crusades essay thesis

Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Essays

The crusades (1095–1291).

Reliquary Cross

Keystone from a Vaulted Ceiling

Sword Pommel with the Arms of Pierre de Dreux (ca. 1187–1250), Duke of Brittany and Earl of Richmond

King Louis IX Carrying the Crown of Thorns

Pyxis Depicting Standing Saints or Ecclesiastics and the Entry into Jerusalem with Christ Riding a Donkey

A Knight of the d'Aluye Family

Gemellion (Hand Basin) with the Arms of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem

Scene from the Legend of the True Cross

Leaf from a Gospel Book with Four Standing Evangelists

The Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux, Queen of France

Jean Pucelle

Initial A with the Battle of the Maccabees

Saint Bernard of Clairvaux

Workshop of Fra Filippo Lippi

Godfroy de Bouillon

Colin Nouailher

The Crusaders Reach Jerusalem (from a set of Scenes from Gerusalemme Liberata)

Designed by Domenico Paradisi

Jérusalem, Saint Sépulcre, abside

Auguste Salzmann

Jérusalem, Saint Sépulcre, détails des chapiteaux

[Interior, Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem]

Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters , The Metropolitan Museum of Art

October 2001 (originally published) February 2014 (last revised)

The First Crusade Most historians consider the sermon preached by Pope Urban II at Clermont-Ferrand in November 1095 to have been the spark that fueled a wave of military campaigns to wrest the Holy Land from Muslim control. Considered at the time to be divinely sanctioned, these campaigns, involving often ruthless battles, are known as the Crusades. At their core was a desire for access to shrines associated with the life and ministry of Jesus, above all the Holy Sepulcher, the church in Jerusalem said to contain the tomb of Christ ( 2005.100.373.100 ). Absolution from sin and eternal glory were promised to the Crusaders, who also hoped to gain land and wealth in the East. Nobles and peasants responded in great number to the call and marched across Europe to Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine empire . With the support of the Byzantine emperor, the knights , guided by Armenian Christians ( 57.185.3 ), tenuously marched to Jerusalem through Seljuq-controlled territories in modern Turkey and Syria. In June 1099, the Crusaders began a five-week siege of Jerusalem, which fell on July 15, 1099 ( 92.1.15 ). Eyewitness accounts attest to the terror of battle. Ralph of Caen, watching the city from the Mount of Olives, saw “the scurrying people, the fortified towers, the roused garrison, the men rushing to arms, the women in tears, the priests turned to their prayers, the streets ringing with cries, crashing, clanging and neighing.”

The Crusaders took over many of the cities on the Mediterranean coast and built a large number of fortified castles across the Holy Land to protect their newly established territories ( 28.99.1 ), while also establishing churches loyal to Rome. For the Crusaders, the Dome of the Rock was the Temple of Solomon; the Aqsa mosque was converted to use as a palace and stables.

The Latin kingdom of Jerusalem established by the Crusaders boasted fifteen cathedral churches. The Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, for example, became the seat of a Western Christian bishop in 1110 ( 1988.1174.9 ).

Artists from different traditions met in the city of Jerusalem, with, for example, Syrian goldworkers on the right of the market near the Holy Sepulcher, and Latin goldworkers on the left (Conder 1896). Indeed, metalwork from this period sometimes combines an Islamic aesthetic with Christian subject matter ( 1971.39a,b ). Some pieces even bear an inscription indicating that they were made by an Islamic goldsmith for a Christian. Precious works of art fashioned for the churches of Europe celebrated their links to the Holy Land ( 2002.18 ; Toulouse Cathedral Limoges Reliquary ).

Second and Third Crusade In 1147–49, the Second Crusade, championed by the Cistercian abbot Bernard of Clairvaux ( 1975.1.70b ), attempted to take Damascus in Syria. The campaign was a dismal failure because the Muslims had regrouped. Led by Salah al-Din (Saladin), Muslim forces advanced across Syria and finally retook Jerusalem in October 1187. Saladin was credited by his personal secretary with allowing the Patriarch of Jerusalem to leave the city with the church’s treasure, explaining: “If we make excuses [to confiscate this wealth] they [the Franks] will accuse us of treachery … let us not make them accuse people of faith of breaking their oaths. Let them go. They will talk about our benevolence” (Mohamed el-Moctar, in Paul and Yaeger, 2012, p. 209).

Entering the city, a vizier of Saladin marveled at how the Crusaders had beautified Jerusalem: “the care of the unbelievers had transformed [it] into a Paradise garden … those accursed ones defended with the lance and sword this city, which they had rebuilt with columns and slabs of marble [ 2005.100.373.86 ], where they had founded churches and the palaces of the Templars and the hospitallers … One sees on every side houses as pleasant as their gardens and bright with white marble and columns decorated with leaves, which make them look like living trees” (quoting Kadi el-Fadel in Hamilton, 1979).

By the end of the Third Crusade (1189–92), Crusader forces had gained Cyprus and the coastal city of Acre. Saladin guaranteed access to Jerusalem to European pilgrims and welcomed Jews back to the city as well.

The chronicle of the Spanish-born Ibn Jubayr, who traveled to Mecca from 1183 to 1185, speaks of the ease of trade in the Holy Land, even in times of military hostilities: “the Muslims continuously journeyed from Damascus to Acre (through Frankish territory), and likewise not one of the Christian merchants was stopped and hindered (in Muslim territories) … The soldiers engage themselves in their war, while the people are at peace” (as cited in Paul and Yaeger, 2012, p. 34).

The Fourth Crusade With each crusade, relations between the Byzantines and the Western forces became more estranged. The Fourth Crusade set out in 1202 with Egypt as its goal. After choosing sides in a dynastic dispute in Byzantium, however, the Crusaders turned their siege upon Byzantium’s capital, Constantinople, to collect an enormous sum of money that had been promised for their support. The city was sacked in 1204, its rich treasures divided between the Venetians (the lion’s share of which remains in the Treasury of San Marco, Venice), the French, and other Crusaders. The Latin Empire of Constantinople was established with Baldwin of Flanders as emperor. In 1261, the Byzantines regained the city .

Later Crusades Successive crusades were launched to the Holy Land. The knight Jean d’Alluye traveled to the Holy Land around 1240, but the circumstances of his voyage are not known ( 25.120.201 ).

The Seventh and Eighth Crusades, in 1248 ( 38.60 ) and 1270, were sponsored by Louis IX , who died in Tunisia ( 54.1.2 ; 37.173.3 ). In 1271, Sultan Baibars captured Montfort Castle ( 28.99.1 ), and in 1291, the Crusader city of Acre fell, ending the era of Latin Crusader kingdoms. Calls for new crusades over the next centuries were increasingly ignored, despite the renown in which Crusaders and the Holy Land were held in legend ( 1993.65.4 ; 23.21.4 ; 25.120.528 ; 25.120.529 ; 54.1.1 ; Belles Heures Heraclius leaf, folio 156 ).

Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters. “The Crusades (1095–1291).” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/crus/hd_crus.htm (originally published October 2001, last revised February 2014)

Further Reading

Burgoyne, Michael Hamilton. Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study . London: World of Islam Festival Trust, 1987.

Conder, Claude R., trans. "The City of Jerusalem." Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society 6 (1896).

Dandridge, Pete and Mark Wypyski. "Sword and Dagger Pommels Associated with the Crusades, Part II: A Technical Study." Metropolitan Museum Journal 46 (2011), pp. 145–51.

Folda, Jaroslav. The Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, 1098–1187 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Folda, Jaroslav. Crusader Art in the Holy Land: From the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre, 1187–1291 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Goss, Vladimir P., ed. The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades . Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 1986.

Grabar, Oleg, and Benjamin Z. Kedar eds. Where Heaven and Earth Meet: Jerusalem's Sacred Esplanade . Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi Press, 2009.

Hamilton, Bernard. Monastic Reform, Catharism, and the Crusades . London: Valorium Reprints, 1979.

Hillenbrandt, Carole. The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999.

La Rocca, Donald J. "Sword and Dagger Pommels Associated with the Crusades, Part I," Metropolitan Museum Journal 46 (2012), pp. 133–44.

Paul, Nicholas, and Suzanne Yeager, eds. Remembering the Crusades: Myth, Image, and Identity . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012.

Prawer, Joshua. The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988.

Rozenberg, Silvia, ed. Knights of the Holy Land: The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem . Exhibition catalogue. Jerusalem: Israel Museum, 1999.

Additional Essays by Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters

• Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters. “ Art for the Christian Liturgy in the Middle Ages .” (October 2001)
• Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters. “ Classical Antiquity in the Middle Ages .” (October 2001)
• Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters. “ Private Devotion in Medieval Christianity .” (October 2001)
• Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters. “ The Art of the Book in the Middle Ages .” (October 2001)
• Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters. “ The Cult of the Virgin Mary in the Middle Ages .” (October 2001)
• Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters. “ Stained Glass in Medieval Europe .” (October 2001)

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Artist or Maker

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Home — Essay Samples — Religion — Crusades — The Crusades: Motivations, Administration, and Cultural Influence

The Crusades: Motivations, Administration, and Cultural Influence

• Categories: Crusades Influence of Christianity Motivation

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Words: 1190 |

Published: Mar 14, 2019

Words: 1190 | Pages: 3 | 6 min read

• To obey the Pope's call.
• To be forgiven for past sins. This was important for knights who had killed many people in battle.
• To steal and kill. Kings encouraged violent knights to go on Crusade because it got them out of the country.
• To see the world, have an adventure and prove their bravery.
• To get land overseas. This was tempting for a younger son who would not inherit his father's lands.
• Serfs, peasants who belonged to their lord, joined the Crusades because the Pope promised them their freedom if they went.

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Essay on Crusades

Students are often asked to write an essay on Crusades in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Crusades

Introduction to crusades.

The Crusades were big fights that happened long ago between 1096 and 1291. They were fought by Christians from Europe against Muslims in the Middle East. The main aim was to take control of Jerusalem, a holy city for both religions.

Reasons for the Crusades

The Crusades started because of religious reasons. The Christians wanted to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims. The Pope, who is like the leader of the Christians, also wanted to increase his power. Many people also joined the Crusades to get rich or for adventure.

Major Crusades

There were eight major Crusades. The first one started in 1096 and was successful for the Christians. They took control of Jerusalem. But in the later Crusades, they were not so successful. The Muslims won back Jerusalem in the end.

Impact of the Crusades

The Crusades had a big impact. They caused a lot of fighting and death. But they also led to more trade between Europe and the Middle East. This helped Europe to grow and develop. The Crusades also changed the way people thought about the world.

In conclusion, the Crusades were a big part of history. They caused a lot of change and conflict. But they also led to some good things, like more trade and understanding between different cultures.

250 Words Essay on Crusades

What were the crusades.

The Crusades were religious wars in the Middle Ages. These wars took place between the 11th and 15th centuries. Christians from Europe fought to get control of the Holy Land from Muslims. The Holy Land is a special area in the Middle East that includes Jerusalem, a city important to many religions.

Why did the Crusades start?

Pope Urban II started the first Crusade in 1095. He wanted to help the Byzantine Empire, which was under attack by Muslim Turks. The Pope also wanted Christians to control the Holy Land. Many people joined the Crusades because they believed it was their religious duty. Some joined to get wealth or land.

What happened during the Crusades?

There were many Crusades, and each one was different. The first Crusade was successful for the Christians. They captured Jerusalem in 1099. But later Crusades were not as successful. The Muslims recaptured Jerusalem in 1187. The last major Crusade ended in 1291 when the Christians lost their last stronghold in the Middle East.

What were the effects of the Crusades?

The Crusades had many effects. They caused a lot of death and destruction. But they also led to increased trade between Europe and the Middle East. This trade helped to start the Renaissance, a time of great learning and discovery in Europe. The Crusades also caused tension between different religious groups that still exists today.

In conclusion, the Crusades were a significant part of history. They were driven by religious beliefs and had lasting effects on the world. Even though they happened a long time ago, we can still see their impact today.

500 Words Essay on Crusades

What are crusades.

Crusades were a series of wars fought by Christians to take control of holy places from Muslims. These wars took place during the Middle Ages, which is a period from the 5th to the 15th century. The holy places were in a region called the Middle East, where countries like Israel and Palestine are today. There were eight major Crusades, and they lasted from 1095 to 1291.

The Start of the Crusades

The Crusades started because of religious beliefs. Christians believed that they should control the holy places, like Jerusalem, because Jesus Christ, the founder of Christianity, lived and died there. The Pope, who is the leader of the Christian Church, asked Christians to fight against the Muslims. The Pope promised that anyone who died in the Crusades would go straight to heaven. This made many people want to join the Crusades.

The Course of the Crusades

The first Crusade started in 1095 and ended in 1099. It was successful for the Christians. They took control of Jerusalem and other holy places. But later, the Muslims fought back and took control of many places again. This led to more Crusades. But not all Crusades were successful. Some ended in failure for the Christians.

The Impact of the Crusades

The Crusades had a big impact on the world. They led to many changes. For one, they caused a lot of fighting and death. But they also led to increased trade between Europe and the Middle East. This helped Europe to grow and become more wealthy. The Crusades also led to changes in the way wars were fought. Knights, who were professional soldiers, became more important.

The End of the Crusades

The last major Crusade ended in 1291. By this time, the Christians had lost control of most of the holy places. The Crusades ended because they were costly and many people were tired of fighting. But the Crusades left a lasting impact. They are still remembered today and they have influenced the way people think about religion and war.

In conclusion, the Crusades were a series of religious wars that had a big impact on the world. They changed the way wars were fought and led to increased trade and growth in Europe. But they also caused a lot of death and suffering. The Crusades are a reminder of the power of religious belief and the impacts it can have on the world.

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Thesis Station

Thesis: the first crusade.

Sample Thesis Paper

The first crusade is one of the most phenomenal and historical elements of eleventh century Europe. The First Crusade was established and launched around 1095 at the request and appeal of Byzantine Emperor Alexius I for an army that could protect those who chose to stand under the flag of Christendom.  The initial army for the First Crusade was formed of a combination of peasants and knights who shared a dedication and a commitment to keep Anatolia safe from the Seljuk Turks. Merely two years after its formation, The Kingdom of Jerusalem was the first of the First Crusades many victories. The hypothesis of this paper is that the first crusade was a movement that was motivated by a sense of self defense but was so strong in its establishment that it became the shield and the sword for the Christian Republic all across and beyond Europe.

The First Crusade was formed as a move to develop a fighting force that could protect the Christian republic and upon whom the Christian republic could rely. But as time went by, it became apparent that the First Crusade was a force that could be used for far wider utilization than merely defense. Slowly and steadily, the first crusade became the fighting arm of the church when Pope Urban II gave it his blessing.

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Religion and Diplomacy During the Crusades Research Paper

For nearly four centuries, the state system ushered by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648AD gave way to a new era of socio-economic and political dispensation determined by the diplomatic relations among the states. 1 Under the terms of the treaty, the three-decade-long war of the 17 th Century Europe was summarized, leading to the recognition of the territorial sovereignty of the states that made up the Holy Roman Empire. The pact saw 300 of the Roman Empires’ princes become entirely sovereign within their spheres of influence. The golden era of the ancient Roman Empire renaissance diplomacy settled with the French inversion of Italy in 1494. 2

This renaissance era was characterized by the struggle for dominion among the sovereign powers of Europe and the Hapsburg Empire. The failure by the Catholic Church to influence its own reform agenda manured the field for the regrouping of the protestant ideology. The first pinch was felt in 1534 against the whims of the papal power when King Henry VIII instituted a separationist movement under the banner of the Anglican Church. This move came about after the Catholic Church strongly opposed his highly publicized divorce with Catherine of Aragon. 3 Following these developments, a widespread movement begun in Germany and was led by Martin Luther had the backing of many aristocrats and rulers of the time – the majority of whom were from Northern Europe. This conflict of interest sparked off a rebellion leading to the Thirty Year’s War. After the treaty of Westphalia, religious leaders took center stage to spearhead a long-lasting peace process that would not let the states to degenerate into another war with such catastrophic magnitude.

From the experiences and the memoirs of the English diplomatic representation of the 17 th century, it was conspicuously established that the role that religion is capable of playing in foreign policy is second to no other concept reached upon in history. 4 Much of this conviction was informed by their ability to cushion conflict into a cessation of hostilities, much of which was realized with preferential ease. 5

William Godolphin, Henry Saville, and William Trumbull were categorically instrumental in these processes owing to their potentiality to the task and their positioning between diplomacy and religion. To ascertain their centrality to the contribution of these diplomatic ties, their respective taskforces were extensively distributed for a religious course under diplomacy. The diplomatic consciousness that informed the early church made all these key figures to be dispersed in most of the Catholic nation-states during the 17 th century, while in these states, they positioned themselves in intermediate social ranks acting as a bridge between the church and the state. However, what mattered then was familiarity with the concept of parliamentary politics, and indeed this made these religious leaders go easily in-between the state and the masses. 6 On the other hand, these religious leaders were restricted by virtue of their positions to issue their positioning openly on various issues of politics of the state and the people.

At the height of the 17 th century AD, the Christian Commonwealth Empire had disintegrated, leading to vestiges in forms of autonomous states. 7 With not many functions attributable to the Roman Catholic Pope and the Roman Empire as the sole mediators of the regional conflicts, conceptual gaps were evinced in the international conflict management and diplomatic representation. Having seen the impending trouble, the Dutch philosopher at the time, Hugo Grotius volunteered a most comprehensive theory that he opined and hoped would be useful as part of the endearing process that might fill these gaps and end the inevitability of any future wars. 8

Accordingly, he instituted the schools of natural law, arguing that it is through these platforms that international law could be realized. The philosopher categorically insinuated that individuals must first possess natural rights for them to be protected against external aggression. In defending his claim, the philosopher pointed out that humanity is entitled to these natural laws by virtues ordained by God. Under these schemes of things, Grotius aimed to inspire the people to nurture a minimum moral unanimity capable of making the society to reach out to full stature and to overcome the divisions emanating from the religious interest groupings. 9

Following Grotius’s assessment of humanity, other like-minded religious thinkers began to explore his ideology with the conception that whenever individual people are empowered by natural rights, they posthumously become sovereign entities. Grotius, in his work, saw the need for humanity to be more empowered, thereby coming up with the theory of international law that would guarantee the basis of going to war and setting the peace process. 10 Under his assumptions, he opined that nation, just as individual people, have to be bound by certain established natural law. These natural laws, he opined, would safeguard individual rights and nurture order in the opinion of the masses. Through Grotius’ teachings, diplomatic sanity was influenced throughout Westphalia and beyond.

Essentially the Treaty of the Westphalia amicably settled the religious tussle that was evidenced in vast territorial Germany. It was, however, the last attempt seen largely by observers as an effort by the Catholic Hapsburgs to arrest Protestantism. 11 The treaty also confirmed the centrality of the Catholicism dynasty in the south while Protestantism got its footing in the north, German certainly became sharply divided along ideological lines. It was also an attestation to the fact that the Catholic and the Lutheran princes, as seen in the Augsburg accord, had the ability to determine the type of religion prevailing in their territories, as a consequence, Princes were empowered to choose Calvinism. 12

This never pointed to anything close to the freedom of religion, though it was widely perceived as a major breakthrough towards religious liberalism. In addition, before the treaty of Westphalia was instituted, there were other competing forces – most remarkably were those of the international religious groupings like the Ecclesiastical Catholic faith-led organizations. In Europe, religious passion moderated greatly after the ratification of the Westphalia Treaty. In other words, religious rhetoric was subsequently toned down, leading to the versatility of the church. The competing factions never quit their demand for a complete revolution, though, and the enthusiasm to dynamism by the orthodoxy forces continued to wage sporadic revolts. 13

War across Europe was essentially not abandoned in its entirety, but religion ended up becoming a less contributory factor in the subsequent wars. It must, however, be reiterated that as much as the religion was a major contributor in sparking off the Thirty Years War, it was equally a major factor in the mediation process that saw the diplomatic signing of the Treaty of the Westphalia and the eventful ceasing of hostilities. 14

The interplay of religion and politics in the Westphalia oligarchy has been quintessential of a more complex yet conventional theory that provokes wisdom. More than anything, the seeming religious conflicts recorded from the ancient governmental establishment to the current times could be interpreted in terms of conflicts of interests. These conflicts have been played upon by religious prejudice, whose main interpretation of religious ethics has been to inspire a greater zeal through sacrifice and offertory from the masses. This point of view often suggests that the archetypical balance of power in the Westphalia was not necessarily the direct opposite of Christian dominion. 15 Rather, the most candid expression to it would be the religious conflicts that heralded it into a full-blown war. The pedigrees and the consequences of the apparent conflicts in these wars were, by extension, a farce and instigation of religious embodiment.

Westphalia is perhaps among the most referenced historical nation-states in ancient international diplomatic relations 16 . This is because the sovereignty of the nation-states was established with the states enjoying their dominion as autonomous political units. After the treaty of Westphalia was institutionalized, the dominion of the Roman Catholic Empire under the stewardship of the Pope was replaced by a system of independent states. Observers reckon that the Westphalia treaty was a turning point in the life of the ancient Roman Empire and which marked the beginning of the modern-day autonomous nation-states. After the exhaustive three-decade war that saw the destruction upon the land, the Westphalia negotiations took shape as all the warring factions felt the need to draw a ceasefire. 17

The resultant compromised reached upon never satisfied all the factions involved in the truce; this is because it was perceived that the basis of an all-round compromise, which was after all the bone of contention throughout the negotiations, had not been reached either. However, the peace deal that ushered the negotiations was because of the extensive negotiations that took another five years to accomplish. 18 The diplomatic crescendo was structured and orchestrated, with the first six months having entirely been dedicated to reaching out for the consensus of procedure that, in fact, proved contentious as the participants held various personal, yet strategic interests based on their different states.

The 17 th century Westphalia Treaty succeeded mainly in the light of the religious policy of protection and direct public concern aimed at building sovereign nation-states presided upon by a religious cardinal. 19

The rudimental cardinal policy of natural law was the basis of liberty from political and economic want. With the signing of the peace treaty in Westphalia, the principle of forgiveness became a duty that was preached all over Europe. Under these considerations, it was widely seen that in the concept of religious forgiveness, there would be a mutual benefactor in the realization of economic growth as well as political maturity. Seen from a religious standpoint, the concept of the treaty was a model that viewed real or perceived enemies from the benefit of the other, a principle that endeared nation-states to one another virtually capitalizing on the shared benefits rather than the differing factors. 20 Moreover, while the confessional allegiances remained vital, it was enough with the states, and for the better part of the 17 th century, religious wars were a forgone experience in the Roman Empire. 21

As concerns the political settlement, the peace process was remarkably a legalistic and conservative act. 22 Under these considerations, the treaty was intended to be a restatement of old rights that would safeguard the nation-states from degenerating into conflicts of such magnitude. Much of the accentuation had been given to the princess who had by then become autonomous by law.

This did not entirely mean that all doors of innovation were shut. In fact, the expansion of the empire into numerous electorates was the beginning of the reform process, and the subsequent increment of the number of imperial electors was seen as a move to make a representation of the state to be expansive. In the culminating series of events, the several smaller imperial states created by the new trends in leadership created a feeling that these states were too insignificant to exploit fullness of the privileges and freedoms they had been granted, majority of these smaller states had favored the protectorate of the Holy Roman Empire. Consequently, they looked upon the empire and frequently sought protection from the empire, given that he was no longer seen as a predator. 23 Due to these facts, the Franco-Swedish efforts to maul the imperial institutions were amicably resisted, and the states became more inclined to the imperial throne.

While religion has always been the decisive aspect in domestic politics, its effect on diplomatic relations is still being debated in international fora to ascertain this presumption. Observers of the Westphalia diplomatic efforts opine that one of the major effects of the reformation process was to empower the sovereign states to fasten their grip on matters of religion and politics of the church. The peace process in the Westphalia passed out as a fundamental step in these processes. Whenever the diplomatic circumstances prevailed upon, the European princes became very instrumental in the processes that resulted in the amicable solution of war. Under these developments, the princesses were empowered to pick their allies in the concept of the peace process whenever there is a need to do so.

Bibliography

Engle, Eric. “The transformation of the international legal system: the post-Westphalia legal order.” The Quarterly Review of Literature 23, no. 23 (2004): 23-45. Web.

Holsti, Kenneth. “From states systems to a society of states: The evolution of international relations.” International Relations Journal 1, no. 2 (2010): 1-9. Web.

Jeng, Ndey. Why Has the Westphalia State Failed to Function Effectively in Africa? . 2010. Web.

Kurbalija, Jovan. Golden age of diplomacy and technology . 2013. Web.

McDougall, Walter. Religion in diplomatic history . 2010. Web.

Onnekink, David. War and religion after the Westphalia, 1648-1713 . London: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2009. Web.

Vaughan, Michael. After Westphalia, whither the nation state, its people and its Governmental institutions? Brisbane: The University of Queensland, 2011. Web.

• Michael Vaughan. After Westphalia, whither the nation-state, its people, and its Governmental institutions? Brisbane: The University of Queensland, 2011. Web.
• Jovan Kurbalija. The golden age of diplomacy and technology . Web.
• David Onnekink. War and religion after the Westphalia, 1648-1713 . London: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2009. Web.
• Jovan Kurbalija. The golden age of diplomacy and technology . p. 2.
• Kenneth Holsti. “From state systems to a society of states: The evolution of international relations.” International Relations Journal 1, no. 2 (2010): 1-9. Web.
• Walter McDougall. Religion in diplomatic history. Web .
• Eric Engle. “The transformation of the international legal system: the post-Westphalia legal order.” The Quarterly Review of Literature 23, no. 23 (2004): 23-45.
• Ndey Jeng. Why Has the Westphalia State Failed to Function Effectively in Africa? Web.
• Eric Engle. “The transformation of the international legal system: the post-Westphalia legal order.” The Quarterly Review of Literature 23, no. 23 (2004): 23-45. Web.
• Ndey Jeng, Why Has the Westphalia State Failed to Function Effectively in Africa? Web.
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IvyPanda. (2024, March 13). Religion and Diplomacy During the Crusades. https://ivypanda.com/essays/religion-and-diplomacy-during-the-crusades/

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IvyPanda . "Religion and Diplomacy During the Crusades." March 13, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/religion-and-diplomacy-during-the-crusades/.

• The Peace of Westphalia and Its Hierarchy
• ”War and Religion After Westphalia” by David Onnekink
• Peace of Westphalia: Basis of International Relations
• Cosmopolitanism and the Moral Circle. Is Modern Warfare Justified?
• Westphalia and Modern International System
• The Natural Law Position in the Contemporary Legal Practice
• Peace of Westphalia: European Situation
• Post-Westphalia and Its Discontents
• Contours of a Failed State and Ameliorative Measures
• The Nation-State Today: Arguments by Mann and Meadwell
• The Battle of Bosworth
• Outcomes of the Wars of the Roses
• Why The Crusades Failed
• The Medieval Siege Warfare
• Crusaders Liberate Nicaea From the Evil Seljuk Turks

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• How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

Published on January 11, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on August 15, 2023 by Eoghan Ryan.

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . It usually comes near the end of your introduction .

Your thesis will look a bit different depending on the type of essay you’re writing. But the thesis statement should always clearly state the main idea you want to get across. Everything else in your essay should relate back to this idea.

You can write your thesis statement by following four simple steps:

• Start with a question
• Write your initial answer
• Develop your answer
• Refine your thesis statement

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Table of contents

What is a thesis statement, placement of the thesis statement, step 1: start with a question, step 2: write your initial answer, step 3: develop your answer, step 4: refine your thesis statement, types of thesis statements, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about thesis statements.

A thesis statement summarizes the central points of your essay. It is a signpost telling the reader what the essay will argue and why.

The best thesis statements are:

• Concise: A good thesis statement is short and sweet—don’t use more words than necessary. State your point clearly and directly in one or two sentences.
• Contentious: Your thesis shouldn’t be a simple statement of fact that everyone already knows. A good thesis statement is a claim that requires further evidence or analysis to back it up.
• Coherent: Everything mentioned in your thesis statement must be supported and explained in the rest of your paper.

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The thesis statement generally appears at the end of your essay introduction or research paper introduction .

The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts and among young people more generally is hotly debated. For many who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education: the internet facilitates easier access to information, exposure to different perspectives, and a flexible learning environment for both students and teachers.

You should come up with an initial thesis, sometimes called a working thesis , early in the writing process . As soon as you’ve decided on your essay topic , you need to work out what you want to say about it—a clear thesis will give your essay direction and structure.

You might already have a question in your assignment, but if not, try to come up with your own. What would you like to find out or decide about your topic?

For example, you might ask:

After some initial research, you can formulate a tentative answer to this question. At this stage it can be simple, and it should guide the research process and writing process .

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Now you need to consider why this is your answer and how you will convince your reader to agree with you. As you read more about your topic and begin writing, your answer should get more detailed.

In your essay about the internet and education, the thesis states your position and sketches out the key arguments you’ll use to support it.

The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education because it facilitates easier access to information.

In your essay about braille, the thesis statement summarizes the key historical development that you’ll explain.

The invention of braille in the 19th century transformed the lives of blind people, allowing them to participate more actively in public life.

A strong thesis statement should tell the reader:

• Why you hold this position
• What they’ll learn from your essay
• The key points of your argument or narrative

The final thesis statement doesn’t just state your position, but summarizes your overall argument or the entire topic you’re going to explain. To strengthen a weak thesis statement, it can help to consider the broader context of your topic.

These examples are more specific and show that you’ll explore your topic in depth.

Your thesis statement should match the goals of your essay, which vary depending on the type of essay you’re writing:

• In an argumentative essay , your thesis statement should take a strong position. Your aim in the essay is to convince your reader of this thesis based on evidence and logical reasoning.
• In an expository essay , you’ll aim to explain the facts of a topic or process. Your thesis statement doesn’t have to include a strong opinion in this case, but it should clearly state the central point you want to make, and mention the key elements you’ll explain.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:

• It gives your writing direction and focus.
• It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point.

Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

Follow these four steps to come up with a thesis statement :

• Ask a question about your topic .
• Write your initial answer.
• Develop your answer by including reasons.
• Refine your answer, adding more detail and nuance.

The thesis statement should be placed at the end of your essay introduction .

Cite this Scribbr article

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McCombes, S. (2023, August 15). How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved March 20, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/academic-essay/thesis-statement/

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Crusades'

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Gustafsson, Camilla. "Nature during the Crusades : Physical and psychological affects from the environment in crusader narratives." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-61611.

Throop, Susanna Anne. "Vengeance and the crusades 1095-1216." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/226852.

Baldwin, Philip Bruce. "Pope Gregory X and the crusades." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2012. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/2506.

Jensen, Janus Møller. "Denmark and the Crusades, 1400-1650 /." Leiden : Brill, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb410255447.

Mower, Andrew James. "English historiography of the Crusades, 1550-1660." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.634034.

Chamberlin, John M. "Imagining defeat an Arabic historiography of the crusades." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/07Mar%5FChamberlin.pdf.

Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben Marie. "The popes and the Baltic crusades, 1147-1254." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272117.

Ingram, Jared S. "Creeks and Open Spaces: Ned Fritz's Environmental Crusades." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1703302/.

Trotter, D. A. "Medieval French literature and the crusades : 1100-1300 /." Genève : [Paris] : Droz ; diff. Champion-Slatkine, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34929503g.

Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben. "The popes and the baltic crusades 1147-1254 /." Leiden : Brill, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41025557k.

Christie, Niall G. F. "Levantine attitudes towards the Franks during the early Crusades (490/1096 - 564/1169)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2741.

Rippon, Haydn R. "The digital crusades: The media and western European nationalists." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/95503/11/Haydn_Rippon_Thesis.pdf.

Lamey, Emeel S. "The Idea of ‘Holy Islamic Empire’ as a Catalyst to Muslims’ Response to the Second Crusade." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2359.

Ucar, Gulnur. "The Crusader Castles In Cyprus And Their Place Within The Crusading History." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605612/index.pdf.

Nelson, Laura M. "The Byzantine perspective of the First Crusade a reexamination of alleged treachery and betrayal /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5361.

Hurlock, K. S. "Wales and the Crusades in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521643.

Maxson, Brian. "The Crusades and the Lost Literature of the Italian Renaissance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6225.

Vertannes, Benjamin Stephen. "Crusade and reform : the language of Christian martyrdom, c.1095-1190." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708024.

Carr, Michael. "Motivations and response to Crusades in the Aegean c.1300-1350." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2011. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/740c3fde-bef4-80f0-0168-9a0addf7562b/9/.

Zwick, Daniel [Verfasser]. "Maritime Logistics in the Age of the Northern Crusades / Daniel Zwick." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1181096812/34.

Dutton, Claire Maria. "Aspects of the institutional history of the Albigensian Crusades, 1198-1229." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263341.

Evans, Michael. "The Crusades and society in the English Midlands, c.1160-1307." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339807.

Mitchell, Piers Dominic. "Trauma and surgery in the Crusades to the mediaeval eastern Mediterraenean." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401713.

Price, Jennifer Ann. "Cruce signatus : the form and substance of the crusading vow, 1095-1216 /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10394.

Cook, B. J. "The transmission of knowledge about the Holy Land through Europe 1271-1314." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356101.

Slack, C. K. "Regular canons and the Crusades in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238548.

Gosselin, Kyle. "Rhetorical Tales Of Jerusalem And Constantinople: Cities And Strategies Of The Crusades." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/827.

Spacey, Beth Catherine. "Miracles and marvels in Latin narrative histories of the Crusades, 1095-1204." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7267/.

Elias, John Marcel Robert. "The emotional rhetoric of the later Crusades : romance in England after 1291." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/267731.

Sbisa', Tiziana. "The Cathedral at Nicosia in the Age of Frederick II and Louis IX: Issues of Patronage, Structure, and Meaning." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1243841684.

Shimoda, Kyle S. T. "The "Gateways" of the Crusader Peloponnese: Castles, Fortifications, and Feudal Exchanges in the Principality of Achaea, 1204-1432." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524060867817435.

Boysel, Nicholas. "Bernard of Clairvaux and the Knights Templar the new knighthood as a solution to violence in Christianity /." Akron, OH : University of Akron, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=akron1249053482.

Byer, Silvia Giovanardi Cervigni Dino S. "Celestial crusades and wars in heaven the Biblical epics of the late 1500s /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1851.

Nimri, Hisham. "The Maronite Church from its establishment to the period of the first crusades." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2000. http://www.tren.com.

Romanova, Mariya. "La défense de l'État arménien de Cilicie (1073-1375)." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON30079.

DUCHESNE, David George. "THE CHANGING POSITION OF THE SERVING BROT HERS AND THEIR CARITATIVE FUNCTIONS IN THE ORDER OF ST JOHN IN JERUSALEM AND ACRE, ca 1070-1291." University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4086.

Packard, Barbara. "Remembering the First Crusade : Latin narrative histories 1099-c.1300." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2011. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/30bc10ac-ba25-0f0e-cef0-76af48433206/9/.

Perry, Guy J. M. "The career and significance of John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem, emperor of Constantinople." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6efad77d-921d-499a-8fa6-eccabcb0c608.

Leopold, Antony Richard. "Crusading proposals of the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries." Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/977/.

DUCHESNE, David George. "The changing position of the serving brothers and their caritative functions in the Order of St. John in Jerusalem and Acre, ca. 1070-1291." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4086.

Mack, Merav. "The merchant of Genoa : the Crusades, the Genoese and the Latin East, 1187-1220s." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/236169.

Petro, Theodore D. "Returning home from the first crusade : an examination of three crusaders : Stephen of Blois, Robert Curthose, and Robert II of Flanders." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1100450.

Pilhage, Olof. "The power of God : A study of power in medieval religious discourse regarding the crusades." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157290.

Lindsay, Sadé L. "Drug Epidemics and Moral Crusades: The Role of Race in Framing Issues of Substance Abuse." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492511444362458.

Ryan, Matthew James. "Law, Legislation, and Lending: An Examination of the Influence of the Crusades on the Usury Prohibition." NCSU, 2008. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04302008-233731/.

Izant, Christopher L. "The Crusades and Jihad: Theological Justifications for Warfare in the Western and Islamic Just War Traditions." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1560.

Smith, Thomas William. "Pope Honorius III and the Holy Land Crusades, 1216-1227 : a study in responsive papal government." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.591920.

Rapana, Jessica. "Cost, risk, legal practitioners and ‘personal crusades’ – Empirical research on why commercial litigants settle their disputes." Thesis, Rapana, Jessica (2021) Cost, risk, legal practitioners and ‘personal crusades’ – Empirical research on why commercial litigants settle their disputes. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/62944/.

Bouskill, Robert H. (Robert Howard). "Exempla and lineage : motives for Crusading, 900-1150." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23710.

Upton, Todd Patrick. "Sacred topography: Western sermon perceptions of Jerusalem, the Holy Sites, and Jews during the Crusades, 1095--1193." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3256407.

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