logic and critical thinking freshman course chapter 3 afaan oromoo

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Freshman course logic and critical thinking

2021, Ethiopian freshman course logic course

FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND HIGHER EDUCATION LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING COURSE CODE: PHIL 1011

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This contribution gives an overview of the epistemological approach to argumentation. It explains what an 'epistemological approach to argumentation' is, and justifies this approach as being better than a rhetorical or a consensualist approach. It systemizes the main directions and theories within the epistemological approach according to their criteria for good argumentation. It presents contributions by epistemological argumentation theorists to major topics of argumentation theory. Finally, it introduces the articles of the two special issues of "Informal Logic" about the epistemological approach to argumentation.

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This paper explains how a fallacious argument can be deceptive by appearing to be a better argument of its kind than it really is. The explanation combines heuristics and argumentation schemes. Heuristics are fast and frugal shortcuts to a solution to a problem. They are reasonable to use, but sometimes jump to a conclusion that is not justified. In fallacious instances, according to the theory proposed, such a jump overlooks prerequisites of the defeasible argumentation scheme for the type of argument in question.

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LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING LAST YEAR EXAM FROM UNIT 1-4 QUESTIONS AND THEIR ANSWERS

  LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING

FROM UNIT 1-4

QUESTIONS AND THEIR ANSWERS FROM LAST YEAR EXAM

WWW.OROTECHY.COM

1. According to Socrates philosophy not consists

A. Critical habit

B. Eternal vigilance

C. Reverence for truth

2. The often held set of views or belief about life and universe describes which feature of philosophy?

B. Informal

C. Wholeness

D. Logical analysis

3. Identify the field that deals with the deep nature of reality and existence.

A. The field of philosophy, Epistemology

B. The field of philosophy, Axiology

C. The field of philosophy, Metaphysics

4. Which one of the following deals with the body and mind of human relationship.

A. Cosmological

B. Theological

C. Ontological

D. Anthropological

5. …  Seeks where basic reality in matter found

A. Cosmological aspect of metaphysics

B. Ontological aspect of metaphysics

C. Anthropological aspect of metaphysics

D. Theological aspect of metaphysics

6. One of the following asks what is truth as well as the way in which we know whether it is or not?

A.  The field of philosophy,  Metaphysics

B.  The field of philosophy,  Axiology

C.   The field of philosophy,  Epistemology

7. By studying physics textbook Abraham understand the as earth revolves around the the sun. Your knowledge source here is:

A. Authority

B. Empiricism

C. Intuition

D. Revelation

8. In which type of knowledge source logic is a central core?

A. Empiricism

B. Intuition

C. Revelation

D. Rationalism

9. One is not the question of axiology?

A. What does it mean value

B. From where value came

C. How do we know truth

D. How to justify values

10. Identify the one not included under normative ethics

A. Deontological

B. Moral intuitionism

C. Teleological ethics

D. Virtue ethics

11. Which government form is the best? Which branch of ethics deals with this question?

A. Aesthetic

C. Normative

12. The meaning of good/bad? Which branch of ethics study this;

A. Normative

C. Meta ethics

13. Identify premise indicator from the below lists.

A. Owing to

C. Accordingly

D. It may be that

14. All Ethiopians are Africans. Abdul is Ethiopian. Therefore Abdul is African.

A. Inductive argument

B. Deductive argument

C. Conductive argument

D. None of the above

15. Identify non argument expression from the below list.

A. A pieces of advice

B. Statement of belief

D. Explanation

16. 82 bananas are selected randomly from a basket containing 100 bananas and they were found to be ripe.

B. Conductive argument

C. Deductive argument

D. All of the above

17. Which one is not deductive argument indicator word?

A. Definitely

B. Certainly

C. Plausibly

D. Absolutely

18. God is benevolent . Hence He has no any evil. Which from deductive argument is this?

A. Argument from analogy

B. Argument from pure mathematics

C. Argument from causal inference

D. Argument from definition

19. It was sunny for the whole of this week. This indicates that it will be sunny for the next weeks. The base for the above argument is:

B. Causation

C. Prediction

20. Deductive argument is invalid when:

A. When  conclusion is not true (false) and  premise is true

B. When  conclusion is true and  premise is not false(true)

D. When all true premise and all true conclusion

2 1. When the false premise actually support the conclusion, the argument is:

D. Uncogent

22. This room contains 100 computer. 80 of them are black in colour. It can be concluded that all the computers are red in colour. What this argument can be?

A. It is a valid inductive argument

B. It is a sound deductive argument

C. Weak inductive argument

D. Strong inductive argument

23. One of the following is not indicator of weak inductive argument?

D. Less than

24. Cogent argument is;

A. All true premise and strong

B. Single true conclusion and false premise

C. All false conclusion and false conclusion

D. Weak and one or both false premise

25. Which one of the following is not weakness of cognitive function of language?

A. Ambiguity

B. Vagueness

C. Lack of precision

26. I love Hawi. Which function of language this statement describes?

A. Cognitive function

B. Emotive function

C. Directive function

27. Identify from the following what " terms " do not consists?

A. Proper names

B. Common names

C. Descriptive phrases

28. Artists are persons like, Hachalu Hundessa, Gelana Garomsa, Tadele Gemechu. What type of definition this represents?

A. Connotation

B. Denomination

C. Denotation

D. Intentional

29. One of the following is not purpose of definition in logic:

A. To avoid confusion

B. Avoid obscurity

C. To introduce new words

D. To avoid misleading use of words

E. All of the above

F. None of the above

30. "Operation Sun set" What type of definition;

B. Stipulative

C. Precising

D. Theoretical

31. Which type of definition give restriction to the meaning of terms?

A. Theoretical

D. Stipulative

32. Window means this and this. This kind of definition is:

A. Ostensive

B. Enumerative

C. Definition by subclass

D. All can be the answer

33. In which type of definition definiendum is equal with definiens?

A. Operational

B. Definition by genus and difference

C. Etymological

D. Synonymous

35. The word "captain" is from latin; caput, meaning head. Which type of  intentional definition is this?

A. Synonymous

B. Operational

D. Definition by genus and difference

36. See means observe. Which one of the following intentional definition type is this?

B. Synonymous

C. Definition by genus and difference

D. Etymological

37. "Human being" means a featherless biped. Which rule of lexical definition is not satisfied here?

A. Standard of proper grammar

B. Should avoid circularity

C. Should not be too narrow

D. Should convey essential meaning

38. Identify the one not included in standard of critical thinking

A. Consistency

B. Relevance

C. Completeness

D.  None of the above

39. Taye says one thing and performs another thing. Which standard of critical thinking Taye lacks here?

B. Logical consistency

C. Practical consistency

D. Fairness

E. Accuracy

40. One of the following is not traits of uncritical thinkers.

A. Impatient with complexity

B. Preoccupied with themselves

C. Base judgement on first impression

D. Willingly pay attention to others view

41. One of the following is not included under barriers to critical thinking:

A. Wishful thinking

B. Relativistic thinking

C. Unwanted assumption

D. Egocentrism

E. None of the above

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Afaan Oromo/Chapter 04

• 1 Phone Conversation
• 2.1 Group 1: Regular Verbs
• 2.2 Group 2: Double-consonant Ending Stems
• 2.3 Group 3: - chuu Verbs
• 2.4 Group 4: Vowel-Ending Stems (Irregular Verbs)
• 2.5 The verb “To be”
• 3 Morphology
• 4 Verbs in the Affirmative
• 5 Verbs in the Negative
• 6 Chapter Vocabulary

Phone Conversation [ edit | edit source ]

[For translation see here ]

Verb Groups for Conjugation [ edit | edit source ]

Most Oromo dictionaries will list verbs in their infinitive (e.g., beekuu - “to know”), and all infinitives end in - uu . The verb stem is this infinitive form with the final - uu dropped. The stem of beekuu is therefore beek -, and the verb is conjugated by adding suffixes to this stem (e.g., beekti - “She knows”). Oromo verbs fall into one of four groups based on their stem ending.

Group 1: Regular Verbs [ edit | edit source ]

Most verbs in Oromo are “regular”, that is, they attach the regular person- and number-based suffix to their stem without any changes to the stem or suffix. These are verbs with stems that do not end in: a double consonant, ch , a vowel, y , or w . The present-future conjugations for deemuu are shown below as an example with suffixes in bold.

Verbs that don't fall into one of the other three categories follow this pattern of conjugation.

Group 2: Double-consonant Ending Stems [ edit | edit source ]

If the verb stem ends in a double consonant, a slight modification of the regular verb conjugation must be made because Oromo does not allow three consonants to occur in a row. For nuti , ati , isin , and isheen forms, an i is added to the regular suffix. The example of arguu is given below with suffixes in bold.

Other verbs that follow this pattern include: gadduu , rommuu , and gorsuu .

Group 3: - chuu Verbs [ edit | edit source ]

Many verb infinitives end with - chuu . For these verbs, the ch changes to dh in the ani form and to t for all other forms. Then the standard suffixes are applied. The example of nyaachuu is given below with stem changes and suffixes in bold.

Note that the t changes to n for the nuti form. This morphology is covered in the next section of this chapter.

Other verbs in this group include: jirachuu , fudhachuu , argachuu , guddifachuu , barachuu , and gubachuu .

Group 4: Vowel-Ending Stems (Irregular Verbs) [ edit | edit source ]

Infinitives that end with - a'uu , - o'uu , - u'uu , - e'uu , and - i'uu behave as regular verbs for ani , inni , and isaan forms. However, for the other forms, the stem and/or suffix will deviate from regular conjugations. Irregular verbs are discussed in more depth in the grammar appendix. Below are examples of the main patterns of irregular verb conjugation.

The verb “To be” [ edit | edit source ]

The verb for “am/are/is” in the present tense is expressed by dha , which does not conjugate. Often, it is left off for simple sentences. One can say, for example, “ nuti duwwattoota ” or “ nuti duwwattoota dha ” to mean “we are visitors”. Sentences and questions where the subject is left off typically use dha , as in “ fayyaa dha ?” and “ gaarii dha ”. Questions using interrogative pronouns do not typically include dha .

Examples: “ Maal inni ?” — “What (is) it?” “ Maqaan kee eenyu ?” — “What [lit. Who] (is) your name?” “ Gatiin saa meeqa ?” — “How much (is) its price?” “ Akkam ati ?” — “How (are) you?”

Morphology [ edit | edit source ]

Certain consonants will change when placed before or after other particular consonants. These morphological changes are predictable and follow the table below. The most common changes are: 1) an initial t in a suffix will change to d if the stem ends in b , g , d , and 2) an initial n in a suffix will change to an r or l if the stem ends in r or l , respectively.

Verbs in the Affirmative [ edit | edit source ]

For the first person singular ( ani ) form, the suffix - n (or - an to a consonant) must be added to the word preceding the verb, or the preverb nan must be used to express the verb in the affirmative. In speaking, the first method is the most common.

Examples: “I live in Jimma” — “ Jiman jiraadha ” or “ Jima nan jiraadha ” “I want to eat” — “ Nyaachuun barbaada ” or “ Nyaachuu nan barbaada ” “Yes, I have” — “ Eeyyeen qaba ” or “ Eeyyee, nan qaba ”

For other forms, an optional preverb ni [1] may be used. Typically, if there is no object in the sentence, the ni is mandatory.

Examples: “Do you want a bijaj [motorcycle taxi]?” — “ Baajajii ni barbaadda ?” or “ Baajajii barbaadda ?” “He works” — “ Inni ni hojjeta ” (but not “ Inni hojjeta ”) “It's enough” — “ ni ga'a ”

Verbs in the Negative [ edit | edit source ]

To express “not/don't/doesn't” in Oromo the word hin is added before the verb (either as an attached prefix or as a separate word), and the last vowel in the verb conjugated in the affirmative changes as follows: a → u , i → u , u → an . Deemuu is given as an example below.

The exception to this is the negative form of dha , which is miti meaing “am not/are not/is not”. Like dha , miti does not conjugate for person or number.

Examples: Rakkoo miti — “It's not a problem” Sun kitaaba koo miti — “That is not my book” Ani lammii Itoophiyaa miti — “I am not Ethiopian”

Chapter Vocabulary [ edit | edit source ]

Notes [ edit | edit source ].

• ↑ The ni is often pronounced “in”, which unfortunately sounds very similar to the negative marker hin . For instance, ni ga'a for “it's enough” is typically pronounced in ga'a . One must listen to the conjugation of the verb to determine if it's in the affirmative or negative (e.g., hin ga'u “it's not enought”).

• Book:Afaan Oromo

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