the bluest eye themes essay

by Toni Morrison

Bluest eye themes.

We first learn of Pecola because her family is “outdoors,” and the county decides to place her in the MacTeer household until her parents can find their feet again. Outdoors, the colloquial term Claudia and her community use for homelessness, “was the real terror of life,” and a threat that “surfaced frequently in those days” (Morrison 10). The Bluest Eye is set in 1941, a few years after the end of the Great Depression; at this time, poverty was a real looming threat for most American families. Being black only compounded the issue, and families like the Breedloves buckled under the strain. Their poverty fuels the fights and arguments between Cholly and Mrs. Breedlove, fights that result in an actual fire the day that Cholly decides to burn their house down. This fire and her family’s poverty do land Pecola onto the paths of Claudia and Frieda, who become her only friends of her age group, but we wonder what Pecola could have been had her family been wealthy, or even just well-off. We see a potential answer in Maureen Peal , whose “high-yellow” skin color, light eyes, and obvious wealth afford her a smooth path through life.

Beauty is one of the most powerful forces and themes in The Bluest Eye . When the Breedloves are introduced as a family, we are told that they’ve remained stagnantly poor through the years because they believe they are ugly. Thus begins a two hundred page long treatise on beauty’s pervasive power. For the Breedloves, poverty and ugliness are linked, whereas success and beauty are linked. They’ve reconciled themselves to lives of failure and impoverishment because their outward appearances require it. In this way, beauty becomes a type of currency, and the Breedloves are poor because they don’t possess it.

At the root of Pecola’s personal despair and self-loathing is the idea that because she isn’t beautiful according to societal standards of conventional beauty, she deserves the ridicule, negligence, and violence meted out to her. Rather than hope for society to change, Pecola prays that she will change and one day wake up with blue eyes, an ultimate marker of beauty. Pecola inherits these destructive ideas and beliefs from her mother. As a young woman, Pauline Breedlove often goes to the movies and encounters very distinct images of physical beauty. Beauty is in the white skin, blue eyes, and blonde hair of the actors and actresses on the silver screen. Taking those benchmarks, Pauline makes a scale of beauty, and every face she encounters she assigns to some category on her scale, including her own and her family’s. She then in turn equates physical beauty with virtue and ugliness with sin, resulting in the development of self-contempt. This is the legacy that Pecola inherits.

The ideas about beauty that the Breedloves and other members of Lorain’s black community subscribe to are rooted in the doctrine of colorism, which is discussed in the “Themes” and “A Brief Overview of Colorism” sections of this ClassicNote. The character of Claudia is intended to represent the part of the black community that doesn't “buy into” colorism or hold whiteness up as a beauty ideal. We see this when Claudia refuses to ogle over the Shirley Temple cup with Frieda and Pecola, and her confusion at receiving a blue-eyed and yellow-haired Baby Doll for Christmas. She doesn’t understand why the world around her believes the Baby Doll is something to wish for and treasure. Later on in life, this confusion morphs into a realization of society’s biased and “universal love of white baby dolls, Shirley Temples, and Maureen Peals” (Morrison 145). Claudia begins to wish for someone to say out loud that they want Pecola’s black and incestuous baby to live, just to counteract this overwhelming love of white beauty. Sadly, aside from her and Frieda, no one does, not even Pecola’s own mother. Again, we witness the force of beauty’s power.

Female Sexuality

Female sexuality is explored and displayed in a myriad of ways in The Bluest Eye . The first is the undeveloped and confused sexuality of the young girls, Claudia, Pecola, and Frieda. When Pecola has her first menstruation, she has no idea what’s happening and asks if she’s going to die. This demonstrates that her mother, the first source of information for young girls about their bodies and sexuality, has not talked to her or prepared her for the developments her body will eventually experience. This is juxtaposed with Frieda, who immediately knows what’s happening because her mother did take the time and effort to educate and teach her daughter about her body. Though Mrs. MacTeer does subscribe to the belief that young girls shouldn’t know of sex and sensuality, as evidenced by her rage when Rosemary Villanucci accuses her daughters of “playing nasty,” she does recognize that her daughters need to know about female sex development.

Pecola’s budding sexuality is violently and tragically stunted near the end of the novel when her father rapes her. But she’s not the only female in the novel to have a complicated relationship to her own sexuality. Women like Geraldine , who Morrison highlights in “winter,” regard sexuality and sex clinically, like an uncomfortable doctor’s visit they wish would end. Fearful of passion and funkiness, these women endure sex because it’s one of their duties as a wife, but don’t seek sexual gratification from their husbands. Instead, like Geraldine, they may stumble upon it in unlikely places, like a sanitary napkin or cat that happens to graze against their private areas. These women don’t demonstrate ignorance of their sexuality like the young girls do. Rather, they demonstrate a lack of desire to even learn or explore their sexuality. Their desire for cleanliness and orderliness trumps whatever desire they have for their sexuality.

This is in sharp contrast to the sex workers China, Poland, and Marie (Marginot Line). These women exemplify female sexuality in its rawest form. They are unapologetic in their use of their sexuality and bodies as currencies and a means of making a livelihood for themselves. They don’t lament their loss of innocence, or see sex as something they owe the men in their lives without any thought of their own pleasure or satisfaction. If Geraldine represents one end of the sexuality spectrum, China, Poland, and Marie represent the other, and a woman like Pauline, who did find sexual fulfillment and pleasure with her husband in the early days of their marriage, falls somewhere in the middle.

Violence takes various forms in the novel. The most obvious form is physical violence, such as the brutal altercations Cholly and Mrs. Breedlove regularly have. Pecola is also a recipient of physical violence, first at the hands of her classmates when they throw rocks at her, and again when her father rapes her. This is a type of sexual violence that she cannot recover from, especially once her mother blames her for the rape and beats her in punishment. A second, less obvious, but more powerful form of violence is the verbal abuse and social ostracizing Pecola receives from her community. This is a pernicious violence that occurs in a series of micro-aggressions, such as no one sitting next to her at school, boys calling her black and accusing her of seeing her father naked, and Geraldine speaking hatefully towards her. Eventually these micro-aggressions swell into an overwhelming tide that Pecola can’t swim against, and when combined with the physical violence she has received from her parents, her mind cracks.

Eyes occupy a privileged place and play a critical role in the novel. Pecola of course views blue eyes as a panacea for her problems, and pays close attention to the eyes of everyone she encounters. For example, when looking into Mr. Yacobowski ’s blue eyes, she sees his disgust and anger for her reflected in them. With her own eyes, she can’t see herself clearly because she’s so preoccupied by what she believes everyone else sees when they look at her. It becomes a vicious circle—Pecola carries herself in an ugly and awkward way because she believes that’s what people see when they gaze at her, and so that’s what people do see when they look at her. As Morrison attests, Pecola “is not seen by herself until she hallucinates a self,” which happens only once she believes she’s acquired blue eyes. At that point, she needs someone, a self, to marvel at her new beautiful eyes.

Unfortunately for Pecola, her new eyes are merely a symptom of her fragmented mind and undoing. For the other characters of the novel, eyes are a means of seeing and perceiving the world around them. Though characters may see the same things, they perceive them in radically different ways, which testifies to the subjectivity of seeing. For example, when Mrs. MacTeer sees a disheveled and frantic Pecola, she sees a young girl in need of a mother’s comfort and love. However, when Geraldine sees the same thing, she sees a “nasty little black bitch” (Morrison 70). Thus, the trite saying “beauty is in the eyes of the beholder” gets a fresh take in The Bluest Eye .

Colorism and Racial Self-Loathing

The prejudice and treatment that Pecola receives because of her skin color is called "colorism," a sister type of discrimination that has only recently been studied and researched. In colorism, those with lighter skin are given preferential treatment while those with darker skin are often treated harshly. We see this exhibited in the differing treatment Maureen Peal and Pecola receive. Implicit in colorism is love and preference for whiteness, and dislike and rejection of blackness. When Black Americans practice colorism, they display something Morrison calls “racial self-loathing,” or “the damaging internalization of assumptions of immutable inferiority originating in an outside gaze” (Morrison 157). Put simply, Black Americans, like Pecola, her family, Geraldine, and the rest of their community, took the racism meted out by American society and turned it inwards. They began to hate themselves and their blackness because society told them to. The young boys who insult Pecola by chanting “black e mo” at her are a prime example of this, as is Geraldine calling Pecola a “nasty little black bitch” (Morrison 48 and 70). They themselves are black, and yet use blackness as vitriol. Subliminally, they are agreeing with society’s condemnation of black as ugly, and in The Bluest Eye Morrison attempts to uncover how a child reaches this point of racial self-loathing.

Cycle of Suffering

In her writings about The Bluest Eye Morrison makes it clear that her goal was not to demonize or blame the people in Pecola’s life for her undoing. Yes, Cholly and Mrs. Breedlove are agents of their daughter’s collapse, but they themselves suffered from many of the same feelings and insecurities Pecola struggles with. In the text, Morrison offers a view of Cholly and Mrs. Breedlove’s formative years to illustrate how oppression, suffering, and poverty are cyclical, and can transcend generations. Cholly, for example, is abandoned by his mother and father, and so abandons his own children emotionally and psychologically because he never learns how to be a father. Mrs. Breedlove also demonstrates this theme, because she takes the colorism and racial self-loathing she developed as a young woman and passes it down to her children. We’ll never know if Pecola would have broken this cycle of suffering, but since Sammy runs away from home like his father did when he was a young man, all signs point to this cycle continuing.

Bluest Eye Questions and Answers

The Question and Answer section for Bluest Eye is a great resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel.

Bluest eyes

Check this out:

https://www.gradesaver.com/bluest-eye/study-guide/summary-prologue-and-autumn

Why does pecola enter Junior's house and what is her first impression of it?

Lured by the promise of a new kitten, Pecola follows him. Pecola is mystified by the size and beauty of the house, the clean furniture, the bits of decoration and evidence of care.

What does the word "festers" mean? What does it communicate about the Breedlove household?

Feester: To worsen, especially due to lack of attention . The prejudice and treatment that Pecola receives because of her skin color is called "colorism," a sister type of discrimination that has only recently been studied and researched. In...

Study Guide for Bluest Eye

Bluest Eye study guide contains a biography of Toni Morrison, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.

• About Bluest Eye
• Bluest Eye Summary
• Character List

Essays for Bluest Eye

Bluest Eye literature essays are academic essays for citation. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Bluest Eye.

• The Music and Silence of The Bluest Eye
• Pecola-The Bluest I
• Morrison Deconstructs White Standards of Beauty in The Bluest Eye
• The Front Tooth and My Foot
• The Unexamined Other: Confronting the Social Hypocrisy of Maureen in The Bluest Eye

Lesson Plan for Bluest Eye

• About the Author
• Study Objectives
• Common Core Standards
• Introduction to Bluest Eye
• Relationship to Other Books
• Bringing in Technology
• Notes to the Teacher
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• Bluest Eye Bibliography

Wikipedia Entries for Bluest Eye

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Literary Theory and Criticism

Home › Literature › Analysis of Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye

Analysis of Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye

By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on January 15, 2021 • ( 0 )

The Bluest Eye (1970) is Toni Morrison’s first published novel. The novel takes place in the 1940s in the industrial northeast of Lorian, Ohio, and tells the story of Pecola Breedlove, a young African-American woman who is marginalized  by her community and the larger society. Individually and collectively people mark Pecola and her dysfunctional family as falling outside the boundaries of what is normal and, thus, as undesirable. Pecola’s story intersects with and contrasts with that of the novel’s primary narrator, Claudia MacTeer, whose coming of age, while challenging, is not the alienating, ultimately impossible situation experienced by Pecola.

The novel addresses the social forces that drive understanding and definition of cultural constructs such as beauty, normalcy, family, and sexuality. These constructs are a particular issue for African- American communities that often are excluded from representation. Through exposure of the embedding of the dangerous hierarchies associated with these concepts into our primary narratives— reading primers, movies, and products—the novel demonstrates the difficulties of growing up and of surviving for African-American young women. Morrison examines the impact of this exclusion on individuals and on the community as a whole. Using Pecola’s story as a focal point, The Bluest Eye reveals the destructive impact of social hierarchies and of social invisibility.

The Bluest Eye, written during the 1960s, reflects the increasing awareness during that time of the impact of representation on identity formation. Many African Americans during that time rejected cultural stereotypes and worked to create a more accurate and affirmative understanding of African-American life. The Bluest Eye also echoes the public expressions of many African-American women in the late 1960s and early 1970s that addressed their particular situation and concerns.

The Bluest Eye is a coming-of-age narrative that tells the parallel, but very different stories, of its protagonists, Pecola Breedlove and Claudia Mac- Teer, two African-American young girls faced with a world that disregards their existence and undermines their sense of self-worth during the adolescent years that are central to healthy identity formation. Unlike Pecola, Claudia survives the damaging impacts of this invisibility. Claudia has her family, which, while challenged by the post depression realities of African-American life, manages to convey to their daughter the knowledge that her intact survival to adulthood is one of their central concerns. Pecola, having no such reassurance, falls through the cracks created by history, racism, and sexism, and, at the novel’s end, is permanently psychologically fractured.

The Bluest Eye begins with a replication of the Dick and Jane Readers that were one of the primary instruments used to teach generations of American children how to read. By reproducing the primers at the beginning of the novel, The Bluest Eye questions the story told in the primers of the lives of the fictional Dick and Jane and their family. This narrative of family life is artificial and flat, yet, in its use as such a central tool in teaching millions of children to read, the narrative became a powerful sign of what is normal and desirable—a story that inevitably impresses itself upon the child who is in the process of acquiring literacy.

In The Bluest Eye , the Dick and Jane narrative represents an accepted, almost invisible controlling narrative, against which each of the primary characters unconsciously evaluates her own existence. The story becomes a litmus test against which the characters measure their self-worth. Both of these primary characters, Claudia MacTeer and Pecola Breedlove, move through the four seasons of the novel, autumn, winter, spring, and summer, in search of validation of their lives.

The plot of the novel begins with an invitational narrative voice that tells the reader the secret of Pecola’s rape and impregnation by her father. Presumably, this voice is the adult Claudia looking back on her childhood and trying to reconcile her successful survival of childhood with the tragedy of Pecola’s life. The novel, in part, is Claudia’s revisiting the details of Pecola’s story as well as her own acquisition of adult understandings. Claudia explains to the reader that she and her sister, with childlike belief, feel that they will be able to save Pecola and her unborn child/sister by planting marigold seeds. The seeds they plant, like all of the other marigolds that year, never bloom. Likewise, Pecola and her child/sister are doomed to stillbirth. The novel is, in part, the adult Claudia’s desire to come to terms with her helplessness and, perhaps, to do the only thing she possibly can for Pecola: tell her story.

Toni Morrison (Photo by Deborah Feingold/Corbis via Getty Images)

The first chapter of the Autumn section of the novel presents the details of Claudia MacTeer’s life with her family. The chapter begins with the revelation of Claudia and her sister Frieda’s envy of their next door neighbor, Rosemary Villanucci. Rosemary flaunts her family’s superior economic position by sitting in her family’s 1939 Buick. Rosemary taunts Claudia and Frieda by telling them that they cannot come into the Buick. The girls retaliate by beating Rosemary up when she emerges from the car. Rosemary inexplicably responds by offering to pull down her pants. Claudia and Frieda do not allow Rosemary to expose herself, understanding that the act would be demeaning to her, but even more demeaning for them. Rosemary’s behavior may be the first introduction to the issue of incest, an issue that pervades The Bluest Eye. Rosemary may respond to Claudia and Frieda’s violence by offering her sexuality because that is a way in which she has successfully averted physical violence in the past.

Claudia’s experience of the world is infused with the presence of her mother, Mrs. MacTeer. Claudia speaks of a childhood illness that she believes is a source of irritation to her mother. In retrospect, she concludes that her mother is simply busy and overwhelmed with the work of keeping her family healthy and intact, and that her impatience is a sign not of indifference but of profound love and concern. Claudia learns from her mother’s conversations with other adult women in the town. She and her sister do not always understand the words of the women, but they learn from the sounds, the intonations of their conversations, valuable information about becoming an adult woman.

In order to make ends meet, the MacTeers take a boarder into their home, Mr. Henry. Claudia and Frieda adore Mr. Henry because, unlike the other adults in their lives, he pays attention to them, speaks to them directly, and calls them by the names of famous movie stars. The MacTeers also have another visitor about the same time as the arrival of Mr. Henry. Cholly Breedlove, Pecola’s father, burns down the Breedlove home, and so Pecola Breedlove temporarily lives with the MacTeers.

While Pecola is at the MacTeers’, Claudia contrasts Pecola and Frieda’s adoration of white girlhood— in the form of white baby dolls and the child star, Shirley Temple —with her own disdain for white girls. Claudia does not understand what makes white girls more acceptable, more adored. This adoration comes from all the adults she knows, black and white. When Claudia receives a white doll for Christmas, she destroys it in an attempt to discover what it contains that makes it so desirable. All she discovers is the metal cylinder that makes the doll bleat.

Instead of receiving a white baby doll, Claudia wants a more sensual experience. She wants to eat peaches in her grandmother’s kitchen, smelling violets while her grandfather plays the violin just for her. Claudia also rebels against the mandatory cleanliness of her nightly bath. She feels that the bath removes all of her inventiveness and creativity, the essence of herself; however, Claudia discovers that conformity is a necessary element of maturity and, eventually, she learns to love her white dolls and Shirley Temple, and to take baths without complaint.

While at the MacTeers’, Pecola marks one of the passages from girlhood to womanhood when she begins her menstrual period. The incident is traumatic for Claudia and Frieda as well. Rosemary Villanucci sees the girls trying to help Pecola and accuses them of playing inappropriately. Mrs. MacTeer, hearing Rosemary’s accusation, begins to punish her children by spanking them until she realizes what has occurred. Claudia and Frieda are impressed with Pecola’s emerging womanhood. As the girls fall asleep that night, Pecola, after having been informed that she can now have a baby, ponders how that happens. Claudia innocently tells her that she has to be loved. Pecola, who never has been loved, wonders how someone gets another to love them.

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The novel shifts focus to the Breedloves and to their house and their lives. The family lives in a storefront that has been converted to a two-room apartment. Even the Breedloves’ furniture reflects their status because it is torn and undesirable. The family believes that they themselves are, like the house and the furniture, ugly—the opposite of the fictional Dick and Jane. They are defined as ugly because they do not look like the culture’s definition of beautiful. They are black and poor and do not see any affirmation of their reality anywhere.

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The Breedloves’ self-definition as ugly confirms the messages they receive from both the African-American and white communities. The contempt and exclusion they experience in the world becomes a template for their internal interactions. The family’s exchanges consist almost entirely of verbal, physical, and ultimately sexual abuse. Pecola’s brother, Sammy Breedlove, copes with the bleak realities of the family’s life by regularly escaping, running away. Pecola uses the exact opposite strategy and internalizes her feelings, transforming them into self-hatred and an overwhelming longing to disappear. It is this longing that is the source of Pecola’s craving for blue eyes, for the bluest eyes possible. She believes that if she, like Shirley Temple and Jane, has blue eyes, a central marker for beauty in the dominant culture, then she will be loved and her life will be bearable.

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The disregard and abuse Pecola experiences within her home are echoed in her encounters in the world beyond the storefront. When she journeys to the candy store to purchase her favorite candy, Mary Janes, the storekeeper Mr. Yacobowski does not even look at her and tries to avoid touching her when they exchange money. The candy provides Pecola with an artificial respite from her misery. Consuming the Mary Janes becomes for her a fleeting opportunity to imagine herself to be the little girl depicted on the wrapper, a girl who is desirable enough to be consumed.

Like the MacTeers, the prostitutes Marie, China, and Poland, who live in an apartment above the Breedloves’ storefront home, acknowledge Pecola’s humanity and treat the child decently. The women tell Pecola stories of their lives and her conversations with them feed her curiosity to discover what love is and how one becomes lovable.

The section of the novel entitled Winter follows the first section entitled, Autumn. Like the Autumn section, Winter begins with Claudia’s narration. She describes her father’s protective stance toward his family and the elements, including winter weather, that threaten it. One of those external threats presents a danger to Claudia’s self-esteem and sense of well-being. A new girl, Maureen Peal, arrives in town from the big city of Toledo, Ohio. The response that Maureen, an upper-middleclass, light-skinned, green-eyed, well-dressed child receives from the adults and the children in the community leads Claudia to question the source of their adoration and to recognize that characteristics as superficial as physical appearance are often determiners of the treatment one receives in the world.

Maureen Peal and Pecola Breedlove present opposing points on the spectrum of acceptability, with Claudia falling somewhere between the extremes of adoration and rejection the other two girls receive. One day, Claudia, Frieda, and Maureen Peal are walking home from school and encounter a bunch of boys taunting Pecola. The boys tease Pecola about her skin color and her poverty. Particularly, the boys repeat over and over that Pecola’s daddy sleeps with no clothes on, a jibe that refers both to the family’s poverty and suggests some sort of sexual impropriety. In defense of Pecola, Frieda breaks up the circle of boys, and the girls invite Pecola to join them. Maureen Peal offers to buy an ice cream cone for Pecola. Since the MacTeer girls have no money, they do not eat ice cream and are envious of Maureen’s seeming wealth.

As the girls continue to walk, their conversation turns to the adolescent topics of menstruation, pregnancy, and male nakedness. Maureen and Pecola begin to quarrel about whether Pecola has ever seen her father naked as the boys earlier accused. This conversation leads to a larger argument that ends with Maureen Peal accusing all of the girls of the same thing the boys had earlier accused Pecola of—being dark-skinned, poor, and, most pointedly, of falling outside normative behavior. Maureen defends herself by distinguishing herself from the girls and asserting that she is cuter than them and, therefore, better than them. After this event, Claudia and Frieda are left to grapple with the question of the role and hierarchies of physical beauty— hierarchies that mark them as less valuable, desirable, and worthy than those who are perceived as more beautiful.

Immediately following the incident with Maureen Peal, Claudia and Frieda have another discovery that impacts their understanding of the world and their corresponding loss of innocence. The girls find Mr. Henry in their house with the prostitutes China and Miss Marie. Mr. Henry encourages the girls to lie to their mother—to not tell her about his transgression. The girls decide not to reveal Mr. Henry’s secret.

The last chapter of the Winter section again contrasts the coming-of-age experiences of Claudia and Frieda and Pecola. Although Claudia and Frieda have difficult situations to negotiate, none of them are as destructive as the circumstances Pecola faces. This final chapter of Winter begins with an account of a type of middle-class African- American woman who traveled north in the GREAT MIGRATION in search of education and better opportunities. Here Morrison critiques the premise of assimilation—the idea that one has to conform completely to the ideal constructions of the dominant culture and, in that process, abandon all of the markers of identity that are associated with the marginalized culture. In order to bolster their own sense of self, the women make clear distinctions between colored people and niggers and firmly disassociate themselves from the latter.

The character, Geraldine, is the representative of this group of women. She is obsessed with appearance—her house, her clothes, her hair—and values the order of her life above relationships with her husband and her child, Junior. Junior is, therefore, malicious and abusive. The family lives next to the playground of the school, and Junior, in his isolation, longs to interact with his peers but is forbidden to do so. His frustration manifests itself inhis treatment of those with less power, the cat his mother loves and, during one afternoon, Pecola.

Junior lures Pecola into his house and then throws his mother’s cat in her face. The cat scratches Pecola, and she tries to escape the house, but Junior will not let her go. Junior again throws the cat at nearly the same moment his mother arrives. Geraldine blames the entire situation on Pecola and, seeing her as a representative of all that she is trying to escape—poverty, disorder, despair—calls the child a bitch and orders her out of the house.

The third section of The Bluest Eye, Spring, contrasts the traditional expectations of the season—hopefulness, regeneration—with the realities of human existence. Mr. Henry molests Frieda by fondling her breasts. The MacTeers once again demonstrate their clear affection for their daughters and investment in their safety by violently throwing Mr. Henry out of the house. Frieda overhears a neighbor, Mrs. Dunion, suggesting that some permanent damage may have occurred to Frieda. The idea of being ruined frightens Frieda, mainly because she does not understand what is meant by the word. The only association the girls have with the words is its use in reference to the prostitutes they have heard described as ruined and so they think that being ruined means being fat. They believe that whiskey will prevent Frieda from becoming fat, so they go on a quest for alcohol.

Claudia and Frieda believe that Pecola will know where they can get alcohol, so they go to her house. She is not there, and Miss Marie tells them that Pecola is with her mother at a house by the lake. Miss Marie offers them a pop and suggests that they wait for Pecola with her on the porch. Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to come into her house, and Miss Marie laughs and throws a glass bottle at them. The girls find Pecola at the lake in front of the house where Pauline works as a maid and they decide to walk home together. While they are waiting, Pecola knocks over a blueberry pie her mother has made and the blueberries stain Pauline’s floor and burn Pecola’s legs. Rather than showing the girl compassion and concern, Pauline beats and violently scolds her daughter. Pauline’s affection and consideration is reserved for the white daughter of the family for whom she works.

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The next three chapters of Spring tell the stories of Pauline, Cholly, and Soaphead Church. Pauline’s story traces her origins from rural Alabama where she is born as the ninth of 11 Williams children. She is treated differently from the rest of the children, a difference the narrator speculates might stem from a limp Pauline develops as a child following an accident where she steps on a rusty nail. Pauline receives comfort from ordering and cleaning items in her parents’ home. She also loves church music and conflates the images of a savior with her teenage romantic fantasies. This conception of romantic love establishes her expectations for the relationship she eventually develops with Cholly.

Pauline and Cholly’s relationship begins with high expectation and a move north to Lorain, Ohio. In Lorain, Pauline feels excluded by women who see her as country and unsophisticated. Pauline begins to purchase clothes and makeup to bolster her self-esteem, while Cholly begins to drink heavily. The two begin to argue and Pauline turns to motion pictures for comfort. She tries to imitate the appearance of the movie stars until she breaks a front tooth eating candy. Pauline then gives up on trying to imitate the beauty ideals of the dominant culture and settles on adopting the role of wronged wife. This role makes her a perpetual victim and gives her a way to justify and organize her emotional and psychological life. Along with giving up on creating her identity, Pauline stops trying to create a home. She prefers the order she can create in the homes of her white employees where she feels in control and valued.

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Cholly’s story is bleaker than Pauline’s. Cholly is abandoned at four days old by his mother who has some mental deficiency. Cholly’s Aunt Jimmy rescues the baby and raises him until her death, when Cholly is 13. Following Aunt Jimmy’s funeral, Cholly has an encounter that defines the rest of his life. Cholly embarks on his first sexual encounter in the woods with a young woman named Darlene. As the two young people begin to discover how sexuality works, hunters stumble upon them and force the two to copulate under their violating gaze. Cholly, unable to defend himself or Darlene against this attack, turns his anger and impotence toward Darlene. This channeling of frustration to those weaker than him is a pattern he will repeat throughout his life with devastating consequences for those close to him.

Following the funeral and the incident in the woods, Cholly erroneously thinks he has impregnated Darlene and runs off to find a man he believes is his father, Sampson Fuller. Fuller’s rejection of Cholly is another definitive moment in his maturation. He is utterly alone and free of obligations to or responsibility for anyone else. In such a state, Cholly is outside of the boundaries of human interaction and, with no moral framework, is inevitably doomed to be a destructive force in the lives of others.

At the end of Cholly’s life story, the chapter concludes with Cholly’s rape of Pecola. The act is told entirely from Cholly’s perspective. He looks at his child as she washes dishes and is disturbed by the defeat written into her posture. He feels it is an indictment of his parenting. Pecola’s gesture of scratching the back of her calf with her foot reminds Cholly of Pauline and the vulnerability that attracted him to her. Since Cholly has such a limited range of emotions and of ways to express his feelings, he translates his possible compassion and affection for Pecola into a sexual expression and repeats his seduction of Pauline on his helpless daughter. Pecola is silent throughout the encounter and is left unconscious on the floor of the kitchen.

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The final chapter in Spring details the life story of the pedophile and self-proclaimed psychic and spiritualist, Soaphead Church, also known by his given name, Elihue Micah Whitcomb. Soaphead disdains human contact except for that of little girls, whom he finds have not yet descended into the dirtiness of humanity. Soaphead’s peculiar assessment of the world stems from his childhood and the assumptions he internalizes. Born in the British West Indies, Soaphead adopts the racial hierarchies that place whiteness at the top. As light-skinned black people, Soaphead and his family gain privilege from their relative whiteness, and Soaphead, therefore, feels he is superior.

This sense of superiority is at the core of his failed marriage. Despondent upon having lost the one genuine love of his life, his wife Velma, as well as the support of his relatively wealthy family, Soaphead tries a wide array of occupations, traveling salesman, insurance agent, and desk clerk before he moves to Lorain to become a fortune-teller.

When Pecola seeks his services, Soaphead is genuinely moved by her desire for blue eyes and, for the first time, sincerely wishes for the power to grant her wish. He writes a letter to God asking for the ability to grant her wish. He is not selfless enough, however, to avoid using Pecola to kill Bob, his landlady’s dog who so repulses him.

The final section of The Bluest Eye is Summer. In the first of the two final chapters, the invitational narrative voice introduced at the beginning of the novel returns as the adult Claudia reflects upon her discovery of the truth of what happened to Pecola. The truth about what happened to Pecola is shocking to Claudia, but what is more disturbing to her is the response of the town. The adults in the community only gossip about the rape of Pecola and do not do anything to intervene on her behalf. Claudia and Frieda invoke the only power they think they have, planting seeds, to try to assist Pecola and her unborn child.

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The next chapter consists of the internal dialogue between Pecola and the alter ego that emerges in the wake of her rape and pregnancy by Cholly. The split personality is Pecola’s way of coping with the devastating impact of the rape. The dialoguereveals that Cholly rapes Pecola more than once. The chapter also exposes Pecola’s persistent insecurity in spite of the fact that she seems to believe that she has at last acquired her much-desired blue eyes. Pecola fears that her eyes are not the bluest and will not achieve the love and acceptance she so desperately craves.

The adult Claudia concludes the novel with her reflections about the situation. Pecola is a casualty of the malignant love of her father, the failures of her mother, the disinterest of her community, and a culture that defines her as disposable, insignificant, and ugly.

CRITICAL COMMENTARY

Morrison’s first novel, The Bluest Eye , outlines the coming-of-age of an African-American female protagonist, Pecola Breedlove, who originates in circumstances that make her success, her survival even, unlikely. Of great significance in understanding the major themes of the novel is Pecola’s struggle to exist within the narrow spaces in which her community places her. Pecola is not accepted by blacks or whites. In this in-between nowhere land, the child is ultimately lost, unable to root herself in the firm ground of love and understanding that is necessary for any successful maturation.

Pecola Breedlove is largely voiceless throughout the novel. There is little access to her first-person internal thoughts until the end of the novel when her psyche has become irreparably fractured. As such, the narrative constructs Pecola’s world by exploring the experiences of those around her. The two major deterministic forces in Pecola’s young life are her mother and father, Cholly and Pauline Breedlove. Significantly, Pecola never calls either of her parents mom or dad, demonstrating the psychological and emotional distance between the young girl and her parents.

Cholly and Pauline’s lives are revealed in the novel through flashback sequences of their lives. In each of the chapters detailing the histories of Pecola’s parents, their narratives reveal vastly differing, yet significantly overlapping experiences. Cholly is a throwaway child whose mother abandons him upon his birth. This abandonment colors and determines Cholly’s entire future. Raised by his Aunt Jimmy, Cholly loses her when he is at a critical point in his maturation. Following Aunt Jimmy’s funeral, Cholly has his first sexual experience when he and a young girl, Darlene, wander off into the nearby woods and wind up having sex. While in the midst of this encounter, hunters stumble upon the couple and violate them by shining a flashlight upon them and forcing them to continue. This event is a critical turning point in Cholly’s life. Rather than turning his rage on the hunters, against whom he is powerless, Cholly turns his ire upon the young girl, Darlene. Throughout his life, Cholly confuses love and affection with violence and will take out his frustrations and bitterness on those who are less powerful than himself—namely his family.

Unlike Cholly, Pauline comes from a large and intact family, but she does not feel a part of the group. Like Cholly, Pauline is an outcast and is not embraced or claimed by her family in the ways that she needs in order to feel valued. Pauline grows up longing for rescue and for love from an unknown and mysterious lover who will rescue her from her disconnection. When Cholly arrives in her life, Pauline is susceptible to believing that he is what she has been longing for and missing. Her marriage to Cholly, migration to the North, and birth of her children leave her disappointed and disillusioned. The argumentative and violent home life of Pauline and Cholly speaks to a clash of different coping mechanisms. When Cholly loses interest in his marriage, his life, and his children, he turns to drink and idleness. Utilizing an opposite approach, Pauline greets her despair by becoming a staunch and devoted church member and a tireless worker for her employers for whom she works as a domestic. In the midst of the collision of these extremes exists the life of their daughter, Pecola Breedlove.

Pecola exists in the narrow spaces between the opposite extremes of her parents and of the various communities she inhabits. Morrison’s conjoining of seemingly opposite ideas creates the tension between The Bluest Eye ’s opening line, “Nuns go by quiet as lust,” and the narrator’s statement near the end of the text that describes the incestuous rape of Pecola by her father, “he fucked her tenderly” (162–63). By conjoining jarring, polarized, and overtly sexualized language, Morrison embeds inthese descriptions a reflection of the violent differences that traditionally characterize human desire, aggression, and submission. Morrison’s artful language defies simplistic categorization and compartmentalization. Her phrases expose the complexity and primacy of desire and its inextricable connection to the fundamental problems of oppression— sexism, racism, and classism.

Throughout the novel, Pecola is located in spaces in between two oppositions. Significantly, there is a crack in the sidewalk that repeatedly causes Pecola to trip. The Y-shaped crack seems to belong to her, perhaps the only thing that does. Pecola finds herself in the middle of taunting school boys who surround her and plague her with their mean verbal jabs. Perhaps, most significantly, Pecola is in the space between the black and white communities that surround her, unaccepted by and alienated from both.

At the end of The Bluest Eye, Pecola is in that messy, uncomfortable, disordered space Morrison claims as paradise, the only possible honest and lived paradise, a space in which the rubble and collapse of oppressive categories dismantle patriarchal notions of contradiction, of difference— black/white, male/female, good/evil, sexual/pure, rich/poor—the structural pillars and hierarchies of meaning that encourage Pecola’s isolation.

Pecola’s ultimate psychological break stems from the brutally she has experienced, but, more fundamentally, her psychological fragmentation has roots in the absence of relationships—with self, with family, with community. Pecola lacks the rootedness that, by contrast, allows Claudia to survive the difficulties of growing up as a little black girl. The Bluest Eye ’s protagonist/narrator Claudia recalls the abrasive quality of her mother’s hands as the overworked woman anxiously applies balm to her ailing daughter. “. . . [I]t was a productive and fructifying pain. Love thick and dark as Alaga syrup eased into that cracked window. I could smell it—taste it—sweet, musty, with an edge of wintergreen in its base—everywhere in that house” (12). Although the experience is painful for Claudia, she recognizes that the discomfort her mother’s efforts engender is rooted in a sincere urgency and a zealous, if hasty and abrasive, compassion. Claudia, the adolescent, dreams of simple sensual pleasures; instead she is given things—particularly, white dolls—that are supposed to substitute for connection and affection. The lessons of The Bluest Eye reveal the complexities of coming-of-age in a culture that does not value your existence. Such maturation is always difficult, but it is impossible if one does not have the foundational support and love of primary caretakers.

SOME IMPORTANT THEMES AND SYMBOLS IN THE BLUEST EYE

House and home.

Throughout The Bluest Eye, the question of house and of home is central to the narrative. The Dick and Jane Reader begins with the line, “Here is the house” (1). The simple phrase resonates with questions about the nature of the family: What is a family? What roles do members of the family play? With Dick and Jane those answers are easy, simple, and exclusive. “Normal” houses have families with a mother, father, and children with strictly defined rules and roles. The Bluest Eye, through its exploration of other types of houses—homes—reveals that the answers to those questions are not so straightforward and easily apparent.

The novel also demonstrates that the pervasiveness of the ideal of the house/family as depicted in stories, films, and songs can make individuals feel deficient. As the young women characters in The Bluest Eye come of age, each of them has to confront these ideals and to explain and justify for themselves the differences between their lived realities and the picture of houses/homes as presented in the dominant culture.

The Failure of Community

The failure of community is directly connected to the demise of childhood innocence in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye. It is the community’s abandonment of the protagonist Pecola Breedlove and her family that ultimately results in her psychological destruction. The Breedloves are disconnected from their communities of origin and fail to connect with their fellow townspeople. These multiple disconnections disable the normal boundaries of behavior and Cholly Breedlove impregnates his daughter Pecola when she is 12. Rather than embrace her after this horrific trauma, the community rejects Pecola and contributes to her downfall.

They were disgusted, amused, shocked, outraged, or even excited by the story. But we listened for the one who would say, “Poor little girl,” or, “poor baby,” but there was only head wagging where those words should have been. We looked for eyes creased with concern, but saw only veils. (190)

In the case of the Breedloves, it is the failure of community that enables their loss. Community abandonment is both the catalyst and the final blow to both the family and Pecola’s disintegration.

The Role of Environment in Growth and Development

The Bluest Eye explores the question of environment, the atmosphere in which the main characters, Claudia and Pecola, are nurtured. The unyielding nature of the protagonists’ environments may refer to their immediate families, their peers, their communities, and their culture. Each of these elements is in some way unyielding and uncompromisingly resistant to the girls’ healthy maturation. Both Claudia and Pecola have to battle against racism, sexism, poverty, and cultural mythologies in order to protect their psychological health. Claudia, although struggling with her own issues, has a more supportive environment than Pecola, and thus is able to work her way through the unyielding earth while Pecola, like the marigold seeds, is not. Acquiring Discernment

Some of the most precarious work of maturation is the task of figuring out what messages to believe and follow. As Claudia, Pecola, and Frieda explore their world, adults often give them advice and tell them about the world. The phrase, “truth in timbre,” refers to the ability of the girls to understand the world more honestly and truthfully from adults’ sounds, the tones in their voices, rather than from the literal meanings of the words themselves (15). An example of this clarity occurs when Mr. Henry lies to Claudia about the reasons why the prostitutes, Marie and China, are in the Mac-Teers’ house. Although he says that the women are there for Bible study, Claudia and Frieda know, from the sound of his voice, that he is lying to them. Throughout the novel, Morrison questions the frequent differential between what people say and what they actually mean, and she suggests that acquiring this discernment is one of the primary tasks of becoming an adult.

Displacement

The Bluest Eye explores the theme of outdoors as it exposes the vulnerability of the community depicted in the novel. Subjected to the whims of racism and classism, particularly potent in the post-Depression 1930s and early 1940s, the people of Lorain have to work hard to ensure that their existence is secure. Their actions are often controlled by their legitimate fear of being displaced, of losing the central marker of stability and identity, the house.

Learning to Love and Be Loved

Throughout the novel, the characters are able to survive adversity and psychological erosion in direct correlation to the extent that they feel loved. At the end of the novel, the narrator states that “Love is never any better than the lover” (206). Although Pauline and Cholly believe that they love each other, neither is capable of transcending their own immediate needs and insecurities because neither of them has ever been well loved or appreciated.

On the other hand, Claudia knows from her mother’s care of her when she is ill that she is loved. As a result, Claudia is able to show affection for and love people in her life, namely Frieda and Pecola. This ability to love transcends her coming of age and explains her sense of responsibility for Pecola even after she is an adult and Pecola is beyond help.

Morrison’s references to reproduction in The Bluest Eye are sharply divided between positive and negative experiences. When Morrison shifts in her narration to the history of some of her characters, like Pauline and Cholly, the characters often refer to reproduction in terms of their hopes for creating family. Conversely, in the present tense of the novel, adult characters tend to refer to reproduction as something beyond their control and often as undesirable.

The Destructive Impact of the Construct of Physical Beauty

Throughout The Bluest Eye, the destructive impact of the construct of physical beauty affects the self-esteem of almost every character. The novel suggests that objective definitions of physical beauty are created by the ideals of the dominant culture in order to reinforce power dynamics. African Americans traditionally have been excluded even from consideration as attractive and, as such, suffer from the resultant lack of affirmation. For example, Pauline does not ever see an image of herself in the films she views. She tries to replicate the notions of beauty she finds on the screen only to find such imitation impossible because she has different hair, skin, and features—a different aesthetic. African-American communities often internalize definitions of beauty from the dominant culture and find beautiful its members that most closely match those ideals, individuals such as Maureen Peal, and exclude and isolate those of its own who least resemble the dominant ideals, marginalized souls like Pecola Breedlove.

Night and Day

In The Bluest Eye Morrison distinguishes between night and day, darkness and light, and night becomes a time to be feared.

The first reference to night in The Bluest Eye is Claudia’s description of her home. She says that most of her house is clouded in darkness during the night, a darkness that invites roaches and mice. For the remainder of the novel, the roaches and mice evolve into images of death and despair. Pauline suffers through Cholly’s unloving intercourse in the night. Cholly’s Aunt Jimmy dies from eating a peach cobbler she receives at night. White men objectify and sexually abuse Cholly and Darlene during the night and, at the turning point of his life, Cholly lays in his own feces until dark. The devil is compared to night when Cholly refers to Satan as a strong black figure that blots out the sun.

Morrison uses night in compound words as well. Geraldine’s nightgown represents her resistance to sex, and Soaphead Church writes his blasphemous letter to God on a night table. Claudia utters the novel’s final reference to night, completing the circle she began by saying that the summer of Pecola’s misfortune, the summer of selling seeds that would never grow, was just a series of sticky nights.

Mrs. MacTeer’s hands are ambiguous to her daughter as they cause her pain, yet, under the surface, they convey to Claudia a deep, abiding mother love. Similarly, Claudia and Frieda learn the meaning behind the conversations of their mother and her friends not by listening to the words they say but instead by reading the motion and nuance of their hands. Another instance of hands functioning as a tool for diagnosis occurs in Cholly’s youth. When Cholly’s Aunt Jimmy becomes ill, the women in the community send for M’Dear, a local conjure/medicine woman. She runs her hands over Jimmy’s body to determine the cause of the woman’s illness. She also examines Jimmy’s hands for further diagnosis.

Although hands convey important information in the cases of Mrs. MacTeer and M’Dear, The Bluest Eye also reveals that children are not always attuned to the information they may need in order to read someone’s character. For example, when Mr. Henry comes to the MacTeer house to live, the children run their hands over his body looking for a quarter. Their parents look on approvingly, not suspecting Mr. Henry’s inclination toward pedophilia and neither Claudia nor Frieda has a negative sense of the man.

Significantly, the hands of Claudia’s white baby doll, the hated Christmas present, are rough and scratch her as she sleeps. This may provide information about the nature of the African-American characters’ encounters with whiteness in the larger culture. Mr. Yacobowski’s red and lumpy hands symbolize his contempt for Pecola. He tries to avoid touching her hand when taking her money. His hand scratches hers when he finally reaches to take the pennies she tries to give him to pay for the Mary Janes.

In The Bluest Eye, hands also represent character traits. Maureen Peal, the perfect, light-skinned girl at school, has six fingers on one hand. Claudia and Frieda relish this imperfection and tease her. To stand up to Maureen, Frieda strikes a proud pose with her hand on her hip. The southern black women who fight off the “funkiness” sleep with theirhands folded across their stomachs, exemplifying their desire for order and control, and their attempt to bar the sexual advances of their husbands. Junior, the son of one of these “perfect” women, is a product of her lack of emotion and caring. He forces Pecola to stay in the house with his hands. Upset by Junior, Pecola holds her face with her hands as she cries. She touches Geraldine’s cat, the cat that Junior detests, with tear soaked hands. When frightened by the prostitute, the Maginot Lane, Claudia and Frieda reach for each other’s hands. The Maginot Line’s hands are dimpled with fat. As a boy, Cholly idolizes a man named Blue. As he watches Blue hold a melon up in the air, Cholly watches Blue’s hands and wonders if this is what God looks like, but he decides that Blue better represents the devil.

The Breedloves are said to take their ugliness into their hands like a cape they then don. Before ugliness becomes the family’s self-definition, Cholly gets into bed with Pauline and she feels the grooves of his rough callused hands even before he touches her. When he does begin to touch her, she gives all of her strength into his hands. When she is having an orgasm, she places her hands on him. After their marriage begins to fail, and both Pauline and Cholly adopt ugliness as a way of being, Cholly uses his hands to fight Pauline. Like a coward, he hits her with the palm of his hand. When the marriage between Cholly and Pauline begins to fail and Pauline’s romantic hopes fade, Pauline cannot seem to keep her hands off Cholly. She uses violence as a vent for her frustrations. Pauline uses her hands to hit Pecola after she knocks over the blueberry cobbler. Pauline then proceeds to use the same hands to comfort the white child of her employers. When Pauline is a young and lonely child, she dreams of a stranger coming simply to hold her hand.

Older Morrisonian African-American women characters are a study in strength and contradiction. The work of their hands consists of felling trees, cutting umbilical cords, killing animals, as well as coaxing flowers to bloom. (138)

Lips and Mouths

In The Bluest Eye , the lips of various characters provide important information about the meanings of their words and/or their intentions.

Lips provide a great deal of information and foreshadowing about Mr. Henry and his perversions. Disembodied lips state that Mr. Henry will be a boarder in the MacTeer home. In the next line, Mrs. MacTeer is revealed as the source of this information. The original lack of identification of the speaker may represent Mrs. MacTeer’s uncharacteristic inability to discern the true nature and intentions of Mr. Henry. Frieda’s instincts about Mr. Henry may be better than her mother’s. The girl makes an odd noise with her lips when Claudia suggests that she, Pecola, and Frieda look at Mr. Henry’s pornographic magazines or at the Bible. The MacTeer girls return home following Mr. Henry’s encounter with China and the Maginot Line. When the girls ask Mr. Henry who the women are, he takes a drink of pop with his lips and this gesture makes the girls intuitively unsettled.

When a situation is imbalanced or precarious in The Bluest Eye, there are indicators of this state by portrayals of unusual or contrasting lips. In a description cataloging the ugliness of the Breedloves, the narrator states that the “shapely lips” of Mrs. Breedlove, Sammy, and Pecola only reinforces their unattractiveness (39). China applies a “cupidbow” mouth and changes her hairstyle repeatedly. Despite her attempts at make-up, the narrator describes the woman’s painted face as unflattering. Mr. MacTeer’s face reflects the harsh realities faced by the family during winter. As winter begins, Claudia notes that he will not “unrazor” his lips until the seasons change (61). As she tries to defend Pecola against the taunts of Bay Boy and his friends, Bay Boy threatens Claudia with a fat lip (66).

The narrator describes women who have “lost their funkiness,” women like Geraldine who put lipstick on in thin lines as only part of their mouths because they do not want their lips to be too big (83). When Cholly and Darlene begin to have sex, Darlene kisses Cholly on the mouth and he finds her “muscadine-lipped” mouth unpleasant.

In The Bluest Eye, Morrison also uses lips to indicate a boundary or border. Before throwing her pop bottle at Claudia, Frieda, and Pecola in disgust when she learns that the MacTeer girls are not allowed to enter her apartment, the Maginot Line puts the bottle to her lips for a last sip. Accordingto the narrator, Pauline sees Lorain, Ohio, as “the melting pot on the lip of America” and she is disappointed with the realities of the town and of her life there (117).

Lip references also occur in the novel as an external indication of the internal feelings and responses of characters. For example, early in their relationship, the sound of Cholly’s whistle “pulls” Pauline’s lips into a smile. During Aunt Jimmy’s final illness, Miss Alice visits her. Alice reads First Corinthians while amens “drop” from Aunt Jimmy’s lips (136). Neighborhood women gather at Aunt Jimmy’s house to help take care of her. As they do so they lick their lips and empathize with Jimmy’s pains by remembering their own. The women who visit Jimmy remember their young lips, “relaxed and content.”

In her final deliberate act, Pecola goes to Soaphead Church to request blue eyes. As he contemplates her request, he purses his lips. For the first time in his life, Church wants to act with sincerity and tries to fulfill his promise. In spite of this temporary lapse in his normal selfishness, Church returns to his typical behavior and uses Pecola selfinterestedly to rid himself of the plague of his landlady’s dog, Bob. As such, Soaphead moves his lips as he pretends to pray.

Of course, the most significant meaning lips can convey is the affect of a person—the representation of their emotions on the canvas of the face. As such, smiles, genuine or artificial, are crucial to Morrison’s character development in The Bluest Eye. As he arrives at the MacTeer home, Mr. Henry is described as smiling frequently and with his teeth. Mr. Henry’s smile evokes that of the minstrel character, masking his true identity and intent behind a wide deceptive smile. Mrs. Mac- Teer smiles twice during Mr. Henry’s introduction to the family. She is not a woman given to smiling, but is taken in by Mr. Henry’s seeming jocularity. The experience of watching their mother respond in this manner is disconcerting for both Claudia and Frieda.

Claudia’s interactions with Pecola foreshadow the ill-fated child’s eventual psychological dissociation as Claudia is described as entertaining Pecola and the girl’s smile as separate entities. Similarly, Claudia is disturbed by the false, almost macabre smiles of her dolls.

Genuine smiles are not always benign, however. The Maginot Line smiles with a “genuine” smile at Claudia, Pecola, and Frieda—a smile that is, ironically, more sincere than that of other adults who interact with the children—but her smile fades when she learns that Claudia and Frieda are not allowed to come into her apartment. In the wake of the Coke bottle the Maginot Line throws at them, Claudia and Frieda meet Pecola at the house on the lake and are surprised to find her smiling.

Interestingly, Morrison differentiates between lips and mouths in her use of the body as a symbol in The Bluest Eye . The mouth is capable of language and therefore of major significance in Morrison’s depiction of her characters in the novel.

Even as a girl, Claudia MacTeer is aware of the indignities associated with racial discrimination. Her next-door neighbor, Rosemary Villanucci, embodies that discrimination when she informs Claudia and her sister Frieda that they cannot come into her house. As she makes this statement, Rosemary is eating bread and butter. Claudia responds with an unrealized desire to humiliate Rosemary by hitting her in the mouth while she chews. By envisioning hitting Rosemary in the mouth, Claudia imagines a violent response to the hurtful impact of Rosemary’s words. Similarly, the physical is used to counter words when Frieda tries to explain to Pecola about her first menstrual period and Pecola responds by placing her fingers on her mouth.

During a childhood illness, Mrs. MacTeer rubs Vick’s salve on Claudia’s chest and puts some in her mouth, telling her to swallow it. With this instruction, Mrs. MacTeer symbolically encourages Claudia to ingest her healing love. In this instance, the mouth becomes a space for access to the authentic self or soul. The mouth functions as such a space in other instances in the novel as well. Following Mr. Henry’s molestation of Frieda, Mr. and Mrs. MacTeer attack him physically. As they pummel him, he begins to sing “Nearer My God to Thee.” Mrs. MacTeer tells him to keep God’s name out of his mouth. After Pecola feeds Bob the poisoned meat, the dog moves his mouth strangely. Pecola opens her mouth in horror and then coversher mouth to prevent herself from vomiting. While pregnant with Sammy, Pauline loses a tooth as she eats candy during a Gable and Harlow film. This loss signifies her self-perception as an ugly woman with an imperfect mouth, so unlike those on the screen. This experience of a loss within the mouth totally changes Pauline’s self-perception.

Pauline is perhaps most revelatory in a series of flashback memories. In one of them, she tells of a white employer who spoke out of one side of her mouth and casually informs Pauline that she should leave her marriage to Cholly. The woman’s husband is said to have a slash instead of a mouth. In another flashback memory, Pauline describes making love with Cholly. She likes the feeling of Cholly’s mouth under her chin.

The mouth can also function as a symbol of a character’s condition. Earlier in the novel, during Aunt Jimmy’s illness, the sick woman briefly begins to feel better. She then eats a piece of peach cobbler that the neighbors believe causes her death. Aunt Jimmy’s mouth is in an O shape the next morning when she is found dead. On the day of Aunt Jimmy’s funeral, mouths were “set down” (150). A fly settles in the corner of her mouth until Cholly waves it away. After Aunt Jimmy’s funeral, Cholly plays with some of his cousins. One of them, Jake, offers him a cigarette. Cholly embarrasses himself by placing the cigarette over the match instead of placing it in his mouth. After an adventure with Darlene, Jake, and Suky in the grape patch, Cholly’s mouth tastes of muscadine. This taste mirrors his feeling of belonging and contentment. After he runs away, in search of his father, Cholly is “drymouthed” in anticipation of the ill-fated meeting.

When Claudia encounters the Maginot Line, she is unable to speak, finding her mouth immobile. In a moment of sincere self-revelation, Soaphead Church writes a letter to God saying that it is difficult for him to keep his mouth and hands off girl children.

Aunt Jimmy is Cholly’s aunt, his mother’s sister. She rescues Cholly as a baby after his mother abandons him and subsequently raises Cholly on her own. She is the sole source of affection for Cholly during his childhood. Despite her care, Cholly is often repulsed by Aunt Jimmy’s age, appearance, and smell. Cholly does, however, respect Aunt Jimmy and has sincere affection for her. In the spring of Cholly’s 13th year, Aunt Jimmy falls ill after sitting on a damp bench at a camp meeting. The women of the community, who are clearly attached to Aunt Jimmy, gather around, sit with her, bring her food, and attempt to nurse her back to health. The women’s concern shows Aunt Jimmy’s position as a center and a stalwart in her community. Out of concern one of the women, Essie Foster, prepares and brings a peach cobbler to Aunt Jimmy. M’Dear, the town midwife and healer, warns Jimmy not to eat solid food. Aunt Jimmy does not comply, eats a piece of peach pie, and is dead the next morning. The community and members of Jimmy’s family gather for her funeral. Aunt Jimmy’s death leaves Cholly completely orphaned.

Aunt Julia is an aunt to Della Jones and is said to aimlessly drift up and down Sixteenth Street in an old bonnet, startling passersby. Mrs. Breedlove and her friends are ambivalent about whether Aunt Julia should be committed to the county mental hospital.

Bay Boy is one of the boys in town who harass and torment Pecola as she walks with Claudia, Frieda, and Maureen Peal. The boys surround Pecola and taunt her with jibes about her family and the darkness of her skin color. The boys’ mockery indicates their insecurity and, like their role models in the town, they compensate for their fear by positioning themselves as superior to Pecola and the Breedlove family. When Frieda and Claudia stop the boys’ abuse of Pecola, the boys act in typical male macho style by leaving and pretending that standing up to the girls is not worth the trouble. Louis Junior, Geraldine’s son, idolizes Bay Boy.

Bertha Reese

Bertha Reese is the older and deeply religious woman who owns a candy shop and rents a room to Soaphead Church. Hard of hearing, Bertha Reese leaves her tenant to his own devices. She owns a mangy dog named Bob that Soaphead finds disgusting. Soaphead deceives Pecola intokilling the dog when he tells her that feeding Bob a piece of meat will fulfill her request for blue eyes. Bertha is upset when she discovers the dead dog.

Big Mama is Mrs. MacTeer’s mother and Claudia and Frieda’s grandmother. Claudia wishes that, instead of presents for Christmas, she could sit in Big Mama’s kitchen, a warm safe space, and eat Big Mama’s food.

Claudia and Frieda call their grandfather, Mrs. MacTeer’s father, Big Papa. Big Papa plays the violin and one of Claudia’s fondest wishes is to have him play the violin for her alone.

Described as old and as a ladies’ man, Blue Jack is a former slave and one of the few people for whom Cholly expresses affection. In fact, Cholly loves Blue. Blue works as a drayman at Tyson’s Feed and Grain store where Cholly also works. Blue pays attention to Cholly and is a storyteller who captivates young Cholly with tales of what it felt like to be emancipated. Blue also tells a peculiar tale about a dead white woman who was beheaded by her husband and who haunted her former home blindly in search of a comb.

The most significant encounter between Blue and Cholly occurs at a Fourth of July church picnic. After the father of a family attending the picnic breaks a watermelon against a rock in order to open it for his children, Blue retrieves the heart, the seedless sweet core of the melon, and gives it to Cholly. Cholly and Blue eat the melon together.

When Aunt Jimmy dies and Cholly, with no information about sex, thinks that his ill-fated sexual encounter with Darlene may have impregnated her, the young man seeks out Blue for advice. Blue, an alcoholic, is incoherent and incapable of responding to or providing guidance to Cholly.

Bertha Reese owns Bob the dog. Bob is so old and ill that he smells and oozes fluid from his various orifices. Soaphead obsesses about what he sees as the disturbing physical infirmities of the mutt and desires nothing more than to bring about the dog’s demise. Soaphead, however, finds the prospect of actually killing the dog himself too distasteful to enact. Soaphead gives Pecola poisoned meat to feed him. Soaphead tells Pecola that feeding the meat to the dog will help her to get the blue eyes she desires. Soaphead tricks Pecola into killing the dog and convinces himself that the act is for the greater good. After Pecola feeds Bob the poisoned meat, the dog moves his mouth strangely. Pecola opens her mouth in horror and then covers her mouth to prevent herself from vomiting.

Buddy Wilson

Buddy Wilson is one of the boys in town who harass and torment Pecola as she walks with Claudia, Frieda, and Maureen Peal. The boys surround Pecola and taunt her with jibes about her family and the darkness of her skin color. The boys’ mockery indicates their insecurity and, like their role models in the town, they compensate for their fear by positioning themselves as superior to Pecola and the Breedlove family. When Frieda and Claudia stop the boys’ abuse of Pecola, the boys enact male machismo by leaving and pretending that standing up to the girls is not worth the trouble.

China is a prostitute who shares a residence and companionship with two other prostitutes, Miss Marie and Poland. They live in the same building as the Breedloves and share conversations with Pecola. China is very interested in her own appearance and is always transforming her looks by changing her makeup from one style to another. China applies a “cupid-bow” mouth and changes her hairstyle repeatedly. Despite her attempts at make up, the narrator describes her face as unflattering. Aging, China is resistant to being thought of as old. She is thin with brown teeth and bandy legs. Like Miss Marie and Poland, she hates men.

Cholly Breedlove (Mr. Breedlove)

Named after his Aunt Jimmy’s dead brother, Charles Breedlove, Cholly, begins his life inauspiciously when his mentally impaired mother abandons him at a railroad track when he is four days old. This singular event becomes a defining moment in Cholly’s life history as he can aptly be described as alone in every sense of the word. Although Aunt Jimmy rescues him from the tracks, she is able to provide a home for him only until his early adolescence, as a result ofher death in Cholly’s 13th year. When Aunt Jimmy dies, Cholly is again an orphan and without a home. His father, said by Aunt Jimmy to be Samson Fuller, rejects him cruelly when Cholly seeks him out after Aunt Jimmy’s death. After this rejection, Cholly acquires a freedom, a detachment unconstrained by responsibility or conscience and therefore becomes dangerous and destructive.

Perhaps the defining moment in Cholly’s life occurs at the funeral banquet following Aunt Jimmy’s burial. After Aunt Jimmy’s funeral, Cholly plays with some of his cousins. One of them, Jake, offers him a cigarette. Cholly embarrasses himself by placing the cigarette over the match instead of placing it in his mouth. Cholly and newfound cousin, Jake, begin a youthful flirtation with two girls, Darlene and Suky. The foursome go on a walk and discover an unripe muscadine grape grove. In the wake of their feasting on the grapes, renowned for their dark sweetness, Cholly and Darlene kiss and, eventually, begin to have intercourse. When Cholly and Darlene initiate their love making, Darlene kisses Cholly on the mouth and he finds her mouth unpleasant. The subsequent humiliating interruption and exploitation of this first sexual experience by racist and abusive white hunters leaves Cholly powerless to defend himself or to retaliate. As a result, he channels his frustration and anger toward Darlene, establishing a lifelong pattern of venting his rage at the oppression he experiences on those more powerless and impotent than himself.

This habitual redirection of his anger at relatively helpless individuals occurs most frequently with his family. Cholly meets and marries Pauline Williams and, for a brief period, seems to genuinely connect with her as they begin to build a life together. The complicated transition from the rural South to the relatively urban North, coupled with Cholly’s complete lack of knowledge of how to be a husband and father, as well as his excessive drinking, snuff out his desire for Pauline and his capacity to bond with or care for his children Sammy and Pecola. The constant in the Breedlove home is the perpetual emotional, verbal, and physical battle between Cholly and Pauline, whom he always refers to as Mrs. Breedlove. Cholly merely responds to stimuli in his environment and is incapable of functioning as anything other than an abuser.

Cholly’s most troubling act is the rape of his daughter Pecola. Ironically, his violation of Pecola is complicated by Cholly’s perverse, alcohol-bleary perception that he is somehow demonstrating tenderness toward his daughter. Cholly’s rape of Pecola results in her pregnancy and miscarriage and instigates Pecola’s mental collapse. Later, Cholly dies in the workhouse.

Claudia MacTeer

Claudia MacTeer is the daughter of Mrs. MacTeer (Mama) and Mr. Mac Teer (Daddy) and the primary narrator of the novel. Claudia MacTeer is nine years old at the beginning of the novel. Claudia lives in a green house, which connects her to the Dick and Jane story at the beginning of the novel. She shares with the fictional and flat Dick and Jane the same family structure. She is a daughter with a father and a mother and a sister and she, like Jane, plays. But Claudia’s world is filled with realities unexpressed in the stereotypical world inhabited by Dick and Jane.

Claudia’s house is green, but it is also old and cold. These characteristics reflect the very real difficulties Claudia and her family face. The family, while stable and solid, has to contend with the challenges of life as African Americans in the post-depression era. Resources are valued and her parent’s anxieties about their ability to sustain their family permeate Claudia’s existence. In the tension of her parent’s concern lies evidence of their deep and abiding love for both Claudia and her sister Frieda. This love manifests in the things that they do for Claudia rather than in the things that they say to her. Through her experience of their actions, Claudia grows secure in her belief in the relative safety of her immediate world. She is not coddled by her parents, but she is protected and cared for by them. In many ways Claudia functions as a contrast to Pecola who is without parental protection and nurturance.

The Bluest Eye can be characterized as a bildungsroman, or a coming-of-age story, featuring Claudia as the primary character undergoing the transition between childhood and womanhood. The novel traces Claudia’s development througha series of problems she encounters. Each incident, while often unresolved, demonstrates to Claudia the norms of her community and the rules that govern the behavior of the adults in that community. Often Claudia, in her innocence, finds conflict between the values articulated by adults and their actions. In her acceptance of or acquiescence to these inconsistencies, Claudia learns how to conform to the expectations of those around her.

The conflicts Claudia navigates teach her primarily about what behaviors are acceptable and which are not, as well as what the consequences are for straying beyond the boundaries of communally defined normalcy. For example, Claudia learns that it is not alright to destroy a gift even if, fundamentally, the gift is distasteful to her. When she is given a white baby doll for Christmas, those around her expect that she, like they, will value it and cherish the gift. Claudia is disturbed by the false, almost macabre smiles of her dolls. Claudia does not understand what the doll represents and why those around her are so enamored of it. As a result, she dismantles the toy in an attempt literally to get at the heart of what is so attractive about the doll.

Claudia also learns how to read her environment, a lesson vital to internalizing behaviors and adapting to adult ways of behaving. She observes her mother’s women friends; by hearing the tone of their conversation, she understands not what they say, but how they say it. She notices her father’s face and the way in which the concern about keeping his family warm and fed in the winter symbolically freezes his expression. Likewise, she receives notification of her mother’s state of mind each day by listening to the songs that Mrs. MacTeer sings. The sound of the song signals to Claudia her mother’s state of mind. Often, however, there is a decided difference between what Claudia perceives and what she is told.

Claudia’s major conflicts often come from the difference between what she has been told is acceptable and the contradictory ways in which she sees those around her behaving. Claudia’s final act in the novel demonstrates this ambivalence as well as her attempt to act on what she believes is right— what she has been told to do rather than what she observes adults doing. Following Pecola’s rape and pregnancy, Claudia notices that the adults in the community talk about the violation of the child, but do not express sympathy for Pecola and her unborn child. This lack of compassion prompts Claudia and Frieda to act in the only way they know and that is accessible to them. Relying on what remains of childhood belief and faith, the sisters plant marigold seeds with the hope that this act will somehow ensure Pecola’s baby’s survival.

Ultimately, the failure of the marigolds to grow may represent the futility of Claudia’s attempt to defy the realities of maturity that the adults in her life have already accepted. The marigolds do not grow. She cannot save Pecola or change the environment in which they both exist, a world where the reality is that people are bound by the stories they believe—stories like DICK AND JANE that create hierarchies and, most frequently, place those without blue eyes at the bottom of the heap.

Daddy (Mr. MacTeer)

Mr. MacTeer, called Daddy by Claudia, is a man invested in the wellbeing of his family. Although not such a central character as Mama (Mrs. MacTeer), Mr. Mac Teer is a powerful force in his daughters’ lives and, in contrast to Cholly and some other fathers in the novel, is responsible for and contributes to his family’s well-being. Claudia describes her father’s physical features in terms that ground him in the natural world. The most significant act he performs in the novel occurs when Henry Washington molests Frieda. He assaults the man physically and shoots after him in an attempt to defend his daughter.

The MacTeer girls experience some shame about their father as well. Remembering one evening when their father checks on them while he is naked, the girls are embarrassed by Maureen Peal’s question asking whether they have seen a man naked.

Mimicking the behavior of his older cousin, Jake, Cholly shyly approaches Darlene during Aunt Jimmy’s funeral banquet. Although Cholly asks Darlene to go on a walk with him, it is Darlene who is the one in control of the situation. While the two share a feast of muscadine grapes,Darlene stains her dress with the dark juice of the fruit.

Darlene instigates the sexual interaction between the two and the encounter might have proven pleasurable and fulfilling for both of them if hunters had not intruded and turned their intercourse into a degrading spectacle. Darlene is broken by the event and by Cholly’s hostile response to her as they walk back to the banquet. During their walk, it begins to rain. This event helps Darlene to explain her stained and dirty dress to her mother, who does not react with excessive anger. Darlene is the first in a long series of women that Cholly will use as the focus of his frustration and anger at the oppression he experiences.

Della Jones

Della Jones is the subject of gossip by Mrs. MacTeer’s women friends as they discuss why Henry Washington is coming to board at the MacTeers’ home. This conversation reveals that Della Jones is a “good” woman who regularly attends church, keeps a clean home, and perfumes herself with violet water. Despite these qualities, she succumbs to her family’s tendency toward mental illness when her husband leaves her for Trifling Peggy from Elyria. In addition to this emotional trauma, Della also suffers a series of strokes that leave her unable to communicate effectively or to recognize those around her. A sister, who is thought to have intentions of claiming Della’s house, is said to be coming from North Carolina to care for Della in Henry Washington’s absence.

Dewey Prince

Dewey Prince is the great love of Miss Marie (Maginot Line). Marie tells Pecola stories of this man. Marie tells Pecola that she met Dewey when she was 14 and that she ran away from Jackson, Mississippi, to Cincinnati, Ohio, with him and that they lived together like a married couple for three years. The couple has children that Marie refuses to speak about. Marie’s stories about Dewey Prince make Pecola curious about love between adults.

The novel begins with a replication of the Dick and Jane texts that were widely used by American educators in the 1940s and 1950s to teach primary school students how to read. Dick is a character in the Dick and Jane book series. The series was designed to help children learn how to read. The books are characterized by simple phrases that describe the activities and feelings of the characters in a way that is accessible to pre-readers. These books present a sanitized version of family life and normalcy. Their function as the first books in children’s lives and as the books that introduce them to written narrative underscores their cultural significance. Dick’s only role in the recreation of the primer at the beginning of The Bluest Eye is that he lives in the same green and white house as the rest of the family. The house in the Dick and Jane narrative has a red door.

Essie Foster

Essie Foster is a wonderful cook and well-intentioned woman who brings Aunt Jimmy a peach cobbler when Aunt Jimmy is ill. M’Dear has prescribed a diet solely of pot liquor for Aunt Jimmy. Because Aunt Jimmy eats the pie in defiance of M’Dear’s advice, the town attributes her death to the ingestion of the peach cobbler. Although Aunt Jimmy’s women friends do not blame her, Essie Foster is said to feel responsible for Aunt Jimmy’s death. She even offers to hold the funeral banquet at her house.

Father is a character in the Dick and Jane book series. The series was designed to help children learn how to read. The books are characterized by simple phrases that describe the activities and feelings of the characters in a way that is accessible to pre-readers. These books present a sanitized version of family life and normalcy. Their function as the first books in children’s lives and as the books that introduce them to written narrative underscores their cultural significance. Father’s only role in the recreation of the primer at the beginning of The Bluest Eye is that he lives in the same green and white house as the rest of the family and that, rather than playing with Jane, he smiles. He is described physically as big and strong.

The Fisher Girl

The Fishers’ young daughter is a favorite of Pauline as she works as a maid in the Fisher home, a place where she finds orderand respite from the dysfunction and chaos of her life with her own family. Pauline showers the little Fisher girl with endearments and affectionate nicknames while she does not provide the same nurturance for her own children, Sammy and Pecola. Pauline’s disproportionate adoration of the little Fisher girl in comparison to her harsh and distant demeanor toward Pecola reinforces Pecola’s view of herself as unworthy and unloved.

Frieda and Claudia also witness Pauline’s favoritism and neglect of Pecola as they are present at the Fisher home when Pecola, out of childish curiosity, accidentally spills a hot blueberry pie her mother has just made. Despite the burns Pecola receives from the hot berries, Pauline hits and violently rebukes her child while consoling and comforting the little Fisher girl who is unsettled but unharmed by the event.

The Fishers

Pauline’s employers, the Fishers, represent an extreme opposite of her life at home with her family. The Fishers’ house is neat, well-decorated, and orderly. Pauline finds both a purpose and solace through her work as their maid. In a possible allusion to the film Imitation of Life, Mr. Fisher claims that Pauline’s blueberry pies would be more lucrative than real estate. In return for the comfort the family represents, Pauline is a loyal, protective, and self-effacing servant. The Fishers give Pauline a nickname, Polly, a gesture she missed and did not receive from her own family.

Frieda MacTeer

Frieda MacTeer is the older daughter of the MacTeers and Claudia’s sister. She is 10 years old at the beginning of the novel. Although Frieda is more reserved and shy than Claudia, she is a bit more savvy and informed about the machinations of the adult world than is Claudia. Even though Frieda is more withdrawing than Claudia, she often demonstrates an enormous strength of character. She, for example, defends Pecola when she is pestered by a group of boys and also intervenes when her mother misunderstands what is happening when Pecola begins to menstruate. Frieda consistently defends those who are weaker than she is and who are abused and oppressed. Frieda makes an odd noise with her lips when Claudia suggests that she, Pecola, and Frieda look at Mr. Henry’s pornographic magazines or at the Bible.

Frieda is the victim of sexual abuse at the hands of Mr. Henry Washington, a boarder in her family’s home. When Henry Washington inappropriately pinches her breast, characteristically, she protects herself by telling her parents. Frieda’s expectation that her parents will defend her and shield her from harm stands in marked contrast to Pecola’s rape at the hands of Cholly. After the incident of abuse, Frieda is despondent because she believes she may be ruined. Frieda participates in Claudia’s hopeful but futile planting of marigold seeds for Pecola’s unborn baby.

Geraldine is a migrant from the South who relocates to LORAIN with her husband Louis. Geraldine, socialized to conform unquestioningly to the definitions of normalcy, rigidly adheres to convention. She is deeply invested in appearance and channels all of her feeling and emotion into the work of creating order and fighting against anything—dirt, poverty, free expression—that threatens her efforts. She is one of the southern black women who fight off the “funkiness” and sleep with their hands folded across their stomachs, exemplifying their desire for order and control and their attempt to bar the sexual advances of their husbands.

Geraldine’s investment in assimilation leads her to avoid and despise blacks that she deems unacceptable. She passes this way of thinking on to her son, Louis Junior, who is isolated from his peers as a result. Geraldine is an overbearing but disinterested mother who saves her fondest attention and adoration for her cat.

When Geraldine finds Pecola in her home and her cat injured, the woman loses all pretense of graciousness and hurls expletives at the child. Pecola represents a dangerous intrusion into her neatly arranged life. Geraldine has no compassion or sympathy for the child. She only wants Pecola out of her house.

Grinning Hattie

Grinning Hattie is one of Della Jones’s sisters who never seems mentally competent.

The hunters are the men in the woods who make a spectacle of Darlene and Cholly’s sexual encounter. From their actions and their broken and monosyllabic use of English, the men appear to be extremely limited. Their voyeurism and vicarious rape of both Darlene and Cholly is an action meant to affirm their power and serves as a way for the men to assert their assumed superiority. The incident is marked by the disturbing staccato laughter of the men as they sadistically watch the helpless pair obey their commands.

Ivy is a member of the choir in Pauline’s hometown in Kentucky, Ivy has a voice that seems to resonate with Pauline’s imaginative perceptions of the world. Ivy’s singing seems to Pauline to give sound to a range of feelings that Pauline associates with romantic love and with her hopes for a prince to come and rescue her from her situation at home.

Jake, a young man of 15, is O.V.’s son. Cholly meets Jake for the first time at Aunt Jimmy’s funeral. After Jake gives Cholly his first cigarette, the two quickly bond and Jake suggests that Cholly should introduce him to some of the local girls who are attending the funeral. Jake, Suky, Cholly, and Darlene then go for a walk to eat muscadine grapes. After eating the grapes, Jake and Suky return to the gathering, leaving Cholly and Darlene alone. This very short interaction with Jake seems to be the only genuine camaraderie Cholly experiences in his life.

Jane ( Dick and Jane )

The novel begins with a replication of the Dick and Jane texts that were widely used by American educators into the 1940s and 1950s to teach primary school students how to read. Jane is a character in the Dick and Jane book series. The series was designed to help children learn how to read. The books are characterized by simple phrases that describe the activities and feelings of the characters in a way that is accessible to pre-readers. These books present a sanitized version of family life and normalcy. Their function as the first books in children’s lives and as the books that introduce them to written narrative underscores their cultural significance.

Jane is the central figure in the recreation of Dick and Jane at the beginning of The Bluest Eye. In addition to living happily in the green and white house with Father, Mother, and Dick, Jane wants to play. The house in the Dick and Jane narrative has a red door. The plot of the narrative involves Jane’s attempt to find a playmate. She asks the cat, Mother, Father, and the dog to play and they are unresponsive. At the end of the story, Jane finds a friend and they play.

Junie Bug is one of the boys in town who harass and torment Pecola as she walks with Claudia, Frieda, and Maureen Peal. The boys surround Pecola and taunt her with jibes about her family and the darkness of her skin color. The boys’ mockery indicates their insecurity and, like their role models in the town, they compensate for their fear by positioning themselves as superior to Pecola and the Breedlove family. When Frieda and Claudia stop the boys’ abuse of Pecola, the boys enact male machismo by leaving and pretending that standing up to the girls is not worth the trouble.

Listerine and Lucky Strike Breath

Listerine and Lucky Strike Breath is the descriptive name given to the man who sells a sofa to Cholly Breedlove. The sofa, when delivered, is slit in the back. The salesman refuses to replace the damaged goods and therefore the Breedloves receive the defective furniture rather than a new, inviting sofa. The incident illustrates the ways in which disadvantaged African Americans were often cheated and powerless to change their circumstances.

Louis Junior (Junior)

Obsessively cared for by his mother, Geraldine, Louis Junior feels the care is physical only, and he longs for her affection and warmth—attentions his mother seems to be able to express only to the family cat. Living next door to the elementary school gives Louis a false sense of ownership and an arrogance that bolsters his mean behavior. Geraldine’s discrimination against poor and/or darker skinned blacks contributes to Junior’s frustration and isolation. Junior is a boy who goes to school with Pecola. Junior’s major flaw comes from the fact that his mother has taught him to hate and shun other African-American people who do not meet certain “ideal” class and skin color characteristics. Junior uses violence as a means to express his anger and hurt. Like Pecola, Junior is abused, but in a different way. Junior has been given everything he needs to survive. He is not beaten or yelled at, but Junior never receives affection or love from his mother.

One lonely afternoon, Junior lures Pecola into his house, under the guise of wanting to play with her. When he gets her in the house, he throws his mother’s cat, whom he jealously hates, in Pecola’s face. He is gleeful at her injury and at her panic as he tells her she is locked in the house and is his prisoner. When Geraldine walks in on the scene, Junior blames Pecola for everything that has happened. Geraldine responds by calling Pecola a bitch.

Mama (Mrs. MacTeer)

Claudia and Frieda’s mother, Mama, or Mrs. MacTeer, is a fierce woman who works hard to keep her family fed, clothed, well, and respectable. Claudia misreads her abrupt and straightforward mannerisms for disregard. When Claudia is ill, for example, Mrs. MacTeer fusses at her and does not fit a model or stereotype of motherhood; however, her way of communicating is simply her way of dealing with frustration and anxiety about her daughter’s health. Claudia’s mother’s hands are ambiguous to the little girl as they cause her pain, yet convey to Claudia a deep abiding motherlove.

Both Mr. and Mrs. MacTeer are deeply invested in their family’s well-being and love their daughters, but the expression of their affection is plagued by the financial difficulties the family faces. Both Claudia and Frieda know that their parents will protect them as evidenced by Frieda’s impulse to tell her parents immediately when Henry Washington molests her. Both parents unhesitatingly defend their daughter.

Mrs. MacTeer is a singer, and her songs convey information to her daughters that is both practical and generative. By listening to her songs, the girls know what her mood is, but they also think about the words, words that serve as a catalyst for the girls’ imaginations. Although not traditionally nurturing, Mrs. MacTeer is a strong woman who provides for her children an environment in which they learn to value themselves.

Maureen Peal

Maureen Peal is the new girl in town. She arrives in Lorain in the middle of winter from the comparatively big city of Toledo, Ohio, and is assigned the locker next to Claudia’s. Both Frieda and Claudia are perplexed by the adoration Maureen Peal receives. Maureen Peal is lightskinned with long straight hair and green eyes. Her family is economically more comfortable than the MacTeers and most of the town’s African- American residents. She wears clothes that the MacTeer girls only dream about owning. The black and white adults and children in Lorain treat the girl with the deference and adoration associated with whiteness and, by doing so, reveal the skin color and class hierarchies that influence the community.

The MacTeer girls dwell on Maureen’s imperfections, namely a dogtooth and evidence of an extra finger on each hand, in order to balance the injury to their self-esteem caused by the disparity in the way people treat Maureen and themselves. Claudia and Frieda relish Maureen’s imperfections and tease her about them. Maureen has more information than the girls about some things like menstruation and seems worldlier.

Like the boys who taunt Pecola, Maureen Peal also calls her names and adds Frieda and Claudia to her insults, which all focus on the sisters’ darker skin color. Unlike Pecola, though, the MacTeer girls have enough self-esteem to fight back. They call Maureen names as she runs down the street away from them. Maureen’s main defense is her cry that she is cute.

M’Dear is the midwife and healer in Cholly’s hometown. The name M’Dear is an African- American slang term for mother dear. M’Dear M’Dear is the midwife and healer in Cholly’s hometown. The name M’Dear is an African-American slang term for mother dear. Older than the memory of most of the townspeople, the town depends on M’Dear in cases of illness that are particularly difficult to overcome. M’Dear is also the town midwife. M’Dear resembles other powerful female figures in African-American literature as she possesses knowledge and ability that seem nearly supernatural. Living alone in a decrepit structure on the edge of the woods, she is a mysterious and awesome figure, especially to young Cholly.

When Aunt Jimmy falls ill and the remedies of her friends fail to enact a cure, M’Dear is summoned to render a diagnosis and prescribe a cure. M’Dear, taller than the preacher who accompanies her, arrives holding a hickory stick. She wears her hair in four white knots of gray hair. She runs her hands over Jimmy’s body to determine the cause of the woman’s illness. She also examines Jimmy’s hands for further signs. She diagnoses Aunt Jimmy seemingly intuitively, feeling the sick woman’s head, looking at her fingernails and palms, scratching her scalp, listening to her chest and stomach, and looking at her stools.

Following the examination, M’Dear tells Jimmy to drink pot liquor, the fluid that remains in the pot after cooking greens, and nothing else. After M’Dear leaves with the preacher, the women at Aunt Jimmy’s house remark about the reliability and consistency of M’Dear’s diagnoses and urge Aunt Jimmy to follow the wise woman’s advice.

Miss Alice is one of the women friends of Aunt Jimmy’s who gather to care for and comfort her when she falls ill. Aunt Jimmy singles out Miss Alice’s Bible reading as the one remedy that she will accept. Miss Alice reads to Aunt Jimmy from FIRST CORINTHIANS and, although it does not help Aunt Jimmy’s condition, Miss Alice’s reading does soothe the sick woman to sleep. Cholly runs first to Miss Alice’s house with the news of Aunt Jimmy’s death.

Miss Bertha Reese

The proprietor of a neighborhood candy and tobacco store, Miss Bertha has a reputation for selling stale candy and for frequently running out of stock. Bertha’s store is in a oneroom brick building in her yard and it is close to the MacTeer home.

Miss Dunion

After Henry Washington molests Frieda, Miss Dunion is present at the MacTeer home. She witnesses Mr. MacTeer’s assault of Henry Washington and advises Mrs. MacTeer to take Frieda to the doctor to see if she has lost her virginity. Miss Dunion refers to this possibility as being ruined, a term both Frieda and Claudia misunderstand. They have heard the word “ruined” only used in reference to the prostitutes Miss Marie (Maginot Line) and China, and so think that the term refers to Frieda’s pending physical transformation to resemble the women. They think that Frieda will grow fat.

Miss Erkmeister

Miss Erkmeister, a woman with bow legs, is Maureen Peal and Pecola’s gym teacher. During a conversation with Pecola, Maureen Peal expresses some bitterness that Miss Erkmeister wears shorts instead of bloomers during the girls’ gym class.

Miss Marie (Maginot Line)

Miss Marie is one of the three prostitutes who live above the Breedloves in the storefront. Pecola enjoys visiting Marie and Marie treats the girl with affection and tells her stories. The Maginot Line’s hands are dimpled with fat. As an obese and unapologetic prostitute, Marie garners the censure of the community. Marie is the symbol of a “bad” woman, and Claudia and Frieda are forbidden to speak with her or go into her home. When Miss Marie invites the girls up to her apartment, they tell her so. The Maginot Line smiles authentically at Claudia, Pecola, and Frieda—a smile that is more sincere than that of other adults who interact with the children, but her smile fades when she learns that Claudia and Frieda are not allowed to come into her apartment. She then throws a pop bottle at them and laughs. Before throwing her pop bottle at Claudia, Frieda, and Pecola in disgust when she learns that the MacTeer girls are not allowed to enter her apartment, she puts the bottle to her lips for a last sip. In spite of this, Claudia thinks that Marie has kind eyes that remind the child of water.

Marie peppers her conversations with references to food. She also gives Pecola food nicknames. Marie is the only person to give Pecola a nickname. One of the stories that Marie tells Pecola is of her lost love, Dewey Prince. This man travels with Marie when she is 14 from Jackson, Mississippi, to Cincinnati, Ohio, and, although unmarried, they live together as a couple. At the time, Marie is so unworldly that she has never owned a pair of underwear. When the woman she works for gives her a pair, she thinks that it is a hat. Dewey Prince is the only man that Miss Marie likes. She tells Pecola that she had children with Dewey Prince, but gives no other information about what happened to them or to her relationship.

Mother is a character in the Dick and Jane book series. The series was designed to help children learn how to read. The books are characterized by simple phrases that describe the activities and feelings of the characters in a way that is accessible to pre-readers. These books present a sanitized version of family life and normalcy. Their function as the first books in children’s lives and as the books that introduce them to written narrative underscores their cultural significance. Mother’s only role in the recreation of Dick and Jane at the beginning of The Bluest Eye is that she lives in the same green and white house as the rest of the family and, that, rather than playing with Jane, she laughs. She is described as very nice.

After the MacTeers discover that Henry Washington has molested Frieda, Mr. Buford gives Mr. MacTeer a gun to shoot Henry Washington.

Mr. Henry (Henry Washington)

Henry Washington is a charming and manipulative child abuser who comes to live in the MacTeer home in the autumn as a result of the parents’ attempt to secure more money for the family. Interestingly, he has a stuttering laugh that is similar to the perverse laughter of the hunters who torture Cholly and Darlene. He moves from the Thirteenth Street home of Della Jones, who is reputedly losing touch with reality. At first, Mr. and Mrs. MacTeer think he is an ideal boarder as he playfully teases Frieda and Claudia, does magic tricks, and calls them by the names of famous white female movie stars like GRETA GARBO and GINGER ROGERS. The MacTeers trust Henry Washington as a boarder in their home because of his reputation as a hard worker and as one who does not live a life outside the strict public rules of the community.

The reality of Henry Washington’s character is more evidence that the public face of the town hides a very different reality. Despite the impression the town holds of him, Henry Washington reads pornography, cavorts with prostitutes in the MacTeer house, and, ultimately, molests Frieda by touching her breasts. When he arrives at the MacTeer home, Mr. Henry is described as smiling frequently with his teeth. The MacTeer girls return home following Mr. Henry’s encounter in their home with China and the Maginot Line. When they ask him who the women are, he takes a drink of pop with his lips and this gesture makes the girls intuitively unsettled. Henry Washington’s calculated abuse of Frieda contrasts with Cholly Breedlove’s spontaneous violation of Pecola and helps to extend the reality of child abuse beyond the particular context of poverty and abnormal behavior and to position abuse as a pervasive social problem.

When Mr. MacTeer learns of Henry Washington’s abuse of Frieda, he assaults the man and shoots at him. Ironically, Henry Washington reacts by singing the hymn, “Nearer My God to Thee.” Mrs. MacTeer tells him to keep God’s name out of his mouth. He is last seen running in sock feet down the street in the wake of Mr. MacTeer’s gun shot.

Henry Washington is a major catalyst in Frieda and Claudia’s loss of innocence. Troubling, however, is Claudia’s revelation of the psychological seduction Henry Washington enacts on the girls with his mannerisms. She says that neither she nor Frieda felt anger or bitterness toward Henry Washington when they thought back on the incident.

Mr. Yacobowski

Mr. Yacobowski is the white, 52-year-old immigrant man who owns the Fresh Vegetable, Meat, Sundries store. He is phlegmatic, with blue eyes that gaze blankly at Pecola when she comes to his store to buy the peanut butter–filled caramel candies called MARY JANES. He does not even want to touch her hand as he takes Pecola’s money. Mr. Yacobowski’s red and lumpy hands symbolize his contempt for Pecola. He tries to avoid touching her hand when taking her money. His hand scratches hers when he finally reaches to take the pennies.

Old Slack Bessie

Old Slack Bessie is a resident of Elyria and the mother of Trifling Peggy.

O.V. is Aunt Jimmy’s half-brother and is not biologically related to Cholly who is the son of Jimmy’s sister, O.V.’s other half-sister. O.V. is reputed to be a Christian who has a house worthy of admiration. When Aunt Jimmy dies, O.V. brings his wife and children to the funeral to pay his respects and to claim Aunt Jimmy’s possessions. As the nearest relative to Cholly, he would be the one to assume responsibility for Cholly. Cholly hates him.

Pauline Williams Breedlove

Pauline Williams Breedlove, the mother of Sammy and Pecola and the wife of Cholly Breedlove, is one of the nine children of Ada and Fowler Williams. Born as the ninth child of the Williams family, Pauline begins life in Alabama before her family moves to Kentucky. As with many African-American migrations north, the move improves the Williams’ economic situation and they move into a house, a space that Pauline uses as an outlet for her energy and creativity.

Perhaps the defining characteristic of Pauline’s childhood is the relative disregard she experiences. Unlike her brothers and sisters, Pauline was not noticed or made to feel special. She attributes this invisibility to a deformed foot that manifests after she steps on a rusty nail at the age of two. Left to her own imagination, Pauline embraces a fantasy about romantic love, particularly with the notion that an ideal man will come and rescue her from her obscurity.

Pauline is perhaps most revelatory in a series of flashback memories. In one of them, she tells of a white employer who spoke out of one side of her mouth and casually informed Pauline that she should leave her marriage to Cholly. The woman’s husband is said to have a slash instead of a mouth. While pregnant with her son Sammy, Pauline loses a tooth as she eats candy during a Gable and Harlow film. This loss signifies her self-perception as ugly with an imperfect mouth, so unlike those on the screen. In a flashback memory, Pauline describes making love with Cholly. She likes the feeling of Cholly’s mouth under her chin.

When the marriage between Cholly and Pauline begins to fail and Pauline’s romantic hopes fade, she cannot seem to keep her hands off Cholly. She uses violence as a vent for her frustrations. In a description cataloging the ugliness of the Breedloves, the narrator states that the “shapely lips” of Mrs. Breedlove, Sammy, and Pecola only reinforce their unattractiveness. Pauline sees Lorain, Ohio, as “the melting pot on the lip of America” and she is disappointed with the realities of the town and of her life there.

Pecola Breedlove

Pecola Breedlove is the second child of Cholly and Pauline Breedlove. Pecola is 11 years old at the beginning of the novel. Pauline is enamored of Hollywood films and may have gotten her daughter’s name from the character Peola in the 1934 version of the movie Imitation of Life. Pecola may be a misspelling of Peola, the character from the film named Peola, played by actress Freddi Washington. The character from the film has in common with Pecola the desire to be white.

From the beginning of her daughter’s life Pauline describes Pecola as eager, but ugly. Neither Pecola nor her brother, Sammy, receive the love, attention, and support they need from their parents, who are preoccupied, abusive, and dysfunctional. Pecola internalizes their neglect and, believing the reason for her suffering to come from some personal deficiency and longs to understand what it is that makes her so unlovable. Observing the culture around her that seems to embrace and adore little girls with blue eyes, Pecola comes to believe that if she had blue eyes, she would have a different experience of the world and would have the love and attention that she needs and desires.

In a drunken, lustful moment, Cholly notices his daughter Pecola and her vulnerability. He is so driven by his own desires and by his complete inability to identify with another and to adhere to moral boundaries that he rapes his daughter in an act that, in his delirium, he believes is tender. Pecola is fractured psychologically by this event. She is also impregnated and even more desperate to acquire her blue eyes.

She journeys to the local spiritualist/psychic Soaphead Church, who is also a pedophile. Although he does not sexually abuse Pecola, he manipulates her into killing his landlady’s dog, Bob. He tells Pecola that if she feeds Bob meat, she will receive the blue eyes that she desires. Watching Bob die is yet another trauma Pecola endures.

After her visit to Soaphead, Pecola seems to believe that she has blue eyes; however, her psyche is utterly fragmented and she communicates only with an alter ego, a critical voice in her head. Even the imagined acquisition of her long desired blue eyes does not ease Pecola’s pain and anxiety. She continues to wonder if her eyes are the bluest.

P.L. is a companion of Bay Boy and is idolized, for a time, by Geraldine’s son, Louis Junior.

Poland is the name of one of the prostitutes that live in the apartment above the Breedloves’ storefront. Poland delights Pecola with her singing and gives the little girl food nicknames. Like Mrs. MacTeer, Poland sings all of the time. Despite some of her crudeness, Poland seems to care for Pecola and asks her questions that seem to suggest genuine concern for the girl. Poland seems to be an alcoholic. Poland’s songs make Pecola wonder about love and how it comes about.

Ralph Nisensky Ralph Nisensky is the lone playmate of Louis Junior. Ralph is not a very interesting partner to Louis as Ralph is thoughtful rather than active.

Rosemary Villanucci

Next door to the MacTeers lives Rosemary Villanucci and her family. Although Rosemary is a frequent playmate of the MacTeer girls, they find her irritating and aggravating. The novel begins with a display of hostility from Claudia and Frieda generated as Rosemary taunts the girls while eating bread in her family’s 1939 Buick. The child’s arrogance irritates the sisters and they promise to hit her out of frustration. The most peculiar aspect of this incident, however, is Rosemary’s response. In response to Claudia and Frieda’s assault, Rosemary offers to pull down her underwear, an offer that perplexes Frieda and Claudia. The girls sense that Rosemary’s sexuality is somehow valuable and that they preserve their own self-esteem by refusing to see her nakedness. Rosemary’s first instinct to remove her underwear in response to violence may indicate that there is also some sexual abuse in her history.

Another incident involving Rosemary Villanucci occurs when Pecola has her first menstrual period while she is staying at the Breedloves’ house. Rosemary observes Claudia and Frieda trying to help Pecola and shouts out to Mrs. MacTeer that the girls are playing in inappropriate way. Rosemary’s screams result in Mrs. MacTeer misunderstanding the situation and punishing her girls until Frieda tells her what is really happening. When Mrs. MacTeer learns of Pecola’s situation, she immediately stops scolding the children and goes to help Pecola. She also castigates Rosemary and sends her home.

Sammy Breedlove

Sammy Breedlove is 14 years old. He is the oldest child of Pauline and Cholly Breedlove and the brother of Pecola, with whom he seems to have no relationship. Sammy is born at home and is difficult for Pauline to feed. Pauline does not deliberately become pregnant with Sammy. When he is a boy, Pauline often yells at and physically abuses her son. Like his sister and father, Sammy calls Pauline Mrs. Breedlove.

Like the rest of his family, Sammy is burdened with the label of ugliness. This imposed identity permeates Sammy’s sense of self and informs his interactions with others. Sammy acts out because he is perceived as ugly, and his appearance draws his friends to him as they are daunted and awed by the intimidation his looks cause.

During his parents’ endless fights, Sammy often pretends to sleep. At other times, he participates in their conflicts in an attempt to defend Pauline. During one violent interaction, he angrily encourages his mother to kill Cholly. Pauline responds by scolding her son. Sammy’s response to the violence of his home is to run away more than 27 times. Eventually, he leaves town permanently.

Sampson Fuller

Before Cholly is born, his father, Sampson Fuller, leaves town. Cholly learns about Sampson Fuller from Aunt Jimmy, who only speculates that Sampson Fuller is Cholly’s father and barely remembers his name. Later, after Aunt Jimmy’s death, when Cholly believes he has impregnated Darlene, he follows in his father’s footsteps and also leaves town. He goes in search of his unseen father in Macon, Georgia. When Cholly finds Sampson Fuller, the man humiliates him and, after throwing money at him, abusively tells the boy to leave. This rejection marks an important turning point in Cholly’s life. From that point on, he is rootless and without context.

Soaphead Church (Elihue Micah Whitcomb)

Soaphead Church is a self-proclaimed psychic healer who is born into a West Indian family that is deeply invested in the white elements of their racially mixed heritage. Soaphead despises people and physical contact, messiness, and slovenliness. A misanthropic pedophile, he is the product of a misguided and brutal father. Although Soaphead momentarily transcends his emotional inertia while in a relationship with a woman he loves named Velma, he succumbs to even greater isolation and despondency when she leaves him in frustration.

Like Cholly and Henry Washington, Soaphead is also a child molester who convinces himself that his abuse of young girls is beautiful, even noble. Claudia and Frieda think that he is scary and crazy. When people come to see Soaphead for healing, they seem to acquire peace of mind and he enjoys a regular clientele. Soaphead has a profound distaste for human excretion of all kinds, a distaste that comes from his fear of his own inevitable demise. In spite of his general loathing of people, Soaphead Church collects their personal effects. He is an array of opposites, but always is able to assure himself that he is in the right. Particularly problematic to Soaphead is the dog, Bob, owned by his landlord, Bertha Reese, also known as Miss Bertha. The dog is old and physically repulsive to Soaphead and seems to represent all that he despises about existence.

Pecola comes to see Soaphead after her rape by Cholly. She comes to ask him for blue eyes, a gift she believes will change her life and make her adored. Soaphead sees Pecola’s request as an opportunity for him to rid himself of the presence of Bob, the dog. Soaphead tells Pecola that she will acquire her blue eyes if she feeds Bob a piece of meat, which she does not know is poisoned, bringing about the dog’s death. While Pecola watches, Soaphead moves his lips as he pretends to pray. Soaphead maintains that this is a charitable act that will grant Pecola’s wish, at least within the confines of her own perceptions.

Suky is a girl from Cholly’s hometown who is known for her sharp tongue. She is attracted to Jake and ventures into the woods with him and Cholly and Darlene during the repast following Aunt Jimmy’s funeral.

Trifling Peggy

The daughter of Old Slack Bessie, Trifling Peggy is the allegedly promiscuous woman from Elyria who leaves town with Della Jones’s husband. Della Jones’s husband says that Trifling Peggy’s smell is the one a real woman should have.

Velma is Soaphead Church’s former wife. She is affectionate, strong, and full of life. When she discovers that her husband is trying to convert her to his gloomy outlook and lifestyle, she abandons him. The marriage between Velma and Soaphead Church is a union of opposites and her positive energy stands in opposition to his pessimism, despair, and enervation.

Williams family, the (Ada, Foster, Pauline, Chicken, and Pie and nine other children)

The Williamses are Pauline’s family of origin. Originally the family lives in Alabama. They then move to Kentucky around the beginning of World War I. The move improves the family’s situation. They are able to own a house that does not suffer from the limitations of the economicaly deprived environment they had before.

Woodrow Cain

Woodrow Cain is one of the boys in town who harass and torment Pecola as she walks with Claudia, Frieda, and Maureen Peal. The boys surround Pecola and taunt her with jibes about her family and the darkness of her skin color. The boys’ mockery indicates their insecurity; like their role models in the town, they compensate for their fear by positioning themselves as superior to Pecola and the Breedlove family. When Frieda and Claudia stop the boys’ abuse of Pecola, the boys enact male machismo by leaving and pretending that standing up to the girls is not worth their trouble.

Claudia learns, from overhearing a conversation between Mrs. MacTeer and Woodrow’s mother, that he still wets the bed.

Analysis of Toni Morrison’s Novels

FURTHER READING Cormier-Hamilton, Patrice. “Black Naturalism and Toni Morrison: The Journey Away from Self-Love in The Bluest Eye,” Melus19, no. 4 (Winter 1994): 109–128. Douglas, Christopher. “What the Bluest Eye Knows about Them: Culture, Race, Identity,” American Literature: A Journal of Literary History, Criticism, and Bibliography 78 (March 2006): 141–168. Kuenz, Jane. “The Bluest Eye: Notes on History, Community, and Black Female Subjectivity,” African American Review 27, no. 3 (1993): 421. Malmgren, Carl D. “Texts, Primers, and Voices in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye,” Critique 41, no. 3 (Spring 2000): 251–273. Mayo, James “Morrison’s The Bluest Eye,” Explicator 60, no. 4 (Summer 2002): 231–234. McKittrick, Katherine. “Black and ‘Cause I’m Black I’m Blue: Transverse Racial Geographies in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye,” Gender Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 7, no. 2 (June 2000): 125–143. Mermann-Jozwiak, Elisabeth. “Re-membering the Body: Body Politics in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye,” Literature Interpretation Theory 12, no. 2 (2001): 189–194. Moses, Cat. “The Blues Aesthetic in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye,” African American Review 33, no. 4 (Winter 1999): 623–638. Source: Gillespie, C. (2008). Critical companion to Toni Morrison. New York: Facts On File.

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The Bluest Eye

Toni morrison, ask litcharts ai: the answer to your questions.

Welcome to the LitCharts study guide on Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye . Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world's best literature guides.

The Bluest Eye: Introduction

The bluest eye: plot summary, the bluest eye: detailed summary & analysis, the bluest eye: themes, the bluest eye: quotes, the bluest eye: characters, the bluest eye: symbols, the bluest eye: theme wheel, brief biography of toni morrison.

Historical Context of The Bluest Eye

Other books related to the bluest eye.

• Full Title: The Bluest Eye
• When Written: 1962-1965
• Where Written: Syracuse, New York
• When Published: 1970
• Literary Period: Modernist
• Genre: Coming of age, tragedy, African American literature
• Setting: Lorain, Ohio, in the years following the Great Depression, 1940-1941.
• Climax: Pecola's rape by her father Cholly
• Antagonist: Cholly Breedlove, The White Standard of Beauty, and Racism
• Point of View: First person passages narrated by Claudia MacTeer, third person omniscient.

Extra Credit for The Bluest Eye

Controversy. Morrison's novel has experienced an abundance of controversy because of the novel's strong language and sexually explicit content. The American Library Association's Office of Intellectual Freedom lists The Bluest Eye as no. 12 on its list of the top 100 banned/challenged books from 2000 to 2007.

Inspiration. The Bluest Eye was inspired by a real life interaction Toni Morrison had with a girl who wanted blue eyes. Her reaction to the girl, which was anger, stayed with her, and later she began to wonder what leads a young girl to desire such a radical transformation. These thoughts led to the writing of The Bluest Eye.

The Bluest Eye

99 pages • 3 hours read

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Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Foreword-Prologue

Character Analysis

Symbols & Motifs

Important Quotes

Essay Topics

Discussion Questions

Black Female Identity

The Bluest Eye is notable because of the detailed way in which the novel explores black female identity formation and the negative impact of society's celebration of Eurocentric beauty standards on African-American women and girls. Morrison sensitively portrays these impacts in the lives of the female characters in the novel from childhood to adulthood.

At 9 years old, Claudia MacTeer represents the voice of African-American girls before the accumulated impact of racism destroys their sense of self. Claudia embodies the “magic" (xix) of black culture, the idea that black girls and women are resilient under the most difficult of circumstances because of a fierce self-love. Claudia's self-love is reflected in her refusal to celebrate white dolls and her resentment and violence against these dolls and girls like Rosemary Villanucci and Maureen Peal .

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The Bluest Eye: Summary and Theme

The bluest eye authored by american writer toni morrison.

Table of Contents

The Bluest Eye authored by Nobel Prize-winning American writer Toni Morrison, remains a potent examination of race, identity, and the destructive impact of social expectations in America in the middle of the 20th century. Morrison’s 1970 debut novel, which reveals the pervasive effects of systemic racism on both individual lives and communities, is a searing read for readers.

The Bluest Eye: Summary and Theme-The Bluest Eye skillfully crafts a tapestry of individuals, each struggling with the heavy weight of racial prejudice and the unrelenting pursuit of an idealized standard of beauty. The story is set against the racially volatile background of Lorain, Ohio, in the 1940s. Pecola Breedlove, a young African American girl at the center of the narrative, uses her desire for blue eyes to symbolize the prevailing social conventions that determine what is desirable and worthy.

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The Bluest Eye: Summary and Theme-Morrison’s narrative unfolds with a rich tapestry of voices, presenting a non-linear exploration of the characters’ lives. This allows readers to delve into the cultural and social complexities that shape the experiences of the novel’s protagonists. The multifaceted storytelling, coupled with the exploration of themes such as internalized racism, family dysfunction, and the loss of innocence, establishes “The Bluest Eye” as a literary masterpiece that transcends its temporal setting.

The Bluest Eye Summary

Toni Morrison’s work, The Bluest Eye, delves deeply into topics of race, identity, beauty, and the damaging impact of racism on both individuals and communities. The story, which takes place in Lorain, Ohio in the 1940s, centers on the life of Pecola Breedlove, a young African American girl.

The Bluest Eye: Summary and Theme-There are several voices and points of view that contribute to the overall tale in this non-linear narrative framework. One of Pecola’s childhood pals, Claudia MacTeer, offers her reflections on the past events in the prologue of the book. Through Claudia and other people, the community offers crucial insights into the social and cultural background of Pecola’s tragic tragedy.

Pecola Breedlove is a young woman who develops an obsession with the idea of meeting the ideal of beauty set forth by society, which is defined as having light skin, blonde hair, and blue eyes. Pecola’s fixation stems from the way society values qualities that are Eurocentric; she believes that having blue eyes will make her beautiful and loved. Pecola’s parents, Pauline and Cholly Breedlove, are also dealing with personal traumas, which adds to the dysfunctional environment in the Breedlove home.

The novel delves into the racial and economic complexities of the time, exploring how systemic racism affects the self-esteem and aspirations of African Americans, especially young girls like Pecola. As Pecola experiences abuse and neglect, she yearns for beauty and acceptance, desperately hoping that acquiring blue eyes will bring her happiness.

Pecola’s friend Claudia serves as a contrasting voice, questioning and resisting societal beauty standards. Claudia’s perspective provides a counterpoint to the destructive impact of racism and the internalization of beauty ideals.

Throughout the narrative, the character of Soaphead Church, a light-skinned man who detests his own blackness, adds another layer to the exploration of racial self-hatred. His story intersects with Pecola’s, revealing the devastating consequences of internalized racism.

The climax of the novel sees Pecola’s mental health deteriorating as she believes she has achieved her wish for blue eyes. However, her tragic reality is revealed as she descends into madness. The novel concludes with Claudia’s reflections on the lasting impact of Pecola’s story, emphasizing the need for empathy and understanding.

Themes in The Bluest Eye:

• Racial Identity and Beauty Standards: The novel critically examines the impact of Eurocentric beauty standards on African American individuals, particularly young girls like Pecola. The characters grapple with their racial identity and the societal preference for features associated with whiteness. The pervasive influence of these standards contributes to a sense of self-hatred and inadequacy among the characters.
• Internalized Racism: “The Bluest Eye” explores how systemic racism leads to the internalization of negative beliefs about one’s race. Characters like Soaphead Church and Pecola herself internalize racist ideologies, leading to self-destructive behaviors and a distorted sense of identity. The novel underscores the need to confront and resist these harmful beliefs.
• Family Dysfunction: The Breedlove family serves as a microcosm of the societal issues depicted in the novel. Cholly and Pauline Breedlove’s troubled relationship, along with their struggles with poverty and racism, contributes to a dysfunctional family environment. The impact of family dynamics on individual development is a recurring theme in the narrative.
• Sexual Abuse and Trauma: Cholly Breedlove’s history of trauma and his violent actions, particularly towards his daughter Pecola, highlight the intergenerational cycle of abuse. The novel portrays the devastating effects of systemic racism on familial relationships and the perpetuation of trauma from one generation to the next.
• Community and Narration: The narrative is structured with multiple voices, including Claudia’s retrospective perspective. The community’s collective voice contributes to a rich and nuanced portrayal of the cultural and social context in which the characters live. The novel emphasizes the importance of community and shared experiences in understanding and addressing societal issues.
• Innocence and Loss: Pecola’s journey reflects the loss of innocence as she confronts harsh realities and experiences trauma. The novel explores the vulnerability of childhood and the impact of societal prejudices on the shaping of one’s identity. The loss of innocence is not only an individual experience but also a reflection of broader societal issues.
• Madness and Escapism: Pecola’s descent into madness serves as a poignant commentary on the devastating effects of racism and the unattainable pursuit of an idealized version of beauty. The novel suggests that madness can be a coping mechanism in the face of overwhelming societal pressures and personal traumas.
• Intersectionality: The novel addresses the intersectionality of race, gender, and class. Characters like Pecola face multiple layers of oppression, and the novel explores how these intersecting identities shape their experiences and opportunities. Intersectionality is integral to understanding the complexities of systemic injustice.

The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison is a poignant and impactful exploration of race, identity, and beauty in America during the 1940s. The novel delves into the destructive effects of systemic racism on individuals and communities, focusing on the life of Pecola Breedlove, a young African American girl who becomes consumed by the desire for blue eyes as a symbol of societal acceptance and beauty.

The Bluest Eye: Summary and Theme-Morrison’s narrative, with its non-linear structure and multiple perspectives, provides a nuanced portrayal of the cultural and social context that shapes the characters’ lives. The novel exposes the damaging impact of Eurocentric beauty standards, internalized racism, and the intersectionality of oppression on the characters, particularly Pecola. Through the lens of the Breedlove family and the community of Lorain, Ohio, Morrison weaves a narrative that resonates with themes of family dysfunction, sexual abuse, innocence, and the quest for identity.

The Bluest Eye: Summary and Theme-The tragic climax of Pecola’s descent into madness serves as a powerful commentary on the profound consequences of racial self-hatred and societal pressures. The novel concludes with reflections from Claudia, one of Pecola’s childhood friends, emphasizing the lasting impact of Pecola’s story and the need for empathy and understanding in the face of societal injustices.

“The Bluest Eye” stands as a literary masterpiece that continues to be relevant in its exploration of systemic racism and its effects on individuals and communities. Toni Morrison’s writing challenges readers to confront uncomfortable truths and engage in critical reflections on the enduring legacy of racial prejudices.

1. Why is beauty such a significant theme in “The Bluest Eye”?

Beauty serves as a significant theme in the novel because it reflects the societal standards that perpetuate racial hierarchies and contribute to the characters’ internalized racism. The quest for beauty, particularly the desire for blue eyes, becomes a symbol of acceptance and worth in a society that values Eurocentric features. The characters’ preoccupation with beauty highlights the destructive impact of societal expectations on individual identity.

2. How does “The Bluest Eye” address the impact of systemic racism on families?

The novel portrays the Breedlove family as a microcosm of the societal issues it explores. Cholly and Pauline Breedlove’s troubled relationship, combined with the challenges of poverty and racism, contributes to a dysfunctional family dynamic. The impact of systemic racism is evident in the characters’ struggles, including Cholly’s traumatic past and its influence on his behavior, as well as Pecola’s experience of abuse and neglect.

3. What role does community play in the novel?

The community in Lorain, Ohio, plays a crucial role in the narrative. The collective voice of the community, as represented through characters like Claudia, provides a broader perspective on the cultural and social context of the story. The novel emphasizes the importance of community in shaping individual experiences and highlights the shared struggles and resilience of African Americans in the face of systemic injustice.

4. How does the novel address the theme of innocence and loss?

The theme of innocence and loss is prevalent in the novel, particularly in Pecola’s journey. As she confronts the harsh realities of racism, abuse, and societal expectations, her innocence is gradually eroded. The novel underscores the vulnerability of childhood and the impact of societal prejudices on the shaping of one’s identity. The loss of innocence is not only an individual experience but also a reflection of broader societal issues.

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The Bluest Eye Essay

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The Bluest Eye by Tony Morrison Essay

Novel summary, main characters and themes, personal opinion.

The portrayal of racism and its destructive consequences in literature serves the purpose of emphasizing the need to transform our society and respect the diversity of cultures. Tony Morrison is the author of the novel titled The Bluest Eye , which presents an overview of an African-American girl’s life and the challenges she encountered. This paper aims to summarize this novel, provide an assent of central themes and characters described by Morrison, and present a personal view of the topic discussed in this work.

The events described by Morrison occur during the Great Depression, which affected all states of the country equally. The main focus is on a family living in Ohio that had two daughters and a temporary foster child. This child, Pecola, suffers from bullying in her neighborhood since people around tell her that she is not beautiful. As a result, the girl desires to have one thing she associates with beauty – blue eyes. Morrison (1990, 18) describes this issue in the following manner – “it had occurred to Pecola some time ago that if her eyes…were different, that is to say, beautiful, she herself would be different.” Perhaps such influence on her emerged as a result of seeing dolls with white skin and blue eyes that were considered beautiful by children around Pecola.

The girl is living with foster parents because her father burned down their house. In general, the depiction of Pecola’s family suggests that the girl encountered many difficulties while growing up. Her parents were always fighting, and her father suffered from fits of anger as a result of his alcoholism. Moreover, Cholly, who is Pecola’s father, raped the gird and ran away, leaving her pregnant. At this point, the commune’s perception of Pecola changed because of these events. At the end of the novel, Pecola’s child dies, and she becomes insane due to the difficulties and traumatizing experiences she went through. The final reflection of Pecola’s foster-sister Claudia provides insight into the main themes that Morrison aimed to highlight in his novel.

The title of the novel provides some insight into the theme that the author aims to describe. As was evident from the summary provided in the previous paragraph, Morrison seeks to depict the destructive consequences of the perceptions of African-American prevalent in society during the Great Depression. The fact that a young girl suffered from an inferiority complex is terrible on its own, but the implications of such events are frightening. It is because the main character of the book, Pecola, believed that she was not pretty, and to become more beautiful, she needed to have blue eyes. The idea that the girl had was fostered by her perception of white skin and other attributes associated with it. Hence, the primary theme that Morrison aims to disclose is the adverse impact that society’s stereotypes regarding race and appearance.

The beauty standard that Pecola chooses based on the appearance of her fair-skinned and blue-eyed doll is another theme, which is relevant to contemporary society as well. Although currently, manufacturers of popular child toys aim to improve the diversity of their products and depict people of different races, Rice et al. (2016) argue that these dolls still harm a child’s perception of beauty. Therefore, Morrison’s novel serves as an essential example of hurtful consequences that can affect a child’s perception of self-image.

When reflection upon Pecola’s life and the events that occurred throughout the novel, Claudia mentioned the innocence as a wrong approach. The girl states that “our innocence and faith were no more productive than his lust or despair” (Morrison 1990, 60). Hence, the idea that the author aims to convey here is that innocence with which these African-Americans approached discrimination did not produce a good result.

As was mentioned, the main character of this novel is Pecola, a young African-American girl who suffers from self-loathing and misery because of the perception of one’s appearance. Rosenbaum (2017) argues that the central theme of this work is the interception of race, gender, and personal identity, which is discussed using the example of Pecola. The race is an essential aspect of this novel because the author shares the experience of growing up as an African-American in a predominantly white community. While there are many examples of improper treatment of African-Americans due to their skin color and appearance in general, the author stresses the impact that such attitudes have on one’s mental health. This is especially hurtful for women as, according to Rosenbaum (2017), the intersection of race and gender and society’s perceptions of beauty subject African-American women to discrimination. Hence, Morrison’s work serves as a representation of difficulties and issues prevalent in the African-American community and allows us to emphasize the need for changing attitudes towards race.

The main characters of the novel are Pecola, her father Cholly, and her mother, Pauline. Throughout the majority of the timeframe depicted by Morrison, Pecola lives with her foster parents, who also accommodate Claudia and Freida, two African-American girls. Other vital characters that affect the events discussed by the author are the Fisher family, who employ Pecola’s mother as a servant, and Geraldine, who is an upper-class African-American woman. Morisson also describes Pecola’s other relatives, such as her brother Sam or grandfather Samson. Out of the people that bullied the girl and contributed to her faulty perception of herself, one should mention Louis Junior and Mr. Yacobowski.

The themes of violence and self-perception of African-American women, discussed in The Bluest Eye provide an understanding of many difficulties that arise as part of the inability to accept diversity. One can argue that the novel can be challenging to read since the author depicts events such as bullying or rape. However, being able to understand that these issues exist will allow society to focus on improving the attitudes towards African-Americans. As Abdullah (2019) states, Pecola serves as an example of the distrustfulness caused by a community, cautioning people from making similar mistakes. Therefore, from a personal perspective, the novel allows one to reevaluate opinions regarding beauty and the impact of other people’s opinions, which is essential for maintaining a healthy self-image.

Overall, Morrison’s novel provides an essential insight into the issues of discrimination that are experienced by many African-Americans. The example of a young gird and the depiction of the hurtful consequences of the community’s views regarding African-American body image affect Pecola’s mental health. Despite many changes, modern society is still subjected to these damaging effects of beauty perception, one example being the impact of dolls on children’s self-esteem.

Abdullah, Nibras Ahmed. 2019. “Theme of Gender in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eyes and Sula .” Journal of Al-Frahedis Arts, 37 (1): 493-509.

Morrison, Toni. 1990. The Bluest Eye. London: Pan Books.

Rice Karly, Ivanka Prichard, and Marika Tiggemann. 2019. “Exposure to Barbie: Effects on Thin-Ideal Internalisation, Body Esteem, and Body Dissatisfaction among Young Girls.” Body Image, no. 19: 142-149. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.09.005.

Rosenbaum, Kathrin. 2015. Race and Gender in Toni Morrison’s “The Bluest Eye.” Munich: GRIN.

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Essays on The Bluest Eye

What makes a good the bluest eye essay topics.

When it comes to writing an essay on The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison, choosing the right topic is crucial. A good essay topic should be thought-provoking, engaging, and relevant to the themes and characters in the novel. But how do you brainstorm and choose the perfect topic for your essay?

First, consider what aspects of the novel resonate with you the most. Are there specific characters, themes, or passages that you find particularly interesting or significant? Brainstorming about these elements can help you come up with unique and original essay topics.

Next, think about the message or messages that Toni Morrison is trying to convey in The Bluest Eye. What social, cultural, and historical issues does the novel address? Considering these broader themes can help you narrow down your topic and focus on a specific aspect of the novel.

Finally, a good essay topic should be specific and focused. Instead of choosing a broad topic, try to narrow it down to a specific aspect of the novel that you can analyze in depth. This will not only make your essay more manageable but also allow you to delve deeper into the text and its implications.

Ultimately, a good essay topic for The Bluest Eye should be original, thought-provoking, and relevant to the novel's themes and characters. By considering these factors and brainstorming effectively, you can choose the perfect topic for your essay.

Best The Bluest Eye Essay Topics

When it comes to writing an essay on The Bluest Eye, choosing a unique and creative topic can set your paper apart. Here are some of the best essay topics for The Bluest Eye that will help you stand out:

• The impact of beauty standards on the characters in The Bluest Eye
• The portrayal of race and identity in the novel
• The role of family and community in shaping the characters' experiences
• The symbolism of the blue eyes in the novel
• The theme of self-acceptance and self-worth in The Bluest Eye
• The intersection of gender and race in the novel
• The effects of trauma and abuse on the characters in the novel
• The portrayal of childhood innocence and the loss of innocence in the novel
• The significance of the setting in The Bluest Eye
• The use of language and narrative style in the novel

These essay topics go beyond the typical themes and characters in The Bluest Eye and offer a fresh perspective on the novel. By choosing one of these topics, you can create a unique and engaging essay that stands out from the rest.

The Bluest Eye essay topics Prompts

If you're looking for creative prompts to inspire your essay on The Bluest Eye, here are five ideas to get you started:

• Imagine you are a character in The Bluest Eye. How would you navigate the challenges and hardships faced by the characters in the novel?
• Write a letter from one character to another, expressing their thoughts and emotions about the events of the novel.
• Create a visual representation of a key theme or symbol in The Bluest Eye, using images, symbols, and colors to convey its significance.
• Rewrite a key scene from the novel from a different character's perspective, shedding new light on their motivations and experiences.
• Imagine a conversation between the author, Toni Morrison, and one of the characters from The Bluest Eye. What questions would you ask them about the novel and its themes?

These prompts are designed to spark creativity and encourage you to think outside the box when writing your essay on The Bluest Eye. By approaching the novel from a new angle, you can create a fresh and engaging essay that offers a unique perspective on the text.

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Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye: The Stylistic Analysis of Metaphor

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These Were the Most Challenged Books in America Last Year

Titles with LGBTQ themes dominated the American Library Association’s newly released list

Ella Feldman

Daily Correspondent

In 2023, the most challenged books across the country were about LGBTQ individuals and people of color, according to a report released today by the American Library Association (ALA). The news follows last month’s announcement that book-banning attempts have reached record highs .

“More and more, we’re seeing challenges that say, simply, ‘This book has a gay character,’ or, ‘This book deals with LGBTQ themes,’ even if it has no sexuality in it,” Deborah Caldwell-Stone, the director of the ALA’s office for intellectual freedom, tells the New York Times ’ Elizabeth A. Harris. “We’re seeing those naked attacks on simply the visibility of and knowledge about LGBTQ lives and experiences.”

According to the ALA, 4,240 unique titles were targeted for censorship in schools and libraries nationwide last year. That’s a 65 percent increase from 2022—and the highest number ever recorded by the organization.

The newly published report includes a list of the most targeted books across the United States. For the third year in a row, Maia Kobabe’s Gender Queer: A Memoir took the top spot. Published in 2019, the graphic novel traces Kobabe’s experience navigating gender identity and sexuality in adolescence and adulthood.

The author has spoken in the past about how strongly readers have responded to the text. As Kobabe told NBC News ’ Matt Lavietes in 2021, “I’ve been receiving almost weekly, and sometimes more than weekly, emails from readers thanking me for writing it, telling me how much it meant to them, saying it helped them understand themselves.”

Gender Queer has been controversial ever since its publication, inspiring numerous political and legal battles. However, the controversy has only increased interest in the title, which is “selling better than ever,” as the author told Slate ’s Dan Kois in 2022.

“A book being challenged or banned does not hurt the book and does not hurt the author,” Kobabe said. “The people who are hurt in a challenge are the marginalized readers in the community where the challenge takes place.”

According to the ALA, the second most challenged book in 2023 was George M. Johnson’s All Boys Aren’t Blue (2020), an essay collection describing the author’s experience growing up as a queer Black man in New Jersey and ​​Virginia.

Next on the list is Juno Dawson’s This Book Is Gay (2014), a nonfiction title intended to help young people navigate queer identity, followed by Stephen Chbosky’s The Perks of Being a Wallflower (1999), a novel touching on themes including sexuality, mental health and abuse. Following the premiere of a film adaptation in 2012, the book became a New York Times bestseller .

The list also includes Toni Morrison ’s The Bluest Eye , which is frequently taught in high school English classes. Published in 1970, Morrison’s first novel follows Pecola, a young Black girl growing up during the Great Depression, and explores topics such as racism and sexual abuse.

The ALA’s publication of the report coincides with the beginning of the organization’s National Library Week , a celebration of America’s library systems.

“Each challenge, each demand to censor these books is an attack on our freedom to read, our right to live the life we choose, and an attack on libraries as community institutions that reflect the rich diversity of our nation,” says Caldwell-Stone in a statement . “When we tolerate censorship, we risk losing all of this.”

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Ella Malena Feldman is a writer and editor based in Washington, D.C. She examines art, culture and gender in her work, which has appeared in Washington City Paper , DCist and the Austin American-Statesman .

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Here Are the Most Targeted Books of 2023

Amid a nationwide surge in book bans, memoirs and novels that deal with the experiences of L.G.B.T.Q. people or explore race received the most challenges.

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By Elizabeth A. Harris

The most challenged books in the United States in 2023 continued to focus on the experiences of L.G.B.T.Q. people or explore themes of race, according to a report released Monday by the American Library Association.

Amid an explosion of books bans across the country, the association counted more than 4,200 challenged titles , which is the most in a single year since it began tracking this information more than two decades ago. In the years leading up 2021, when the increase really took off, the average number of titles challenged in a given year was about 275, according to the library association.

“More and more, we’re seeing challenges that say, simply, This book has a gay character, or, This book deals with L.G.B.T.Q. themes, even if it has no sexuality in it,” said Deborah Caldwell-Stone, the director of the American Library Association’s office for intellectual freedom. “We’re seeing those naked attacks on simply the visibility of and knowledge about L.G.B.T.Q. lives and experiences.”

Traditionally, books were challenged when individual parents raised concerns about a specific book their child had encountered in school, and libraries have long had processes in place so that parents could prevent their children from borrowing books they consider inappropriate.

But organized groups have led the charge in this escalation, challenging large batches of titles and circulating lists online — sometimes including dozens or even hundreds of books — to encourage parents and others to seek them out at their local libraries en masse.

Parents and organizers who have pushed to remove certain titles say they are trying to protect children from stumbling on books that are explicit or inappropriate for their age.

Increasingly, Caldwell-Stone said, these challenges are taking place not only in school libraries but in public libraries as well. According to the library association’s report, 54 percent of the challenges they tracked took place in public libraries.

The report also highlighted efforts to counter book challenges. Some local elections and initiatives have come out against those trying to restrict access to books, federal legislators have held hearings on the subject and those who oppose restricting access to certain books have had some legal victories.

Here are the 10 most challenged books of 2023, along with the reasons they were targeted. Several, including “Gender Queer,” “The Bluest Eye” and “All Boys Aren’t Blue,” have been among the most frequently challenged in previous years.

1. “Gender Queer,” by Maia Kobabe

An illustrated memoir by Kobabe, who is nonbinary, was challenged because it contained L.G.B.T.Q. content and was called sexually explicit.

2. “All Boys Aren’t Blue,” by George M. Johnson

This memoir about the joys and challenges of growing up Black and queer was challenged because of L.G.B.T.Q. content and because it was considered sexually explicit.

3. “This Book is Gay,” by Juno Dawson

A nonfiction book that explores growing as an L.G.B.T.Q. person and includes topics like sex and stereotypes, this was challenged because it included L.G.B.T.Q. content, which was considered sexually explicit.

4. “The Perks of Being a Wallflower,” by Stephen Chbosky

This best-selling book for young adults is about a high school freshman in the suburbs in the 1990s. It was challenged for its L.G.B.T.Q. content, as well as its inclusion of profanity, drugs and rape.

5. “Flamer,” by Mike Curato

“Flamer,” a graphic novel for young adults that draws on the author’s own experience, is about a child at Boy Scout camp who is coming to terms with being gay. It was challenged for L.G.B.T.Q. content and for being sexually explicit.

6. “The Bluest Eye,” by Toni Morrison

This was Morrison’s 1970 debut, and follows a Black girl who wishes for blue eyes so she will fit the standards of conventional white beauty. The book also address racism and sexual abuse. It was challenged for its inclusion of rape and incest and because its content was seen as promoting equity, diversity and inclusion.

Tie: “Me and Earl and the Dying Girl,” by Jesse Andrews

A best seller about high school students, this novel was challenged because of profanity and because it was deemed sexually explicit.

Tie: “Tricks,” by Ellen Hopkins

This novel, about teenagers who fall into prostitution, was challenged for being sexually explicit and including drugs, rape and L.G.B.T.Q. content.

9. “Let’s Talk About It,” by Erika Moen and Matthew Nolan

A graphic novel about sex and relationships, this was challenged for being sexually explicit and including L.G.B.T.Q. content.

10. “Sold,” by Patricia McCormick

This National Book Award finalist is about a 13-year-old girl who is sold into prostitution. It was challenged because it was considered sexually explicit and included depictions of rape.

An earlier version of this article misstated a title of one of the targeted books. It is “This Book Is Gay,” not “The Book Is Gay.”

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