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Dropped object prevention.

The Definitive Guide to Dropped Object Prevention.

This is the ultimate guide to stopping dropped objects when working at height.

First, we’ll learn how tools at height present a constant danger and why dropped tool prevention is more important in the workplace today than ever.

Then, we’ll help you get a safety plan to stop the drops before they even happen.

We can’t just accept that drops are an inherent hazard at work. Instead, we’ll proactively look at how  tool lanyards  are a practical way to manage these risks.

Sound good? Let’s dive right in…

FREE BONUS: Download your own Dropped Object Handbook

• Dropped object definition
• International dropped object statistics
• Reveal the real cost of drops
• Case study: A dropped object fatality
• Understand what causes drops
• Learn about the physics of falling objects
• Discover the methods of containment
• How to train your team
• Get your own dropped object prevention plan

It’s easy for Health and Safety professionals to think dropped objects and falling tools are a problem too difficult to tackle head-on.

Often they’ll just put a sign up like this:

But we know that’s not good enough for you. That’s why you’re here.

So, how should you prevent dropped objects?

By the end of this guide, you’ll have the know-how to get to grips with these hazards at height and introduce your own drop prevention program.

What is a dropped object?

There are the two types of falling objects: Static Dropped Object Any object that falls from its previous position under its own weight (gravity) without any applied force. For example, failure caused by corrosion or vibration. Dynamic Dropped Object Any object that falls from its previous position due to an applied force. For example, collisions involving moving equipment or loads, snagging on machinery or stacked items, dislodged tools or equipment.

"On average, nearly 140 people are ‘Struck By A Falling Object’ every day in the US."

Dropped object statistics

Now it’s time to uncover the staggering dropped object incident statistics from around the world.

United States In the U.S. in 2016, there were 255 fatalities caused by a falling object. Source:  U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2016

On construction sites alone, there are an estimated 50,000 ‘struck by a falling object’ incidents every year. Source:  OSHA

United Kingdom The latest statistics from HSE’s Riddor Report 2017/18 show that dropped objects still rank in the top 3 of the UK’s workplace killers.

Falling objects also accounted for over 7,000 reported non-fatal injuries, with 75% of them resulting in over 7 days of lost work time each (2016/17).

Source:  HSE’s Riddor Report

Australia Between 2010 and 2014 falling objects in Australia caused:

• 125 fatalities (that’s more than ‘falls from height’ for the same period!)
• 15,410 Serious Workers Compensations Claims (A serious claim is an accepted workers’ compensation claim that involves one or more weeks away from work).

Source:  Safe Work Australia Traumatic Injury Fatalities, 2014 Source:  National Data Set for Compensation-based Statistics, Safe Work Australia

• Even in developed economies, dropped objects are still one of the top causes of fatality.
• With the probability of an incident so high, why has the danger been overlooked for so long?
• Today, no one deserves to be exposed to the risk of falling tools at work.

"Almost every 30 minutes, there is a serious ‘Drop Incident’ in Australia."

Safework Australia

The real cost of drops in the workplace

The costs of dropped objects can be divided into 3 main categories:

Time Dropping tools and equipment has a huge negative impact on productivity. Often tools fall long distances, requiring considerable time to retrieve. If they fall into water, machinery or other ‘non-retrievable’ locations, it can delay or even prevent the task being completed on schedule.

Money Dropping and losing tools costs money in terms of damage and replacement. The cost of retrieval in foreign material exclusion (FME) areas, like nuclear plants, can run into millions of dollars. Another important consideration is that, in the event of a dropped object incident, there can be lengthy legal implications and expensive bills to pay. If members of the public are involved, it can compound the problem and lead to other intangible costs, like brand and reputational damage.

Lives Most importantly, of course, is the potential loss of life. Even with recoverable injuries, it is traumatic for the persons and families involved – it can lead to the loss of income and ongoing medical expenses. Remember, if you are working in public areas, it is not just your workforce at risk, but anyone passing nearby.

Any time an employee dies at work, it is a tragedy with high emotional and financial consequences.

So, how much could just 1 dropped object incident cost you?

According to the National Safety Council, 1 employee death costs 1.4 Million US Dollars (Source:  National Safety Council, Injury Facts, 2015 Edition ). This includes the direct and indirect costs such as lawsuits, insurance and medical expenses, communications and public relations cost, government and industry fines, and the cost incurred by the time lost on a suspended project.

Don’t forget:

The cost of a workplace fatality extends far beyond the measurement of money.

The death of a colleague will have a deep emotional impact on the workforce. It can lead to numerous concerns, both internal and external to the company. Workers involved in the accident or employees who worked closely with the deceased co-worker can be affected psychologically. All of this impacts on team morale and productivity.

In reality, the true cost of every workplace fatality is incalculable.

• There are 2 types of costs, direct and indirect. Direct costs include legal and medical expenses, whereas reputational damage and lost time are examples of indirect costs.
• Is the uncertainty of unlimited incident costs worth the risk?
• Tool tethering  is like an insurance policy – for less than the cost of an incident, you can stop drops forever.

Case Study: Dropped Tape Measure Causes Fatality

A construction worker in New Jersey was working on a high-rise apartment complex some 400 feet above the ground when he dropped his tape measure.

It plummeted over 50 floors before ricocheting off a piece of equipment.

It struck a delivery driver on the side of the head, knocking him unconscious. He was taken to Jersey City Medical Center, where he died shortly afterwards. 

Expert Tip: Whilst it is observed that the delivery driver should have been wearing a helmet, due to the nature of the side impact of the dropped tool, it is no guarantee that the hard hat would have saved his life.

This incident helps to illustrate the direct and indirect costs caused by one dropped tool accident. Despite the fact that this residential and hotel complex was a crucial project in Jersey’s City’s revitalisation campaign, a small hand tool caused irreparable damage and led to the suspension of one of the largest development projects in Jersey City’s history.

One dropped tool accident cost a man his life – and irreversible loss to his family and community.

At the same time, the suspension of the project cost the main contractor an enormous amount of time and money spent trying to re-calibrate the project following the disaster. Following the accident, the main contractor was forced to contend with insurance costs, public relations, legal issues, and re-allocating and compensating the other contractors working on the suspended project.

Source:  New York Times

Summary A dropped object accident:

• Will leave you with irreparable damage – and what you can repair is going to cost a significant amount of money.
• Is one way to get media coverage, but probably not the sort your PR team strives for.

What causes dropped objects?

A host of factors can contribute to a dropped object incident.

Statistics show that around 30% of all dropped object incidents are related to design, technical or mechanical issues but almost half can be attributed to human factors.

Almost half of all dropped object incidents can be attributed to human factors

An understanding of the primary causes of the incidents can help conduct more thorough risk assessments by considering these during worksite hazard identification.

Here are the Top 10:

Inadequate Risk Assessment Failure to identify dropped object hazards A risk assessment can identify potential energy sources, index tools and equipment required for each task and increase worker awareness about the potential dangers of falling objects.

Human Factors Operator error, poor behaviour, complacency, neglect Inadequate training or awareness of hazards, operator error, complacency, neglect and poor reporting can result in compromised safety.

Inadequately Stored or Secured Tools No tool lanyards or tethers being used. No containment of loose items Hand tools, power tools, mobile phones, even Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) are all examples of equipment and tools that should be securely tethered with tool lanyards.

Inadequate Procedures Bad planning, no management of change As with risk assessments, if the management of change process isn’t in place to identify and control risk from the changes occurring in the workplace, unidentified and new risks may be missed.

Failed Fixtures and Fittings Corrosion, vibration, poor design, selection or improper installation Failed fixtures and fittings can and will often dislodge and fall. Regular inspection helps monitor any deterioration so that appropriate measures can be taken.

Poor Housekeeping Pre-existing hazards from previous tasks Workplaces and toolkits should be kept organised and tidy. Loose tools and equipment left around pose an unexpected risk to other workers.

Collisions and Snagging Lifting, travelling equipment,  tag lines , service loops Moving equipment, lifting and tag lines can all cause snagging or collision. The impact of collisions can cause breakage or create other dropped objects and debris.

Inadequate Inspection and Maintenance Ignoring unsafe conditions Regular inspections and maintenance repair schedules can help identify corrosion, damages, wear and tear to equipment and structural elements before they become a falling object risk.

Redundant, Neglected and Home-made Tools and Equipment These should be eliminated Home-made tools, improvised tool tethers, equipment that is uncertified, or even damaged tools that have been subjected to a previous fall can fail or break unexpectedly. Tools and tool tethering equipment should always be inspected before use.

Environmental Factors Wind, sea motion, ice, snow, extreme conditions The effects of these elements are more pronounced in exposed areas, such as working at height on oil rigs, can compromise the stability of equipment, tools and structural features.

• Human factors are responsible for nearly half of all dropped objects.
• Stopping drops requires a proactive and informed approach.
• Drop prevention training raises team awareness and encourages a collaborative approach.

Physics of falling objects

People often don’t realise the impact forces that are generated when an object is dropped.

Even with some form of protection, the result of being struck by an item of relatively low weight can be significant.

Here’s an example:

A 2kg hammer ↓ Dropped 5M ↓ Will have an impact force of over 1 Tonne. That’s like an elephant!

Dropped Object Calculator This calculator helps measure the potential consequences of a falling object and is a very useful tool during the risk assessment process.

• Here are a few considerations to bear in mind:
• With light objects (<0.1 kg) a key influencing factor is the effect of an object puncturing the skin and damaging tissue/internal organs. The calculator assumes a blunt object, so is not compatible with broken glass, metal shards etc.
• The wearing of standard PPE, eg hard hat, safety boots and eye protection, is assumed in the calculator.
• Do not subtract the height of an individual. Measure the complete fall distance to the ground.
• This dropped object calculator tool is a guide only, providing a cursory indication of the possible outcome.

Source:  DROPS

Deflections There are 2 primary types of incidents:

• Direct impact

Gravity as a force does all it can to make dropped items fall vertically.

But, life isn’t always straightforward. Dropped objects often have their vertical path obstructed, causing the tool to be deflected.

This turns the dropped object into a projectile.

You can see the effects of this in the NLG dropped object safety explainer video. 

An object that has fallen just 37m (100ft), hitting an obstruction at 6m (20ft), can be deflected over 66m (218ft) away – travelling up to 60mph!

To learn more about deflections, download your  Dropped Object Handbook .

• Dropped objects quickly build up a significant impact force – and remember, if they strike a person they don’t always just bounce off, they can penetrate soft tissue with disastrous consequences.
• A safe exclusion zone, that allows enough range for deflections, is rarely practical.
• With tool lanyards, dropped tools can be safely caught before any impact.

Methods of containment

There are many ways to prevent or reduce the risk of objects falling.

These include toe boards, handrails, netting and hard hats – these examples are all considered to be secondary defence (sometimes called mitigating controls). They are really a ‘back up’ system for when an object has been dropped and are designed to catch it or reduce the impact after the drop.

Tool tethering is a primary system (or preventative control) as it is designed to  stop the drop  in the first place. Today, proactive Health and Safety Officers across the globe are adopting this methodology and introducing tool tethering policies to stop drops before they happen.

Tool tethering is a preventative control as it stops tools from falling in the first place

Here are some examples of how to stop dropped objects:

Toeboards / Handrails Kickboards and handrails should be fixed on scaffolding, platforms and walkways. By using additional closed mesh solutions, plywoods or other solid surface materials, coverage can be provided for all the gaps through which items can potentially fall.

Netting Utilise safety mesh or rated barrier netting (with debris lining) in areas outside walkways and underneath conveyors, walkways, platforms and along building/structure perimeters to prevent the drop of materials to a lower level.

Working Platforms When possible, lower the working platform to the ground. Perform all work on a structure at ground level and then lift it into position once complete rather than taking the tools and equipment to height.

Tool Tethering System (Primary / Preventative Control) Utilise tool lanyards, tool tethers, tool pouches, tethering devices, holsters, tool buckets and other drop containment devices to secure tools and other equipment during work at height activities.

Training Provide worker education on the risks and outcomes of dropped objects and provide them with the means by which they can minimise that risk.

• Mitigating controls can help contribute to a broader dropped object prevention program.
• Preventative controls, like tool lanyards, will always be the most effective way to reduce incidents.
• Stay a step ahead by proactively managing risk out. Use the Hierarchy of Controls diagram in the handbook to help.

Dropped Object Prevention Training

A great way to start raising awareness is with videos.

Take this dropped objects safety video, for example, Killer on the Loose. 

A powerful way to kick things off, isn’t it?

Try using this, or one of these other  height safety videos , at your next safety meeting to start a discussion about dropped tools and objects.

You should also consider:

Toolbox Talks A  dropped objects toolbox talk  can help launch a program or refocus workers’ attention on tool safety and drop management.

With NLG, you can quickly get access to dropped object prevention PowerPoint presentations (ppt), along with posters and other quick-start guides.

Training Whether it’s classroom style or online, here are some typical course objectives:

• Understand and define what is a potential dropped object.
• Know how to identify a potential dropped object and the common causes.
• Review methods for the control and prevention of potential dropped objects.
• Understand roles and responsibilities in respect of potential dropped objects.
• Consider options for maintaining awareness and continuous improvement in the fight against gravity.

NLG Safety Academy Having your team onboard is crucial to a successful program.

Don’t leave it to chance.

NLG will support you with a structured plan so you can train and test your team’s understanding at every level.

By building on the best practices of  Dropped Object Prevention Scheme (DROPS)  and collaborating with other industry leaders, NLG has established one of the most trusted dropped object prevention training programmes.

With NLG’s simple training, you can grow your team’s understanding and award them with Approved Safety Academy certificates for successfully completing each course.

Now you can be confident that everyone is onboard and competent.

• If training is conducted in the correct manner, it will streamline the entire implementation process.
• Your workforce is worthy of the investment and will give their support for the project when the risks and objectives are clearly understood.
• Contribute to your team’s professional development and build a strong culture around drop prevention.

Dropped object prevention plan

The challenges of implementing a tool drop prevention policy can be daunting.

Understanding your legal requirements, digging into the facts and figures in your industry, presenting the case to the board, detailing your tool inventory, trying to find the right solution, rolling out a training program, not to mention handling negative feedback from disillusioned users.

You’re not alone.

In fact, we find a common thread of challenges that face Health & Safety leaders today.

Here are 5 of the most common concerns:

Awareness So many workers have been consistently exposed the risk of falling objects. This can lead to some inertia and give way to an attitude of complacency whilst ignoring the management of objects at heights.

Culture Whilst PPE generally can be interpreted as protecting ourselves, tool drop prevention requires a different perspective. It’s really about protecting our co-workers. Changing perspectives and getting support for a new initiative could be stressful.

Productivity It is frequently considered that tethering tools would lead to restricted tool functionality and therefore lower output. In turn, workers would be frustrated and job satisfaction decrease. Expert Tip: This is really a warning against the adoption of poorly designed drop prevention devices as tool tethering should never inhibit the correct use of the tool.

Variety How can one tool tethering system compass the vast range of tools used by different trades at height on my site? If there isn’t an answer to every question (or an option for bespoke products to my exact requirements), how will the project be sustainable?

Management Enforcement of a consistent tool lanyard standard could be difficult, particularly when subcontractors are involved. Once implemented, there could be additional responsibilities and pressure on the already busy inspection teams.

We understand. It’s easy to feel this way.

At NLG, we’ve helped hundreds of other companies avoid these challenges and guide them through the same process.

Now we’ll reveal how we’ve done it.

NLG 7 Framework™ The  NLG 7 Framework™  is a simple step-by-step plan that maps out everything you need to do on your journey towards your Zero Drop Zone™.

It’s a checklist used by the world’s most progressive organisations to deliver successful dropped object prevention policies, every time.

It will work for you too.

Stop drops, in 7 steps:

• Discovery Workshop
• Site Awareness
• Policy Template
• Spread the word

If you’re committed to stopping drops, you should use it too.

Dropped object prevention is not just an industry trend. It’s a best practice employed by proactive and aspiration safety leaders across the globe.

One drop can end a life, ruin a family, finish a business.

Organizations that are forward-looking and embrace the movement will be rewarded with more time, more profits, and a happier, healthier workforce.

Yes, it’s really that powerful.

One drop can end a life, ruin a family, finish a business

It used to be difficult to stop drops. But now it’s not.

Get started today.

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Home | Keeping Workers Safe Using Exclusion Zones on Worksites

Keeping Workers Safe Using Exclusion Zones on Worksites

Exclusion zones are designated areas on a worksite that are off-limits to certain individuals or groups of workers. These areas protect workers from hazards or dangers within the zone. In the construction sector, where there are often many different trades working on a site at any given time, exclusion zones can effectively keep workers safe.

Different Types of Exclusion Zones

Several types of exclusion zones may be used on a construction site. One common type is a “hot work” exclusion zone, an area where welding , cutting, or other types of hot work is performed. These activities can create sparks or other hazards that could ignite flammable materials, so keeping other workers out of the area until the work is completed is important.

Another type of exclusion zone is a “fall protection” zone, an area where workers may be at risk of falling from a height. This could include areas around open pits, holes, or other openings in the ground or areas where workers are working on elevated platforms or scaffolding. In these situations, it is important to establish an exclusion zone to keep workers out of harm’s way.

Exclusion zones can also protect workers from hazardous materials or substances. For example, suppose a site contains asbestos or other toxic materials. In that case, an exclusion zone can be established to keep workers away from the area until properly cleaned and decontaminated. Similarly, if a site contains hazardous chemicals or gases, an exclusion zone may be necessary to keep workers out of the area until the hazards have been removed or properly contained.

Clear Communication and Signage

In order to effectively implement exclusion zones on a construction site, it is important to have clear communication and signage. This includes posting signs or barriers around the exclusion zone to mark the boundaries and warn workers to stay out clearly. Training workers on using exclusion zones and identifying them is also important. This can be done through safety meetings, training sessions, or other methods.

The Thumbs Up procedure is a simple yet effective tool used on construction sites to improve worker safety and communication. The procedure involves each worker giving a visual signal (a thumbs up) to indicate they are ready to begin a task and understand any relevant safety procedures.

Using the Thumbs Up Procedure

Here are some steps for using the Thumbs Up procedure on construction sites:

• Communicate the Thumbs Up procedure to all workers on the site. This could be done through a safety briefing or training session.
• Before beginning any task, each worker should give a thumbs up to indicate that they understand the task and any related safety procedures.
• If a worker is unsure about any aspect of the task or the safety procedures, they should not give a thumbs up. Instead, they should raise their hand and ask for clarification before proceeding.
• If a worker observes another worker not following the Thumbs Up procedure, they should intervene and remind the worker to follow it.
• Supervisors should regularly check in with workers to ensure the Thumbs Up procedure is followed.

Using the Thumbs Up procedure on construction sites can help reduce the risk of accidents and injuries by ensuring that all workers are fully aware of their tasks and any related safety procedures. It can also promote open communication and encourage workers to speak up about any concerns.

Monitoring Exclusion Zones

In addition to providing clear communication and signage, it is important to have a system in place for monitoring and enforcing the exclusion zones. This may include assigning specific individuals to monitor the zones and ensuring that only authorized personnel can enter. It may also involve using security cameras or tracking devices to monitor the zones and ensure they are properly followed.

Exclusion zones are an important tool for keeping workers safe on construction sites. By designating areas where certain hazards or dangers may exist and communicating and enforcing the boundaries of these zones, construction companies can significantly reduce the risk of accidents and injuries on the job. By implementing effective exclusion zone policies and procedures, construction companies can help create a safer work environment for all their employees.

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RSS Infrastructure (RSSI), based in Birmingham, Cwmbran, Doncaster and Tonbridge, provides infrastructure services for the rail, civil, and utilities sectors. We serve clients like Network Rail, WMCA, HS2 and Tier 1 & 2 contractors. Our services include Arboriculture, Civils and Construction, Geofencing, Industrial Rope Access (IRATA), Magnetic Track Safety, Rail Operations including Possession Management and P/Way, Rail Welding, Signalling, and Track Warning Services.

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Josh, a civil plant operator, takes a break from his duties to talk about the importance of paying close attention to exclusion zones while working on a construction site. 

About this seminar 

Practicing safe work methods is essential when working in a high-risk industry like construction. This video highlights the need for exclusion zones to ensure the safety of everyone working on-site. 

Exclusion zones are not always identical in appearance – they can be a nightline reflective flag, solid fencing or a barrier. However, in each instance they have a highly functional purpose. This includes, but is not limited to, allowing a high-risk activity to proceed, or to act as a barrier around a trench of 1.5 metres or deeper. 

Josh also shares his commitment to working safely in order to maintain his happy life at home. 

Who is this seminar for? 

This video is for all workers, contractors, supervisors and business owners working in the construction industry. It may also be useful for visitors to a construction site. 

About the presenters 

Josh works as a civil plant operator in the construction industry. 

Supporting information

• Construction Industry Profile  
• model Code of Practice: Construction work  
• Work Health and Safety Perceptions: Construction Industry  (report) 

We develop national policy relating to WHS and workers' compensation.

What is the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone?

Here's a look at one of the most radioactive places in the world.

• How dangerous is it?
• Life inside the zone
• People inside the zone
• Visiting the zone

Additional resources

Bibliography.

The Chernobyl Exclusion Zone is one of the most radioactive places in the world. On April 26, 1986, a disastrous meltdown at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine (in the former USSR) led to two enormous explosions that blew the 2,000-ton (1,800 metric tons) lid off one of the plant's reactors, blanketing the region with reactor debris and its radioactive fuel. The explosion released into the atmosphere 400 times more radiation than was produced by the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima , and nuclear fallout rained down far and wide across Europe, according to a report by the European Parliament . 

On May 2, 1986, a Soviet Union commission officially declared an off-limits area around the disaster and called it the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. The zone includes an area of roughly 1,040 square miles (2,700 square kilometer) around the 18.6 mile (30 km) radius of the plant; the area was considered the most severely irradiated environment and was cordoned off to anyone but government officials and scientists, according to the U.S. Department of Energy . By April 27 (the day after the explosion), officials had already evacuated the nearby city of Pripyat, but fresh orders in May were given to evacuate everyone who remained within the exclusion zone. Over the following weeks and months, around 116,000 people would be relocated from inside the exclusion zone. This number continued to grow, reaching a total of around 200,000 people before the end of the evacuation, according to the International Atomic Energy Agency .

Related: 5 Weird things you didn't know about Chernobyl

According to the U.S. Department of Energy , during the first year of its existence, the 18.6 mile (30 km) mile exclusion zone was further split into three distinct regions:

— The inner exclusion zone: the high-radiation region within a 6.2 mile (10 km) radius of the plant from which the population was to be evacuated and permanently forbidden reentry.

— The zone of temporary evacuation: a moderately irradiated region to which the public could return once the radiation had decayed to safe levels.

— The zone of rigorous monitoring: a sporadically irradiated region from which children and pregnant women were moved into less irradiated areas in the immediate aftermath of the disaster.

The exclusion zone has expanded in subsequent years. When the Ukranian exclusion zone is added together with the neighboring Belarusian exclusion zone, the combined area makes up an approximate 1,550 square miles (4,000 square kilometers), according to the European Radioecology Exchange Alliance .

At the beginning of 2022, increasing tensions between Russia and NATO over Ukraine's potential membership to the western military alliance has also led to an increased guard presence inside the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, according to Sky News . The region, which lies close to Ukraine's northern border with Russia's ally Belarus and straddles the most direct route between it and Ukraine’s capital, Kiev, was stationed with 7,500 more border guards between December 2021 and February 2022.

How dangerous is the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone?

More than 100 radioactive elements were released into the atmosphere immediately after the disaster, according to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The most dangerous of them were isotopes of iodine , strontium and cesium , which have respective radioactive half-lives (the period of time it takes for half of the material to decay) of 8 days, 29 years and 30 years. The majority of the elements released were short-lived (meaning their half-lives are no more than a few weeks or even days), but the long half-lives of strontium and cesium mean they are still present in the area. At low levels, iodine can cause thyroid cancer; strontium leukemia; and cesium has especially damaging effects on the liver and spleen, according to the IAEA.

Still other radioactive elements released in the explosion are much longer lived, such as plutonium -239 which has a half-life of 24,000 years. And so despite the entire Chernobyl Exclusion Zone being much less radioactive today than it was in the days immediately following the disaster, the longest-lived radioactive materials inside the zone could still take thousands of years for half of their atomic nuclei to decay, according to the National Geographic . Radiation readings taken within the zone show that its more contaminated areas still contain dangerous amounts of radiation.

By the end of 1986, the USSR had hastily built a concrete sarcophagus  around the exploded reactor to contain the remaining radioactive material, according to Science . Then, in 2017, officials built a larger, second enclosure, this one made of steel, around the sarcophagus called the New Safe Confinement structure, which was 843 feet (257 meters) wide, 531 feet (162 m) long and 356 feet (108 m) tall. This enclosure was designed to completely enclose the reactor and its sarcophagus for 100 years, according to World Nuclear News . Even so, much of the nuclear fuel inside the reactor is still smoldering, leaving scientists monitoring the site concerned that the material could explode again, Live Science previously reported . If it were to explode, the force could cause the sarcophagus to collapse, burying the nuclear material under even more rubble.

A further source of concern for scientists observing the exclusion zone is the irradiated trees in the woodlands surrounding the plant. Not long after the explosion, many of the trees closest to the power plant absorbed so much radiation that they turned a bright orange before dying, earning the region the nickname of the "Red Forest." The dead trees were eventually bulldozed and buried, but a lot of surviving plant life absorbed large amounts of dangerous radionuclides, which in the event of a forest fire could be sent aloft as inhalable aerosols.

Life inside the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone

Today, the exclusion zone is filled with a variety of wildlife species that have flourished in humanity's absence. Wolves, wild boars, beavers, moose, eagles, deer, lynx and bears have all thrived in the zone’s thick woodlands. Packs of dogs, the now feral descendants of the region's abandoned pets, also roam the zone, according to the BBC . British ecologists studying the region have also found that the population of the Przewalski's horse, an endangered wild horse species originally from Mongolia has exploded inside the zone, they reported in 2016 in The Biologist .

Despite mostly appearing in good health, some of the zone's animals carry high levels of cesium in their bodies, and birds in the area are 20 times more likely to have genetic mutations, according to a 2001 study in the journal Biological Conservation . Insects were among the hardest hit by the sudden spike in radiation levels, with significant reductions in their populations in the most irradiated regions, according to a 2009 study in the journal Biology Letters .

Do people live inside the exclusion zone?

The zone is not completely without people, either. In the years following the disaster, roughly 200 residents, known as "samosely," illegally returned to their evacuated villages to eke out an existence in their once abandoned homes. The samosely are mostly retired individuals, and they survive primarily through subsistence farming and care packages delivered by visitors, according to ABC News . 

How to visit the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone

Since 2011, when the exclusion zone was deemed safe to visit by site managers, growing numbers of tourists have also flocked to visit the area. While parts of the zone remain dangerously radioactive, visiting is relatively safe as long as tourists are led by experienced guides, according to Responsible Travel . The zone itself is a little over two hours drive from Kiev. Visits take one day, starting and ending with passages through official checkpoints to measure exposure to radiation, according to the State Agency of Ukraine on Exclusion Zone Management . 

— Images: Chernobyl, frozen in time

— 10 times HBO's 'Chernobyl' got the science wrong

— Chernobyl nuclear disaster 25 years later (Infographic)

Those who work inside the zone, as scientists, administrators or tour guides, have been known to refer to themselves as "stalkers" after the Andrei Tarkovsky film of the same name. The Soviet science-fiction movie (which was released seven years before the disaster in 1979) tells of an expedition led by a stalker into a reality-warped restricted site known as the "Zone," where there is said to be a room which grants a person their innermost desires. Curiosity about the exclusion zone was also generated by a 2019 HBO mini-series based on the Chernobyl disaster ; and Live Science previously reported that visitation rates jumped by 30-40% after the series aired.

• The latest news about the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant can be found on their website .
• Answers to long-standing questions about the health effects of the Chernobyl disaster according to the World Health Organization .
• Answers to frequently asked questions about the Exclusion Zone can be found on the International Atomic Energy Agency's website .
• Insights into Chernobyl's growing wildlife populations can be found on the UN Environmental Programme's website .

Serhii Plokhy, Chernobyl: The History of a Nuclear Catastrophe, Basic Books, 2018

Svetlana Alexievich, Voices from Chernobyl: The Oral History of a Nuclear Disaster, Picador Books, 1997

Katie Canales, Photos show what daily life is really like inside Chernobyl's exclusion zone , Business Insider, April 20, 2020.

Chris Baraniuk, The guards caring for Chernobyl's abandoned dogs , BBC Future, April 23, 2021.

Neel Dhanesha, How nature has taken over Chernobyl , Popular Science, July 21 2021.

Jane Braxton Little, Forest fires are setting Chernobyl's radiation free , The Atlantic, August 10 2020

Adam Tooze, Chartbook #68 Putin's Challenge to Western hegemony - the 2022 edition , January 12 2022.

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Ben Turner is a U.K. based staff writer at Live Science. He covers physics and astronomy, among other topics like tech and climate change. He graduated from University College London with a degree in particle physics before training as a journalist. When he's not writing, Ben enjoys reading literature, playing the guitar and embarrassing himself with chess.

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Lifesaving Rule: Plant Exclusion Zones (RRV Operations) Key Principles

Oct 23, 2014

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Lifesaving Rule: Plant Exclusion Zones (RRV Operations) Key Principles Mandatory Briefing for ALL PTS holders. Person Plant Interface (RRV Operations) Key Principles. Our Lifesaving Rules.

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Lifesaving Rule: Plant Exclusion Zones (RRV Operations) Key Principles Mandatory Briefing for ALL PTS holders.

Person Plant Interface (RRV Operations) Key Principles Our Lifesaving Rules Over the past six months we have consulted with over 1,300 staff members, union colleagues, suppliers and other organisations to develop our Lifesaving Rules. We have agreed11 Lifesaving Rules. They’re here to protect all of us. If you’re ever asked to break or ignore any of these Rules, you have the right to say no. For more information please speak to your line manager.

Person Plant Interface (RRV Operations) Key Principles Lifesaving Rule: Plant Exclusion Zones RRV’s are dangerousand unpredictable. That’s why our new Lifesaving Rule requires us to keep a clear exclusion zone around all moving machinery. Before you pass or work near an RRV always make sure you have permissionfrom the Machine Controller or Crane Controller. When in doubt ASK B4U PASS Never enter the agreed exclusion zone, unless directed to by the person in charge.

Person Plant Interface (RRV Operations) Key Principles Walking past - Risk Applicable to ALL When you need to move past a machine stopat a safedistance Make contactwith the MC/CC Only proceedwhen authorisedby the MC/CC MC/CC Waiting for authority to pass Machine operating area

Person Plant Interface (RRV Operations) Key Principles Working in the vicinity of a machine - Risk Applicable to ALL Before you workin the vicinity of a machine you must first make contact with the MC/CC The MC/CC will informyou if you can work in that particular area Only when you receive this authorityfrom the MC/CC can work commence MC/CC Waiting for authority to start work Machine operating area

Person Plant Interface (RRV Operations) Key Principles Working with a machine - Risk Applicable to ALL You mustdiscuss with MC/CC what type of work is required to be carried out The MC/CC will informyou when this work can commence Only when you receive this authority from the MC/CC can you undertake this work MC/CC Waiting for authority to work with machine Machine operating area

Person Plant Interface (RRV Operations) Key Principles MC/CC - Important Reminder Alwaysbe aware of the area around your machine Do not let anyone enter the area where the machine is operating without your permission Only allow site personnel to pass your machine when it is safeto do so Anyone entering your area without your permission ‘stand down’ the machine and report it to the Site Supervisor/Team Leader

Person Plant Interface (RRV Operations) Key Principles Machine Operator – Important Reminder The MC/CC will inform you of the work location, work activity, site risks and personnel authorisedto work in/near the operating area of the machine Always be aware of personnel working with or near your machine Any unauthorisedpersonnel entering your operating area ‘stand down’ your machine and inform the MC/CC

Person Plant Interface (RRV Operations) Key Principles Our Lifesaving Rules For more information on the Lifesaving Rules please visit: www.safety.networkrail.co.uk/LSR

Person Plant Interface (RRV Operations) Key Principles Lifesaving Rule: Plant Exclusion Zones

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OHS Induction Training

[Organisation’s Title] Environmental Management System

OH&S IN THE MUSIC INDUSTRY – WK 2, SEMESTER Why do we need it? Due to injuries within the workplace, and the increase of litigation and responsibilities.

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1 CHCOHS312A Follow safety procedures for direct care work.

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VETiS Moderation meetings – November 2012 Welcome to the Australian Institute of Education and Training.

Ship Recycling Facility Management System IMO Guideline A.962

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Basics of OHSAS Occupational Health & Safety Management System

 Work Experience 2014 Work Health Safety INDUCTION.

Safety Induction to the Lift & Escalator Industry

Organization and Implementation of a National Regulatory Program for the Control of Radiation Sources Regulatory Authority.

Hansen – Managing Safely 1 Risk Assessment for Responsible Managers and Lead Assessors Mark Mallen Health and Safety Manager Fenlock Hansen Ltd.

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Z.O.N.A Project X Review

Z.O.N.A Project X got my attention after watching some early access gameplay, around the time the game launched in full. It looked like the game was going to bring the feeling of the S.T.A.L.K.E.R series to VR.

In the game you are placed into the shoes of Freedom Fighter, who is the only known surviving member of an attack on your train. You are soon screwed over by the person that rescued you and left to fend for yourself in Chernobyl’s exclusion zone. The question is, can you survive, find your missing squad, get revenge on your rescuer and find what you were originally looking for?

Z.O.N.A Project X plays out as a survival game in a way, however, there wasn’t very many times I found myself struggling to find ammo or resources – there was only a few times where I was thinking I better reserve ammo and try and avoid combat. I don’t know if I was just lucky, it just seemed every time ammo started to run low, I would find a room with either ammo-boxes to refill the magazines or just magazines in general.

When it comes the combat and guns, I feel that this handles well, and the iron-sights and attachments seem to be accurately calibrated. I would recommend always storing a magazine for your gun on your body, otherwise you will be in a panic trying to get one out of your backpack mid-battle – I forgot to do this a few times and in most cases it ended in death.

Now, one area I had issues with the weapons, was in a rush to reload my guns at times I would accidentally remove the sight and drop it, resulting in having to look for it in the long grass. This is quite easy to do, as the cocking mechanism is close to the sight in most cases – and it is quite easy to use the wrong button to remove it.

The game will throw a good number of enemy types at you, as well as a number of anomalies that need to be avoided in different ways. This keeps the game feeling fresh as you make your way through the wastelands, as you might suddenly come across a new enemy type to take out or avoid.

At first I was quite annoyed by the lack of a map on your PDA, as it seemed I was just exploring looking for the next area or ending of the current section. However, as I moved further into the game, I noticed the sense of exploration really is a great for a game set in an exclusion zone.

PRESENTATION

Visually the games depicts a dilapidated nuclear exclusion zone perfectly, and holds-up well in the graphics department. There is a few flat textures here and there, but these do no pull you out of the immersion – and is understandable on how busy some of the areas are with foliage with the areas being abandoned. With the size of the development team the work they have done with the visuals is really impressive.

The sound really sets the atmosphere perfectly, and for me this is by far the strongest part of the game. The storms, the environmental sounds, the moans and groans of the monsters and the sound of the guns are fantastic. As I was exploring each location, you can get a real feeling of dread, as the atmosphere sets the tone of what is going on in the exclusion zone.

My only real issue with the audio is that there is no voice acting, meaning you are going to reading all the radio messages you get in the game. But, this is something AGaming+ is looking to address in the future, and with it being small development team, I can understand why this is might not be present.

COMFORT/CONTROLS

When it comes to comfort, the game offers limited options. This allows for seated and standing play and snap or smooth turning only. Meaning no teleport of vignettes for those who require these options. Also the game offers a pick-up system like Alyx or by manual pick ups – there is an option to turn off gravity pick-ups if you want to remove this completely.

TRACKED CONTROLLERS

The game took around five to six-hours to complete, and comes with two endings. In this time I only played one of the endings, so I could go back in and try and get the peaceful ending. This is something I might do further down the line as I enjoyed what I played. So, getting both endings is going to make the game have more longevity.

REVIEWED USING VIVE PRO EYE & INDEX CONTROLLERS

For the purposes of transparency, this review was created using a review code provided by the company or their respective PR company. The use of a press code does not affect my judgement of the product.

REVIEW OVERVIEW

Z.O.N.A Project X brings a real S.T.A.L.K.E.R vibe, but in virtual reality. With AGaming+ really depicting the dilapidated exclusion zone in Chernobyl well, this is then brought to life by the atmosphere through the use of audio, which sets the tone perfectly. With solid gun-play, survival elements and a good variety of enemies ranging from dogs, mutants, zombies, soldiers and some anomalies keeping the game feeling fresh as you progress. If you are looking for game that feels close to S.T.A.L.K.E.R in VR, I would recommend giving this one a chance.

GAME DETAILS

Release Date: August 25 2023 Developer: AGaming+ Publisher: AGaming+ Price: US $14.99 / CA $19.49 / €14,99 / £9.99

BUY Z.O.N.A Project X

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Drone attacks in Moscow’s glittering business district leave residents on edge

People stroll at embankment of the Moscow River in Moscow, Russia, Tuesday, Aug. 1, 2023, with the “Moscow City” business district in the background. The glittering towers of the Moscow City business district were once symbols of the Russian capital’s economic boom in the early 2000s. Now they are a sign of its vulnerability, following a series of drone attacks that rattled some Muscovites shaken and brought the war in Ukraine home to the seat of Russian power. (AP Photo/Dmitry Serebryakov)

A couple sit in a park in Moscow, Russia, Tuesday, Aug. 1, 2023, with the “Moscow City” business district in the background. The glittering towers of the Moscow City business district were once symbols of the Russian capital’s economic boom in the early 2000s. Now they are a sign of its vulnerability, following a series of drone attacks that rattled some Muscovites shaken and brought the war in Ukraine home to the seat of Russian power. (AP Photo/Dmitry Serebryakov)

Police officers stand near the Red Square in Moscow, Russia, Tuesday, Aug. 1, 2023. The glittering towers of the Moscow City business district were once symbols of the Russian capital’s economic boom in the early 2000s. Now they are a sign of its vulnerability, following a series of drone attacks that rattled some Muscovites shaken and brought the war in Ukraine home to the seat of Russian power. (AP Photo/Dmitry Serebryakov)

People stroll at the Red Square in Moscow, Russia, Tuesday, Aug. 1, 2023. The glittering towers of the Moscow City business district were once symbols of the Russian capital’s economic boom in the early 2000s. Now they are a sign of its vulnerability, following a series of drone attacks that rattled some Muscovites shaken and brought the war in Ukraine home to the seat of Russian power. (AP Photo/Dmitry Serebryakov)

People sit in a cafe in Moscow, Russia, Tuesday, Aug. 1, The glittering towers of the Moscow City business district were once symbols of the Russian capital’s economic boom in the early 2000s. Now they are a sign of its vulnerability, following a series of drone attacks that rattled some Muscovites shaken and brought the war in Ukraine home to the seat of Russian power. 2023. (AP Photo/Dmitry Serebryakov)

A view of the damaged building is seen in the “Moscow City” business district after a reported drone attack in Moscow, Russia, early Tuesday, Aug. 1, 2023. Ukrainian drones again targeted Moscow and its surroundings early Tuesday morning, the Russian military reported. Two of three launched were shot down outside Moscow, while one crashed into a skyscraper in the Moscow City business district, damaging the building’s facade. (AP Photo)

Investigators examine an area next to damaged building in the “Moscow City” business district after a reported drone attack in Moscow, Russia, early Tuesday, Aug. 1, 2023. Ukrainian drones again targeted Moscow and its surroundings early Tuesday morning, the Russian military reported. Two of three launched were shot down outside Moscow, while one crashed into a skyscraper in the Moscow City business district, damaging the building’s facade. (AP Photo)

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The glittering towers of the Moscow City business district dominate the skyline of the Russian capital. The sleek glass-and-steel buildings -- designed to attract investment amid an economic boom in the early 2000s – are a dramatic, modern contrast to the rest of the more than 800-year-old city.

Now they are a sign of its vulnerability, following a series of drone attacks that rattled some Muscovites and brought the war in Ukraine home to the seat of Russian power.

The attacks on Sunday and Tuesday aren’t the first to hit Moscow — a drone even struck the Kremlin harmlessly in May. But these latest blasts, which caused no casualties but blew out part of a section of windows on a high-rise building and sent glass cascading to the streets, seemed particularly unsettling.

“It’s very frightening because you wake up at night hearing explosions,” said a woman who identified herself only as Ulfiya as she walked her dog, adding that she lived in a nearby building. Like other Muscovites interviewed by The Associated Press, she did not identify herself further out of fear of retribution or for her personal safety.

Another resident, who gave her name as Ekaterina, said Tuesday’s blast “sounded like thunder.”

“I think for the first time, I got really scared,” she said. “I don’t understand how people in a war zone can live like this every day and not go mad.”

The Russian Defense Ministry said it shot down two Ukrainian drones outside Moscow and had electronically jammed another, sending it crashing into the IQ-Quarter skyscraper that houses government offices like the Ministry of Economic Development, the Ministry of Digital Development and Communications, and the Ministry of Industry and Trade — the same building that was hit Sunday.

A cordon went up around the building and personnel from the fire department and the Russian Investigative Committee were at the scene. Hours later, residents strolled through the district along the Moscow River or sat on benches in the sunshine. By about 1 p.m. Tuesday, workers were already starting to replace damaged windows.

The business district, a 10-minute subway ride west of the Kremlin, is home to some of Moscow’s flashiest restaurants, offering far-reaching views of the capital and a menu of upscale fare like three types of caviar, shellfish from Russia’s Far East and French cuisine.

But there was no escaping the grim news.

While Russian state television has largely played down the strikes, one channel sandwiched a segment on how Moscow’s air defenses successfully intercepted the drones in between reports highlighting Russian attacks on Ukraine.

Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser to President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, said in Ukraine that Moscow “is rapidly getting used to a full-fledged war,” without confirming or denying Kyiv’s involvement in the drone attacks that in recent days have struck from the capital to the Crimean Peninsula .

After Sunday’s strike, the Kremlin said security would be ramped up.

Still, the size of the drone that hit the Moscow City district led analysts to question the effectiveness of the capital’s air defenses, suggesting it could have been launched from Ukraine.

“If this is the case, this would be rather embarrassing for Russia’s air defenses. If a drone has been in Russian airspace for hours, air defenses should have picked it up earlier and shot it down earlier,” said Ulrike Franke, an expert in drones and military technology at the European Council on Foreign Relations.

While they haven’t caused much physical damage, bringing the drone campaign to Moscow “blows holes in Russia’s narrative that the war on Ukraine is successful and that it is being prosecuted far away from any consequences for the Russian people themselves,” said Keir Giles, a Russia expert at the Chatham House think tank in London.

“That is something which is going to be harder and harder for Russia’s propaganda machine to explain away,” he said.

A Muscovite who identified himself to the AP only as Eldar summed up the strikes this way: “We attack them, they attack us. And it’s obvious that they will succeed somewhere, and we will succeed somewhere. We should try to strengthen the defense.”

In Odintsovo, where some of the drones were downed about 30 kilometers (18 miles) southwest of the capital, some residents discussed the events on their local Telegram channel.

One woman talked about hearing noises that turned out to be a car or improperly closed trash containers, and seeing what she thought were drones but actually were a flock of birds, a plane and a wind-blown plastic bag.

“How is it possible to live like this?” she asked the group.

“Stop creating panic,” one member admonished her.

“If you hear a noise, be happy because it hasn’t hit you,” added another.

Burrows reported from Tallinn, Estonia.

Follow AP’s coverage of the war in Ukraine at https://apnews.com/hub/russia-ukraine