financial analysis case study ppt

An example of Financial analysis is analyzing a company’s performance and trend by calculating financial ratios like profitability ratios, including net profit ratio, which is calculated by net profit divided by sales. It indicates the company’s profitability by which we can assess the company’s profitability and trend of profit. There are more liquidity ratios, turnover ratios, and solvency ratios.

Financial Statement Analysis is considered one of the best ways to analyze the fundamental aspects. It helps us understand the company’s financial performance derived from its financial statements. It is an important metric to analyze its operating profitability, liquidity, leverage, etc. The following financial analysis example outlines the most common financial analysis used by professionals.

Current ratio, quick ratio, operating profitability ratio, net profit ratio, return on equity (roe), return on capital employed (roce), inventory turnover ratio, receivable turnover ratios, payable turnover ratios, debt equity ratio, financial leverage, recommended articles.

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Top 4 Financial Statement Analysis Examples

Below mentioned are the financial statements Financial Statements Financial statements are written reports prepared by a company's management to present the company's financial affairs over a given period (quarter, six monthly or yearly). These statements, which include the Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Cash Flows, and Shareholders Equity Statement, must be prepared in accordance with prescribed and standardized accounting standards to ensure uniformity in reporting at all levels. read more of XYZ Ltd & ABC Ltd.

Balance Sheet of XYZ Ltd. & ABC Ltd.

P&L Statement of XYZ Ltd. & ABC Ltd.

Below mentioned are the examples of financial ratio analysis Ratio Analysis Ratio analysis is the quantitative interpretation of the company's financial performance. It provides valuable information about the organization's profitability, solvency, operational efficiency and liquidity positions as represented by the financial statements. read more based on financial statements provided above:

Example #1 – Liquidity Ratios

Liquidity ratios measure the ability of a company to pay off its current obligations. The most common types are:

The Current Ratio Current Ratio The current ratio is a liquidity ratio that measures how efficiently a company can repay it' short-term loans within a year. Current ratio = current assets/current liabilities read more measures the number of current assets to current liabilities. Generally, the ratio of 1 is considered ideal for depicting that the company has sufficient current assets Current Assets Current assets refer to those short-term assets which can be efficiently utilized for business operations, sold for immediate cash or liquidated within a year. It comprises inventory, cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts receivable, etc. read more to repay its current liabilities.

Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities

ABC’s Current Ratio is better than XYZ, which shows ABC is in a better position to repay its current obligations.

The Quick ratio Quick Ratio The quick ratio, also known as the acid test ratio, measures the ability of the company to repay the short-term debts with the help of the most liquid assets. It is calculated by adding total cash and equivalents, accounts receivable, and the marketable investments of the company, then dividing it by its total current liabilities. read more helps analyze the company’s instant paying ability of its current obligations.

ABC is better positioned than XYZ to cover its current obligations instantly.

Example #2 – Profitability Ratios

Profitability ratios Profitability Ratios Profitability ratios help in evaluating the ability of a company to generate income against the expenses. These ratios represent the financial viability of the company in various terms. read more analyze the earning ability of the company. It also helps in understanding the company’s operating efficiency of the business. A few important profitability ratios are as follows:

Measures the Operating efficiency of the company;

Both companies have a similar operating ratio Operating Ratio Operating Ratio refers to a metric determining how efficient a company’s management is at keeping operating costs low while generating revenues or sales, by comparing the total operating expenses of a company to that of its net sales. Operating Ratio Formula = Operating Expenses / Net Sales* 100 read more .

Measures the overall profitability of the company;

XYZ has better profitability compared to ABC.

Return on Equity Return On Equity Return on Equity (ROE) represents financial performance of a company. It is calculated as the net income divided by the shareholders equity. ROE signifies the efficiency in which the company is using assets to make profit. read more measures the return realized from shareholders’ equity of the company.

XYZ provides a better return to its equity holders as compared to ABC.

Return on Capital Employed Return On Capital Employed Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) is a metric that analyses how effectively a company uses its capital and, as a result, indicates long-term profitability. ROCE=EBIT/Capital Employed. read more measures the return realized from the total capital employed in the business.

Both companies have a similar return ratio to be provided to all the owners of capital.

Example #3 – Turnover Ratios

Turnover ratios analyze how efficiently the company has utilized its assets.

Some important turnover ratios Turnover Ratios Turnover Ratios are the efficiency ratios that measure how a business optimally utilizes its assets to generate sales from them. You can determine its formula as per the Turnover type, i.e., Inventory Turnover, Receivables Turnover, Capital Employed Turnover, Working Capital Turnover, Asset Turnover, & Accounts Payable Turnover. read more are as follows:

Inventory Turnover Ratio Inventory Turnover Ratio Inventory Turnover Ratio measures how fast the company replaces a current batch of inventories and transforms them into sales. Higher ratio indicates that the company’s product is in high demand and sells quickly, resulting in lower inventory management costs and more earnings. read more measures evaluating the effective level of managing the business’s inventory.

A higher ratio means a company is selling goods quickly and managing its inventory level effectively.

Receivable Turnover Ratios help measure a company’s effectiveness in collecting its receivables or debts.

A higher ratio means the company is collecting its debt more quickly and managing its account receivables Account Receivables Accounts receivables is the money owed to a business by clients for which the business has given services or delivered a product but has not yet collected payment. They are categorized as current assets on the balance sheet as the payments expected within a year. read more effectively.

The payable Turnover Ratio helps quantify the rate at which a company can pay off its suppliers.

Higher the ratio means a company is paying its bills more quickly and managing its payables more effectively.

Example #4 – Solvency Ratios

Solvency ratios Solvency Ratios Solvency Ratios are the ratios which are calculated to judge the financial position of the organization from a long-term solvency point of view. These ratios measure the firm’s ability to satisfy its long-term obligations and are closely tracked by investors to understand and appreciate the ability of the business to meet its long-term liabilities and help them in decision making for long-term investment of their funds in the business. read more measure the extent of the number of assets owned by the company to cover its future obligations. Some important solvency ratios are as follows:

The Debt to Equity Ratio Debt To Equity Ratio The debt to equity ratio is a representation of the company's capital structure that determines the proportion of external liabilities to the shareholders' equity. It helps the investors determine the organization's leverage position and risk level. read more measures the amount of equity available with the company to pay off its debt obligations. A higher ratio represents the company’s unwillingness to pay off its obligations. Therefore it is better to maintain the right debt-equity ratio to manage the company’s solvency.

A higher ratio means higher leverage. XYZ is in a better solvency position as compared to ABC.

Financial leverage Financial Leverage Financial Leverage Ratio measures the impact of debt on the Company’s overall profitability. Moreover, high & low ratio implies high & low fixed business investment cost, respectively. read more measures the number of assets available to equity holders of the company. The higher the ratio, the higher the financial risk Financial Risk Financial risk refers to the risk of losing funds and assets with the possibility of not being able to pay off the debt taken from creditors, banks and financial institutions. A firm may face this due to incompetent business decisions and practices, eventually leading to bankruptcy. read more in terms of debt position to finance the company’s assets.

Higher the ratio of ABC implies that the company is highly leveraged and could face difficulty paying off its debt compared to XYZ.

It is important to understand that financial ratios Financial Ratios Financial ratios are indications of a company's financial performance. There are several forms of financial ratios that indicate the company's results, financial risks, and operational efficiency, such as the liquidity ratio, asset turnover ratio, operating profitability ratios, business risk ratios, financial risk ratio, stability ratios, and so on. read more are one of the most important metrics used by finance professionals in analyzing the financial performance of companies. Also, it helps in understanding the relative performance of two or more companies in the same industry.

This article has been a guide to Examples of Financial Analysis. Here we discuss the top 4 Financial Analysis Examples, including profitability , liquidity, turnover, and solvency ratios. You can learn more about financing from the following articles –

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Case Analysis and Presentation: Amazon Case Example - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Case Analysis and Presentation: Amazon Case Example

Background including company history, the events leading up to the critical ... what about increases in interest rates 'irrational exuberance' quote by greenspan ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

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20+ Best Free Business Case Study PowerPoint PPT Templates Downloads

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How to Make a Case Study PowerPoint Presentation Quickly

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Guide to Financial Statement Analysis

1. income statement analysis, 2. balance sheet and leverage ratios, 3. cash flow statement analysis, 4. rates of return and profitability analysis, more financial statement analysis, analysis of financial statements.

Guide to analyzing financial statements for financial analysts

One of the main tasks of an analyst is to perform an extensive analysis of financial statements . In this free guide, we will break down the most important types and techniques of financial statement analysis.

This guide is designed to be useful for both beginners and advanced finance professionals, with the main topics covering: (1) the income statement, (2) the balance sheet, (3) the cash flow statement, and (4) rates of return.

Most analysts start their financial statement analysis with the income statement . Intuitively, this is usually the first thing we think about with a business… we often ask questions such as, “How much revenue does it have?” “Is it profitable?” and “What are the margins like?”

In order to answer these questions, and much more, we will dive into the income statement to get started.

There are two main types of analysis we will perform: vertical analysis and horizontal analysis.

Vertical Analysis

With this method of analysis, we will look up and down the income statement (hence, “vertical” analysis) to see how every line item compares to revenue, as a percentage.

For example, in the income statement shown below, we have the total dollar amounts and the percentages, which make up the vertical analysis.

Analysis of Financial Statements - Vertical Analysis

As you see in the above example, we do a thorough analysis of the income statement by seeing each line item as a proportion of revenue .

The key metrics we look at are:

To learn how to perform this analysis step-by-step, please check out our Financial Analysis Fundamentals Course .

Key Highlights

Horizontal Analysis

Now it’s time to look at a different way to evaluate the income statement. With horizontal analysis, we look at the year-over-year (YoY) change in each line item.

In order to perform this exercise, you need to take the value in Period N and divide it by the value in Period N-1 and then subtract 1 from that number to get the percent change.

For the below example, revenue in Year 3 was $55,749, and in Year 2, it was $53,494. The YoY change in revenue is equal to $55,749 / $53,494 minus one, which equals 4.2%.

Analysis of Financial Statement - Vertical Analysis

To see exactly how to perform this horizontal analysis of financial statements, please enroll in our Financial Analysis Fundamentals Course now!

Let’s move on to the balance sheet . In this section of financial statement analysis, we will evaluate the operational efficiency of the business. We will take several items on the income statement and compare them to accounts on the balance sheet.

The balance sheet metrics can be divided into several categories, including liquidity, leverage, and operational efficiency.

The main liquidity ratios for a business are:

The main leverage ratios are:

The main operating efficiency ratios are:

Using the above financial ratios, we can determine how efficiently a company is generating revenue and how quickly it’s selling inventory.

Using the financial ratios derived from the balance sheet and comparing them historically versus industry averages or competitors will help you assess the solvency and leverage of a business.

In our course on Analysis of Financial Statements , we explore all the above metrics and ratios in great detail.

With the income statement and balance sheet under our belt, let’s look at the cash flow statement and all the insights it tells us about the business.

The cash flow statement will help us understand the inflows and outflows of cash over the time period we’re looking at.

Cash flow statement overview

The cash flow statement, or statement of cash flow, consists of three components:

Each of these three sections tells us a unique and important part of the company’s sources and uses of cash over a specific time period.

Many investors consider the cash flow statement the most important indicator of a company’s performance.

Today, investors quickly flip to this section to see if the company is actually making money or not and what its funding requirements are.

It’s important to understand how different ratios can be used to properly assess the operation of an organization from a cash management standpoint.

Below is an example of the cash flow statement and its three main components. Linking the 3 statements together in Excel is the building block of financial modeling. To learn more, please see our online courses to learn the process step by step.

In this part of our analysis of financial statements, we unlock the drivers of financial performance. By using a “pyramid” of ratios, we are able to demonstrate how you can determine the profitability, efficiency, and leverage drivers for any business.

This is the most advanced section of our financial analysis course, and we recommend that you watch a demonstration of how professionals perform this analysis.

The course includes a hands-on case study and Excel templates that can be used to calculate individual ratios and a pyramid of ratios from any set of financial statements.

The key insights to be derived from the pyramid of ratios include:

Rates of return and profitability analysis

By constructing the pyramid of ratios, you will gain an extremely solid understanding of the business and its financial statements.

Enroll in our financial analysis course to get started now!

We hope this guide on the analysis of financial statements has been a valuable resource for you. If you’d like to keep learning with free CFI resources, we highly recommend these additional guides to improve your financial statement analysis:

Free Accounting Courses

Learn accounting fundamentals and how to read financial statements with CFI’s free online accounting classes . These courses will give the confidence you need to perform world-class financial analyst work. Start now!

Building confidence in your accounting skills is easy with CFI courses! Enroll now for FREE to start advancing your career!

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Case Study Template

What is a case study?

A case study is a type of research to better understand a particular problem. It mostly focuses on strategies and refers to a specific person, an action, a company, or an event, even. The idea is to understand an overall path a company or person took around a specific goal. The main objective of a case study is to learn beforehand from a particular case or scenario to improve similarly applicable processes.

To achieve the above, this method seeks to analyze information around a given topic, including its context and all relevant factors that affect it. It goes in-depth on a particular area with the hopes of solving a problem. This kind of analysis is moreover useful to avoid making a similar mistake in the future.

What makes an excellent case study ppt template?

Most reliable or trust-worthy case studies include lots of evidence. The truth is that case studies base their strength on diverse data to prove what’s typically the same and a single point. Through either quantitative or qualitative approaches, a convincing case study tackles a situation from several angles at once. And it highlights new facts that alter a situation to the point of proving a proposed solution to a common problem.

How a case study is useful in business

Now that we’ve clarified the definition of a case study, we should get to its importance for a business. The obvious plus to working on a case study for your company is how that knowledge sheds light on your standing processes. Analyzing a client’s experience is an epicenter for tons of new knowledge about your company. Researching a particular case in depth can help you figure out changes you can make to your business. That’s especially true in terms of why a specific action worked beautifully in non-traditional ways to solve rather common trouble. Doing that can ensure you keep delivering top-notch solutions to industry commonalities.

As if that weren’t enough, writing a case study based on your company is also a great tool to highlight your success. It quickly lets others see what you’ve done right and how you’ve achieved that level. Think what this does to your brand and reputation to solve customer problems extraordinarily; so much so that it makes a case for any industry standard.

You can write case studies on your most successful programs, for instance, to promote them, but also understand better how those successes came to be. You can then plan on achieving similar results in other projects. Case studies can also help tell a story about your company and share information on your products or services.

The above alone bears the potential of drawing in new customers. These can be people who are either impressed with your uniqueness in how you handled matters or who simply need similar solutions to their long-standing struggles. A case study that’s very well done will also gain a company a leading positioning as an expert or go-to point in an industry.

Making the best of failure through case studies

Now, on the other hand, there’s also lots to learn from failure through case studies. Say you read up on common startup mistakes that ruin a business . Through a case study, you could be going deep into at least 1 of the startup myths that kill companies , for example. You’ll be learning through examples that constitute qualitative and quantitative evidence as to why a standard error was uniquely avoided in a particular scenario.

For those planning to build a startup, case studies give room for foundational knowledge. It’s a way to gain trajectory before going down excruciating roads. Reading up on variables, choices, and circumstances that resulted in failure can prevent you and your company from going in the same direction.

Case studies that examine decisions made over time, such as funding, IPOs, and investments, make up great examples. And how each of those affected a startup in terms of sales, market growth, projections, and so much more. Persuasive case studies offer alternate solutions and perspectives on matters.

Case studies on likelihood

And rather than just base this type of analysis on success or failure, some also work on projections. They focus on alternatives that weren’t taken and portray what could’ve happened in diverse scenarios had circumstances changed in one way or another.

Now that those options are out of the way let’s see how to write a convincing case study.

How to write a case study

If you’re wondering how to write a case study, primarily if you aim to write a convincing one, there are at least five sections for the sake of structure on which you should focus. We’ll describe those shortly. Yet, before you do that, know every case study goes through a state of contemplation. First, look for the key and diverse elements that will help you analyze the problem you’re discussing.

If you’re trying to write a compelling case study about someone or a company other than yourself, you should go over as much information as you can about them. One missed detail can bring down your hypothesis, so aim to know as much as possible to avoid that.

For better results yet, clarify for yourself what issue is the precise one you’ll be analyzing. Make sure you come to the bottom of it succinctly. Doing so will help you significantly in the first section that we detail below when you aim to state that for others.

Once you have the objective of your case study, go through all the required analytic steps before you literally jump to conclusions. Be part of the process, don’t accelerate it ahead of time. Let’s get to the 5 sections we promised.

Five basic sections of a case study

The first is an introduction that explains the problem. You can see this as a critical issue of a case.

A piece of advice here if you’re going to write about your company is to define your target audience. Include real figures. Use only crucial information throughout and determine the specific strategy you’ll be discussing.

Then, position this problem in context by going over background information, which needs to include the most relevant information to said case. Remember, convincing data stands on factual research.

Do your actual evaluation next. This is where you explain vital elements and the proposed solution to the matter. Be as specific as possible. Focus on what you did right (or wrong, in case you’re studying a failure). Make sure you have a full grasp of the specifics of what happened. Analyze your information and systematize metrics here. Use graphs or other tools to present your results, and state your solution or learnings clearly.

The wrap-up refers to final steps or recommendations, if not just conclusions drawn from the case.

Ready to write your case study now?

We like being here to make life easier and more efficient for you. Here’s our case study ppt template to use online or download to PDF. You’ll just need to enter your project name on the cover and give an overview on the second slide. Give details on the matter of study or client you’re analyzing via name, size, location, and a short bio. Then, move on to graphs or other visual aids to answer how you assisted this party in the case you’re analyzing.

From there, describe the challenge you faced through goals, risks, and the problem. Explain your approach with the detailed set of steps you took to come to your solution. Describe that solution in more depth in a new slide before you finish with a display of your main results.

And there you have it! All you needed to know about case studies with valuable insight, resources, and much more!

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The Private Equity Case Study: The Ultimate Guide

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The private equity case study is an especially intimidating part of the private equity recruitment process .

You’ll get a “case study” in virtually any private equity interview process , whether you’re interviewing at the mega-funds (Blackstone, KKR, Apollo, etc.), middle-market funds , or smaller, startup funds.

The difference is that each one gives you a different type of case study, which means you need to prepare differently:

What Should You Expect in a Private Equity Case Study?

There are three different types of “case studies”:

We will focus on the “take-home” private equity case study here because the other types already have their own articles/tutorials or will have them soon.

If you’re interviewing within the fast-paced, on-cycle recruiting process with large funds in the U.S. , you should expect timed LBO modeling tests (type #2).

If the firm interviews dozens of candidates in a single weekend, there’s no time to give everyone open-ended case studies and assess them.

You might also get time-pressured LBO modeling tests in early rounds in other financial centers, such as London .

The open-ended case studies – type #3 – are more common at smaller funds, in off-cycle recruiting, and outside the U.S.

Although you have more time to complete them, they’re significantly more difficult because they require critical thinking skills and outside research.

One common misconception is that you “need” to build a complex model for these case studies.

But that is not true at all because they’re judging you mostly on your investment thesis , your presentation, and your ability to answer questions afterward.

No one cares if your LBO model has 200 rows, 500 rows, or 5,000 rows – they care about how well you make the case for or against the company.

This open-ended private equity case study is often the final step between the interview and the job offer, so it is critically important.

The Private Equity Case Study, in Parts

This is another technical tutorial, so I’ve embedded the corresponding YouTube video below:

Table of Contents:

Files & Resources:

We’re going to use Cars.com in this example, which is one of the 15+ case studies in our Financial Modeling Mastery course .

The full course includes a detailed, step-by-step walkthrough rather than this summary.

Part 1: Typical Private Equity Case Study Prompt

In some cases, they’ll give you a company to analyze, but in others, you’ll have to screen for companies yourself and pick one.

It’s easier if they give you the company and the supporting documents like the Information Memorandum , but you’ll also have less time to complete the case study.

The prompt here is very open-ended: “We like these types of deals and companies, so pick one and present it to us.”

The instructions are helpful in one way: they tell us explicitly not to build a full 3-statement model and to focus on the market and strategy rather than an “extremely complex model.”

They also hint very strongly that the model must include sensitivities and/or scenarios:

Part 2: Suggested Time Split for a 1-Week Private Equity Case Study

You have 7 days to complete this case study, which may seem like a lot of time.

But the problem is that you probably don’t have 8-12 hours per day to work on this.

You’re likely working or studying full-time, which means you might have 2-3 hours per day at most.

So, I would suggest the following schedule:

If the presentation is shorter (e.g., 5 slides rather than 15) or longer, you could tweak this schedule as needed.

But regardless of the presentation length, you should spend MORE time on the research, data gathering, and presentation than on the LBO model itself.

Part 3: Screening and Selecting a Company

The criteria are simple and straightforward here: “The firm aims to find undervalued companies with stagnant or declining core businesses that can be acquired at reasonable valuation multiples and then turn them around via restructuring, divestitures, and add-on acquisitions.”

The industry could be consumer, media/telecom, or software, with an ideal Purchase Enterprise Value of $500 million to $1 billion (sometimes up to $2 billion).

Reading between the lines, I would add a few criteria:

We used this process to screen for companies here:

In software , many of the companies traded at very high multiples (30x+ EBITDA), and others had negative EBITDA, so we dropped this sector.

In consumer/retail , the companies had more reasonable multiples (5-10x), but most also had low margins and weak FCF generation.

And in media/telecom , quite a few companies had lower multiples, but the FCF math was challenging because many companies had high CapEx requirements (at least on the telecom side).

We eliminated companies with very high multiples, negative EBITDA, and exorbitant CapEx, which left this set:

Private Equity Case Study Company Selection

Within this set, we then eliminated companies with negative FCF, minimal information on revenue/expenses, somewhat-higher multiples, and those whose businesses were declining too much (e.g., 20-30% annual declines).

We settled on Cars.com because it had a 9.4x EBITDA multiple at the time of this screen, a declining business with modest projected growth, 25-30% margins, and reasonable FCF generation with FCF yields between 10% and 15%.

If you don’t have Capital IQ for this exercise, you’ll have to rely on FinViz and use P / E multiples as a proxy for EBITDA multiples.

You can click through to each company to view the P / FCF multiples, which you can flip around to get the FCF yields.

In this case, don’t even bother looking for revenue and expense information until you have your top 2-3 candidates.

Part 4: Gathering Data and Doing Industry Research

Once you have the company, you can spend the next few days skimming through its most recent annual report and investor presentation, focusing on its financial statements and revenue/expense drivers.

With Cars.com, it’s clear that the company’s “Dealer Customers” and Average Revenue per Dealer will be key drivers:

The company also has significant website traffic and earns advertising revenue from that, but it’s small next to the amount it earns from charging car dealers to use its services:

It’s clear from this quick review that we’ll need some outside research to estimate these drivers, as the company’s filings and investor presentation have little.

Fortunately, it’s easy to Google the number of new and used car dealers in the U.S. and estimate the market size and share like that:

The company’s market share has been declining , and we expect that trend to continue, but it’s not clear how rapid the decline will be.

Consumers are increasingly buying directly from other consumers, and dealers have less reason to use the company’s marketplace services than in past years.

We create an area for these key drivers, with scenarios for the most uncertain one:

Cars.com - Scenarios for the Market Share

You might be wondering why there’s no assumed uptick in market share since this is supposed to be a “turnaround” case study.

The short answer is that we think the company is unlikely to “turn around” its core business in this time frame, so it will have to move into new areas via bolt-on acquisitions .

For example, maybe it could acquire smaller firms that sell software and services to dealers, or it could acquire physical or online car dealerships directly.

Another option is to acquire companies that can better monetize Cars.com’s large and growing web traffic – such as companies that sell auto finance leads.

As part of this process, we also need to research smaller companies to acquire, but there isn’t much to say about this part.

It comes down to running searches on Capital IQ for smaller companies in related industries and entering keywords like “auto” in the business description field.

In terms of the other financial statement drivers , many expenses here are simple percentages of revenue, but we could also link them to the employee count.

We also link the website traffic to the sales & marketing spending to capture the spending required for growth in that area.

Finally, we need to input the financial statements for the company, which is not that hard since they’re already fairly clean:

It might be worth consolidating a few items here, but the Income Statement and partial Cash Flow Statement are mostly fine, which means the Excel versions are close to the ones in the annual report.

Part 5: Building a Simple But Effective Model

The case study instructions state that a full 3-statement model is not necessary – but even if they had not, such a model would rarely be worthwhile.

Remember that LBO models, just like DCF models , are based on cash flow and EBITDA multiples ; the full statements add almost nothing since you can track the Cash and Debt balances separately.

In terms of model complexity, a single-sheet LBO with 200-300 rows in Excel is fine for this exercise.

You’re not going to get “extra credit” for a super-complex LBO model that takes days to understand.

The key schedules here are:

We pay special attention to the add-on acquisitions here, with support for their revenue and EBITDA contributions:

Private Equity Case Study - Add-On Acquisitions

The Debt Schedule features a Revolver, Term Loans, and Subordinated Notes:

Private Equity Case Study - Debt Schedule

The Returns Calculations are also simple; we do assume a bit of Multiple Expansion because of the company’s higher growth rate by the end:

Private Equity Case Study - Exit Multiples

Could we simplify this model even further?

I don’t think the M&A vs. IPO exit options mentioned above are necessary, and we could also drop the “Growth” vs. “Value” options for the add-on acquisitions:

Especially if we recommend against the deal, it’s not that important to analyze which type of add-on acquisition works best.

It would be more difficult to drop the scenarios and sensitivity tables , but we could restructure them a bit and fold the scenario into a sensitivity table.

All investing is probabilistic, and there’s a huge range of potential outcomes – so it’s difficult to make a serious investment recommendation without examining several outcomes.

Even if we think this deal is spectacular, we must consider cases in which it goes poorly and how we might reduce those risks.

Part 6: Drafting an Investment Recommendation

For a 15-slide recommendation, I would recommend this structure:

“OK,” you say, “but how do you actually make an investment decision?”

The easiest method is to set criteria for the IRR or multiple of invested capital in each case and say, “Yes” if the deal achieves those numbers and “No” if it does not.

For example, maybe the targets are a 30% IRR in the Upside case, a 20% IRR in the Base case, and a 1.0x multiple in the Downside case (i.e., avoid losing money).

We do achieve those numbers in this deal, but the decision could go either way because the deal is highly dependent on the add-on acquisitions.

Without these acquisitions, the deal does not work; the IRR falls by 10%+ across all the scenarios and turns negative in the Downside case.

We need at least 5 good acquisition candidates matching very specific financial profiles ($100 million Purchase Enterprise Value and a 15x EBITDA purchase multiple with 10% revenue growth or 5x EBITDA with 3% growth).

The presentation includes some examples of potential matches:

Private Equity Case Study Add-On Acquisition Candidates

While these examples are better than nothing, the case is not that strong because:

We end up saying, “Yes” in this recommendation, but you could easily reach the opposite conclusion because you believe the supporting data is weak.

In short: For a 1-week open-ended case study, this approach is fine, but this specific deal would probably not stand up to a more detailed on-the-job analysis.

The Private Equity Case Study: Final Thoughts

But each rep is more time-consuming, and if you have a demanding full-time job, it may be unrealistic to complete multiple practice case studies before the real thing.

Also, even with significant practice, you can’t necessarily reduce the time required to research an industry and specific companies within it.

So, it’s best to pick companies and industries you already know and have several Excel and PowerPoint templates ready to go.

If you’re targeting smaller funds that use off-cycle recruiting, the first part should be easy because you should be applying to funds that match your industry/deal/client background.

And if not, you can always make a lateral move to a bulge bracket bank and interview at the larger funds if you prefer the private equity case study in “speed test” form.

If you liked this article, you might be interested in reading about The Private Equity Fund of Funds .

About the Author

Brian DeChesare is the Founder of Mergers & Inquisitions and Breaking Into Wall Street . In his spare time, he enjoys memorizing obscure Excel functions, editing resumes, obsessing over TV shows, traveling like a drug dealer, and defeating Sauron.

Free Exclusive Report: 57-page guide with the action plan you need to break into investment banking - how to tell your story, network, craft a winning resume, and dominate your interviews

Fundamental Analysis

Technical Analysis

What Is Financial Analysis?

Understanding financial analysis, corporate financial analysis, investment financial analysis, types of financial analysis, horizontal vs. vertical analysis.

The Bottom Line

Financial Statements

Financial Analysis: Definition, Importance, Types, and Examples

Investopedia / Nez Riaz

Financial analysis is the process of evaluating businesses, projects, budgets, and other finance-related transactions to determine their performance and suitability. Typically, financial analysis is used to analyze whether an entity is stable, solvent , liquid , or profitable enough to warrant a monetary investment.

Key Takeaways

Financial Analysis

Financial analysis is used to evaluate economic trends, set financial policy, build long-term plans for business activity, and identify projects or companies for investment. This is done through the synthesis of financial numbers and data. A financial analyst will thoroughly examine a company's financial statements —the income statement , balance sheet , and cash flow statement . Financial analysis can be conducted in both corporate finance and investment finance settings.

For example, return on assets (ROA) is a common ratio used to determine how efficient a company is at using its assets and as a measure of profitability. This ratio could be calculated for several companies in the same industry and compared to one another as part of a larger analysis.

There is no single best financial analytic ratio or calculation. Most often, analysts use a combination of data to arrive at their conclusion.

In corporate finance, the analysis is conducted internally by the accounting department and shared with management in order to improve business decision making. This type of internal analysis may include ratios such as net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) to find projects worth executing.

Many companies extend credit to their customers. As a result, the cash receipt from sales may be delayed for a period of time. For companies with large receivable balances, it is useful to track days sales outstanding (DSO), which helps the company identify the length of time it takes to turn a credit sale into cash. The average collection period is an important aspect of a company's overall cash conversion cycle .

A key area of corporate financial analysis involves extrapolating a company's past performance, such as net earnings or profit margin , into an estimate of the company's future performance. This type of historical trend analysis is beneficial to identify seasonal trends.

For example, retailers may see a drastic upswing in sales in the few months leading up to Christmas. This allows the business to forecast budgets and make decisions, such as necessary minimum inventory levels, based on past trends.

In investment finance, an analyst external to the company conducts an analysis for investment purposes. Analysts can either conduct a top-down or bottom-up investment approach. A top-down approach first looks for macroeconomic opportunities, such as high-performing sectors, and then drills down to find the best companies within that sector. From this point, they further analyze the stocks of specific companies to choose potentially successful ones as investments by looking last at a particular company's fundamentals .

A bottom-up approach, on the other hand, looks at a specific company and conducts a similar ratio analysis to the ones used in corporate financial analysis, looking at past performance and expected future performance as investment indicators. Bottom-up investing forces investors to consider microeconomic factors first and foremost. These factors include a company's overall financial health, analysis of financial statements, the products and services offered, supply and demand, and other individual indicators of corporate performance over time.

Financial analysis is only useful as a comparative tool. Calculating a single instance of data is usually worthless; comparing that data against prior periods, other general ledger accounts, or competitor financial information yields useful information.

There are two types of financial analysis: fundamental analysis and technical analysis .

Fundamental analysis uses ratios gathered from data within the financial statements, such as a company's earnings per share (EPS), in order to determine the business's value. Using ratio analysis in addition to a thorough review of economic and financial situations surrounding the company, the analyst is able to arrive at an intrinsic value for the security. The end goal is to arrive at a number that an investor can compare with a security's current price in order to see whether the security is undervalued or overvalued.

Technical analysis uses statistical trends gathered from trading activity, such as moving averages (MA). Essentially, technical analysis assumes that a security’s price already reflects all publicly available information and instead focuses on the statistical analysis of price movements . Technical analysis attempts to understand the market sentiment behind price trends by looking for patterns and trends rather than analyzing a security’s fundamental attributes.

When reviewing a company's financial statements, two common types of financial analysis are horizontal analysis and vertical analysis . Both use the same set of data, though each analytical approach is different.

Horizontal analysis entails selecting several years of comparable financial data. One year is selected as the baseline, often the oldest. Then, each account for each subsequent year is compared to this baseline, creating a percentage that easily identifies which accounts are growing (hopefully revenue) and which accounts are shrinking (hopefully expenses).

Vertical analysis entails choosing a specific line item benchmark, then seeing how every other component on a financial statement compares to that benchmark. Most often, net sales is used as the benchmark. A company would then compare cost of goods sold, gross profit, operating profit, or net income as a percentage to this benchmark. Companies can then track how the percent changes over time.

Examples of Financial Analysis

In the nine-month period ending Sept. 30, 2022, Amazon.com reported a net loss of $3 billion. This was a substantial decline from one year ago where the company reported net income of over $19 billion.

Financial analysis shows some interesting facets of the company's earnings per share (shown above. On one hand, the company's EPS through the first three quarters was -$0.29; compared to the prior year, Amazon earned $1.88 per share. This dramatic difference was not present looking only at the third quarter of 2022 compared to 2021. Though EPS did decline from one year to the next, the company's EPS for each third quarter was comparable ($0.31 per share vs. $0.28 per share).

Analysts can also use the information above to perform corporate financial analysis. For example, consider Amazon's operating profit margins below.

From Q3 2021 to Q3 2022, the company experienced a decline in operating margin, allowing for financial analysis to reveal that the company simply earns less operating income for every dollar of sales.

Why Is Financial Analysis Useful?

The goal of financial analysis is to analyze whether an entity is stable, solvent, liquid, or profitable enough to warrant a monetary investment. It is used to evaluate economic trends, set financial policy, build long-term plans for business activity, and identify projects or companies for investment.

How Is Financial Analysis Done?

Financial analysis can be conducted in both corporate finance and investment finance settings. A financial analyst will thoroughly examine a company's financial statements—the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement.

One of the most common ways to analyze financial data is to calculate ratios from the data in the financial statements to compare against those of other companies or against the company's own historical performance. A key area of corporate financial analysis involves extrapolating a company's past performance, such as net earnings or profit margin, into an estimate of the company's future performance.

What Techniques Are Used in Conducting Financial Analysis?

Analysts can use vertical analysis to compare each component of a financial statement as a percentage of a baseline (such as each component as a percentage of total sales). Alternatively, analysts can perform horizontal analysis by comparing one baseline year's financial results to other years.

Many financial analysis techniques involve analyzing growth rates including regression analysis, year-over-year growth, top-down analysis such as market share percentage, or bottom-up analysis such as revenue driver analysis.

Last, financial analysis often entails use of financial metrics and ratios. These techniques include quotients relating to the liquidity, solvency, profitability, or efficiency (turnover of resources) of a company.

What Is Fundamental Analysis?

What Is Technical Analysis?

Technical analysis uses statistical trends gathered from market activity, such as moving averages (MA). Essentially, technical analysis assumes that a security’s price already reflects all publicly available information and instead focuses on the statistical analysis of price movements. Technical analysis attempts to understand the market sentiment behind price trends by looking for patterns and trends rather than analyzing a security’s fundamental attributes.

Financial analysis is a cornerstone of making smarter, more strategic decisions based on the underlying financial data of a company. Whether corporate, investment, or technical analysis, analysts use data to explore trends, understand growth, seek areas of risk, and support decision-making. Financial analysis may include investigating financial statement changes, calculating financial ratios, or exploring operating variances.

Amazon. " Amazon.com Announces Third Quarter Results ."

Financial Ratios

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