Driven by advertising, U.S. culture and media have a strong consumerist bent (meaning that the ever-increasing consumption of goods is encouraged as an economic virtue), thereby possibly causing foreign cultures to increasingly develop consumerist ideals. Therefore, the globalization of media could not only provide content to a foreign country, but may also create demand for U.S. products. Some believe that this will “contribute to a one-way transmission of ideas and values that result in the displacement of indigenous cultures (Santos, 2001).”

Globalization as a world economic trend generally refers to the lowering of economic trade borders, but it has much to do with culture as well. Just as transfer of industry and technology often encourages outside influence through the influx of foreign money into the economy, the transfer of culture opens up these same markets. As globalization takes hold and a particular community becomes more like the United States economically, this community may also come to adopt and personalize U.S. cultural values. The outcome of this spread can be homogenization (the local culture becomes more like the culture of the United States) or heterogenization (aspects of U.S. culture come to exist alongside local culture, causing the culture to become more diverse), or even both, depending on the specific situation (Rantanen, 2005).

Making sense of this range of possibilities can be difficult, but it helps to realize that a mix of many different factors is involved. Because of cultural differences, globalization of media follows a model unlike that of the globalization of other products. On the most basic level, much of media is language and culture based and, as such, does not necessarily translate well to foreign countries. Thus, media globalization often occurs on a more structural level, following broader “ways of organizing and creating media (Mirza, 2009).” In this sense, a media company can have many different culturally specific brands and still maintain an economically globalized corporate structure.

Vertical Integration and Globalization

Because globalization has as much to do with the corporate structure of a media company as with the products that a media company produces, vertical integration in multinational media companies becomes a necessary aspect of studying globalized media. Many large media companies practice vertical integration: Newspaper chains take care of their own reporting, printing, and distribution; television companies control their own production and broadcasting; and even small film studios often have parent companies that handle international distribution.

A media company often benefits greatly from vertical integration and globalization. Because of the proliferation of U.S. culture abroad, media outlets are able to use many of the same distribution structures with few changes. Because media rely on the speedy ability to react to current events and trends, a vertically integrated company can do all of this in a globalized rather than a localized marketplace; different branches of the company are readily able to handle different markets. Further, production values for single-country distribution are basically the same as those for multiple countries, so vertical integration allows, for example, a single film studio to make higher-budget movies than it may otherwise be able to produce without a distribution company that has as a global reach.

Foreign Markets and Titanic

Figure 13.5

The movie Titanic , which became the highest-grossing movie of all time, made twice as much internationally as it did domestically.

Scott Smith – Best In Film: American Film Institute Showcase – CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

Worth considering is the reciprocal influence of foreign culture on American culture. Certainly, American culture is increasingly exported around the world thanks to globalization, and many U.S. media outlets count strongly on their ability to sell their product in foreign markets. But what Americans consider their own culture has in fact been tailored to the tastes not only of U.S. citizens but also to those of worldwide audiences. The profit potential of foreign markets is enormous: If a movie does well abroad, for example, it might make up for a weak stateside showing, and may even drive interest in the movie in the United States.

One prime example of this phenomenon of global culture and marketing is James Cameron’s 1997 film Titanic . One of the most expensive movies ever produced up to that point, with an official budget of around $200 million, Titanic was not anticipated to perform particularly well at the U.S. box office. Rather, predictions of foreign box-office receipts allowed the movie to be made. Of the total box-office receipts of Titanic , only about one-third came from the domestic market. Although Titanic became the highest-grossing film up to that point, it grossed just $140 million more domestically than Star Wars did 20 years earlier (Box Office Mojo). The difference was in the foreign market. While Star Wars made about the same amount—$300 million—in both the domestic and foreign markets, Titanic grossed $1.2 billion in foreign box-office receipts. In all, the movie came close to hitting the $2 billion mark, and now sits in the No. 2 position behind Cameron’s 2009 blockbuster, Avatar .

One reason that U.S. studios can make these kinds of arrangements is their well-developed ties with the worldwide movie industry. Hollywood studios have agreements with theaters all over the world to show their films. By contrast, the foreign market for French films is not nearly as established, as the industry tends to be partially subsidized by the French government. Theaters showing Hollywood studio films in France funnel portions of their box-office receipts to fund French films. However, Hollywood has lobbied the World Trade Organization—a largely pro-globalization group that pushes for fewer market restrictions—to rule that this French subsidy is an unfair restriction on trade (Terrill, 1999).

In many ways, globalization presents legitimate concerns about the endangerment of indigenous culture. Yet simple concerns over the transfer of culture are not the only or even the biggest worries caused by the spread of American culture and values.

Key Takeaways

Technology allows for quick communication, transport, and mass marketing, greatly contributing to a globalized marketplace.
Media economies of scale achieve much larger profit margins by using digital technology to sell information instantly over a global market.
Foreign markets offer excellent profit potential as they contribute to media companies’ economies of scale. The addition of new audiences and consumer markets may help a company build a global following in the long run.

Think of a U.S. product that is available throughout the world, such as an athletic brand like Nike or a food product like Pepsi or Coca-Cola. Now go online to the different country-specific branches of the company’s web site.

What differences are there?
How might the company be attempting to tailor its globalized product to a specific culture?
What advances into the foreign market does this use of the Internet allow the company to make?
What advantages does this globalization of its products give the company?
In what other ways has technology helped speed this globalization?

Box Office Mojo, “All Time Domestic Box Office Results,” http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/domestic.htm .

Mirza, Jan. “Globalization of Media: Key Issues and Dimensions,” European Journal of Scientific Research 29, no. 1 (2009): 66–75.

Rantanen, Terhi. The Media and Globalization (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2005).

Santos, Josefina M. C. “Globalisation and Tradition: Paradoxes in Philippine Television and Culture,” Media Development , no. 3 (2001): 43–48.

Terrill, Roman. “Globalization in the 1990s,” University of Iowa Center for International Finance and Development , 1999, http://www.uiowa.edu/ifdebook/ebook2/contents/part3-I.shtml#B .

Understanding Media and Culture Copyright © 2016 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Introduction to Mass Media/International Media

Insert international media chapter here. Introduction International media is a concept that grew from many theoretical approaches and technological advances. It is communication from varied media that shape our global context through various political, economic, social, and cultural factors. International media can be dispersed and consumed via traditional or digital media. Its broad range connects the world from the bleakest lands to the busiest of cities. Connectedness is becoming exponentially important to people all over the world. International media offers the platform for which bilateral communication can take place and more importantly at any level. “Books used to be written for the general reader; now they are written by the general reader” according to Robert Darnton, a professor and librarian at Harvard University. Mass communication has been defined and redefined over and over throughout history. Mass communication is when a source, typically an organization, employs a technology as a medium to communicate with a large audience. (Baran & Davis, 2012, p.5) However, very often the source is just one person distributing information via the Internet for anyone anywhere to comprehend. Human interactions and communication transactions are more closely examined with the help of technological tools and concepts such as surveillance cameras and behavioral targeting advertisements. Mass communication theory is “an active effort by communities of scholars to make sense of their social world.” (p.39) Mass Communication Theory There have been four eras of media theory. The first era, mass society and mass culture, is characterized by urbanization and the penny press, which made profits by selling newspapers for one penny to many of the “average” factory workers. This infuriated elites and caused them to accuse media “of pandering to lower-class tastes, fomenting political unrest, and subverting important culture norms.” (p.27) The second era of media theory, the development of a scientific perspective on mass communication eventually led to the emergence of the limited-effects perspective. This idea stemmed from propaganda techniques used in Nazi Germany. Paul Lazarsfeld, a German American, wanted to quantify social research methods in order to study political propaganda. Out of this grew limited-effects perspective, which was the view of media as reinforcing existing social trends and strengthening rather than threatening the status quo. (p.30) The third era of media theory occurred when competing cultural perspectives challenged limited-effects theory. After World War II, American influence was strong in Europe and academics were challenging the clout. Neo-Marxism emerged as a social theory asserting that media enabled dominant social elites to maintain their power. (p.34) British cultural studies trusted that media could serve all people, however, reigning elite dominated the hegemonic worldview. The current era of media theory focuses on meaning-making perspectives. Framing theory, asserting that people use expectations of the social world to make sense of that world, and the media literacy movement, calling for improvement in people’s ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and communicate media messages, are two examples of meaning-making theory. (p.40) Mass communication theory incorporates political, economic, social, and cultural factors into the principles independent of the particular thesis. Mass communication theory is a collection of theories that attempts to explain the social world at a specific time. Many of the theories overlap because they are based on varying perspectives from different parts of the world. For these reasons, international media are not categorized by mass communication theories. However, they are important to know because they portray the zeitgeist of a particular era. International media are categorized by political theories because they are undeniably sizable and influential, which means that they are indispensable, thus desired and regulated. Political Theories and the Media Soviet Media Theory is a system of ideas based on Marxist-Leninist principles, which believe that the government should have total control of media for the benefit of the people and to incorporate messages that maintain a strong socialized society. Many Eastern European countries such as Romania, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic operated under the Soviet Theory ideology as it pertains to media. (Biagi, 2005, p.349) Authoritarian Theory is a system of ideas based on censorship, which gives total power of media to the government or ruler and is used to protect the public and enhance government control. Britain once operated under Authoritarian Theory in the mid 1800's however it is a dying ideology except in places where monarchs still rule. (p.349) Libertarian Theory is a system of ideas based on freethinking, which believes that people are knowledgeable and therefore can decipher between rational and irrational news consequentially, there is little to no censorship. The United States operates under this political ideology for the most part however; ideals have been challenged with the changes in media industries. (p.349) Social Responsibility Theory is a system of ideas based on the combination of Authoritarian and Libertarian views this includes accuracy, truth, and information subject to content discussion and interpretation from the public or government. The United States is in constant limbo between Libertarian Theory and Social Responsibility Theory. The nature of our system mirrors the market place model, which believes supply and demand will give the public what they want, and the public sphere model, which believes that government regulation is needed to protect the interest of the people because business techniques will meet their needs. Developmental Theory is a system of ideas used to describe media systems that are developing in a third world nation and characteristically the media are incorporating social and economic goals to the people. Media Imperialism Theory is a system of ideas based on media domination of less prominent countries, which characteristically pushes attitudes, values, and beliefs on to the people through media transactions. Many countries operating under Developmental Theory are avidly seeking to keep out countries operating under Media Imperialism Theory. For example, France has set up laws to preserve their culture by not allowing all media from the United States to enter. Likewise, many countries enjoy the media technology that the west brings but not the culture. International Media Systems by Regions In 1956 the book, Four Theories of the Press, by Fred S. Siebert, Theodore Peterson, and Wilbur Schramm set out to categorize media systems according to four political theories. The fifth theory, Developmental Theory, brings the categorization current and adds to the original four theories, Soviet Media Theory, Authoritarian Theory, Libertarian Theory, and Social Responsibility Theory. These five theories have been used to define media systems all over the world. Not all media systems fit the principles for any one theory perfectly but the five theories do cover most media systems worldwide. Regions are divided by similar media systems. Types and distribution of media are discussed in detail because of the unique ways each region adapts to particular political, economic, social, and culture elements. Controversies and issues arise when any one element is outweighing another creating assistance and/or barriers. Each region is situational and dependent on a perceived equal balance and each region will interpret their balance of elements differently. Therefore, impact of media on any one region is exclusive. Asia Asia ranges from a mix of public and private media ownership to a government controlled media monopoly. “Asia represents 49% of the regions mobile subscribers and broadband markets. This massive presence is due to the fact that Asia has 56% of the world population as well as 45% of the Internet Users, making Asia clearly a top leader in the world telecommunications scenario.” (Asia Stats, 2013)

People’s Republic of China. China favors more traditional media. Printed newspapers and magazines make up the bulk of Chinese media however; radio, television, and Internet are also an important communication medium. “Working in China has its challenges. One is the nature of the press, which is state-owned or highly controlled. Although the media are getting more sophisticated, Chinese journalists are still poorly trained and underpaid.” (Wilcox & Cameron, 2012, p.523) All media outlets are government controlled and censored. Throughout history the Chinese have experienced a waver between relaxed and strict government controls. On June 4th 1989, the Tiananmen Square massacre took place in Beijing; demonstrators were “seeking greater democracy and call for the resignations of Chinese Communist Party leaders deemed too repressive.” (A&E, 2013) Chinese troops opened fire on the crowd, mainly composed of students, killing hundreds. The aftermath caused another wave of strict media controls. India. India has a similar media system to that of Great Britain for colonization reasons. Many of the television and radio stations still air British news and shows. India has however, ventured off into a prosperous filmmaking industry. An unofficial city known as Bollywood, Mumbai proper, puts out roughly 800 films a year making it second only to Hollywood. (Biagi, 2005, p.361) According to an International Business Times article the economic impact fairs well “it might be easier to turn a profit in Mumbai than in Los Angeles – the average Bollywood film costs only about $1.5 million to make, versus $47.7 million for Hollywood. Marketing costs are also significantly lower in India.” (Ghosh, 2013) The filmmaking industry is accredited for creating jobs in a developing country. Japan. Japan has more newspapers readers than any other country in the world. (Biagi, 2005, p.359) Three of their most read newspapers are more than 100 years old, Asahi Shimbun, Yomiuri Shimbun, and Mainichi Shimbun and most of the newspapers and broadcast companies are privately owned. Japan’s media system was updated after World War II and influenced by the United States and Great Britain. Still some U.S. digital media companies are finding their way into Japan’s Internet industry. For example, Yahoo! Japan handles more than half of the populations search queries; Google is trying to cater to the Japanese audience with little progress. “One problem was that Yahoo! Japan was the first Web- based search engine in the country. A second problem was that Yahoo! had 35 percent local ownership, so users perceived it as a Japanese company that had mostly Japanese employees.” (Wilcox & Cameron, 2012, p.529)

Europe Western Europe Britain Scandinavia Eastern Europe Germany Poland Russian Federation North America Canada United States of America Latin America/Caribbean Brazil Cuba Africa Egypt Nigeria South Africa Middle East Palestine Oceania/Australia Australia Singapore

INTERNATIONAL MEDIA I. POLITICAL THEORIES AND THE MEDIA A. Soviet Theory B. Authoritarian Theory C. Libertarian Theory D. Social Responsibility Theory E. Developmental Theory F. Media Imperialism Theory II. INTERNATIONAL MEDIA SYSTEMS A. Asia 1. Types of Media 2. Distribution of Media B. Europe 1. Types of Media 2. Distribution of Media C. North America 1. Types of Media 2. Distribution of Media D. Latin America/Caribbean 1. Types of Media 2. Distribution of Media E. Africa 1. Types of Media 2. Distribution of Media F. Middle East 1. Types of Media 2. Distribution of Media G. Oceania/Australia 1. Types of Media 2. Distribution of Media III. CONTROVERSY AND ISSUES IN REGIONAL MEDIA IV. IMPACT OF MEDIA V. INTERNATIONAL MEDIA MARKETS A. Commercialization B. Concentration 1. Comcast Corporation a. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania b. 1963 2. The Walt Disney Company a. Burbank, California b. 1923 3. Time Warner INC. a. New York City, New York b. 1990 4. Viacom a. New York City, New York b. 2006 5. News Corporation a. New York City, New York b. 1979 C. Integration VI. INTERNATIONAL MEDIA IN THE FUTURE

1. Soviet Media Theory- is a theory based on Marxist-Leninist principles, which believe that the government should have total control of media for the benefit of the people and to incorporate messages that maintain a strong socialized society. 2. Authoritarian Theory- is a theory based on censorship, which gives total power of media to the government or ruler and is used to protect the public and enhance government control. 3. Libertarian Theory- is a theory based on freethinking, which believes that people are knowledgeable and therefore can decipher between rational and irrational news consequentially, there is little to no censorship. 4. Social Responsibility Theory- is a theory based on the combination of Authoritarian and Libertarian views this includes accuracy, truth, and information subject to content discussion and interpretation from the public or government. 5. Developmental Theory- 6. Media Imperialism Theory- is a theory based on media domination of less prominent countries, which characteristically pushes attitudes, values, and beliefs on to the people through media transactions. 7. Al Jazeera- is a broadcast media company founded in 1996 in Doha, Qatar and specializes in Arabic news and current affairs with a regular audience of 40 million people. 8. British Broadcast Company- 9. Free Flow- 10. New World Information Order- 11. Privatization- 12. Radionovelas- 13. Shortwaves- 14. Commercialization- 15. Oligopoly- 16. Integration- 17. Censorship- 18. Media Conglomerate- 19. Media Ethic-

http://chronicle.com/article/5-Myths-About-the-Information/127105/ http://ideas.time.com/2013/04/22/the-boston-bombing-should-cameras-now-be-everywhere/ http://www.wired.com/business/2009/03/googles-new-ad/ http://0-site.ebrary.com.library.nsu.edu/lib/norfolkstate/search.action?p00=international+media&fromSearch=fromSearch&search=Search http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/tiananmen-square-massacre-takes-place http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm asia stats http://www.ibtimes.com/bollywood-100-how-big-indias-mammoth-film-industry-1236299 Ghosh 2013 http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm -International Media Systems http://elitedaily.com/money/the-worlds-10-largest-media-conglomerates/ -Concentration http://www.imediaethics.org/index.php?page=3&option=com_news&task=viewall&catId=47 -

Mass Communication - Baran & Davis, 2012 Media Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media (Wadsworth Series in Mass Communication and Journalism: General Mass Communication) Biagi

Book:Introduction to Mass Media

LSE Summative Essay for International Media and the Global South: Colonialism, representation and militaristic intervention: Problems with contemporary humanitarian campaigns

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Media Imperialism Debate: Arguments and Theories Essay

Introduction.

Historically emerging from a few local television networks, the international media has recently transformed into a vast community full of resources and workforce, with the Western media nearly spread across the world (McChesney 190. Despite proving significant in spreading important news to citizens across the continents, media globalisation has resulted to serious discourses on what analysts now refer to as media imperialism. People have not taken lightly the dominance of the Western media, especially the protrusion of the American media into the developing countries, where the media infrastructure and expertise is still immature. Such perceptions concerning the ascendancy of the Westerners over the global media has attracted controversial debates from media scholars and professionals. Using different opinionated arguments and facts, several pieces of literature have emerged to contribute to the growing discourse about media imperialism (Jenkins 37). This essay discusses the major issues concerning the media imperialism debate, presents major arguments and approaches, discusses evidences that support different views, and analyses some theoretical assumptions available.

Major Issues at Stake in the Media Imperialism Debate

Whereas media forms an important global tool for universal communication, where important aspects of leadership, culture, environment, and economy are in regular discussion, media imperialism is creating global controversies. Jenkins states that the earliest notion towards internationalising media based on the idea of improving economy through corporate globalisation, international competition, state decentralisation, and trade liberalisation (36). With the United States and the United Kingdom as the economic giants behind these agendas, the Western media quickly proliferated into the developing nations. After years of tremendous growth, media imperialism under the influence of the Westerners seems to attract controversies on the important issues surrounding the globalised economies (Jenkins 39). The main debatable issues involving media imperialism include economic unfairness, trade, cultural manipulations, and political intolerances. Jan states that most underprivileged nations eyeing for globalisation have an inner fear about the economic and political supremacy of the Westerners and their alleged global influence on the most important international issues of development (72).

International Trade and Media Imperialism

A commonly argued issue concerning the behaviours of the Westerners and their media imperialism practices is the takeover on the media business by the giant economies, especially the United States and United Kingdom (Sabir 283). The Western countries have virtually dominated and controlled the international media trade using their powerful broadcasting technologies and skilled professionals that seem to lack in the developing nations. Communication and media analysts have noticed that the Westerners frequently use the advantage of their sophisticated media infrastructure and personnel to control the young broadcasting companies (Sabir 288). The American and British media companies have ventured into the interiors of the third world countries, while either imposing strict broadcasting policies or completely displacing the local media. Supported by the modern technologies that have proven efficient in the global broadcasting business, the American and the British broadcasting, filming, photography, and print media have exploited the major economic hubs in the developing nations (Jan 67). Such turnarounds have created inequalities in the ownership of the media space.

Apart from assisting in the imperialistic culture exportation of the Western values to manipulate the underdeveloped and developing nations, the Western media unfairly displaced the local media and dominated the telecommunication industry in the developing nations (Jan 66). Although the developing and underdeveloped nations need the mutual support from the developed Western economies to set up media infrastructure, the Western media seems to use its technological prowess to conquer the local markets. The Disney Broadcasting Company has extensive networks for broadcasting, printing, media, and internet infrastructure that have invaded the international markets and left very little commercial space for other companies to integrate their systems (Meyer 120). In the five top commercial Asian markets, Walt Disney has virtually displaced all the local channels with its thirty, powerful radio stations, eleven-cabled television channels, and several sub-channels that regularly transmit Disney content. Internationally, Walt Disney Company has thousands of television channels in the developing and developed economies, and seventeen internet sites that are very domineering.

Unfairness in trade liberalisation

The United States and other giant Western nations seem to enjoy virtually every aspect of globalisation ranging from political dominance, cultural influence, to trade benefits. The growing upheaval concerning media imperialism is the aspect of trade liberalisation that seem unfair, due to the inability of the minor media platforms to penetrate the developed nations (Omoera 7). Media has increasingly proven to be an efficient business marketing and promotional tool that multinational companies frequently use to spread their product and service information. The vastly growing influence of the portability of the computing and telecommunication tools that place Westerners at better transforming chances is creating a controversy (Omoera 2). The powerful media of the Westerners easily transfer commercial content about their multinational companies, consequently supporting their marketing agendas. For the underdeveloped and their growing media, penetrating into the advanced Western nations using their immature media, is a demanding task (Omoera 5). Such concerns are critical to the global relationships on the international trade.

A good example of the influence of media imperialism on the international trade and growth of multinational industries is the clear dominance of the Walt Disneyland broadcasting media across Asia, Arab, and Africa (Omoera 3). The greatest facets of globalisation are trade and business among multinational firms where the exchange of professional expertise, technology, skills, and knowledge of industrial growth occurs. The American and European media have assisted their multinational corporations to claim enormous commercial space through their superior television programming skills and their experience in computer and internet technologies (Xie 5). Walt Disney Broadcasters, with the support from other world web platforms owned by Americans and Europeans, have energised the commercial urge of corporations from America and Europe to occupy large commercial space in the transnational business paradigm. Omoera asserts that the controversy is that the developing and the underdeveloped economies lack the capability to explore their regional commercial space, or even the slim business opportunities in the Western nations, which is an unfair trade (9).

Cultural Manipulation and Media Imperialism

The greatest plight often disturbing the Asians and the Arabs is the domineering aspect of the Western media that is consuming other cultures (Jan 69). There is a rising conflict in the manner at which the Americans and the British are using their global media coverage advantages to homogenize their culture and displace the cultural values of individuals in the underdeveloped economies. According to Chadha and Kavoori, a small group of the Westerners with established media infrastructures have not only dominated the international media trade, but have also utilized their media to broadcast their particular economic and cultural values (417). Jenkins states that the developed media from the established Western nations have unfairly instigated the spread of the American and the British cultures of consumerism and individualism to the people of the developing economies (34). From the popular terms Americanisation and Western civilization , the Western media has fuelled the expansion and dominance of the Western culture of business, social life, and economic lifestyle.

Numerous cultural products and lifestyles have penetrated and invaded the developing economies through their global decentralised media, and displaced the valuable cultural norms of the people of the third world nations (Meyer 119). A closer observation of the cultural trends currently dominating countries of the developing world reveals that the dressing codes, the eating behaviours, and the social lifestyles of these individuals closely match with those of the Americans and the Europeans. The increased dominance of the Western media on the internet platforms and on the broadcasting centres has influenced individuals to cease from adoring their cultural norms and adopt those of the Westerners (Meyer 115). The arts of singing, fashioning, dancing, and educating people across the developing nations have shifted from the traditional styles towards the imposed Western mode. Advertising, filming, and television programming practices of the media in the developing nations seem to follow the Western fashion, and often display the Western media content. Hence, the developing nations are losing their indigenous cultures.

Political and Economic Capitalism

The Media imperialism of the 21 st century seems to motivate the ongoing political disagreements between the Westerners and the political giants from the Asian and the Arab economies (Meyer 123). Media imperialism eminent through the adoption of the Western practices and cultures has resulted to political and economic discourses among nations. According to McChesney, there has been an existing political intolerance between the Arab nations and the Asian communities, with both of them against the political and economic influence of the Westerners especially the Americans (189). Media imperialism predominantly practiced by the Western nations seems to favour the Western economies politically, with their urge for democratic leadership felt across the developing countries. Meyer (113) postulates that the Disney channel is one of the famous broadcasting channels notorious for promulgating media imperialism across the weak nations of the Asian, African and Arab zones. Disney displays several political issues intended for political mileage of the Western economic giants.

The unfair media dominance of the American and European companies instigated by their diverse media platforms has resulted to exportation of the American management cultures and political norms to the immature economies (McChesney 189). The cultural imperialism that the Western media has supported is eminent in the case of Walt Disney Company, which has frequently attempted to export and successfully enforced its own management and leadership culture in the developing nations. Meyer states that, “among the largest exporters of the American culture and management practices is the Walt Disney Company” (117). The leadership cultures of the Walt Disney have proliferated into the Asian States through the Tokyo Disneyland, the Hong Kong Disneyland, and the Australian Disneyland, where native cultures are diminishing. Meyer states that throughout its evolution and protrusion into the Asian economies, the Walt Disney Company has operated through an archetypal control-based approach on these economies, where it has registered a successful exportation of the American leadership cultures (137).

Different Approaches and Major Arguments

Market capitalism is a notion that has heightened arguments in the manner at which countries would consider fairness in the bilateral trades (Stadler 158). The media imperialism of the Westerners that make their multinationals marketable to the developing world is a burning issue for most of the growing economies of the Asian continent seeking similar success in the underdeveloped markets. According to Meyer, China is the biggest opponent of the imperialistic behaviour of the Western media because it ranks among the nations that are seeking transnational growth in the underdeveloped nations (134). The perceptions of the rapidly developing nations in the Asian and Arab economies is that the Americans and Europeans are deliberately using their powerful media tools to manipulate the underdeveloped markets and unfairly displace the cultural values of the native dwellers (Chadha and Kavoori 421). The media imperialism of the Westerners is a secret tool of enforcing the Western culture of social lifestyle, leadership, and product consumerism.

The United States and the United Kingdom are the giants that purportedly campaigned for the liberalisation of the international trade to allow transnational trade between multinations. This meant “the elimination of the artificial barriers to trade and other distortions, such as tariffs, quotas, and subsidies that countries use to protect their domestic industries from foreign competition” (Jan 70). The Americans and Europeans used this advantage to scatter their commercial media through powerful infrastructure and technologies, and seem to have monopolised the telecommunication industry. The plight the developing nations is that instead of the globalisation approach assisting all nations to benefit from the bilateral trade agreements, America and Europe have taken the neoliberal capitalist approach through their invasive media (Meyer 120). The underdeveloped and developing nations need to enjoy their fundamental freedom enshrined in their constitutions, but the efforts of media imperialism seem to undermine such critical issues. Hence, media imperialism is inflicting ethical trade dilemmas across the continents.

The noble idea that the Westerners have in the international politics and trade is that fairness and justice are crucial aspects that joint trade partners should consider in their trade practices (Xie 5). Media imperialism of the Westerners is undermining the aspects of mutual consent and mutual beneficence in the trade agreements, since their dominance in the immature economies is causing trade unfairness. Whereas nations could easily counter the imperialistic approach of the Westerners in the telecommunication industry, the Western economic giants have imposed oppressive media policies (Xie 8). Critical issues arising from the media imperialism debates include the nonexistence of media regulation and policies, restriction to media ownership, breach of intellectual property rights, and improper designing of the digital content. Most telecommunication analysts in the global media debates have highlighted the lack of media regulations (Jenkins 38). The Westerners have often used this loophole to overcome all criticism against their media imperialism aspect in the international media business.

The global media has remained bound to sovereignty and self-regulation that gives the established Western media a selfish opportunity to manipulate the media industry. Analysts believe that lack of regulations against media content, has empowered the Western media to spread their cultural content across the world without restrictions (Meyer 125). Additionally, the global media seem to lack regulations governing media ownership, and due to such mistakes, the Western economic giants are using their powerful media infrastructure and technologies to explore the unrestricted zones. Concerning breach to the intellectual property rights, there is a lack of governmental censorship governing the new media environment in which the imperialism of the westerners has manifested itself (Jenkins 38). Analysts believe that such loopholes are causing ripples and controversies on the media ownership and legal frameworks meant to control the media fraternity. The Western media imperialism has an advantage because the digital economy seems to favour established countries that are capable of financing their international projects.

Evidences that Support Different Views

There is increasing evidence concerning the aspect of media imperialism of the Western economic giants. According to Sabir, the governments of the giant economies in the world have shifted away from using hegemonic strategies to display their political intolerance and taken their power shift towards transnational corporations (283). The underlying evidence concerning media imperialism is the dominance of the media houses from the Western economic giants on the underdeveloped and developing nations. Commonly referred to as transnational capitalism, the evidence of media imperialism is eminent in the witnessed dominance of the American and British transnational corporations and their brands, management cultures, consumerism cultures, and business operations (Chadha and Kavoori 419). The greatest evidence portraying the Western imperialism in the international media is the Walt Disney Company that dominates the global media with its vast communication networks and broadcasting houses. Sabir asserts that the Walt Disney Company is acting as a commercial weapon to destroy indigenous cultures of the minor economies and impose the American culture (289).

A 2013 global report on the fortune 500 companies mentioned the Walt Disney Company as the largest American media in popularity and revenue generation (Sabir 289). Walt Disney has aided in transferring the Western culture through its powerful programming skills that make youngsters glued to its television channels, radio channels and its internet networks (Meyer 123). As a marketing tool favouring transnational corporations from the Western economic giants, the Walt Disney Broadcasters have designed media content that favours business corporations from America and Europe. Empirical evidence from the imperialism aspect associated with the Disney Company reveals that the company has been in the forefront in establishing strong marketing platforms for the Western multinational companies. Meyer asserts that the Disney broadcasters and programmers have laid a suitable business foundation for the American and British multinationals and sidelined the native companies in the invaded countries (121). The films, books, and music of the United States, with cultural values of America have dominated the Asian communication industry.

Canada and Australia follow the list with their transnational media concentration across the Asian Pacific zone, but surprisingly their influence on the local business is just incomparable to the Disney Company (Sabir 287). Disney is promoting the American cultural values, promoting the political standpoint of the Americans, and demonstrating to the world how dominant economies can exercise their indirect control over their underdeveloped counterparts (Sabir 288). The 2013 global report on the fortune 500 international corporations placed seven other American broadcasting companies in the highest rank in revenue generation and recognition. The vast majority of the companies appearing in the top ten fortune-500 list of telecommunication companies are the American-owned media (Sabir 288). The top ten America media with a domineering power across the world include the News Corp, the Century Fox, the CBS Corporation, the Viacom, the Comcast, the Sony Corporation, and the Time Warner broadcasters (Sabir 288). These conglomerates have displaced other mass media companies and imposed their American values.

The transnational American companies benefiting from the unfair practice of media imperialism are the American PepsiCo Company and the Coke Company, whose marketing information disseminates through these giant broadcasters. Sabir states that Media imperialism has enabled Pepsi to rank the 137 th largest multinational company that employs over 285,000 workers from the dominated regions and from America (290). Pepsi and Coke have been attempting to use the social consciousness marketing technique to penetrate and dominate the markets. In support of the marketing ambitions of Coke and Pepsi, media imperialism of the broadcasters and printers from the Western economic giants has aided in promoting the brand image of these famous beverage companies (Sabir 288). Through media imperialism, Pepsi and Coke have increased their product diversity, broadened their interior dominance, and occupied major markets in the developing and underdeveloped nations (Sabir 285). The Coke and Pepsi companies have transported the American pop culture to their beverage fans and displaced indigenous values of the natives.

The Identified Theoretical Assumptions

A closer analysis of the aspect of media imperialism brings us to realizing the authenticity of the media and culture theories that regularly dominate the international literature of media debates (Stadler 123). The initial perception of media imperialism is that the people allege that the Western economic giants are the initiators of media imperialism. The theoretical model of media imperialism initially assumed that the vision of the Westerners behind establishing cultural diversity and advocating for bilateral trades based on the ceaseless exportation of cultural products to the easily controllable developing economies (Chadha and Kavoori 416). Americans and Europeans had an idea of the future influence that the media would create in marketing their transnational mega companies to the underdeveloped and developing nations (Boyd-Barrett 158). Another theory associating with media imperialism is the theory of hypodermic behaviour of media effects that postulates that media content has a spontaneous, direct, impelling, and unmediated influence on the behaviours of the audience and the world.

The Westerners have realised the uncultivated regulations on the media ownership and content distribution, and have used such loophole as an opportunity to rule the world indirectly. According to Chadha and Kavoori, the theory of globalisation also plays a critical role in understanding the capitalism behaviours of the giant nations (417). The globalisation theory assumed that the industrial revolution, international politics, international trade, and the novelty of the Westerners in technology, would emerge as the most controversial aspects that hamper international relations (Jenkins 34). The rules governing international trade are miniature and can barely control the international relations and trade, including the free-trade agreements. Each nation, whether developing or developed, has its own interests in the trade agreements, and the capitalism notion would often appear in the international trade. Jenkins states that the theory of internationalisation and transnational trade postulates that economic giants have the power and capacity to export their traditions, cultural values, and economic behaviours (37).

The Marxist theoretical approach of globalisation once mentioned that nation-state relationships between the underprivileged and economically stable nations are crucial in unravelling the facts behind the imperialism theory. The Western giant economies have moved away from the traditional hegemony behaviours, and delved into a more technical approach of imposing their cultures to others through the media. The United States and the United Kingdom were the counties that propelled the idea of globalisation, with a hidden intention of manoeuvring in global trade unfairly. The major issues, raising concern over media imperialism is unfairness in the international trade, cultural manipulation, economic imbalances, unfair economic growth, and political intolerance. The Americans and the British have dominated literally every important aspect in the international media, consequently displacing the indigenous values of the natives of the underdeveloped nations. Their media have acted as a source of exporting cultural values, business techniques, consumption behaviours, leadership techniques, and economic values to the immature economies.

Works Cited

Boyd-Barrett, Oliver. Media Imperialism Reformulated, London: Edward Arnold. 1999. Print.

Chadha, Kalyani and Kavoori, Anandam. “Media imperialism revisited: some findings from the Asian case.” Media, Culture & Society 22.1 (2000): 415-432. Print.

Jan, Mirza. “Globalization of Media: Key Issues and Dimensions.” European Journal of Scientific Research 29.1 (2009): 66-75. Print.

Jenkins, Henry. “The cultural logic of media convergence.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 7.1 (2004): 33-43. Print.

McChesney, Robert. The Media System Goes Global , New York: The New Press. 1999. Print.

Meyer, John. “Globalization and cultural imperialism: corporate control versus responsiveness.” Journal of International Business and Economy 9.1(2008): 113-136. Print.

Omoera, Osakue. “Revisiting Media Imperialism: A Review of the Nigerian Television Experience.” The International Journal of Research and Review 5.1 (2010): 1-18. Print.

Sabir, Munawar. “Imperialism of Media and Developing Countries.” A Research Journal of South Asian Studies 28.2 (2013): 283-294. Print.

Stadler, Jane. “Oreo, Top-deck, and Eminem: Hybrid identities and global media flows.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 14.2 (2011): 153-172. Print.

Xie, Shuang. “How Neoliberal Imperialism is expressed by Programming Strategies of Phoenix TV: A Critical Case Study.” Global Media Journal 3.1 (2013): 1-20. Print.

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IvyPanda. (2020, June 16). Media Imperialism Debate: Arguments and Theories. https://ivypanda.com/essays/media-imperialism-debate-arguments-and-theories/

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1. IvyPanda . "Media Imperialism Debate: Arguments and Theories." June 16, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/media-imperialism-debate-arguments-and-theories/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Media Imperialism Debate: Arguments and Theories." June 16, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/media-imperialism-debate-arguments-and-theories/.

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Media Technologies: Essays on Communication, Materiality, and Society

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In recent years, scholarship around media technologies has finally shed the assumption that they are separate from and powerfully determining of social life, to look at them rather as the product of and embedded in distinct social, cultural and political practices. To better examine them in this light, communication and media scholars have increasingly taken theoretical perspectives originating in science and technology studies (STS), while at the same time some STS scholars interested in information technologies have linked their research to media studies questions about their symbolic dimensions. In this volume, scholars from both fields come together to advance this view of media technologies as complex socio-material phenomena. The first four contributors address the relationship between materiality and mediation, highlighting the linkages between the symbolic and the artifactual by considering such topics as the lived realities of network infrastructure and the informational embodiment of networked knowledge. A second set of four contributors highlight media technologies as always in motion, held together through the minute, unobserved work of many. This includes examining how the meanings of media technologies came to be and the work involved to keep them alive. After each of the two sets of essays, comments by senior scholars respond to the essays and articulate overarching themes. The volume intends to initiate conversations about the state of current scholarship around media technologies, as well as identify directions for future research.

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Role of media in international relations

Jonathan S.

Checked : Eric H. , Barbara C.

Latest Update 26 Jan, 2024

Table of content

Media and power of the state

Media and public awareness, how political parties use media.

Despite the media's explicit importance in conducting international affairs, researches of the role of the press in International Relations still appear to have done little to resolve the communication aspect of international relations appropriately and concisely. Three reasons could have led to the lack of support to media role of international relations:

The lack of ability to communicate in several languages;
The recognition of the global media's echo, the shallowness of which could make it difficult to collect adequate corpus;
A global relations strategy that would make it difficult for the media to be objected to

The first two reasons emphasize the need to learn many languages to spread various national media, that is to say, an "international media echo," the widespread media comment on what is being said in the mainstream press. The third possibility indicates that the prevalence of realism in the conventional approach of international relations has helped to explain the role of correspondence and the mainstream media in world affairs more clearly and more effectively than others.

The State is viewed as the primary player on the international stage in the traditional practical context of the global political study . Politicians, who are following national interests and are not affected by external domestic forces such as the mainstream media, should pursue foreign policies. The information exchange and mass media were not seen in this realistic tradition formed in the 1940s as part of government power, but like the propaganda instruments used by the states in the international scene for specific conflicts.

The worldwide media has first established a' global village,' to point out shifts in peoples ' views of their own and those around. The media supplies details and shapes the world process of learning, which makes the mass media equally influential in the global picture. The press is thus becoming essential instruments to define "in-group" uniqueness against "out-group" heritage depending on a range of parallels and criticisms.

Throughout terms of creation of partners and enemies of the people, the opinions of others are crucial to this purpose. In other words, the media helps build the world of politics.

Furthermore, the change in the government power structure will define the political significance of the media. The media pluralize forces that oppose the ability of power to influence as well as control. National and international news organizations generally distribute knowledge and photographs around countries and create interrelationships between domestic and global citizens.

The world media has implemented its audiences into the process of war, harmony and diplomacy. The strategies of the international media to gain public attention have put crisis and controversy at the forefront to persuade their readers to engage and to shape policy. At the same period, states will render their military system widely known for their purposes using the media platforms. This model has been alluded to since the 1990s in the definition of' CNN effect.' Therefore, "the impact of the Al Jazeera” is a new way of doing things from the 2000s that is the Web as well as the effects of all networking information technology on world politics, particularly democratizing.

Such three points note that the media's role in media and policy discourse is divisively addressed. In particular concerning its impact on internal politics, on decision-making in foreign policy and on the dissemination of political leaders ' pictures, on the development of the global civilian society, the public space and political activism.

A critical connection between media and society forms part of the media's role in transmitting, reproducing and spreading evidence, ideas, and ideals through broader social and foreign systems. Such functions are theoretical devices that create sense and naturalize ties of power; they are becoming the instruments of dominance. To order to encourage favourable circumstances and meanings, legislators would like to manipulate knowledge and improve their electorate. The importance of media dialogue in expressing ideas on how people are thinking about themselves and also about other nations is therefore essential. Particularly when agreeing on a significant issue for public debate, the media pick, coordinate and illustrate reporting. The media cannot compel us to respond, but definitely, they affect our opinions and also how we talk about them through their ideology-building feature. The media often serves as a platform in society, or as a loudspeaker for the political statements. In this situation, the intense coverage of a news topic can be used to inform or manipulate people as a means of influencing the media schedule.

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More than that, mainstream parties and special interest groups could use the media for political redeployment to recruit supporters, to call for public gatherings, to protest, to the campaign, or for demonstrations. The last political role of the government, the legitimization of the system serves to socialize the public to accept the prevailing social standard and structures that they represent. By comparison, the media may lead to an increase in the degree of political cynics and civic complacency that at least in some of the viewers can have a conscripting or delegitimizing impact.

Arguably, the ability of media is dependent on the degree to which governments influence the equilibrium between the media and the basis of power. The critical question here is who decides what should and should not be discussed. In evolutionary theories, especially political cooperation and political philosophy, this question can be answered in several ways. The first is the power of the media's expressions, sounds and pictures that could impact elections. The political economy methodology uses the control and ties of ownership that defines the institutional restrictions and connectivity to examine the' influence' on judgment-making.

This methodology contrasts from a news media possessed and worked by ideological groups or the state, in the liberal state with the legitimate assurance of the right to speak freely of discourse. Of starters, pluralist and law-based systems are more fruitful than non-law based governments in impacting the press. The media would be utilized to legitimize and famously bolster elites ' political choices. The forces of the pioneers rely on people, in general, to cast a ballot in vote based systems. So they utilize the media for explanation and legitimization of government, which suggests the press, is the fourth state to safeguard the system from over the top control.

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The Exposure of International Media Such as Films- IELTS Writing Task 2

Updated On Mar 03, 2022

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The Exposure of International Media Such as Films- IELTS Writing Task 2

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The exposure of international media such as films, TV and magazines has impacts on local culture. What do you think the impacts have been? Do you agree that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?

Direct Question Essay

Introduction

Paraphrase the essay topic and mention the view.

Body Paragraphs

International media can be a great source of information about the diversity of cultures around the world.

International media can also influence negative traits like violence in the minds of the viewers.

Summarize the essay topic and provide a concluding view.

Sample Essay

It is an undeniable fact that mass media is the most powerful instrument to influence the public. With the technological advancement that humanity has achieved, digital media has become a catalyst in spreading information and reaching every corner of the world. There is a debate on the nature of this impression left by international media. In my opinion, the overall effects are positive and even beneficial. The following paragraphs will explore the advantages and disadvantages of the impact of information media.

First and foremost, we must acknowledge the vast reach and influence that any form of media can have in the 21st century. It is quite evident that the circulation of information through television, print media or motion pictures has a colossal impact on communities and local cultures all over the globe. Consequently, this phenomenon has numerous benefits. The availability of foreign content like movies and music, especially in English, French or even German, has helped many non-native speakers to improve their understanding of these widely used languages. People are now more aware and thereby tolerant of the myriad of cultures and societies that coexist in different parts of the world, thanks to the portrayal of certain characters in films and tv shows. Additionally, the spread of positivity through similar channels has become fashionable as we can observe individuals who are constantly at work for the betterment of the entire human community. Accordingly, such endeavours are undertaken by several others who are encouraged to do the same.

Nevertheless, there are certain drawbacks to mass media and popular culture becoming an inherent part of our lives. The effect that mass culture has on a majority of people, especially the younger generation, can be upsetting and sometimes even agitating . The mania for online recognition and popularity is one of the biggest downsides of international media and its portrayal of celebrities. Furthermore, there is always a possibility of misinterpretation of information disseminated through popular forms of media like cinema and tv programmes, which seriously deteriorate the judgement and morality of the public, especially the younger generation who are more vulnerable to such experiences.

Finally, there are both pros and cons to the prevalence of international media in this current era. If employed cautiously, this facility can be a blessing to the human race.

Band 9 Sample Essay

There is no doubt that the world is a global village, where mass media plays an indispensable role in influencing people. It serves as a source of entertainment while educating the public about current events, cultural heritage, ecological sustainability, and many more topics of relevance. Some argue that media tendencies will ruin a country’s culture and have detrimental implications for people’s lives, while others oppose this notion. As a result, I believe that an exposure to international media has significant impact and that the benefits outweigh the drawbacks, which I will discuss in the following essay.

To begin with, it is indisputable that in today’s fast-paced world, the international media has great reach and power over individuals. The media plays a crucial role in intensifying globalization, facilitating cultural interaction, and facilitating knowledge flow between countries through worldwide news broadcasts, video programming, film, new technologies, and music. Furthermore, international media allows the diffusion of diverse cultures by showcasing various cultural traditions, allowing audiences to fully comprehend and accept cultural diversity.

Further, watching international movies and listening to western music in English, Spanish, and French has aided many non-native speakers in improving and enhancing their grasp of these languages. As a result, the widespread use of television and other forms of media has had a substantial impact on communities and local cultures worldwide. Finally, the more ideas and points of view are disseminated through media; the more humans will understand one another, reducing prejudice between nations.

However, some drawbacks to international media should not be overlooked, such as the fact that many people attempting to imitate the lifestyle of other cultures will ultimately result in their country’s cultural disintegration, as well as the fact that it can cause difficulties in people’s personal lives, causing a drift in their relationships. Furthermore, media culture’s impact on youngsters can be stressful and even unnerving at times. Some media content linked to violence and aggressive behavior, for example, may not be appropriate or suitable for the younger generation.

To put it in a nutshell, the proliferation of international media in the 21st century has both merits and demerits. However, its benefits exceed the drawbacks because exposure to international media can significantly minimize prejudice across nations and increase awareness of different languages and cultures.

Meaning: a person or thing that precipitates an event. Eg: The words of the minister acted as a catalyst for the protests.

Meaning: extremely large or great. Eg: The Statue of Unity was colossal.

Meaning: of very great extent or quantity; immense. Eg: The farmhouse that his family owned was vast in size.

Meaning: a countless or extremely great number of people or things. Eg: This problem can have a myriad of solutions.

Meaning: an attempt to achieve a goal. Eg: The endeavour to help the flood victims was a success.

Meaning: existing in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute. Eg: The competitive nature of Indians is an inherent quality of our community.

Meaning: make (someone) troubled or nervous. Eg: The audience was agitated by the comedian’s remarks.

Meaning: an excessive enthusiasm or desire; an obsession. Eg: The mania of Internet fame is destroying the youth.

Meaning: the negative aspect of something otherwise regarded as good or desirable. Eg: This solution has various downsides.

Disseminated

Meaning: spread (something, especially information) widely. Eg: The news of their marriage disseminated like wildfire.

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Soon after graduating with a Master’s in Literature from Southern Arkansas University, she joined an institute as an English language trainer. She has had innumerous student interactions and has produced a couple of research papers on English language teaching. She soon found that non-native speakers struggled to meet the English language requirements set by foreign universities. It was when she decided to jump ship into IELTS training. From then on, she has been mentoring IELTS aspirants. She joined IELTSMaterial about a year ago, and her contributions have been exceptional. Her essay ideas and vocabulary have taken many students to a band 9.

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Ielts writing task 2 sample 450 - exposure to international media has a significant impact on local cultures, ielts writing task 2/ ielts essay:, exposure to international media such as films, tv and magazines has a significant impact on local cultures. what do you think has been the impact, do you think its advantages outweigh the disadvantages.

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Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Writing9 with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.

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Nowadays sports entertainment is the most important because different types of people enjoy this time.

With growing population in cities, more and more people live in a home with small or no outdoor areas. is it a positive or negative development, in theor advertising, businesses nowadays usually emphasize that their products are new in some way. why is this do you think it is positive or negative development, some people say it is important to keep your home and your work place tidy, with everything organised and in the correct place. what is your opinion about this , serial drama on tv plays an important social role. do you agree or disagree.

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International Communication - Media

International Communication - Media - Essay Example

Subject: Miscellaneous
Type: Essay
Level: Undergraduate
Pages: 4 (1000 words)
Downloads: 0
Author: anguscremin

Extract of sample "International Communication - Media"

Because advertisers are trying to gain the attention of their target consumer group, they work hard to depict the ideals of the society. If young and slim is attractive, they will work that into their presentation in as many ways as they can. If macho and hard is the current fashion, this, too, will be reflected in the way a product is marketed. At the same time, by changing the way they combine different types of visual clues, these same media outlets can help to redefine a culture, to make it more tolerant of ecological issues, for example, or to change the way a society views gender roles.

It may even help to spread specific ideological or political agendas, such as making China more democratic in its thinking and approach. Social scientists have long identified the media as one of either bringing about social change by pointing out the social problems that are contributing to a declining society or of bolstering existing ideologies and social structures (Viswanath & Demers 1999). The international media can help bring more democracy to China by positively portraying democracy in action, illustrating how democracy functions to correct social wrongs and indicating how it might be applicable to all people.

Television is a truly democratic mass medium that spreads information uniformly without regard to wealth, position or education and has clearly broadened our political dialogue. The average community in the United States now receives over 30 channels of television with many receiving hundreds. These types of figures are increasingly applicable to much of industrialized China as well, with encroachment continuing into more rural areas. This diversity of programming presents perspectives regarding every conceivable characteristic of society and expands into the international community as popular shows from other countries are aired in China, disseminating their social ideals.

In addition, many

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Lauren Oyler Doesn’t Take Her Work Too Seriously

By Chris Black

Image may contain Couch Furniture Book Publication Architecture Building Indoors Living Room Room Adult and Person

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This is an edition of the newsletter Pulling Weeds With Chris Black, in which the columnist weighs in on hot topics in culture. Sign up here to get it in your inbox every Thursday.

Nothing gets the internet—and our depleted attention spans—going more than a good essay. They give us a glimpse into the writer’s psyche and something to talk about. Known for her meticulous and sometimes scathing book reviews, much-discussed article about going on the Goop Cruise, and her first novel, Fake Accounts , the writer Lauren Oyler has just released a witty essay collection, No Judgements , that hits a nice assortment of conversation-starters: Berlin, autofiction, Goodreads, anxiety, vulnerability, and gossip. Oyler is polarizing, but I chuckled at the part in the book where she describes herself as “a snob, highbrow, elitist.” I spoke to Oyler from my apartment in New York City while she was at The Line Hotel in Los Angeles, making a stop on her book tour. We discussed self-awareness, the idea of persona, Berghain, and authenticity.

Lauren Oyler: I moved to Berlin in 2012, but I went back to New York after a couple of years and I’d go back and forth. Now I’m in Berlin forever unless they kick me out. There’s a lot of it that makes sense, and you can make a bunch of political arguments about why I like life there. The hangout, Bohemian lifestyle is possible because everything is so much cheaper and people don’t have jobs, and the values are different. You don’t have to look any particular way. It’s a cosmopolitan city in that it’s very diverse, particularly for Europe, so it’s always exciting to meet people from all over the world. There’s this ineffable, mysterious thing to it. I don’t know why I’m so drawn to it and not to New York. I don’t really care about New York.

Is it, though? Is it actually the most important city in the world?

Probably Beijing at this point. But I think that some of what’s happening in Berlin now is the result of it slowly, resistantly modernizing. It used to be that you couldn’t find a good meal to save your life and now it is a bit more worldly. Also, it is more expensive so you’re losing a lot of the great, old grungy club stuff.

I don’t find it easy to work really at all. I find it quite difficult to work. I’m very much dreading it, but it’s all my internal ambitions for whatever it is I’m doing that are keeping me doing it. But I do feel separate now, away from all the New York media and social media. I think it was easier for me to write this book without really caring as much about how it would be received.

I think humor is an opt-in sort of thing in life, particularly in writing. For a lot of writers, particularly in the last 10 years, there was this idea that if you were making a joke, you didn’t care about the destruction of American society. Like, “Why are you writing book reviews when democracy is collapsing?” The things that I write about aren’t that serious. I’m not doing hardcore war reporting where it would be quite difficult, if not impossible, to make a joke.

It’s even true of the more serious things in the book. The Berlin essay is quite earnest in many ways, and the autofiction one is too, but we’re talking about autofiction. It’s a literary form, it should be funny. But if people don’t want to get the joke, they don’t have to, particularly because my sense of humor is so ironic and I’m saying something that can be interpreted two ways. I also think there’s now a resistance to understanding ambiguity in tone. If you’re using irony to represent Goodreads, it’s funny, but maybe actually affects the publishing industry and therefore has a trickle down effect on capital L literature, which I care very much about, so it is kind of serious. If you use irony, you can acknowledge both of those. It’s very economical as a rhetorical strategy because you can say, "Obviously this is stupid, but maybe it’s not." I try to be critical and also make fun of myself and implicate myself in these things.

I think it’s fun. I would say, if I may use some sort of literary language for a second, I’m working with the idea of persona and using it in my work to critique the idea of the persona. But I find it quite dispiriting when I meet people and they’re like, “Oh, I thought you were going to be really mean. I’m scared of you.”

Really? Your persona is pretty upbeat.

There’s this idea that the persona is fake and your real self must be radically different from the character that you perform, but my feeling is that the character you perform is just a heightened party version. Your persona is still you.

People are afraid you’re trying to trick them, but I just want you to have a good time with my work and enjoy reading it.

To go back to Berlin, there are things that only nightlife makes possible. I would never meet that guy in any other context and I certainly wouldn’t spend eight hours talking to him about the future of Poland. I could have written a version of that article which would be buttoned up and be a straightforward profile of Maxime as a representative of the new Eastern European refugee in the EU, but people wouldn’t read that and it wouldn’t allow you to get into his brilliant character. You should enjoy him as I have enjoyed him as well.

I was a bit worried about quote-unquote “writing” about Berghain for a variety of reasons. One is “don’t talk about Fight Club” or whatever. But I feel like Berghain is cashed. It’s not over, I obviously love Berghain, but it’s as famous as it’s going to be and so nothing you say about it can affect its future in any direction. But there’s this response, which is related to the idea of persona, with people saying, “Oh, you went to Berghain and you think that’s so cool?” Well, no. If I were to write about a cooler club that you’d never heard of, you actually wouldn’t say that.

And you write about this on the other side—these global, western, millennial spaces that signify a lot of stuff. I just read your thing about Sweetgreen and Equinox , which are kind of like the bougie, uncool version of Berghain. Everybody knows what those things are, you’re not supposed to say that you enjoy them, but you do. It’s quite hard to write about life today without talking about those very weighty, signifying, iconic things.

You’re welcome to come anytime. I usually go on Sunday and I stay sober for as long as it’s feasible. You get there early because you’ve got to get in before the line, so you’re tired and after about eight hours you’re like, “I’m either going to do some drugs or go home.”

I have this long essay about autofiction in the book, and I wanted to write this for many years because autofiction as a literary form has been much maligned in the media. Literary critics will do a sideswipe and roll their eyes, and it is often vaguely defined. A lot of people don’t think it’s a useful term at all, but I do. Basically it is any work of fiction in which the protagonist, narrator, or main character is perceived to be the author. In the reader’s mind, the main character is the same person as the person whose name is on the cover. In the last 15 years or so, the paradigmatic autofictioneers are Knausgård, Ben Lerner, Sheila Heti, Tao Lin, Teju Cole and lesser figures. The way that they create, sometimes intentionally, sometimes not, the effect of the narrator or the protagonist being the same person they are is through a straightforward, almost naturalistic mode of narration, so you feel like you’re basically reading a person’s thoughts. The setup of the novel is often that there’s a writer, the writer has a career that maps onto the author’s career, and they live in the same place that the author lives. It’s not new, there’s many examples of works from the 20th century in particular that would count, including Proust.

The reason [autofiction] had this resurgence in the last 15 years is that the persona relationship between the author and the narrator mimics the relationship between the social media user and the “real person.” They’re used to relating to people and texts that they understand are mostly but not fully true. So if there’s a literary form that mimics that social media relationship, it feels familiar and more exciting in the way that social media felt very exciting because it felt like you were accessing something real or authentic.

Rachel Cusk had this interview many years ago, where she was like, “Fiction is fake and embarrassing. I don’t want to sit at my desk and make up little people and make them do stuff.” I think that was a feeling many authors had in the context of this 24-hour media cycle, globalized attention economy thing. I think it connects with the personal essay boom as well.

In Fake Accounts I had a lot of fun playing with the feeling of honesty, the feeling of authenticity, the feeling of reality, and taking that assumption and testing whether you could lie in a certain way where people won’t say anything to you. I heard a story about a friend of a friend who got stopped at customs on the way back to Germany and in her bag she had tons of weird drugs. I was told that what she did was just annoyingly explain every single drug to the customs agents until they got so fed up with her that they just let her through. And I think that that’s also what happens online a lot—you’re just like, It’s fine. Just stop .

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TSA PreCheck® program adds eight new airlines

WASHINGTON – The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) announced today the expansion of its TSA PreCheck program with the addition of Air Premia, Air Tahiti Nui, Air Transat, Bahamasair, BermudAir, Iberia, La Compagnie and New Pacific Airlines.

TSA PreCheck is an expedited screening program enabling low-risk travelers to enjoy a secure and efficient screening experience at more than 200 U.S. state and territory airports, including at the Lynden Pindling International Airport in Nassau, Bahamas . TSA PreCheck passengers travel with ease and may keep their shoes, belts and light jackets on and are not required to remove laptops, 3-1-1 liquids and food items from their carry-on bags. About 99% of TSA PreCheck passengers wait less than 10 minutes in dedicated lanes at airport checkpoints nationwide.

TSA PreCheck is available for eligible passengers when departing from a U.S. airport or when connecting on domestic flights after returning to the United States from a foreign airport. Travelers who are U.S. citizens, U.S. nationals or U.S. lawful permanent residents may apply for TSA PreCheck and can pick any enrollment provider based on cost, location and additional benefits. Costs for enrollment vary by provider.

Enrolling in TSA PreCheck is easy. Visit tsa.gov/precheck and choose one of the enrollment providers, IDEMIA or Telos , complete the online application in five minutes and schedule your 10-minute in-person appointment with your chosen provider to complete the enrollment.

Once approved, travelers receive a unique Known Traveler Number (KTN) that, when added to an airline reservation, makes them eligible to use TSA PreCheck lanes at security checkpoints nationwide when traveling on any of the participating airlines. Most new enrollees receive a KTN within three to five days.

Teenagers aged 13-17 may now accompany TSA PreCheck enrolled parents or guardians through TSA PreCheck screening when traveling on the same reservation and when the TSA PreCheck indicator appears on the teen’s boarding pass. Children 12 and under may accompany an enrolled parent or guardian in the TSA PreCheck lanes without restriction.

Enrolled airline passengers must have the TSA PreCheck indicator (such as TSAPRECHK, TSA PRE, or TSA Pre✓®) on their boarding pass before approaching a TSA checkpoint to confirm they are eligible for TSA PreCheck screening.

AskTSA is available for travelers needing live assistance from 8 a.m. until 6 p.m. EDT via X (formerly known as Twitter) or Facebook by messaging @AskTSA or by sending a text to “275-872” (“AskTSA”). Travelers may also reach the TSA Contact Center at 866-289-9673 from 8 a.m. to 11 p.m. EDT on weekdays and 9 a.m. to 8 p.m. EDT on weekends/holidays. An automated service is available 24/7.

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Pouria Zeraati standing in an Iran International TV studio

Iran International targeted by Tehran, says channel after London stabbing

Spokesperson tells Today programme that UK-based broadcaster has been under ‘heavy threat for last 18 months’

Tehran’s Revolutionary Guards have been targeting the broadcaster Iran International, a spokesperson for the channel said after a leading journalist was stabbed in London .

The Persian-language news television channel that employed Pouria Zeraati, who was attacked outside his London home, had received an increased level of threats beforehand, Adam Baillie told the BBC Radio 4 Today programme on Saturday.

Iran International has been under “heavy threat for the last 18 months”, Baillie said. “Families [in Iran] have been taken in for questioning. The scale of that has increased dramatically over the last few months and the scale of questioning has been more aggressive: ‘Tell your relatives to stop working for this channel.’”

On Friday, a group of men reportedly attacked Zeraati, a presenter for the channel, as he left his home in Wimbledon. Metropolitan police officers responding to a call to the address said they found a man in his 30s who had sustained an injury to his leg. Zeraati was taken to a hospital, where he is in stable condition, Baillie said. No arrests were made.

While Baillie declined to say who Iran International believed was behind the attack, the Met’s counter-terroism unit is leading the investigation, something that “probably speaks for itself”, he said.

Commander Dominic Murphy, the head of the Met’s counter-terrorism command, said on Friday: “While we are keeping an open mind, given the occupation of the victim and our publicised concerns about the threat to employees of that organisation, the investigation is being led by the counter-terrorism command.

“I must stress that, at this early stage of our investigation, we do not know the reason why this victim was attacked and there could be a number of explanations for this.”

Iran International, established in 2017, broadcasts from London but is aimed primarily at Iranian viewers. According to independent surveys , it is the most widely watched news channel in Iran, but Iranians can only access the channel through virtual private networks (VPNs) because it is banned there. The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) has labelled the channel, along with BBC Persia, as a “terrorist” channel, Baillie said.

The channel really began seeing an uptick in threats after their coverage of the protests over Mahsa Amini , a 22-year-old Kurdish woman who died in police custody following her arrest under Iran’s harsh hijab laws in 2022. In January, the UK and the US issued sanctions against seven Iranian officials and IRGC’s Unit 840 after an ITV investigation into plots to assassinate two Iran International presenters on UK soil.

Baillie said the attack on Zeraati was “hugely frightening” and had left many of the channel’s staff shaken. But even with the threats, Iran International’s journalists are resolved to keep reporting. “For us, it will change nothing,” he said.

“You can imagine the effect that does have, but they carry on with their work,” Baillie said. “People are very committed to the idea of a free independent news service for Iran.”

Middle East and north Africa
Journalist safety
Television industry

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Big Republican Donor Jeff Yass Owned Shares in Trump Media Merger Partner

The billionaire Wall Street financier is also a major investor in ByteDance, the Chinese parent company of TikTok, which faces a possible ban in the United States.

A portrait of Jeffrey Yass in a blue zip top looking at the camera.

By Matthew Goldstein

March 24, 2024

Jeff Yass, the billionaire Wall Street financier and Republican megadonor who is a major investor in the parent company of TikTok, was also the biggest institutional shareholder of the shell company that recently merged with former President Donald J. Trump’s social media company.

A December regulatory filing showed that Mr. Yass’s trading firm, Susquehanna International Group, owned about 2 percent of Digital World Acquisition Corporation, which merged with Trump Media & Technology Group on Friday. That stake, of about 605,000 shares, was worth about $22 million based on Digital World’s last closing share price.

It’s unclear if Susquehanna still owns those shares, because big investors disclose their holdings to regulators only periodically. But if it did retain its stake, Mr. Yass’s firm would become one of Trump Media’s larger institutional shareholders when it begins trading this week after the merger.

Shares of Digital World have surged about 140 percent this year as the merger with the parent company of Truth Social, Mr. Trump’s social media platform, drew closer and Mr. Trump became the presumptive Republican nominee for president.

“Susquehanna is a market maker and has zero economic interest in Trump Media,” the company said in a statement. “The firm’s long position is offset by short positions of the same size.”

Regulatory filings show the firm used offsetting securities to try to minimize its gains or losses in the stock.

The company statement did not comment on whether the firm still owned a stake in Digital World, or on the relationship between Mr. Yass and Mr. Trump.

Mr. Yass has been in the news recently for multiple reasons. A big contributor to Republican candidates and political action committees that support libertarian and conservative causes, including the Club for Growth, Mr. Yass’s firm is also a big shareholder in ByteDance, TikTok’s parent company. The U.S. investment firms Susquehanna, BlackRock and General Atlantic and others own 60 percent of ByteDance.

This month, the House passed a bill to force ByteDance to sell TikTok, the Chinese-controlled social media company.

The Club for Growth has sought to lobby Republicans in Congress to oppose any attempt to ban TikTok if it was still controlled by China, and Mr. Yass has helped the conservative organization fund that effort. (The Club for Growth had opposed Mr. Trump’s re-election campaign, but appears to have reconciled with him. )

Mr. Trump had supported banning TikTok in the United States, but he recently reversed his stance. A few weeks ago, he acknowledged having a brief meeting with Mr. Yass — identified in a 2022 Wall Street Journal column as a “never Trumper” — but said the two men never discussed TikTok.

A person close to Mr. Trump’s campaign said that Mr. Yass was expected to give a large donation to a group supporting the former president’s political campaign. Mr. Yass said through a spokesman that he had never given to Mr. Trump and had no plans to do so.

Susquehanna, which facilitates trades in thousands of stocks using mathematical models, isn’t the only firm that stands to make money on Digital World. In February, Digital World disclosed that it had raised $50 million from a group of institutional investors to cover expenses related to the merger. The investors lent the company money that can be converted into shares. The investors in the deal have yet to be disclosed.

Overall, hedge funds and trading firms owned around 5 percent of Digital World’s 30 million shares outstanding at the end of last year. The vast majority of Digital World’s roughly 400,000 shareholders are individual investors, many of them supporters of Mr. Trump.

The surge in the price of Digital World shares this year has boosted the value of Mr. Trump’s 79-million-share stake in Trump Media by billions of dollars. He is also being issued a class of shares that will give him at least 55 percent voting power over all shareholder measures.

The merger was completed just before Mr. Trump’s Monday deadline to secure a bond to cover a $454 million penalty imposed by a judge in a civil fraud case.

The former president’s Trump Media shares could provide him with a financial lifeline to raise the cash needed to get a bond. But to do that, he needs Trump Media’s seven-member board to remove a restriction that prevents him from selling shares or using shares as collateral for a bond for the next six months.

The board includes Mr. Trump’s eldest son, Donald Jr., and three former members of his administration: Kash Patel, who was the chief of staff to Mr. Trump’s acting secretary of defense; the former U.S. trade representative Robert Lighthizer; and Linda McMahon, a former administrator of the Small Business Administration.

Ms. McMahon is a chair of a big fund-raiser for Mr. Trump scheduled for April 6 in Palm Beach, Fla., according to a copy of the invitation. The event is co-hosted by John Paulson, the billionaire investor, and includes a number of Wall Street financiers as chairs. Mr. Yass is not mentioned as one of them.

Maggie Haberman contributed reporting.

Matthew Goldstein covers Wall Street and white-collar crime and housing issues. More about Matthew Goldstein

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