water essay in assamese

পানী প্ৰদূষণ ৰচনা | Water Pollution Essay in Assamese

যে স্বাস্থ্যকৰ জীৱনযাপনৰ বাবে পৰিষ্কাৰ পানী অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয়। সতেজ আৰু পৰিষ্কাৰ খোৱা পানীৰ পৰ্যাপ্ত যোগান সকলো মানুহৰ বাবে এক মৌলিক প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা, তথাপিও দেখা গৈছে যে বিশ্বব্যাপী লাখ লাখ লোক ইয়াৰ পৰা বঞ্চিত হৈছে। সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সতেজ পানীৰ সম্পদ কেৱল অত্যাধিক শোষণ আৰু দুৰ্বল ব্যৱস্থাপনাৰ দ্বাৰাই নহয় কিন্তু পাৰিপাৰ্শ্বিক অৱক্ষয়ৰ দ্বাৰাও বিপদাপন্ন হয়।পানী হৈছে আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সম্পদ। ই হৈছে আমাৰ গ্ৰহ – পৃথিৱীৰ জীৱনৰ সাৰাংশ। তথাপিও যদি আপুনি কেতিয়াবা আপোনাৰ চহৰৰ চাৰিওফালে নদী বা হ্ৰদ দেখিছে, তেন্তে আপোনাৰ বাবে এইটো স্পষ্ট হ’ব যে আমি পানী প্ৰদূষণৰ এক গুৰুতৰ সমস্যাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছো। আহক আমি পানী আৰু পানী প্ৰদূষণৰ বিষয়ে নিজকে শিক্ষিত কৰোঁ আহক। 

পানী প্ৰদূষণ কি | What is Water pollution

Table of Contents

পানী প্ৰদূষণ হৈছে সাধাৰণতে মানুহৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ ফলত হোৱা জলাশয় (যেনে মহাসাগৰ, সাগৰ, হ্ৰদ, নদী, জলাশয় আৰু ভূগৰ্ভস্থ পানী) দূষিত হোৱা। পানীপ্ৰদূষণ হৈছে পানীৰ ভৌতিক, ৰাসায়নিক বা জৈৱিক গুণাগুণৰ যিকোনো পৰিৱৰ্তন, সামান্য বা মুখ্য যি অৱশেষত যিকোনো জীৱিত জীৱৰ ক্ষতিকাৰক পৰিণামলৈ লৈ যায়। খোৱা পানী, যাক খোৱা পানী বুলি কোৱা হয়, মানুহ আৰু জন্তুৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত সুৰক্ষিত বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।

পানী প্ৰদূষণৰ অৰ্থ হ’ব পাৰে মানুহৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ ফলত পানীৰ শৰীৰ দূষিত হোৱা। জলাশয়ৰ উদাহৰণৰ ভিতৰত আছে নদী, হ্ৰদ, ভূগৰ্ভস্থ পানী, জলাশয় আৰু মহাসাগৰ। পানীৰ প্ৰদূষণ হয় যেতিয়া জলাশয়বোৰত দূষিত পদাৰ্থ যোগ দিয়া হয়। অৰ্থাৎ, নৃতাত্ত্বিক দূষিত পদাৰ্থৰ ফলত ভেজাল হ’লে পানী প্ৰদূষিত হয় বুলি কোৱা হয়। দূষিত পদাৰ্থৰ বাবে প্ৰদূষিত হোৱা পানী খোৱাৰ দৰে মানুহৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে উপযুক্ত নহয়।

পানী প্ৰদূষণ হৈছে এক বিশ্বব্যাপী সমস্যা যাৰ বাবে জল সম্পদৰ বিভিন্ন নীতিৰ গুৰুতৰ মূল্যাঙ্কনৰ প্ৰয়োজন। পানী প্ৰদূষণক সামুদ্ৰিক প্ৰদূষণ, পৃষ্ঠৰ পানী প্ৰদূষণ আৰু পুষ্টি প্ৰদূষণত শ্ৰেণীবদ্ধ কৰিব পাৰি। পানী প্ৰদূষণৰ উৎস হয় অ-বিন্দু উৎস বা বিন্দু উৎস হ’ব পাৰে। নামটোৱে সূচায় যে পইণ্ট উৎসৰ প্ৰদূষণৰ মাত্ৰ এটা কাৰণ আছে যি চিনাক্ত কৰিব পৰা যায় যেনে বৰ্জিত পানী শোধন সুবিধা, ধুমুহা নিষ্কাশন, বা সোঁত। অ-বিন্দু প্ৰদূষণৰ উৎসবোৰ যথেষ্ট বিস্তাৰিত আৰু এক উদাহৰণ হৈছে কৃষিৰ পৰা অহা প্ৰবাহ। প্ৰদূষণ হৈছে সময়ৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এক সামগ্ৰিক প্ৰভাৱৰ ফলাফল।পানী প্ৰদূষণৰ উৎস সমূহ হৈছে-

• ঘৰুৱা আৱৰ্জনা
• ঔদ্যোগিক বৰ্জিত পদাৰ্থ
•  কীটনাশক
• ডিটাৰ্জেণ্ট আৰু সাৰ

কিছুমান পানী প্ৰদূষণ প্ৰত্যক্ষ উৎসৰ ফলত হয়, যেনে কাৰখানা, আৱৰ্জনা ব্যৱস্থাপনা সুবিধা, শোধনাগাৰ ইত্যাদি, যি আৱৰ্জনা আৰু বিপদজনক উপ-সামগ্ৰীবোৰ চিকিৎসা নকৰাকৈ নিকটতম পানীৰ উৎসত পোনপটীয়াকৈ মুকলি কৰে। পৰোক্ষ উৎসবোৰৰ ভিতৰত আছে প্ৰদূষক যি ভূগৰ্ভস্থ পানী বা মাটিৰ জৰিয়তে বা বায়ুমণ্ডলৰ মাজেৰে এচিডিক বৰষুণৰ জৰিয়তে জলাশয়ত প্ৰৱেশ কৰে।

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পানী প্ৰদূষণৰ কাৰণ | Couse’s of Water pollution

পানী প্ৰদূষণৰ কাৰণসমূহ:

যদিও পানী প্ৰদূষণৰ বাবে আমাৰ বিভিন্ন সংজ্ঞা আছে, ইয়াৰ মূল কথা হৈছে যে সময়ৰ সৈতে পানীত থকা প্ৰদূষকৰ পৰিমাণ, যাৰ ফলত পানী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে অনুপযুক্ত হৈ পৰে। ক্ষতিকাৰক সামগ্ৰী প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰাৰ পিছত, পানীয়ে ইয়াৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক গুণাগুণ হেৰুৱায় আৰু ইয়াক দূষিত কৰিবলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত হয়, যাক আমি ইয়াক প্ৰদূষিত পানী বুলি কওঁ। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও, আক্ৰমণাত্মক গোন্ধ, অসহনীয় সোৱাদ বা দৃষ্টিশক্তিয়ে পানীক এক প্ৰদূষিত সামগ্ৰী কৰি তোলে।

পানী প্ৰদূষণৰ এটা আটাইতকৈ সচৰাচৰ কাৰণ হ’ল জলাশয়বোৰত মানৱ আৰু ঔদ্যোগিক আৱৰ্জনাপোনপটীয়াকৈ নিষ্কাশন কৰা। আন এটা কাৰণ যিটো অত্যন্ত চিন্তিত টোকাত উল্লেখ কৰিব লাগিব সেয়া হ’ল মহাসাগৰত হোৱা তেল ৰৈ যোৱা। ঔদ্যোগিক বিপ্লৱ সংঘটিত হোৱাৰ পিছৰে পৰা, আমি এনে কাৰখানা পাইছোঁ যিয়ে উচ্চ পৰিমাণৰ বিষাক্ত ৰাসায়নিক পদাৰ্থ, ধাতৱযৌগ, ছালফাইট আৰু আন বহুতো বিষাক্ত পদাৰ্থ নিষ্কাশন কৰে যি জলাশয়বোৰক বিষাক্ত কৰে। আনকি পেলাই আৱৰ্জনা নিষ্কাশনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াতো, ঔদ্যোগিক আৱৰ্জনাবোৰত বিষাক্ত পদাৰ্থ থাকে যি ভূগৰ্ভস্থ পানীৰ স্তৰত প্ৰৱেশ আৰু দূষিত কৰিব পাৰে, এনেদৰে পানীৰ সমগ্ৰ সম্পদ দূষিত কৰে।

সতেজ পানী হৈছে মুঠ জল সম্পদৰ মাত্ৰ 25%। পানী70% ঔদ্যোগিক আৱৰ্জনা, 6 বিলিয়ন পাউণ্ডতকৈ অধিক আৱৰ্জনাৰ দ্বাৰা দূষিত হয়, আৰু বেছিভাগ প্লাষ্টিক মহাসাগৰত পেলাই দিয়া হয়। 

বাতৰি কাকতত এটা কথা সতৰ্ক কৰি দিয়া হৈছে, আৰু অদূৰ ভৱিষ্যতৰ সমুদ্ৰ তীৰত মাছতকৈ অধিক প্লাষ্টিকৰ বটল থাকিব।  ৮০% ঘৰুৱা নৰ্দমাৰ ফলত পানী প্ৰদূষণ হয়, আৰু পানী হৈছে মানৱ জাতিৰ কলেৰা আৰু টাইফাছ ৰোগৰ মুখ্য উৎস।এছিয়া হৈছে আটাইতকৈ জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ মহাদেশ য’ত মানুহৰ আৱৰ্জনাৰ বেক্টেৰিয়া উচ্চ আছিল। বিশ্বব্যাপী নিযুত টন মানৱ আৱৰ্জনা পানীত মিহলি কৰা হয়।

পৃথিৱীৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰদূষিত নদীখনত লেতেৰা, আৱৰ্জনা, মৃত জন্তু আৰু মানুহ আছে আমাৰ দেশ- গঙ্গা। ভূগৰ্ভস্থ পানী আৰ্চেনিকৰ দ্বাৰা দূষিত, যি বাংলাদেশত অত্যন্ত বিষাক্ত, বিষাক্ত আৰু কাৰ্চিনোজেনিক।চীনত খোৱা পানী প্ৰদূষিত হয়, প্ৰায় 20% কাৰ্চিনোজেনৰ সৈতে। 

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পানী প্ৰদূষণৰ প্ৰভাৱ | Effects of water pollution

পানী প্ৰদূষণৰ প্ৰথম আৰু মুখ্য প্ৰভাৱ হৈছে পানীৰ অভাৱ। প্ৰদূষিত পানী মানুহৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে অত্যন্ত অনুপযুক্ত আৰু প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৰণৰ প্ৰয়োজন হ’ব। পানীত থকা কিছুমান বিষাক্ত পদাৰ্থই মুখ্য জলজ জীৱন কমাওঁতে জলজ অপতৃণৰ বিকাশ বৃদ্ধি কৰিব পাৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰত এক পাৰিপাৰ্শ্বিক স্থান আৰু ভাৰসাম্যহীনতা সৃষ্টি হয়। যেতিয়া জলজ অপতৃণবোৰ অত্যাধিক বৃদ্ধি হয়, সেইবোৰে পানীৰ নলীবোৰ বন্ধ কৰিব পাৰে, দ্ৰুততাৰে অক্সিজেন দ্ৰৱীভূত কৰিব পাৰে, আৰু লগতে পোহৰৰ ৰশ্মিগভীৰ পানীত অৱৰুদ্ধ কৰিব পাৰে। ফলস্বৰূপে, এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱে প্ৰায় সকলো জলজ প্ৰাণীক হত্যা কৰে। জলজ পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰৰ খাদ্য শৃংখলাত বিষাক্ত পদাৰ্থৰ প্ৰৱৰ্তনে মাছ আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰাণী গ্ৰহণ কৰা মানুহকো প্ৰভাৱিত কৰিব পাৰে।

আমাৰ মাজৰ কিছুমানে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে প্ৰদূষণ হৈছে মানুহৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ এক অনিবাৰ্য ফলাফল: আমি এইটোও যুক্তি দিওঁ যে যদি আমি অত্যাধুনিক ৰিজৰ্ট আৰু চহৰৰ সৈতে নগৰায়নৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লওঁ, তেন্তে কিছু পৰিমাণৰ প্ৰদূষণৰ ফলত হোৱাটো নিশ্চিত। বৈকল্পিক শব্দত, প্ৰদূষণ এক প্ৰয়োজনীয় অশুভ হ’ব পাৰে যাক আমি সকলোৱে প্ৰগতি গঠন কৰাৰ প্ৰয়োজন হ’লে স্থাপন কৰা উচিত। ভাগ্যৰ দৰে, সকলোৱে এই দৃষ্টিভংগীৰ সৈতে একমত নহয়। ব্যক্তিসকলে প্ৰদূষণৰ বিষয়টোত সাৰ পোৱাৰ এটা কাৰণ হ’ল ই নিজৰ মূল্য আনিছে যি প্ৰদূষণৰ দ্বাৰা উৎপীড়ন হোৱা যিকোনো অৰ্থনৈতিক প্ৰান্তক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত কৰে। পানী প্ৰদূষণ এতিয়া এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সমস্যা যাৰ তাৎক্ষণিক সমাধানৰ প্ৰয়োজন কিয়নো ই আমি নিৰ্ভৰ কৰা পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰক প্ৰভাৱিত কৰে। এইটো কেতিয়াও দূৰত্বত ৰাখিব নোৱাৰি কিয়নো আমি পৰিৱেশৰ অংশ।

আমি জানো যে প্ৰদূষণ এটা মানৱ সমস্যা কিয়নো ই পৃথিৱীৰ ইতিহাসত তুলনামূলকভাৱে এক শেহতীয়া ঘটনা। সেয়েহে, ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ ঔদ্যোগিক বিপ্লৱৰ আগতে, মানুহে তেওঁলোকৰ তাৎক্ষণিক বাসস্থানৰ সৈতে সামঞ্জস্য ৰাখি বাস কৰিছিল। বিশ্বজুৰি ঔদ্যোগিকৰণ সম্প্ৰসাৰিত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে, প্ৰদূষণৰ ব্যৱহাৰো ইয়াৰ সৈতে সম্প্ৰসাৰিত হৈছে। যেতিয়া পৃথিৱীৰ জনসংখ্যা বহুত কম আছিল, প্ৰদূষণ কেতিয়াও ইমান গুৰুতৰ বিষয় হৈ পৰিব নোৱাৰে। এসময়ত এইটো ব্যাপকভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হৈছিল যে মহাসাগৰৰ দৰে জলাশয়বোৰ প্ৰদূষিত হ’বলৈ যথেষ্ট ডাঙৰ আছিল। কিন্তু এতিয়া, পৃথিৱীত প্ৰায় সাত বিলিয়ন লোক থকাৰ বাবে, এতিয়া এইটো অতি স্পষ্ট যে আমাৰ সীমা আছে আৰু পানী প্ৰদূষণ হৈছে এক ডাঙৰ লক্ষণ যে আমি ইতিমধ্যে সেইবোৰ অতিক্ৰম কৰিছো।

পানী প্ৰদূষণ মানুহ, জীৱ-জন্তু আৰু পানীৰ জীৱনৰ বাবে অতি ক্ষতিকাৰক। প্ৰদূষকৰ ৰাসায়নিক ঘনত্বৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি মানুহ, জন্তু আৰু পানীৰ জন্তুৰ ওপৰত প্ৰভাৱ প্ৰলয়ংকৰী হ’ব পাৰে।নগৰীয় আৱৰ্জনা ওচৰৰ জলসম্পদ, আৱৰ্জনা ৰখা, নিৰ্মাণৰ দ্বাৰা অবৈধ ডাম্প, আৱৰ্জনা ৰখা, নিৰ্মাণ গোট, স্বাস্থ্য কেন্দ্ৰ, চিকিৎসালয়, বিদ্যালয় আৰু বজাৰ স্থানৰ (আৱৰ্জনা) দ্বাৰা অবৈধ ডাম্পলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে।পানী প্ৰদূষণৰ বাবে জলজ প্ৰাণীৰ ক্ষতিও হৈ আছে। কেঁকোৰা, চৰাই, চিগাল, ডলফিন আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰাণীপানীৰ প্ৰদূষণৰ ফলত হয়।

সৰু জন্তুবোৰে খাদ্য শৃংখলাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনা গ্ৰহণ কৰিব। খোৱা মাছত সীহ আৰু কেডমিয়াম পোৱা যাব, আৰু মানুহ বা আনসকলে ইয়াক গ্ৰহণ কৰিব খাদ্য শৃংখলাত এক ডাঙৰ দুৰ্যোগ আৰু ডাঙৰ বিপদ হ’ব আৰু বিশেষকৈ পৃথিৱী আৰু পানীত থকা প্ৰজাতিবোৰৰ ক্ষতি হ’ব।মানৱ স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিস্থিতিতন্ত্ৰ, প্ৰাণীৰ মৃত্যু হৈছে প্ৰাথমিক আৰু পৰিচিত বিন্দু যি প্ৰভাৱিত হ’ব, যাৰ ফলত বিশুদ্ধকৰণৰ বাবে এক প্ৰচুৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক ব্যয় হ’ব।

আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ পৰ্যটন উদ্যোগটোৱে পানী প্ৰদূষণৰ ফলত মাছ ধৰা আৰু মনোৰঞ্জনমূলক কাৰ্যকলাপত হোৱা লোকচানৰ পৰা বছৰি 1 বিলিয়ন ডলাৰ হেৰুৱাইছে।

মানুহৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত, যিকোনো প্ৰকাৰে প্ৰদূষিত পানী খোৱা বা সেৱন কৰিলে আমাৰ স্বাস্থ্যৰ ওপৰত বহুতো ধ্বংসাত্মক প্ৰভাৱ পৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত টাইফইড, কলেৰা, হেপাটাইটিছ আৰু অন্যান্য বিভিন্ন ৰোগ হয়। পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰ অত্যন্ত গতিশীল আৰু পৰিৱেশৰ সৰু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰতিও সঁহাৰি দিয়ে। বৰ্ধিত পানীৰ প্ৰদূষণৰ ফলত গোটেই পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰটো খহি পৰিব পাৰে যদি ইয়াক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণহীন কৰি ৰখা হয়।

পানী প্ৰদূষণ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা | Measures to Control Water Pollution

এইটো আমাৰ সকলোৰে বাবে সৰ্বাধিক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ হৈ পৰিছে যে আমি কিছুমান শক্তিশালী পদক্ষেপ কাৰ্যকৰী কৰাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্বসহকাৰে চিন্তা কৰিব লাগিব যাতে পানী প্ৰদূষণৰ এই ক্ৰমান্বয়ে বাঢ়ি অহা বিপদ হ্ৰাস হ’ব পাৰে। অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিব পৰা কিছুমান ব্যৱস্থা হৈছে –

লোকসকলক শিক্ষিত কৰা (Educating People)– প্ৰথমতে আৰু সৰ্বোপৰি, আমি ব্যক্তিসকলক পানী প্ৰদূষণৰ ক্ষতিকাৰক প্ৰভাৱৰ বিষয়ে শিকোৱা উচিত। যিবোৰ চহৰত গাঁৱলীয়া ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজত শিক্ষাৰ অভাৱ অধিক, সেই বোৰ চহৰত প্ৰাদেশিক ব্যক্তিসকলক জলাশয়বোৰত আৱৰ্জনা এৰি দিয়া বন্ধ কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এই ক্ষেত্ৰবোৰত প্ৰতিভাশালী লোকসকলৰ পৰা ৰাজ্যিক পুঁজিৰে প্ৰশিক্ষণ লোৱা উচিত। তদুপৰি, মুকলিত শৌচ কৰা আৰু ভুল মাছ ধৰা পদ্ধতি নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰিব লাগে।

জৰিমনা আৰু আইন (Fines and Laws) – নগৰঅঞ্চলত, উদ্যোগ আৰু উৎপাদন লাইনবোৰে তেওঁলোকৰ আৱৰ্জনাৰ যথেষ্ট পৰিমাণ জলাশয়বোৰত এৰি দিছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ ওপৰত এক উপযুক্ত জৰিমনা প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ইয়াৰ উপৰিও তেওঁলোকৰ অন্যায়ৰ ওপৰত প্ৰকাশকৰিলে তেওঁলোকে এই প্ৰথাবোৰ বন্ধ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হ’ব। আইনবোৰএকেদৰে নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ কৰ্তৃত্বপ্ৰাপ্ত হ’ব লাগে যে এনে উদ্যোগবোৰে মাছ, লবষ্টাৰ আদিৰ দৰে পানীৰ সম্পদ ধ্বংস কৰা খহটা স্পিলেজ ৰণনীতিৰ পৰা বন্ধ হয়।

 মিডিয়া অৱদান (Media contribution)– অতিৰিক্তভাৱে পানী দূষিত হোৱাৰ প্ৰভাৱৰ ওপৰত বিজ্ঞাপনৰ সৈতে ৰেডিঅ’, টিভি, ইন্টাৰনেট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বাৰ্তাটো ক্ৰছৱাইজ আৰু লগতে ৰাজহুৱা সেৱাৰ ঘোষণাবোৰ প্ৰাপ্ত কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনাব লাগিব। পানীৰ প্ৰদূষণ হ্ৰাস কৰাৰ বাবে যিমান অধিক বিকাশ হ’ব, জলাশয়বোৰ সিমানেই সুৰক্ষিত হ’ব।

আৱৰ্জনাৰ উপযুক্ত স্থানান্তৰ (Appropriate transfer of waste) – শক্তিশালী আৰু তৰল আৱৰ্জনা দুয়োটাৰ বৈধ স্থানান্তৰ হোৱা উচিত। ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ আৱৰ্জনা প্ৰশাসনৰ দায়িত্বত থকা বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে আৱৰ্জনা পেলাই দিবলৈ অঞ্চল দিব লাগিব যাতে চাৰিওফালে আৱৰ্জনা নপৰা যায়। আৱৰ্জনা সামগ্ৰী পুনৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱসায় স্থাপন কৰা উচিত।

খেতিপথাৰত ৰাসায়নিক পদাৰ্থৰ উপযুক্ত ব্যৱহাৰ (Appropriate utilization of chemicals on farms)– যদি কৃষিজীৱীসকলক ৰাজ্য-প্ৰদান কৰা নিৰ্দেশনাৰ জৰিয়তে তেওঁলোকৰ খেতিপথাৰত বৈধভাৱে কৃষি-সংশ্লেষিত মিশ্ৰণ প্ৰয়োগ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰস্তুত কৰা হয় তেন্তে পানী প্ৰদূষণ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰিব পাৰি। ই বৰষুণ পৰিলে এনে সংশ্লেষিত যৌগবোৰ জলপথ, হ্ৰদ, জোৱাৰ পুখুৰী আৰু সোঁতলৈ বিয়পি পৰা হ্ৰাস কৰিব। কৃষকসকলক সতৰ্ক কৰি দিব লাগিব যে সংশ্লেষিত বোৰৰ কম্পাৰ্টমেণ্টবোৰ জলাশয়ত ধুব নালাগে।

নলা পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা (Cleaning of Drains)– পানীপ্ৰদূষণ পৰিহাৰ কৰিবলৈ, নলাবোৰ সকলো সময়তে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব। প্ৰাদেশিক অঞ্চলবোৰত, পকী চেনেল বোৰ তৈয়াৰ কৰিব লাগিব, এই কাৰণত যে পানী য’তেই সঠিক ভাৱে গৈ আছে আৰু সঠিকভাৱে চিকিৎসা নকৰাকৈ কেৱল নদী আৰু সাগৰত পোনপটীয়াকৈ উপনীত নহয়। আমি পানীৰ উৎসৰ পৰা চেনেলবোৰ কমাবলৈ এটা উদ্ভাৱন গঢ়ি তোলা উচিত।

পানী হৈছে মানৱ জাতিৰ জীয়াই থকাৰ বাবে এক অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সম্পদ আৰু পৃথিৱীৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ ৭০% তকৈও অধিক আৱৰি থাকে সেয়েহে আমি পানীৰ অধ্যয়নটো চোৱাটো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। পানী প্ৰদূষণে এই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সম্পদটোক মানুহৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে অযোগ্য কৰি ক্ষতি গ্ৰস্ত কৰে আৰু পানী প্ৰদূষণৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ সঠিক ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলে মানৱ স্বাস্থ্য আৰু পৰিৱেশৰ ক্ষতি কৰে।

শেষত, পানী প্ৰদূষণ মুখ্যতঃ সেই তেল বিয়পি পৰা আৰু ঔদ্যোগিক, লগতে মানৱ আৱৰ্জনা নিষ্কাশনৰ ফল। ই আমাৰ পৰিৱেশ আৰু অৱশেষত মানুহ আৰু জীৱ-জন্তুৰ জীৱনক গুৰুতৰভাৱে প্ৰভাৱিত কৰে। খোৱা পানীৰ অৱনতিৰ বাবে জৰুৰী ভিত্তিত এক প্ৰতিৰোধ পদ্ধতিৰ প্ৰয়োজন, যি কেৱল সঠিক বুজাবুজিৰ দ্বাৰা হে সম্ভৱ, লগতে আমাৰ প্ৰত্যেকজনৰ পৰা সমৰ্থন।

1. পানীপ্ৰদূষণ কেনেকৈ বিয়পিব পাৰে?

উত্তৰ:  বিন্দু উৎসৰ উদাহৰণ হৈছে: কাৰখানা, নৰ্দমা শোধন প্ৰকল্প, ভূগৰ্ভস্থ খনি, তেলৰ কুঁৱা, তেলৰ টেংকাৰ আৰু কৃষি। অবিন্দু উৎসৰ উদাহৰণ হৈছে: বায়ুৰ পৰা এচিড জমা হোৱা, যান-বাহন, নদীৰ মাজেৰে বিয়পি থকা প্ৰদূষক আৰু ভূগৰ্ভস্থ পানীৰ মাজেৰে পানীত প্ৰৱেশ কৰা প্ৰদূষকৰে পানী প্ৰদূষণ বিয়পিব পাৰে।

2. পানী প্ৰদূষণৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ কাৰণ কি?

উত্তৰ: সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে, কৃষি হৈছে পানীৰ অৱক্ষয়ৰ মুখ্য কাৰণ। আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰত, কৃষি প্ৰদূষণ হৈছে নদী আৰু নদীত দূষিত হোৱাৰ শীৰ্ষ উৎস, আৰ্দ্ৰভূমিৰ দ্বিতীয় সৰ্ববৃহৎ উৎস, আৰু হ্ৰদবোৰৰ তৃতীয় মুখ্য উৎস।

3. পানীৰ প্ৰদূষণে মানুহক কেনেদৰে প্ৰভাৱিত কৰিব পাৰে?

উত্তৰ: দূষিত পানীয়ে বেক্টেৰিয়া ৰক্ষা কৰিব পাৰে, যেনে ডায়েৰিয়া, কলেৰা, আমাশয়, টাইফইড, হেপাটাইটিছ এ, আৰু পলিঅ’ৰ বাবে দায়ী। ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ মতে, প্ৰতি বছৰে, পাঁচ বছৰৰ তলৰ প্ৰায় 297,000 শিশু দুৰ্বল অনাময়, দুৰ্বল পৰিচ্ছন্নতা, বা অসুৰক্ষিত খোৱা পানীৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হৈ মৃত্যুমুখত পৰে।

4. পানী প্ৰদূষণ কিয় এটা সমস্যা?

উত্তৰ: পানীৰ প্ৰদূষণে সঁচাকৈয়ে জৈৱ বৈচিত্ৰ্য আৰু জলজ পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰৰ ক্ষতি কৰে। বিষাক্ত ৰাসায়নিক পদাৰ্থবোৰে পানীৰ ৰং সলনি কৰিব পাৰে আৰু খনিজ পদাৰ্থৰ পৰিমাণ বৃদ্ধি কৰিব পাৰে – যাক ইউট্ৰফিকেচন বুলিও কোৱা হয় – যি পানীৰ জীৱনৰ ওপৰত বেয়া প্ৰভাৱ পেলায়।

5. পানী প্ৰদূষণৰ অৰ্থ কি?

উত্তৰ: পানী প্ৰদূষণ হৈছে সাধাৰণতে মানুহৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ ফলত হোৱা জলাশয় (যেনে মহাসাগৰ, সাগৰ, হ্ৰদ, নদী, জলাশয় আৰু ভূগৰ্ভস্থ পানী) দূষিত হোৱা। পানীপ্ৰদূষণ হৈছে পানীৰ ভৌতিক, ৰাসায়নিক বা জৈৱিক গুণাগুণৰ যিকোনো পৰিৱৰ্তন, সামান্য বা মুখ্য যি অৱশেষত যিকোনো জীৱিত জীৱৰ ক্ষতিকাৰক পৰিণামলৈ লৈ যায়। 

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অসমৰ বানপানী – ৰচনা | Essay on Flood in Assam

This is an essay on Flood in Assam in the Assamese language. This essay is in about 300 words. This Assamese essay on Flood in Assam will be very helpful to Assamese medium students. Since the flood in Assam is a very important topic to discuss, so it has a great chance to come to the HSLC examination. This essay on flood in Assam in the Assamese language will be very easy to understand and remember for every student. ইয়াত অসমৰ বানপানী বিষয়ত এখন ৰচনা দিয়া হৈছে। ৰচনাখন সকলো ছাত্ৰ-ছত্ৰীয়ে সহজতে বুজি পোৱাকৈ ৩০০ শব্দৰ ভিতৰত লিখা হৈছে। এই অসমৰ বানপানীৰ উপৰত লিখা ৰচনাখন দশম মান শ্ৰেণীৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছত্ৰীৰ বাবেও উপযোগী হ’ব।

Essay on Flood in Assam in the Assamese Language | অসমৰ বানপানী – ৰচনা

This essay is written describing the reason for flood in Assam, Its effects and the prevention measures. এই ৰচনাখনত অসমৰ বানপানীৰ সমস্যা বিষয়ে সুন্দৰকৈ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ কাৰণৰ লগতে প্ৰতিকাৰ কথাও ইয়াত আলোচনা কৰা হৈছে।

অসমৰ বানপানী – Flood in Assam

অসম এখন নদীমাতৃক দেশ। নদ-নদীৰ সংখ্যা যি দেশত বেছি সেই দেশক নদীমাতৃক দেশ বোলে। ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ অসমৰ প্ৰধান নদ। ই দীঘলে প্ৰায় ২৮৮০ কিলোমিটাৰ। অসমৰ মাজেৰে প্ৰায় ৯২০ কিলোমিটাৰ প্ৰবাহিত হৈছে। পৃথিৱীৰ বৃহৎ নদীবোৰৰ ভিতৰত ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰয়েই আটাইতকৈ শেষৰ সৃষ্টি বুলি পণ্ডিতসকলে ঠাৱৰ কৰিছে। সেই কাৰণেই ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰৰ গতিপথ এতিয়াও নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত হোৱা নাই – গৰাখহনীয়া প্ৰবল হৈ আছে। ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নদী তিব্বত দেশত থকা মানস সৰোবৰ নামৰ হৃদৰপৰা উৎপত্তি হৈ অসমৰ সৌমাজেৰে পূবৰ পৰা পশ্চিমলৈ বৈ গৈ বংগোপসাগৰত পৰিছে।

বানপানী হোৱা কাৰণ:

ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰৰ দুয়োপাৰে অসংখ্য নদী-উপনদী আছে। অসমৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা ওখচাপৰ পৰ্বত-পাহাৰৰপৰা ওলাই অহা উপনদীবোৰ ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰত পৰিছে। বৰষুণৰ বতৰত বা বাৰিষাকালত উপনদীবোৰ পানীৰে উপচি পৰে। নদীবোৰৰ অধিকসংখ্যকৰ মথাউৰি নথকা বাবে আৰু মথাউৰি থকাবোৰো বিজ্ঞানসন্মত নোহোৱা বাবে অসমে বানপানীৰ হাত সাৰিব নোৱাৰে। উপনদীবোৰৰ পাৰ বাগৰি নাইবা মথাউৰি ভাঙি পানী ওলাই আহি সমগ্ৰ দেশতে বানপানীৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।

বানপানীৰ ফলত হোৱা ক্ষতি:

বানপানীৰ ফলত ৰাস্তা-ঘাট, আলি-পদূলি, ঘৰ-দুৱাৰ, খেতি-বাতি আদি ধ্বংস বা নষ্ট হোৱাৰ উপৰি মানুহকে আদি কৰি বহুতো জীৱ-জন্তুৱে প্ৰাণ হেৰুৱাব লগা হয়। অসম এখন কৃষিপ্ৰধান দেশ। কিন্তু বানপানীয়ে প্ৰতি বছৰে খেতিয়কৰ খেতি-বাতি নষ্ট কৰাৰ ফলত খেতিয়কসকলৰ পানীত হাঁহ নচৰা অৱস্থা হয়। বানপানীয়ে নষ্ট কৰা খেতি-বাতিবোৰৰ ভিতৰত ধান, মৰাপাট, কুঁহিয়াৰ আৰু বিবিধ শাক-পাচলি আছে।

প্ৰতি বছৰে বানপানীয়ে দুৰ্যোগ সৃষ্টি কৰি অহাৰ বাবে অসম অৰ্থনৈতিকভাৱে সদায় ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈ আহিছে। খেতিয়কসকলে পৰিশ্ৰম অনুপাতে শস্য চপাবলৈ নাপায়। |

ৰাজ্যিক চৰকাৰ আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰে অসমৰ বানপানী প্ৰতিৰোধ, কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিব পাৰে। ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ আৰু উপনদীবোৰৰ পানী নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত কৰিব পাৰিলেই অসমৰ বানপানীও নিয়ন্ত্রিত হ’ব। ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নদ অসমলৈ অৰ্থাৎ ভৈয়ামলৈ নমা ঠাইত বিজুলী উৎপাদন প্ৰকল্প স্থাপন কৰি বিজুলী শক্তি উৎপাদন আৰু বানপানী নিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ দৰে আঁচনি গ্ৰহণ কৰি চৰকাৰে ৰাজ্যখনক বানপানীৰ কবলৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিব পাৰে।

উপনদীসমূহৰ মথাউৰি নিৰাপদ দূৰত্বত বিজ্ঞানসন্মতভাৱে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিলে মথাউৰি ভাঙি বানপানীৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব নোৱাৰিব। মথাউৰিৰ কাষ শিলেৰে বন্ধাই গছ ৰুই মজবুত কৰিলে মথাউৰি ভাঙিব নোবাৰিব। ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰে অসমৰ বানপানী স্থায়ীভাবে নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰাৰ ব্যবস্থা কৰিলে অসমৰ অর্থনৈতিক উন্নয়নৰ বাট মুকলি হ’ব বুলি আশা কৰিব পাৰি।

24 thoughts on “অসমৰ বানপানী – ৰচনা | Essay on Flood in Assam”

Here 1 resion is absence that is How we get rid of flood

This is very helpful for me tnks dear sir

All the points are very good but you have missed a thing that “affected by the epidemic”. it is a main point . i hope you add this point as soon as possible.

Last paragraph is so disturbing. Why you add number in the last paragraph. I can’t understand those lines. Please tell me what are the lines where add numbers.

It is so helpful essay. I think one day Assam will get free from the flood escape.

উপনদীসমূহৰ মথাউৰি নিৰাপদ দূৰত্বত বিজ্ঞানসন্মতভাৱে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিলে মথাউৰি ৩ ৬ বানপানীৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব নোৱাৰিব। মথাউৰিৰ কাষ শিলেৰে বন্ধাই গছ ৰুই মজবুত কৰিলে মথাউৰি ৬ ঙব নোবাৰিব। ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰে অসমৰ বানপানী স্থায়ীভাবে নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰাৰ ব্যবস্থা কৰিলে অসমৰ অর্থনৈতিক উন্নয়নৰ বাট মুকলি হ’ব বুলি আশা কৰিব পাৰি। aru olp val koi likhi diok sn….. Dhniya hoise likha khini

Oo sir val hoycha likha khini thank you for helping

Nice 👍👍👍👍 in this case is instead you can get it done 👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍✅✅✅✅✅✅✅✅👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍

Helpful Essay… But last paragraph was confused.. please write again the last paragraph. Thank you

Essay টো ভাল হৈছে কিন্তু আৰু অপল ধুনীয়া কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰিব।

Sir 3 6 mane ki buji powa nai

sir olp bhlk dibo sn lastr para tu

sir , essay is good but what does 3 6 mean ? ←

Tankyou sir

Please make a long and well explained verson of it

ধৈন্যবাদ,,,

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পৰিৱেশ প্ৰদুষণ ৰচনা- Environment pollution essay in assamese

 পৰিৱেশ প্ৰদুষণ ৰচনা -  Environment pollution essay in assamese | 

Environment pollution in assamese, পাৰিৱেশ প্ৰদূষণ ৰচনা, পৰিৱেশ প্ৰদূষণৰ ওপৰত চুটি আৰু দীঘল ৰচনা (300 শব্দ, 400 শব্দ আৰু 500 শব্দৰ, environment pollution essay under 300 word পৰিৱেশ প্ৰদুষণ ৰচনা (300 শব্দ), আৰম্ভণিঃ, পৰিৱেশৰ অৰ্থঃ, লাইফ অৱ এ ডাইভৰ কিতাপ খন পঢ়াবলৈ ইয়াত চুই দিয়া, সামৰণিঃ, environment pollution essay under 400 word, পৰিৱেশ প্ৰদূষণ ৰচনা (400 শব্দ), আৰম্ভণি, পৰিৱেশ প্ৰদূষণৰ প্ৰকাৰঃ.

     প্ৰদূষণৰ প্ৰভাৱ নিঃসন্দেহে বহুত বেছি বিস্তৃত। প্ৰদূষণৰ অত্যাধিক প্ৰভাৱৰ ফলত মানুহৰ স্বাস্থ্য, পশুৰ স্বাস্থ্য, ক্ৰান্তীয় বৰষুণ বনাঞ্চল আদি ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হৈছে। বায়ু, পানী, মাটি প্ৰদূষণ ইত্যাদি। নিম্নলিখিতবোৰ হৈছে মুখ্য প্ৰকাৰসমূহঃ

1. বায়ু প্ৰদূষণ -

2.পানী প্ৰদূষণ -, 3.মাটি প্ৰদূষণ-, environment pollution essay under 500 word পৰিৱেশ প্ৰদূষণ ৰচনা  (500 শব্দ), পৰিৱেশ প্ৰদূষণৰ কাৰণ আৰু উৎসঃ, স্বাস্থ্যৰ ওপৰত পৰিৱেশ প্ৰদূষণৰ প্ৰভাৱঃ.

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• Published: 30 June 2016

Changing climate and its impacts on Assam, Northeast India

• Debojyoti Das 1  

Bandung: Journal of the Global South volume  2 , Article number:  26 ( 2015 ) Cite this article

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A Correction to this article was published on 08 February 2018

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The paper explores climate change induced hydro hazards and its impact on tribal communities in Majuli (largest river island of Brahmaputra River Basin). The island has been experiencing recurrent floods, erosion, and siltation, which has distressed the socio-economic foundation and livelihood of the Mishing—a indigenous community on Northeast India, leading to out migration from the island. The indicators selected to capture the vulnerability of the island to climate change are dependency ratio; occurrence of natural hazards (floods) and coping methods; income of the household; and livelihood diversification. To gather the quantitative and qualitative data on these parameters the methods was designed to conduct both sample survey of households and focus group discussions. The findings reveal that in the selected villages, the dependency ratio is 4 (dependents): 1 (earning member); average income of the household is low i.e. $ 40/month and is declining as compared to last few years because of frequent floods, erosion and siltation that has decreased farm productivity which is the main source of income. The impact of changing climate and heightened flood and erosion risk to farmlands has been forced migration to cities and neighboring urban centers like Jorhar for stable livelihood. Therefore, we propose that a possible way to enhance social resilience to changing climate and vagaries of monsoon (tropical disturbances) is to promote alternative occupation like eco-tourism as (Majuli is the center of Vaisnavism and Satras in Northeast India) and invest in adaptive strategies to mitigate flood by incorporating lay and place-based knowledge of the Mishing community in flood management. Also facilitate community’s participation and awareness towards hydro hazards based on flood proof housing focusing on indigenous knowledge.

Climate change is gaining importance as scientific and socio-economic studies have brought forth substantial evidences (American Meteorological Society 2012 ; Norris et al. 2008 ; Agrawal and Perrin 2008 ; Paavola 2008 ; IPCC 2014 ; UNFCCC 2007 ; Adger and Kelly 1999 ). The impact of climate change is more likely to have an adverse effect in the developing countries due to high dependency on climate sensitive livelihood like rain-fed agriculture, water, and forestry (Moorhead 2009 ). The human development report of 2014 also declared that climate change has limited the choice of an individual and would further erode ‘human freedoms’ (UNDP 2007 ). According to IPCC ( 2007 ) climate change is real and already taking place. The report states that the impacts of climate change and their associated costs will fall disproportionately on developing countries threatening to undermine achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, reduce poverty, and safeguard food security. Climate Change will reduce access to drinking water, affects the health of the poor, will pose a threat to food security. Various researchers have established that larger burden of climate change disproportionately falls in the developing countries of the global south (Agrawal and Perrin 2008 ; Norris et al. 2008 ; Paavola 2008 ; UNFCCC 2007 ; Adger and Kelly 1999 ). Additionally, poor people in developing countries tend to be more vulnerable due to limited opportunities and choices, small land holdings and lack of access to market. Within countries the marginalized groups have limited resources and capacity to adapt and are the most vulnerable (IPCC 2001 ). Climate change policies are crucial for enhancing adaptive capacity of the community.

Institution plays an important role in community’s adaptation to climate change (Berman et al. 2011 ). Various adaptation measures have been under taken across societies to fight the impacts of climate change. One of the most common methods of adaptation is migration. In areas where livelihood choices are limited, decreasing crops yield may lead to out migration. Climate change has been cited as one of the growing drivers of migration across the world (ADB 2012 ). IPCC in its first assessment report has mentioned that by 2050, estimated 150 million people could be displaced due to climate-induced factors like floods, drought on storms (IPCC 1990 ). However, migrations may not be the best methods to adapt to climate change. Various factors like education, health, sanitation, are likely to be affected by migration. Therefore, there is a need for proper adaptation strategies to fight the long-term impacts of climate change.

Both India and Bangladesh face many common challenges. Even as their overlapping geographies allow them to share a climate, with its associated vulnerabilities, their use of common resources like water means that actions in one country can profoundly impact the other. As the impacts of climate change begin to set in, the commonalities in the former will lend greater urgency to the relationship in the latter. As both countries begin to face ever-increasing temperatures and ever more erratic rainfall patterns, they will be forced to find greater common cause in their shared water resources. Majuli River Island in Upper Assam located in the Ganga–Brahmaputra–Meghna (GBM) river basin is the geographic focus of the paper. We will look at a micro region Majuli island as a case study to understand the impact of climate change and glacial ice melt in the Himalayas and Tibet that triggers floods and bank erosion induced displacement of people in the local environment and how communities cope with it in Assam, India.

In Majuli like other parts of South Asia climate change is having disproportionate impact of marginal people particularly the Mishing communities who live and depend on the river island for their livelihood. Majority of the research on Majuli have focused on bank erosion, rainfall pattern, drainage discharge of the Brahmaputra river, geomorphic changes in the river basin and the impact of the 1950 earthquake on settlements and fluvial pattern of the river (Sarma 2014 ). There is hardly any discussion of local knowledge system and resilience of the community to manage natural disasters triggered by global weather change. This paper will make a small beginning in this direction by bringing to the forefront communities adaptation to flood and bank erosion in Majuli River Island focusing on the Mishing community. This is important to understand the human dimension and plight of the local communities and how they evolve resilient strategies to live with floods. The findings of the paper will be of interest to policy makers and experts to design new strategies on how community knowledge can be integrated to policymaking on climate change and disaster risk reduction.

Taking this in perspective, a study was conducted in Majuli Island, located in the river Brahmaputra in India. The following objectives were considered for the study.

What are the strategies adopted by the communities to match the impacts of climate change like flood, erosion and siltation?

Is migration undertaken as an alternative to enhance adaptation to climate change?

What are the plausible options available to the people to enhance the adaptive capacity?

Climate change and migration

Climate change in the developing world is a hindrance in the path of development. Although the basic science of climate change is simple, the causes and likely impacts of climate change on human beings are highly complex (Hepburn and Nicholas, 2009 ). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment report 2007 (AR4) has declared that “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level” (IPCC 2007 , p. 30). IPCC ( 2007 ) makes it clear that climate change is real and is already taking place. Climate change will have wide-ranging effects on the physical environment as well as on sectors like water resource, agriculture, food security and human health (UNFCCC 2007 ). The fear is that the impacts of climate change in the form of droughts, famines, floods, variability in rainfall, storms, coastal inundation, ecosystem degradation, heat waves, fires and epidemics will undermine the international efforts to combat poverty (HDR 2008 ). Although many areas could experience temperature increases in the region whereas some areas may actually cool under global warming conditions (Houghton et al. 1996 ). Patterns and amounts of precipitation are also likely to change, and it is projected that rainfall will increase in some areas and decrease in others (Houghton et al. 1996 ).

The social and physical impacts of climate change are not uniform or homogenous as the magnitude and direction of climate change across the globe vary and even within the same regions experiencing climate change are likely to vary because some ecosystem, sectors, or social groups are more vulnerable to climate change than others (O’Brien and Leichenko 2000 ). As evident from various literatures (Adger and Kelly 1999 ; UNFCCC 2007 ; Norris et al. 2008 ; Agrawal and Perrin 2008 ; Paavola 2008 ) the impact of climate change will fall disproportionately among the different sections of the population, which is more likely to strike economically developing countries or poor countries even harder. As a consequence natural resource-dependent rural households in developing countries are likely to share a disproportionate burden of the adverse impacts of climate change (Agarwal and Perrin 2008 ).

Recent studies shows that climate change has lead to migration of rural communities in search of better livelihood opportunities. Climate change will increase migration due to factors like warming and drying of some region which will lead to decrease in agriculture productions and high precipitation leading to floods in low lying areas (Shamsuddoha and Chowdhury 2009 ). Climate change will especially lead to forced migration of rural communities in developing countries whose livelihood mainly depends on agriculture (Brown 2008 ). Large numbers of people are displaced every year due to floods and drought in most of the developing countries in Asia and it is likely to increase in the coming years (ADB 2012 ). High rate of poverty, population growth, limited landholding size, limited livelihood opportunities and government policies combined with environmental factors have increased forced migration in the global south. According to a report published by International Organization for Migration (IOM), forced migration increases pressure on urban infrastructure and services, undermine economic growth, increases the risk of conflict thereby leading to low human development among the migrants (Brown 2008 ). Migration due to climate change is likely to evolve into a global crisis (Panda 2015 ). In countries like India and Bangladesh, there are many instances of migration leadings to ethnic tension and conflicts. For example, in Assam the presence of Hindustani people coming from central India and Bihar has caused ethnic tensions and violence in the past. Similarly the perceived threat that people from Bangladesh will immigrate to northeastern part of India due to its low population density once climate change intensifies cyclones, floods and sea level rise in the coastal belt of Bangladesh has raised threats of ethnic clashes and violence in the region. Nonetheless there are both positive as well negative impacts of migration. Positive impacts are in the form of remittances that are likely to boast the economy of the household whereas negative impacts are likely to increase the rate of unemployment, illiteracy and slums in the urban areas. Various human development indicators like education, health, sanitation, access to water, and assets might be missing from the migrant.

The link between migration and poverty is complex and dependent on the specific circumstances in which migration takes place. Migration can both cause and be caused by poverty. Poverty can be alleviated as well as exacerbated by migration. In Kerala, India, for example, migration to the Gulf States has caused wages to rise, reduced unemployment, and improved the economic situation of those left behind (Zacharia et al. 2002 ). In other situations, migration does not lead to economic or social improvement. Research on the impact of labour migration in tribal Western India found that for poorer migrants ‘many years of migration have not led to any long-term increase in assets or any reduction in poverty’. However the study also noted that migration offered poor migrants ‘a short-term means to service debt and avoid the more extreme forms of dependency and bondage’ (Mosse et al. 2002 ).

Therefore, it is important to enhance employment opportunities among rural communities who are likely to face the heat of climate change. Our study will explore whether migration has been undertaken as an alternative ways of adapting to climate change.

Majuli River Island

The study mainly focuses on how climate change may have an impact on the livelihood of the people inhabiting Majuli. It is a river Island located in the midst of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India and is recognised as one of the largest river Island in the world. The population of the Island is 1.68 lakh (Go 2011 ) with majority of the population belonging to tribal communities namely Mising, Deori, Sonowal Kacharis. The poverty rate of the Island is high with around 21.47 % (District Admistration, Jorhat, India) of people living below poverty line i.e. less than $2 per day. Due to the intrinsic link between poverty and vulnerability (Adger and Kelly 1999 ), poverty has been kept at the centre while assessing community’s vulnerability to any type of changes. The Island has been constantly affected by flood and erosion. Due to continuous erosion the Island is gradually shrinking in the last century (Table  1 ).

The island is vulnerable to flood and bank erosion which has resulted in the shrinking of the land area. More than 90 % of the population is dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Erosion has been a major problem in the region and every year hectares of agriculture land are eroded along with standing crops. Another problem faced by the people of Majuli is flash flood during the rainy season. Climate change is particularly thought to be adversely affecting the livelihoods in rural locations because of dependence on subsistence agriculture and the vagaries of monsoon rain and unpredictable floods. The impacts of climate change have been felt in the area with continuous shifts in rainfall pattern as well as changes in the temperature. These study mainly focuses on the community’s vulnerability to any type of environmental change mainly climate change and building resilience among the rural communities by enlarging the capability of the people. Pomua, Kumarbari, and Jengrai Chapori are the three villages located in Majuli Island, Jorhat district which were selected as study sites based on the following criteria:

(A) Poor economic conditions: Majority of the population of Majuli are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. As mentioned earlier, due to constant flooding of the region crops are destroyed leading to high-rise in poverty. (B) Vuloods and erosion: Erosion and flood has been a common problem in the Island. Every year during the time of monsoon due to heavy rainfall fall in the region the area is flooded as well as agriculture land are being eroded making the people vulnerable. (C) Small land holdings of households: Most of the farmers have a small land holding of agricultural land that acts as the prime source of household income.

The research was initiated with identification of research problems followed by a literature review and secondary data collection, based on which villages were selected and schedules were prepared to gather the quantitative and qualitative data. Sample populations were identified to conduct the survey and discussions and data were analyzed and interpreted after aggregation.

The following figure depicts the framework followed (Table  2 ).

Selection of villages for the research study

Kumarbari and Jengrai Chapori are the two villages located in Majuli Islands, Jorhat district which were selected as study sites based on the following criteria:

Poor economic conditions (income).

Vulnerability of the villages to flood and erosion.

Land holdings of households.

Agriculture as the prime source of income.

Preparation of schedules

Schedules were prepared to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data was collected from households through a questionnaire, whereas qualitative data was collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The questionnaire and the focus group discussion checklist were designed after discussion with a few stakeholders in the village (a NGO called Impact NE, students and community elders who are well informed about the villages.) and secondary data was gathered through literature review.

Questionnaire

The questions in the questionnaire were divided into four categories as follows.

The first section of the questionnaire was intended to gather basic information about the household. It consists of questions on respondent’s name, the social group to which the household belongs their occupation, literacy level, and dependency ratio in the family and agricultural land holdings.

The second section of questionnaire was based on qualitative semi structured questions to gather information on climate change and its impact felt by the respondents. The questions asked were on types of crops cultivated season-wise, changes in rainfall and temperature agricultural pattern and output, incidents and destruction caused by floods, erosion, siltation, adaptation process and migration. The third section of the questionnaire deals with information relating to policies, which includes questions relating to government policies, scheme implementation in the villages etc. This section was prepared based on information gathered from Assam.

Agriculture policy: The last section of the questionnaire was to see the economic status, access to market to sell the agricultural output, the amount of agricultural output sold in the market, and storage for agricultural output of the household.

Sample population: The sample consisted of randomly selected households. Random sample selection is a method, which allows each possible sample to have an equal probability of being picked, and each item in the entire population to have an equal chance of being included in the sample. The household survey was conducted among 30 households in each village.

FGD to collect qualitative data

A FGD checklist was prepared and a facilitator was contacted who informed the people in the village about the discussion to be held. Interaction with the concerned group was held at a convenient time and place, in order to not interfere with the time of their livelihood and daily activities. The discussion was recorded to facilitate recall of important issues and informed consent was taken before organizing the interviews. A survey of the village was done which helped immensely to observe the area with the help of villagers and supervisors to know the surroundings of the villages like fields, farming practices, irrigation facilities, and existing education and health infrastructure. It was very helpful to locate and pinpoint various physical aspects of the villages. The concerns and issues discussed in the FGDs revolved around ownership of cultivable land, agriculture pattern and practices, perception on variation in rainfall and temperature, adaptation mechanism to cope with natural calamities like floods and droughts, migration of youth, participation of women in agriculture and decision-making. In each of the three villages, two FGDs were held, one with the males, and females group, except in Pomua village where one FGD was held with males, and mixed group (males and females). The FGDs were held after a gap of 5–10 days of the survey. The FGD were held with both male and female participants to record their gendered experiences of the vagaries of flood and loss of agricultural land.

Sample population: The affected Mishing community was selected for the FGD, the group comprised of both men and women engaged in agriculture and belonging to lower income group.

Data analysis and drawing interpretation:

Data analysis: The data were analyzed according the land holding of the respondent.

The qualitative information collected through focus group discussion (FGD) are collated and documented as case studies.

Results and interpretations

Tribal communities primarily inhabit the three villages and the random sample selected revealed that all the respondents belonged to Mishing tribe. The results of the household survey are analyzed below. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people represented by 90 % in Kumarbari and 93 % in both Pomua and Jengrai Chapori. A few of them work as government employees. Paddy is the main crop cultivated—Kharif ( Boro Dhaan ) in Monsoon, Rabi ( Sali Dhaan ) in winter, and cash crops like mustard oil, black daal, during autumn etc. During the last few years there has been slight change in agricultural pattern and practices; recently, tractors, and chemical fertilizers (urea) have been introduced in the agriculture fields. But traditional methods of cultivation are still predominant among the villagers. Due to constant occurrences of flood, erosion and siltation in Majuli agriculture production has gone down excessively and agriculture production has no longer been profitable thereby impacting the income of the household from agriculture. Along with destruction of crops, property like houses, cattle, etc. are also washed away due to flood. Most of the farmers in Pomua (43.3 %) Jengrai Chapori (30 %) own 1.0–2.0 ha, and in Kumarbari (40 %) own relatively smaller landholding, i.e. 0.5–1.0 ha. Crops are cultivated in three seasons, summer, winter and autumn by the entire sample population. Paddy is the main crop cultivated during summer ( boro dhaan ) and winter ( Sali dhaan ) season; and cash crops like mustard and pulses (black daal) are grown in autumn season.

Rainwater is the major source of irrigation in all the three villages and a very small number of households depend on water pump (summer season: Pomua and Jengrai Chapori—3 ha each, and Kumarbari—7 ha out of which 3 ha own above 2 ha of land). Rainwater is the only source of irrigation for crops grown in winter ( Sali dhaan ) and season (cash crops). Water demand is relatively higher in summers; therefore, there are a few households, which depend on water pump. The overall perception on the impact of the change in rainfall on the agriculture output is that the produce has decreased with the variation in the rainfall, hence leading to a decrease in their income from agriculture.

All the respondents witnessed the loss of property and crops as a result of floods in the villages; they confirmed the occurrence of major floods in 1998, 2007, 2008 and 2013. In addition, they have experienced erosion and siltation of their agriculture land to a large extent; least impact was in Jengrai Chapori (41 %) and most was in Kumarbari (63 %), in Pomua, on an average 54 % of the respondents are affected by erosion and siltation. Flooding, erosion and siltation hampers the growth in agriculture output in turn impacting the income of the household from agriculture.

Therefore, employment opportunity diversification is central to raise their economic status and enhance their adaptive capacity. Although the literacy rate of Majuli is 73.92 % but the number of people attaining higher education is very low. As a result of these the chances of getting employment is very low thereby forcing people to go for unskilled jobs. As education plays an important role in building the capability of the people, therefore education of the people in the Island is crucial. Highest number of literate respondents was in Pomua (93.3 %) village followed by Kumarbari (83.3 %) and Jengrai Chapori (80 %), respectively.

The damages caused by floods and bank erosion is some times irreversible for example the loss of cropland to the river and salt deposition over farmland when the flood water enters the farmers field through embankment breaches and leaves a heavy silt deposit. Over the past 10 years nearly 30 % of the household income is lost due to erratic rainfall and floods. Most of the respondents particularly male observed that silt deposition is a major threat to their farmland besides loss of cultivable land to the river. These hazards compel households to migrate for alterative livelihood opportunities in the cities. Female members are less mobile unlike man and have to stay in the village to look after their children’s and elderly people in the family. They depend on the money send by their husbands and male family members working outside the village.

Result of focus group discussion

Communities living in Majuli cultivate a variety of crops. The annual crop cycle follows the monsoon— Kharif ( Boro Dhaan ) in summer, Rabi ( Sali Dhaan ) in winter, and cash crops like mustard oil, black gram is grown during autumn. During the last few years there has been a slight change in agricultural practices—tractors and chemical fertilizers like urea have been introduced to the farmers field to improve yield per hectare and to make agriculture more productive and linked to market. But traditional methods of cultivation are still predominant among the villagers. Tractors are rented from larger landowners at the rate of Rs. 150 per bigha .

Rainfall has decreased as compared to a few years back. It is also observed that the rainfall generally does not occur timely as it used to be earlier. As a result of this agricultural production has decreased compared to last few years. The focus group discussions also revealed that lots of dust occurs due to less rainfall during winter seasons. Another problem faced by the people of this village is the frequent floods during monsoon months. Major flood occurred in this village during 1998, 2006, 2007, and 2008. There has been huge amount of loss and destruction caused by these floods (Please see Table  3 ). During floods people face problems of sanitation, health etc. The Mishing tribes live in chang ghars (stilt house), which are made of locally available bamboo to live with rising flood water as there households are located close to the swamps and ponds locally known as ( beel ). This method of adaptation has been integrated in the design of the houses built in Mishing villages.

The interviewed groups expressed that the summers are getting warmer and winters are becoming cooler, compared to the previous years. Vector borne diseases like diarrhea, dysentery and jaundice are widespread in the village during summer. Migration has been another major concern faced by the people. People migrate to different states like Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and other parts of Assam to seek employment opportunities as semiskilled laborers in factories and as security guards. The main reasons for migration are lack of adequate employment opportunities in the village as agriculture is the main source of income. Decline in agriculture output and the vulnerability of livelihood to frequent flood and bank erosion is pushing inhabitants to seek seasonal employment outside the island. The government schemes implemented in this village include tractors, agricultural inputs like seed, fertilizers and pesticides, power tiller, 5 hp diesel pump set, 10 hp diesel power thresher for paddy, hand held sprayers are distributed to households having Kisan Credit Card (KCC). The interviewed group expressed that majority of the people don’t receive government schemes. Households with high income and political patronage benefit from these schemes and not the intended relatively poorer families.

Women shares equal rights as that of men. Women are active counterparts of men in agriculture related activities. They help the male counterparts in the field and in processing of agriculture output like trashing paddy, besides doing the household chores. They also share equal responsibility as men in decision-making process. Overall, the impact of climate change (change in rainfall and temperature) has been significant on the lives of the people. Number of people living below poverty line has risen, migration has taken place and more incidences of water related diseases have been reported by two interviews representing Impact NE (a local NGO) present in the group discussion and there has been a overall decrease in agricultural output in the village.

Adaptation strategies

The adaptation processes includes people moving to high areas during flood and generally live in stilt houses ( chang ghars ), which is a process of adaptation they have learned to live with floods. They also grow water resistant paddy in areas that are perennially inundated. The choice of crop cultivation and identification of worst areas affected by flood is based on their place based tacit knowledge. However, these responses are at risk due to the increase in the vagaries of monsoon and flash flood triggered by ice melt in the Himalayas during the pre monsoon season due to rising temperature over the past few years in northern India. All the respondents also mentioned that there is provision of government aid when natural calamities like drought and floods occur in the villages. Migrations have been considered as an alternative way of adaptation to increased floods. To adapt to flood and erosion people mostly youths are migrating to other places within and outside the state in search of employment. They mostly work as security guards, rickshaw pullers etc. in the urban areas. Migration has been a major problem for the people of Majuli as the workforce has been gradually decreasing in the Island. Most of the youth migrate to states like Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra to find employment opportunities as semi-skilled laborers in factories and as security guards.

All the respondents revealed that migration is prevalent in the village because of the lack of job opportunities, better employment elsewhere, poverty and vulnerability of agriculture to frequent flood and bank erosion.

Our research in Majuli has come out with the following revelation. Firstly, the average number of dependents in the family is four and the number of earning member is one, which is relatively high and requires more resources for subsistence. Secondly, the employment diversification in the village is low as majority of the population is dependent on agriculture (90–93 % of population whose primary occupation is agriculture). Thirdly, Lack of employment opportunities in the region has resulted in a very high rate of migration (100 %) to other states. Most of the sample population (83 % in Jengrai Chapori and 80 % in Kumarbari) earn below Rs 2500/-per month as the income, which is primarily from agriculture and there is an overall response that the income is declining as a result of the changes in rainfall (80 % in Pomua, 60 % in Jengrai Chapori, and 100 % in Kumarbari).

Furthermore, the government schemes implemented in these villages are benefiting a very small section, and the beneficiaries are not the poorest households, the perception revealed in the FGD is that benefits are accrued by the households, which have association with the concerned authority. A combined impact of these changes is increasing poverty in the villages, which would weaken the adaptation capacity, and further result in more vulnerability to climate change. Therefore, the concern raised was that employment opportunity diversification is central to raise their economic status and enhance their adaptive capacity.

Majuli river island  is vulnerable to climate change as it experiences frequent floods, which induce erosion and siltation. In addition, climate change is taking a toll on the health and well being of the inhabitants as there is a serious problem of water related vector borne diseases. The vulnerability of the population to climate change is high as the adaptation capacity of the village is declining in light of uncertain flooding that disturbs their crop cycle and annual crop calendar. This is reflected in the flood damage data produced by the Brahamapura Board, a nodal agency established by the government of India in the 1980's to manage flood and erosion in the Brahmaputra river basin (see Table  2 ).

To live with floods the Mishing families lives in chang ghars (stilt house) that are made of locally available bamboo; when the damage induced by the floods is greater they move to higher lands. This has been passed down from generation and does not prevent them from flood damages to their cropland and livestock. Therefore their vulnerability to floods will persist.

While seasonal migration acts a safety valve to the imminent hydro hazards induced livelihood crisis, the real solution lies in finding solution through the use of community’s indigenous ecological knowledge that would enhance their per capita income through participation in other activities that are not dependent on land alone. The promotion of cultural tourism can be one of them. Majuli has been nominated twice as a Cultural Landscape for the UNESCO’S World Heritage Site (2012). Its unique Vaisnavait satra culture ( namghars ) attracts tourist from all over the world. The rich cultural tradition of drama, folk music and monasteries own Assamese literary and philosophical texts (locally known as burunjis ) are of unique interest to promote cultural tourism. The need of the hour is to promote tourism sensibly—by highlighting the tangible and intangible heritage of the island—so that the local communities can economically support themselves by engaged in eco-tourism work such as working as tour guides, restaurant owners, boat owners, lodgers and story tellers. They can earn additional income and compensate the loss caused by flood and bank erosion. Similarly institutions like the Brahmaputra Board and policy makers working on natural disaster management as well as the epistemic community should encourage the incorporation of place based knowledge of the community to be intergrade to mainstream flood management planning. The place-based knowledge of the community has historically developed to cope with growing uncertainty with floods. However, due to the erratic nature of floods and cloud burst induced flash floods during the pre-monsoon season farmers crop calendar has been readjusted. The state agriculture department can help the community by incorporating their local understanding of farming in their agriculture improvement programmes.

Therefore the approach to climate change mitigation and disaster risk reduction should be visualised around local knowledge through the engagement of the communities and civil society groups that could work as facilitators in promoting sustainable livelihood. Climate Change can be combatted by developing alternative livelihood opportunities for the community through community driven development programmes and by incorporating local knowledge in disaster management. 

Change history

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The Editor-in-Chief is issuing an editorial expression of concern to alert readers that an allegation of plagiarism has been brought with respect to this article (Das 2016). We have submitted the allegation to the institution where the author was affiliated when the article was written and requested an investigation. The author does not agree with this notice.

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Das, D. Changing climate and its impacts on Assam, Northeast India. Bandung J of Global South 2 , 26 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40728-015-0028-4

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Flood in Assam Essay: Assam Flood Essay for Students

Flood in Assam Essay: Assam, a state in northeastern India, is no stranger to the devastating impact of floods. Every year, heavy monsoon rains and the overflowing of rivers, particularly the mighty Brahmaputra, lead to widespread flooding in the region. The consequences are far-reaching, affecting the lives and livelihoods of millions of people. Here are a few steps to sample Flood in Assam Essay

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100 Words Flood in Assam Essay

Floods in Assam, are an annual occurrence, causing immense devastation. With heavy rainfall and the overflow of the Brahmaputra River, floods ravage the region, displacing thousands and damaging crops and infrastructure. The consequences are dire, leading to loss of life, destruction of homes, and disruption of essential services. The government and humanitarian organizations work tirelessly to provide relief and rescue operations, but the scale of the problem remains immense. Long-term solutions, such as the construction of embankments and reservoirs, as well as effective early warning systems, are crucial to mitigate the impact of floods and protect the lives and livelihoods of the people in Assam.

500 Words Flood in Assam Essay

Flood in Assam Essay Introduction I. Briefly introduce Assam and its geographical location Highlight the recurring issue of floods in Assa Causes of Floods in Assam Flood in Assam Essay: Floods in Assam have been an ongoing and devastating issue for the state located in northeastern India. Assam, known for its lush green landscapes and the mighty Brahmaputra River, experiences annual floods that wreak havoc on the lives and livelihoods of its people. The flood situation in Assam is a result of multiple factors, including heavy rainfall, geographical factors, and the overflowing of rivers. The Brahmaputra River, which flows through the state, is a major contributor to the flooding, causing extensive damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and the environment. Agriculture, which forms a significant part of Assam’s economy, suffers tremendously from floods. The fertile plains of Assam, ideal for cultivating crops, are submerged, leading to massive crop losses. The floodwaters not only destroy standing crops but also deposit silt and sand, rendering the soil less fertile for future cultivation. The agricultural sector takes a significant hit during the flood season, leading to food shortages, economic losses, and an adverse impact on the livelihoods of farmers and rural communities.

II. Discuss the primary cause: heavy rainfall in the region Explain the role of the Brahmaputra River in flooding Mention the impact of climate change on the frequency and intensity of floods The primary cause of floods in Assam is the region’s heavy rainfall. The state receives substantial precipitation during the monsoon season, which lasts from June to September. The combination of intense rainfall and the topography of Assam, characterized by its low-lying plains and numerous rivers, leads to water accumulation and subsequent flooding. The Brahmaputra River, originating in the Himalayas, is responsible for a significant portion of the floodwaters. The river, known for its enormous volume of water, often breaches its banks, submerging vast areas of land in its path.

III. Impact of Floods on Assam Discuss the devastation caused by floods, including loss of life and property Highlight the damage to infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and buildings Explain the economic consequences, such as crop destruction and loss of livelihoods Climate change has also exacerbated the flood situation in Assam. Changing weather patterns, increased intensity of rainfall, and rising temperatures have contributed to more frequent and severe floods. The changing climate has disrupted the delicate balance of the ecosystem in Assam, affecting both human and animal life. The impacts of floods are wide-ranging, affecting various aspects of the state’s socio-economic fabric.

IV. Government and Humanitarian Response Describe the efforts made by the government to tackle the flood situation Discuss the role of humanitarian organizations in providing relief and rescue operations Highlight the challenges faced in delivering aid to affected areas The government of Assam, along with various national and international humanitarian organizations, works tirelessly to provide relief and rescue operations during floods. Temporary shelters are set up to accommodate the displaced population, and efforts are made to ensure access to clean water, food, and medical assistance. The armed forces, disaster response teams, and volunteers play a crucial role in rescuing people stranded in flood-affected areas.

V. Long-term Solutions Discuss the importance of long-term solutions to address the flood issue Explain the construction of embankments and reservoirs as preventive measures Highlight the need for improved early warning systems and disaster preparedness While immediate relief efforts are essential, it is equally crucial to focus on long-term solutions to address the flood issue in Assam. Constructing embankments and reservoirs can help regulate the flow of water and prevent flooding in vulnerable areas. Additionally, effective early warning systems need to be established to provide timely alerts to communities at risk. Enhancing disaster preparedness and strengthening the capacity to respond to floods are vital components of long-term flood management strategies.

VI. Conclusion Summarize the key points discussed in the post Emphasize the importance of concerted efforts to mitigate the impact of floods in Assam Call for greater awareness and support to protect the lives and livelihoods of the people in Assam.

In conclusion, the issue of floods in Assam demands urgent attention and comprehensive solutions. The recurring floods have wreaked havoc on the lives and livelihoods of the people in the region. The primary causes, including heavy rainfall and the overflow of rivers like the Brahmaputra, have been compounded by the effects of climate change. The devastating consequences range from loss of human life and displacement to the destruction of infrastructure and agriculture. While immediate relief efforts are crucial, long-term solutions are imperative. Constructing embankments, reservoirs, and early warning systems, along with promoting sustainable agricultural practices, can mitigate the impact of floods and enhance the resilience of communities. It is vital to prioritize the safety, well-being, and sustainable development of Assam to overcome the challenges posed by floods.

Essay on Water for Students and Children

500+ words essay on water.

Water is one of the most important substances for life on earth to function. It is equally important for humans as well as animals. Water does not merely help us survive, but it is significant for our day to day functioning. It has numerous uses when we come to think about it. Majority of our earth is covered with water itself, but, not all of it is safe for consumption. Therefore, it makes it essential for us to utilize this transparent substance chemical wisely. Moreover, if we look at the shortage of water happening in our country, it makes it all the more important to conserve it immediately.

Uses of Water

As we have already said that water has numerous uses, we will see where it is used. This part will most importantly help us realize the importance of water . It will make humans aware of what absence of water in the following areas can do to human life. As India’s main occupation is agriculture, water is exhaustively used here. Irrigation and cattle rearing requires a lot of water. Thus, a lot of farmers’ livelihood depends on it.

Further, industries use water for various purposes. It comes in handy when cooling, manufacturing and transporting several goods. For instance, thermal power plants consume quite a substantial amount of water for their running.

Furthermore, the domestic use of water cannot be left behind. In the day to day life of the common man, water plays a vital role. That is to say, from drinking water to washing utensils, we need water every step of the way.

After that, plants need water to survive and make food. It is one of the main elements which help them grow. Hence, water is extremely important for humans, animals, and plants to survive .

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Do not Waste Water

While water is quite essential and yet so scarce, however, people fail to realize this fact. They waste water with little or no care for the results of this activity. There are various ways in which one can avoid wasting water . To begin with, all households must get their leaking taps checked. They should fix them immediately as every drop is precious.

Similarly, we must choose buckets instead of showers for bathing. This is a very debatable topic and it needs to be settled. Showers waste a lot of water, so people must prefer buckets. This particular habit is quite commonly found in most of the households. People do not turn off their taps while brushing their teeth and washing utensils. Always remember to keep the tap off when doing so.

In addition, encourage rainwater harvesting system in all homes. This can help conserve water like never before.

In short, water is essential for the survival of mankind. But, it is, unfortunately, being waster rapidly. Every citizen and government must come together to tackle this issue. Governments must ensure all areas get water equally. On the other hand, citizens must keep in mind to use it wisely and not waste it unnecessarily.

FAQs on Water

Q.1 State the importance of water.

A.1 Water is of the utmost importance for human and animal life. It gives us water to drink. It also comes in great use for farmers and industries. Even common man requires water for various purposes like drinking, cleaning, bathing and more.

Q.2 List the ways to avoid wastage of water.

A.2 Everyone must avoid wasting water. We can do so by fixing our leaking taps, avoiding showers for bathing, and turning off taps when brushing. Furthermore, we can adopt rainwater harvesting system to conserve water.

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Essay on Flood in Assam

Students are often asked to write an essay on Flood in Assam in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Flood in Assam

Introduction.

Floods in Assam are a recurrent problem, causing widespread damage. Every year, the Brahmaputra River overflows due to heavy rainfall, affecting millions.

The primary cause is heavy monsoon rainfall. The Himalayan snow melts, and the Brahmaputra River’s water level rises, leading to floods.

Floods cause loss of life, property, and livestock. They also lead to waterborne diseases and disrupt normal life.

Building embankments, improving drainage, and implementing early warning systems can mitigate the impact.

Floods in Assam require immediate attention. Sustainable management of the Brahmaputra River is crucial to reduce the damage.

250 Words Essay on Flood in Assam

Floods in Assam, a recurring natural disaster, pose significant challenges to the socio-economic fabric of the region. Every year, the Brahmaputra River’s fury disrupts lives, causing massive destruction. This essay explores the causes, impacts, and potential solutions to this perennial issue.

Causes of Floods

The primary cause of floods in Assam is the Brahmaputra River’s overflow, exacerbated by excessive rainfall during monsoon. The river’s unstable nature, coupled with deforestation and rapid urbanization, contributes to this issue. The Himalayan region’s seismic activity also plays a part, causing landslides that block river courses, leading to flash floods.

Impacts of Floods

The floods inflict severe damage on human lives, property, and the environment. They disrupt livelihoods, especially agriculture, the backbone of Assam’s economy. The floods also lead to loss of biodiversity, as the Kaziranga National Park, home to the endangered one-horned rhino, often gets inundated.

Addressing this issue requires a multi-faceted approach. Scientific river management, including the construction of embankments and reservoirs, can help control the river’s flow. Afforestation initiatives can reduce soil erosion, and sustainable urban planning can mitigate the impacts of rapid urbanization. Furthermore, implementing early warning systems can help prepare communities for impending floods.

While floods in Assam are a natural phenomenon, their impacts are exacerbated by human activities. By focusing on sustainable development and river management, it is possible to mitigate the devastating effects of these floods. Society’s collective efforts can transform this destructive force into a resource, turning adversity into opportunity.

500 Words Essay on Flood in Assam

Assam, a state in North-East India, is renowned for its rich biodiversity and vibrant culture. However, it also bears the brunt of an annual menace – floods. The flood in Assam is a recurring disaster that wreaks havoc on the socioeconomic fabric of the state.

The Geographical Context

Assam is located in the Brahmaputra Valley, surrounded by the Eastern Himalayas, the Patkai Range, and the Meghalaya Plateau. The Brahmaputra River, one of the largest rivers in the world, flows through the heart of Assam. The region’s topography, coupled with the river’s voluminous water flow, makes Assam vulnerable to annual flooding.

The Causes of Floods in Assam

The primary cause of floods in Assam is the monsoon rains that the region experiences between June and September. The Brahmaputra River, fed by its tributaries, swells beyond its capacity, leading to inundation of nearby areas. Deforestation in the catchment areas exacerbates the problem by increasing surface runoff. Moreover, seismic activities in the Himalayan region often lead to landslides, blocking the river’s course and causing flash floods.

Impacts of the Floods

The floods in Assam have far-reaching consequences. They cause loss of human lives and livestock, damage to infrastructure, and displacement of people. Agricultural lands, the primary source of livelihood for many, are submerged, leading to food insecurity and economic hardship. The floods also pose a significant threat to the state’s rich biodiversity, particularly in the Kaziranga National Park, home to the endangered one-horned rhinoceros.

Management and Mitigation Strategies

The Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA), in collaboration with the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), has implemented various strategies to manage and mitigate the effects of floods. These include the construction of embankments, dredging of the river, afforestation programs, and early warning systems. However, these strategies have not been entirely successful due to the magnitude of the problem and various implementation challenges.

The Way Forward

There is a pressing need for a comprehensive and sustainable approach to manage floods in Assam. This approach should integrate structural measures like embankments and reservoirs with non-structural measures such as flood forecasting and community awareness programs. Emphasis should also be given to ecological restoration and conservation, considering the intimate relationship between the environment and floods. Furthermore, there should be a shift from a reactive approach to a proactive one, focusing on disaster preparedness and risk reduction.

The flood in Assam is a complex issue, deeply rooted in the state’s geographical and ecological dynamics. While it is a natural phenomenon, its impacts are significantly amplified by human activities. Therefore, a holistic, sustainable, and community-based approach is required to manage this annual disaster and ensure the socio-economic resilience of Assam.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

• Essay on The Chennai Floods of 2015
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Los Angeles Times News Quiz this week: Museum walls, water use and Intuit Dome’s opener

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Welcome to the Los Angeles Times News Quiz. I’m Adam Tschorn, senior features writer, former game show question-and-answer man and your weekly quizmaster.

Each Friday, I serve up 10 handcrafted, California-focused, multiple-choice questions based on stories that appeared in The Times (in print or online) over the previous seven days. This week, we’re taking a look at stories about Easter heists , opening acts , running mates , diverted water and an AI-powered app that sounds like something out of the Onion .

All you need to do is keep up on the news of the week and answer these questions correctly.

Before we get to this week’s quiz, I wanted to share the results of the Los Angeles Times News Quiz live event at Molly Malone’s Irish Pub on April 10. During a speed round of 20 five-point questions — 10 about the venerable Fairfax District bar from The Times archives and another 10 riffed from the week’s news — seven teams competed for glory (and a few goodies from the Shop L.A. Times store .

A team calling themselves Dion is back baby! won top honors on a tie-breaker question. Next up is a behind-the-scenes peek at the News Quiz — and some more live game play — at the Los Angeles Times Festival of Books on April 20.

Are you ready to have some fun? I am. Let’s get started.

If last week’s news is still top of mind, why not try your luck with the previous News Quiz , which covered Times stories published from April 5 through 11 ?

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Senior features writer Adam Tschorn is a former small-town newspaper editor, game-show question-and-answer man and fashion scribe who joined the Los Angeles Times in 2007. He currently covers a wide range of pop-culture topics with a focus on cannabis culture. Holding a B.A. in philosophy and an M.A. in journalism, he feels perfectly suited to looking at things, asking “why?” and writing down the answers.

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Assessment of Condensation Particle Counter-Based Portable Solid Particle Number System for Applications with High Water Content in Exhaust 2024-01-5048

The Particle Number–Portable Emission Measurement System (PN-PEMS) came into force with Euro VI Phase E regulations starting January 1, 2022. However, positive ignition (PI) engines must comply from January 1, 2024. The delay was due to the unavailability of the PN-PEMS system that could withstand high concentrations of water typically present in the tailpipe (TP) of CNG vehicles, which was detrimental to the PN-PEMS systems. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the condensation particle counter (CPC)-based PN-PEMS measurement capabilities that was upgraded to endure high concentration of water. The PN-PEMS measurement of solid particle number (SPN 23 ) greater than 23 nm was compared against the laboratory-grade PN systems in four phases. Each phase differs based upon the PN-PEMS and PN system location and measurements were made from three different CNG engines. In the first phase, systems measured the diluted exhaust through constant volume sampler (CVS) tunnel. Data generated from the 15 test cycles reported −13(±5)% error from the PN-PEMS system. In the second phase, PN-PEMS was relocated to the TP location and reported an error of 10(±26)%. In the third phase, measurements were made from the raw test cell where PN-PEMS measured from the TP and PN system extracted samples from the partial flow dilution system (PFDS). Data from 31 test cycles reported a −5(±9)% error. In the final phase, the PN system also measured alongside PN-PEMS from the TP and the correlation further improved, and subsequently the error was reduced to −3(±7)%. Overall, data from 96 test cycles showed that PN-PEMS measured within ±15% of the PN system, which concluded that the CPC-based PN-PEMS is suitable for measuring CNG engine exhaust and the performance is equivalent to the measurements from diesel engines. This data suggests that the SPN 23 measurements from TP could provide better understanding of the real-world measurements.

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Trump on Trial: seven jurors – and a warning for Trump

It has not taken long for Donald Trump to land himself in hot water with Juan Merchan, the judge in his hush-money trial

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On the docket: Trump in trouble (and seven jurors)

It only took one day for Donald Trump to land in hot water with judge Juan Merchan .

Immediately after a potential juror exited the courtroom after being questioned by Trump’s attorney about her social media posts, Merchan said that he could hear Trump “muttering” while she had been standing less than 12ft away from him – and issued a stern warning to the former president.

“It was audible. He was gesturing and he was speaking in the direction of the juror,” a visibly irritated Merchan told Trump’s attorney , raising his voice. “I will not have any jurors intimidated in this courtroom.” He then directed Trump’s attorney, Todd Blanche, to speak to Trump about his behavior.

The exchange was one of the testier moments in the first full day of jury selection for Trump’s first criminal trial, as Trump’s attorney tried to remove any potential jurors who had displayed negative views of the former president. Merchan rejected many of those efforts – “The question is not whether someone agrees with your client politically or not. The question is whether or not they can be fair and impartial,” Merchan told Blanche at one point – but he did agree to dismiss a few, including a prospective juror who had previously called for Trump to be jailed.

By the end of the day, the original pool of 96 potential jurors had been whittled down dramatically. More than half had been excused on Monday. The prosecution and defense each used a few of their own “peremptory challenges” (each side gets ten challenges to remove a potential juror without giving a reason) to remove a dozen more.

Out of that pool, six jurors were chosen. Merchan swore them in this afternoon, and told them to expect to return for the trial’s opening statements as soon as Monday morning. After a few more hours of questioning, and right before adjourning for the day, he swore in a seventh.

Sidebar: contempt papers in

In a motion filed on Tuesday, prosecutors argue that Trump should be held in contempt because he “wilfully violated” Merchan’s gag order which bars Trump from making public statements about potential witnesses by publishing several social media posts attacking his former attorney Michael Cohen and Stormy Daniels , the porn star with whom he allegedly had an affair.

The prosecutors write that it’s “absolutely critical” to stop Trump from violating the gag order in order to “protect the integrity of the ongoing trial.”

“A finding of criminal contempt, imposition of sanctions, and stark warnings from this court are the minimum remedies necessary to achieve this indispensable objective,” they continue.

Trump called Cohen and Daniels “sleazebags” in a social media post on 10 April , after Merchan issued his gag order, and then on 13 April referred to Cohen as a “disgraced attorney and felon”.

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The filing came after prosecutors requested during Monday’s pretrial proceedings that Merchan hold Trump in contempt and fine him $1,000 for each social media post. The judge gave Trump’s attorneys until Friday to respond, and has scheduled a hearing for next Tuesday morning to determine whether he’ll issue sanctions.

In other news: supreme court skepticism

Down in DC, the US supreme court heard oral arguments on a case that could have huge ramifications for Trump’s own federal election interference criminal trial – and justices expressed skepticism that some of the charges that have been leveled against Trump in that case should be allowed.

Here’s Guardian US reporter Hugo Lowell with more:

The US supreme court expressed concern on Tuesday with prosecutors using an obstruction statute to charge hundreds of January 6 Capitol riot defendants, with the justices leaning towards a position that could jeopardize those prosecutions and the criminal case against Donald Trump. The Trump case was not mentioned at the argument. But a decision curtailing the use of the obstruction statute in connection with the Capitol attack could eliminate two of the four charges against the former president. The case, which on its face involves a January 6 riot defendant named Joseph Fischer, became of sudden importance last year after Trump was also charged with obstruction of an official proceeding over his efforts to stop Congress from certifying the results of the 2020 presidential election. At issue is whether the obstruction statute passed under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002 in the wake of the Enron scandal could be used to prosecute general instances of obstruction, or whether it was intended to be used more narrowly for evidence tampering or document destruction. If the supreme court decides that section 1512(c) of title 18 of the US criminal code was being used too broadly, it could cripple part of the case against Trump as the special counsel Jack Smith looks to draw a line at trial from the former president’s January 6 speech to the violence. And if the court moved to strike down the use of the obstruction statute, it could undercut the remaining conspiracy statutes used in the indictment against Trump.

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