research title for obesity

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Obesity Research

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Over the years, NHLBI-supported research on overweight and obesity has led to the development of evidence-based prevention and treatment guidelines for healthcare providers. NHLBI research has also led to guidance on how to choose a behavioral weight loss program.

Studies show that the skills learned and support offered by these programs can help most people make the necessary lifestyle changes for weight loss and reduce their risk of serious health conditions such as heart disease and diabetes.

Our research has also evaluated new community-based programs for various demographics, addressing the health disparities in overweight and obesity.

NHLBI research that really made a difference

• In 1991, the NHLBI developed an Obesity Education Initiative to educate the public and health professionals about obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and its relationship to other risk factors, such as high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol. The initiative led to the development of clinical guidelines for treating overweight and obesity.
• The NHLBI and other NIH Institutes funded the Obesity-Related Behavioral Intervention Trials (ORBIT) projects , which led to the ORBIT model for developing behavioral treatments to prevent or manage chronic diseases. These studies included families and a variety of demographic groups. A key finding from one study focuses on the importance of targeting psychological factors in obesity treatment.

Current research funded by the NHLBI

The Division of Cardiovascular Sciences , which includes the Clinical Applications and Prevention Branch, funds research to understand how obesity relates to heart disease. The Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science supports the translation and implementation of research, including obesity research, into clinical practice. The Division of Lung Diseases and its National Center on Sleep Disorders Research fund research on the impact of obesity on sleep-disordered breathing.

Find funding opportunities and program contacts for research related to obesity and its complications.

Current research on obesity and health disparities

Health disparities happen when members of a group experience negative impacts on their health because of where they live, their racial or ethnic background, how much money they make, or how much education they received. NHLBI-supported research aims to discover the factors that contribute to health disparities and test ways to eliminate them.

• NHLBI-funded researchers behind the RURAL: Risk Underlying Rural Areas Longitudinal Cohort Study want to discover why people in poor rural communities in the South have shorter, unhealthier lives on average. The study includes 4,000 diverse participants (ages 35–64 years, 50% women, 44% whites, 45% Blacks, 10% Hispanic) from 10 of the poorest rural counties in Kentucky, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Their results will support future interventions and disease prevention efforts.
• The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) is looking at what factors contribute to the higher-than-expected numbers of Hispanics/Latinos who suffer from metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. The study includes more than 16,000 Hispanic/Latino adults across the nation.

Find more NHLBI-funded studies on obesity and health disparities at NIH RePORTER.

Read how African Americans are learning to transform soul food into healthy, delicious meals to prevent cardiovascular disease: Vegan soul food: Will it help fight heart disease, obesity?

Current research on obesity in pregnancy and childhood

• The NHLBI-supported Fragile Families Cardiovascular Health Follow-Up Study continues a study that began in 2000 with 5,000 American children born in large cities. The cohort was racially and ethnically diverse, with approximately 40% of the children living in poverty. Researchers collected socioeconomic, demographic, neighborhood, genetic, and developmental data from the participants. In this next phase, researchers will continue to collect similar data from the participants, who are now young adults.
• The NHLBI is supporting national adoption of the Bright Bodies program through Dissemination and Implementation of the Bright Bodies Intervention for Childhood Obesity . Bright Bodies is a high-intensity, family-based intervention for childhood obesity. In 2017, a U.S. Preventive Services Task Force found that Bright Bodies lowered children’s body mass index (BMI) more than other interventions did.
• The NHLBI supports the continuation of the nuMoM2b Heart Health Study , which has followed a diverse cohort of 4,475 women during their first pregnancy. The women provided data and specimens for up to 7 years after the birth of their children. Researchers are now conducting a follow-up study on the relationship between problems during pregnancy and future cardiovascular disease. Women who are pregnant and have obesity are at greater risk than other pregnant women for health problems that can affect mother and baby during pregnancy, at birth, and later in life.

Find more NHLBI-funded studies on obesity in pregnancy and childhood at NIH RePORTER.

Learn about the largest public health nonprofit for Black and African American women and girls in the United States: Empowering Women to Get Healthy, One Step at a Time .

Current research on obesity and sleep

• An NHLBI-funded study is looking at whether energy balance and obesity affect sleep in the same way that a lack of good-quality sleep affects obesity. The researchers are recruiting equal numbers of men and women to include sex differences in their study of how obesity affects sleep quality and circadian rhythms.
• NHLBI-funded researchers are studying metabolism and obstructive sleep apnea . Many people with obesity have sleep apnea. The researchers will look at the measurable metabolic changes in participants from a previous study. These participants were randomized to one of three treatments for sleep apnea: weight loss alone, positive airway pressure (PAP) alone, or combined weight loss and PAP. Researchers hope that the results of the study will allow a more personalized approach to diagnosing and treating sleep apnea.
• The NHLBI-funded Lipidomics Biomarkers Link Sleep Restriction to Adiposity Phenotype, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Risk study explores the relationship between disrupted sleep patterns and diabetes. It uses data from the long-running Multiethnic Cohort Study, which has recruited more than 210,000 participants from five ethnic groups. Researchers are searching for a cellular-level change that can be measured and can predict the onset of diabetes in people who are chronically sleep deprived. Obesity is a common symptom that people with sleep issues have during the onset of diabetes.

Find more NHLBI-funded studies on obesity and sleep at NIH RePORTER.

Learn about a recent study that supports the need for healthy sleep habits from birth: Study finds link between sleep habits and weight gain in newborns .

Obesity research labs at the NHLBI

The Cardiovascular Branch and its Laboratory of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases conducts studies to understand the links between inflammation, atherosclerosis, and metabolic diseases.

NHLBI’s Division of Intramural Research , including its Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research , seeks to understand how obesity induces metabolic disorders. The lab studies the “obesity-aging” paradox: how the average American gains more weight as they get older, even when food intake decreases.

Related obesity programs and guidelines

• Aim for a Healthy Weight is a self-guided weight-loss program led by the NHLBI that is based on the psychology of change. It includes tested strategies for eating right and moving more.
• The NHLBI developed the We Can! ® (Ways to Enhance Children’s Activity & Nutrition) program to help support parents in developing healthy habits for their children.
• The Accumulating Data to Optimally Predict obesity Treatment (ADOPT) Core Measures Project standardizes data collected from the various studies of obesity treatments so the data can be analyzed together. The bigger the dataset, the more confidence can be placed in the conclusions. The main goal of this project is to understand the individual differences between people who experience the same treatment.
• The NHLBI Director co-chairs the NIH Nutrition Research Task Force, which guided the development of the first NIH-wide strategic plan for nutrition research being conducted over the next 10 years. See the 2020–2030 Strategic Plan for NIH Nutrition Research .
• The NHLBI is an active member of the National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity (NCCOR) , which is a public–private partnership to accelerate progress in reducing childhood obesity.
• The NHLBI has been providing guidance to physicians on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of obesity since 1977. In 2017, the NHLBI convened a panel of experts to take on some of the pressing questions facing the obesity research community. See their responses: Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents (PDF, 3.69 MB).
• In 2021, the NHLBI held a Long Non-coding (lnc) RNAs Symposium to discuss research opportunities on lnc RNAs, which appear to play a role in the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity.
• The Muscatine Heart Study began enrolling children in 1970. By 1981, more than 11,000 students from Muscatine, Iowa, had taken surveys twice a year. The study is the longest-running study of cardiovascular risk factors in children in the United States. Today, many of the earliest participants and their children are still involved in the study, which has already shown that early habits affect cardiovascular health later in life.
• The Jackson Heart Study is a unique partnership of the NHLBI, three colleges and universities, and the Jackson, Miss., community. Its mission is to discover what factors contribute to the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease among African Americans. Researchers aim to test new approaches for reducing this health disparity. The study incudes more than 5,000 individuals. Among the study’s findings to date is a gene variant in African Americans that doubles the risk of heart disease.

Explore more NHLBI research on overweight and obesity

The sections above provide you with the highlights of NHLBI-supported research on overweight and obesity . You can explore the full list of NHLBI-funded studies on the NIH RePORTER .

To find more studies:

• Type your search words into the  Quick Search  box and press enter. 
• Check  Active Projects  if you want current research.
• Select the  Agencies  arrow, then the  NIH  arrow, then check  NHLBI .

If you want to sort the projects by budget size — from the biggest to the smallest — click on the  FY Total Cost by IC  column heading.

470 Obesity Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Looking for obesity essay topics? Being a serious problem, obesity is definitely worth writing about.

A systematic literature review on obesity: Understanding the causes & consequences of obesity and reviewing various machine learning approaches used to predict obesity

Affiliations.

• 1 Centre for Software Technology and Management, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
• 2 Centre for Software Technology and Management, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: [email protected].
• 3 RIADI Laboratory, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia; College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia.
• 4 Center for Artificial Intelligence Technology, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
• PMID: 34426171
• DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104754

Obesity is considered a principal public health concern and ranked as the fifth foremost reason for death globally. Overweight and obesity are one of the main lifestyle illnesses that leads to further health concerns and contributes to numerous chronic diseases, including cancers, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases. The World Health Organization also predicted that 30% of death in the world will be initiated with lifestyle diseases in 2030 and can be stopped through the suitable identification and addressing of associated risk factors and behavioral involvement policies. Thus, detecting and diagnosing obesity as early as possible is crucial. Therefore, the machine learning approach is a promising solution to early predictions of obesity and the risk of overweight because it can offer quick, immediate, and accurate identification of risk factors and condition likelihoods. The present study conducted a systematic literature review to examine obesity research and machine learning techniques for the prevention and treatment of obesity from 2010 to 2020. Accordingly, 93 papers are identified from the review articles as primary studies from an initial pool of over 700 papers addressing obesity. Consequently, this study initially recognized the significant potential factors that influence and cause adult obesity. Next, the main diseases and health consequences of obesity and overweight are investigated. Ultimately, this study recognized the machine learning methods that can be used for the prediction of obesity. Finally, this study seeks to support decision-makers looking to understand the impact of obesity on health in the general population and identify outcomes that can be used to guide health authorities and public health to further mitigate threats and effectively guide obese people globally.

Keywords: Diseases; Machine learning; Obesity; Overweight; Risk factors.

Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Publication types

• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
• Systematic Review
• Machine Learning
• Metabolic Syndrome*
• Obesity* / epidemiology
• Risk Factors

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NIH-Supported Obesity Research

The NIH Obesity Research Task Force promotes collaboration and coordination across the NIH to accelerate progress in obesity research.

Funding Opportunities for Research

View current and past NIH notices of funding opportunities for obesity research.

Meetings & Workshops for Obesity Researchers

NIH convenes scientific meetings and workshops on obesity research throughout the year.

Strategic Plan for NIH Obesity Research

The Strategic Plan for NIH Obesity Research serves as a guide to accelerate a broad spectrum of research toward developing new and more effective approaches to address the tremendous burden of obesity, so that people can look forward to healthier lives.

The Plan was originally published in 2011. In 2018-2019, the Obesity Research Task Force confirmed that the challenges and opportunities identified in the Plan reflect the current research landscape and should continue to guide obesity research.

• Full Report for the scientific community (PDF, 716.76 KB)
• Summary Report non-technical (PDF, 627.47 KB)

Looking for Clinical Trials Related to Obesity?

Clinical trials offer hope for many people and an opportunity to help researchers find better treatments for others in the future.

394 Obesity Essay Topics & Research Questions + Examples

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• The Causes and Effects of Obesity
• Childhood Obesity: Causes and Effects
• Childhood Obesity: Causes and Solutions
• Childhood Obesity: The Parents’ Responsibility
• Parents Are Not to Blame for Obesity in Children
• Junk Food and Children’s Obesity
• Obesity: A Personal Problem and a Social Issue
• Unhealthy Food Culture and Obesity
• Childhood Obesity and Nutrition
• Children Obesity Prevention Proposals
• Obesity Management and Intervention Many patients within the age brackets of 5-9 admitted in hospital with obesity cases have a secondary diagnosis of cardiovascular disease exceptionally high blood pressure.
• Obesity Prevention and Weight Management Theory The issue of obesity prevention will be guided by a nursing theory. One of the theories applicable in the case of childhood overweight is a theory of weight management.
• Childhood Obesity Study and Health Belief Model A field experiment will be used in the research to identify the impact of a healthy lifestyle intervention on children diagnosed with obesity.
• Health Promotion for Obesity in Adults This is a health promotion proposal for preventing obesity among adults in the US. People get obesity when they acquire a given body mass index.
• Link Between Watching Television and Obesity One of the primary causes of obesity is a sedentary lifestyle, which often includes excessive screen-watching periods.
• Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Quantitative Methods Obesity in children and adolescents has increasingly become prevalent in the recent past and is now a major problem in most developed countries.
• Obesity Issue: Application of Nursing Theory This analysis will show that well-established theories are valuable to nursing problem-solving as frameworks for analyzing issues and planning solutions.
• Obesity Prevention: Social Media Campaign A variety of programs aimed at reducing the risk of obesity has been suggested by healthcare practitioners and scholars. Among them, diet interventions are highly popular.
• Health Promotion Proposal Obesity Prevention The purpose of this proposal is to inform and educate parents, children and adolescents of the importance of having a well balance diet and exercise in their daily lives to avoid obesity.
• Childhood Obesity and Public Policies in England The study identifies the preventive measures of the English government to deal with childhood obesity and compares the trends in England with the rest of the UK.
• Children Obesity Research Method and Sampling This paper presents a research method and sampling on the investigation of the issue of childhood obesity and the impact parents` education might have on reducing excess weight.
• Health Promotion Strategies for Obesity The paper outlines and critically analyses the population based strategy as a method of managing and preventing obesity used in United Kingdom.
• Depression as It Relates to Obesity This paper will argue that there is a positive correlation between depression and obesity. The paper will make use of authoritative sources to reinforce this assertion.
• How to Reduce Obesity and Maintain Health? Health is becoming a matter of grave concern, especially the health of teenagers and adolescents, who are becoming increasingly overweight and obese.
• Humanistic Theory in Childhood Obesity Research The humanistic theory will assist in research investigating how the use of dieting and parental supervision can help to resolve the issue of obesity.
• Obesity as a Disease: Arguments For and Against Although some people consider that obesity is a disease caused by biological and psychological factors, others are confident that it should not be perceived as a disease.
• Childhood Obesity Prevention: Physical Education and Nutrition The paper examines how physical education in schools can prevent child obesity and how to educate parents about the importance of proper nutrition.
• Childhood Obesity: Quantitative Annotated Bibliography Childhood obesity is a problem that stands especially acute today, in the era of consumerism. Children now have immense access to the Internet.
• Childhood Obesity Prevention: The Role of Nursing Education Nurse practitioners have to deal with childhood obesity challenges and identity healthy physical and environmental factors to help pediatric patients and their parents.
• Link Between Obesity and Genetics Obesity affects the lives through limitations implemented on the physical activity, associated disorders, and even emotional pressure.
• Childhood Obesity: Prevention and Mitigation Over the past three decades, childhood obesity has developed into an epidemic and is considered as one of the major health issues in the world.
• Obesity as a Global Health Issue The purpose of this research is to identify obesity as a global health issue, evaluate the methods and findings conducted on obesity, and find solutions to reduce obesity globally.
• Obesity Problem in the United States Obesity is not just people going fat; it is a disease that causes maladies like type-2 diabetes, heart disease, cancer and strokes.
• Pediatric Obesity and Self-Care Nursing Theory The presence of excess body fat in children has to be given special consideration since healthy childhood is a prerequisite to normal physical and psychological maturation.
• Childhood Obesity: Causes and Effects Childhood obesity has many causes and effects, which denotes that parents and teachers should make children with obesity engage in regular physical exercise in school and at home.
• Obesity From Sociological Perspectives The social problem under focus is obesity originating from Latino food norms. The problem of obesity is the direct result of adherence to social norms.
• Childhood Obesity as an International Problem This paper explores the significance of using the web-based technological approach in combating obesity among Jewish children.
• Childhood Obesity: Problem Analysis The introduced project addresses childhood obesity problem and highlights the inconsistency between the existing programs and their implementation in real life.
• Childhood Obesity: Methods and Data Collection The first instrument that will be used in data collection is body mass index (BMI). The BMI is measured by dividing a patient’s weight in kilograms by height in meters squared.
• Betty Neuman’s System Model for Adult Obesity Betty Neuman’s system model can beneficially influence a physical and emotional state of the person who is experiencing difficulties with being overweight.
• Childhood Obesity and Health Promotion Today, childhood obesity is one of the critical health concerns. Being an important factor impacting the future of the nation, children`s health should be cultivated.
• Nutrition: Obesity Pandemic and Genetic Code The environment in which we access the food we consume has changed. Unhealthy foods are cheaper, and there is no motivation to eat healthily.
• Obesity From Sociological Imagination Viewpoint Most obese individuals understand that the modern market is not ready to accept them due to negative sociological imagination.
• Childhood Obesity and Overweight Issues The paper discusses childhood obesity. It has been shown to have a negative influence on both physical health and mental well-being.
• Nature vs. Nurture: Child Obesity On the basis of the given assessment, it is evident that a child’s environment is a stronger influencer than his or her genetic makeup
• Janet Tomiyama’s “Stress and Obesity” Summary “Stress and Obesity,” an article by A. Janet Tomiyama, covers the interrelation between the two issues listed in the title and their mutual influence in psychological terms.
• Personal Issues: Marriage, Obesity, and Alcohol Abuse The actions of every person have a particular impact on society and its development, and this impact is sometimes underestimated.
• Physical Exercises as Obesity Treatment Exercise cannot be considered an effective tool for weight loss, but it does help individuals to maintain their normal and healthy weight.
• Obesity in School-Aged Children as a Social Burden In addition to personal concerns, overweight and obese children are at risk for long-term health consequences, including cardiovascular problems and additional comorbidities.
• Childhood Obesity and Parent Education: Ethical Issues The proposed research reveals important insights about obesity among children and infants. Apart from the positive intentions of the research, different ethical considerations have to be described.
• Diet and Lifestyle vs Surgery in Obesity Treatment The research would assess the effectiveness of dietary interventions and lifestyle changes in comparison with the bariatric surgery to determine the methods’ advantages.
• Childhood Obesity and Healthy Lifestyle Education The research hypothesis is if parents are educated about a healthy lifestyle, then positive outcomes and prevention of childhood obesity will increase.
• Life Expectancy and Obesity Health Indicators Public health surveillance is critical for the determination of the healthcare of the population. This information is gathered with the focus on particular health indicators.
• The Overuse of Antibiotics and Its Role in Child Obesity This study clarifies the effects of antibiotics on children and verifies whether the consumption of the given type of medicine causes a rapid and consistent weight gain.
• Obesity Education Plan for Older Adults The given paper presents an obesity education plan targeted at adults and older adults who are overweight or obese and, therefore, are at risk of developing various diseases.
• Diabetic Patients with Obesity or Overweight The proposed study was expected to provide the knowledge helping to improve the quality of care and outcomes for diabetic patients with obesity or overweight.
• Trending Diets to Curb Obesity There are many trending diets that have significant effects on shedding pounds; however, the discourse will focus on the Mediterranean diet.
• The Consequences of Obesity: An Annotated Bibliography To review the literature data, the authors searched for corresponding articles on the PubMed database using specific keywords.
• Obesity Problem Solved by Proper Nutrition and Exercise Most people who suffer from obesity are often discouraged to pursue nutrition and exercise because their bodies cannot achieve a particular look.
• Care Plan: Quincy Town, Massachusetts With Childhood Obesity This study will develop a community assessment program based on the city with the aim of creating a care plan for tackling the issue of child obesity in the town.
• Obesity in the World: the Prevalence, Its Effects to Human Health, and Causes There are various causes of obesity ranging from the quantity of food ingested to the last of physical exercises that utilize the accumulated energy.
• Obesity in People with Intellectual Disabilities’: The Article Review Mashall, McConkey, and Moore, in the ‘Obesity in People with Intellectual Disabilities’ article, seek to assess obese and overweight individuals.
• Effects of Obesity on Human Lifespan Development This paper aims at examining the effects of obesity on different development stages in the four domains of human development: physical, cognitive, socio-emotional, and spiritual.
• Assessing Inputs and Outputs of a Summer Obesity Prevention Program Health management information systems (HMIS) compose a relevant and feasible way to collect, store, and analyze data collected from the participants of the study.
• Obesity Management: Hypothesis Test Study This paper will show how a hypothesis test study can help inform evidence-based practice regarding obesity management.
• Obesity Reduction and Effectiveness of Interventions The reviewed articles provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of different interventions aimed at obesity reduction.
• Childhood Obesity and Self-Care Deficit Theory To help the target audience develop an understanding of the effects that their eating behavior has on their health, Dorothea Orem’s Theory of Self-Care Deficit can be utilized.
• Childhood Obesity Causes: Junk Food and Video Games The problem of “competitive foods and beverages” that are sold in schools outside the existing breakfast and lunch programs has been discussed for a while now.
• Adolescent Obesity and Parental Education Study Being a critical nutritional disorder, obesity leads to a number of changes in health care, family finances, and communities.
• Obesity: Society’s Attitude and Media Profiling Media profiling of fast foods helps in reinforcing attitudes favoring increased consumption of unhealthy foods leading to obesity.
• Obesity Treatment: Surgery vs. Diet and Exercises In patients suffering from obesity how efficient is surgical treatment compared with dietary alterations combined with physical exercises exercises?
• Child Obesity as London’s Urban Health Issue According to the World Health Organisation, child obesity is regarded as one of the crucial public health problems of the 21st century for the citizens of the United Kingdom.
• Obesity Among Children of London Borough of Southwark The following report presents the evidence of the obesity rates in Southwark borough of London as an urban issue. The metrics and statistical data are compared to the determinants.
• Obesity Interventions and Nursing Contributions Detecting health problems that may affect children later in their adulthood is worthwhile. This paper reviews roles of nurses’ actions in replacing obesity with wellness.
• Obesity in Miami-Dade Children and Adults The problem of childhood obesity is rather dangerous and may produce a short-term and long-term effect on young patients’ social, emotional, and physical health.
• Food Ads Ban for Childhood Obesity Prevention In order to prevent childhood obesity, it is necessary to ban food ads because they have adverse effects on children’s food preferences, consumption, and purchasing behaviors.
• Childhood Obesity and Community Nursing Intervention In the recent decades, the issue of childhood obesity in the US has been increasingly coming to the forefront in the public view and in academia as a major health problem.
• Technological Progress as the Cause of Obesity Obesity is the increase of the body’s weight over the natural limit because of accumulated fats. Technology is a cost to the lost creativity and control over the required healthy lifestyle.
• Obesity: High Accumulation of Adipose Tissue It is important to point out that obesity is a complex and intricate disease that is associated with a host of different metabolic illnesses.
• Obesity and Iron Deficiency Among College Students The study seeks to establish the relationship between obesity and iron deficiency by analyzing the serum hepcidin concentration among individuals aged between 19 to 29 years.
• Should fast-food restaurants be liable for increasing obesity rates?
• Does public education on healthy eating reduce obesity prevalence?
• Is obesity a result of personal choices or socioeconomic circumstances?
• Should the government impose taxes on soda and junk food?
• Weight loss surgery for obesity: pros and cons.
• Should restaurants be required to display the caloric content of every menu item?
• Genetics and the environment: which is a more significant contributor to obesity?
• Should parents be held accountable for their children’s obesity?
• Does weight stigmatization affect obesity treatment outcomes?
• Does the fashion industry contribute to obesity among women?
• Childhood Obesity During the COVID-19 Pandemic While the COVID-19 pandemic elicited one of the worst prevalences of childhood obesity, determining its extent was a problem due to the lockdown.
• Overweight and Obesity Prevalence in the US Obesity is a significant public health problem recognized as one of the leading causes of mortality in the United States. Obesity and overweight are two common disorders.
• Obesity Screening Training Using the 5AS Framework The paper aims to decrease obesity levels at the community level. It provides the PCPs with the tools that would allow them to identify patients.
• Prevalence and Control of Obesity in Texas Obesity has been a severe health issue in the United States and globally. A person is obese if their size is more significant than the average weight.
• Preventing Obesity Health Issues From Childhood The selected problem is childhood obesity, the rates of which increase nationwide yearly and require the attention of the government, society, and parents.
• Describing the Problem of Childhood Obesity Childhood obesity is a problem that affects many children. If individuals experience a health issue in their childhood, it is going to lead to negative consequences.
• Researching of Obesity in Florida It is important to note that Florida does not elicit the only state with an obesity problem, as the nation’s obesity prevalence stood at 42.4% in 2018.
• Preventing Obesity Health Issues From the Childhood The paper is valuable for parents of children who are subject to gaining excess weight because the report offers how to solve the issue.
• The Social Problem of Obesity in Adolescence The social worker should be the bridge uniting obese individuals and society advertising social changes, and ending injustice and discrimination.
• Obesity and Health Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients The COVID-19 pandemic has posed many challenges over the last three years, and significant research has been done regarding its health effects and factors.
• Childhood Obesity in the US from Economic Perspective The economic explanation for the problem of childhood obesity refers to the inability of a part of the population to provide themselves and their children with healthy food.
• Obesity in Adolescence as a Social Problem The paper states that adolescence is one of the most crucial developmental phases of human life during which the issue of obesity must be solved.
• Obesity in the United States of America The article discusses the causes of the obesity pandemic in the United States of America, which has been recognized as a pandemic due to its scope, and high prevalence.
• The Problem of Childhood Obesity Obesity in childhood is a great concern of current medicine as the habits of healthy eating and lifestyle are taught by parents at an early age.
• Oral Health and Obesity Among Adolescents This research paper developed the idea of using dental offices as the primary gateway to detect potential obesity among Texas adolescents.
• Obesity, Weight Loss Programs and Nutrition The article addresses issues that can help increase access to information related to the provision of weight loss programs and nutrition.
• Childhood Obesity in the US From an Economic Perspective Looking at the problem of childhood obesity from an economic point of view offers an understanding of a wider range of causes and the definition of government intervention.
• Diet, Physical Activity, Obesity and Related Cancer Risk The paper addresses the connection between cancer and physical activity, diet, and obesity in Latin America and the USA. The transitions in dietary practices may be observed.
• The Current Problem of Obesity in the United States The paper raises the current problem of obesity in the United States and informs people about the issue, as well as what effect obesity can have on health.
• Childhood and Adolescent Obesity and Its Reasons Various socio-economic, health-related, biological, and behavioral factors may cause childhood obesity. They include an unhealthy diet and insufficient physical activity and sleep.
• Pediatric Obesity and Its Treatment Pediatric obesity is often the result of unhealthy nutrition and the lack of control from parents but not of health issues or hormonal imbalance.
• Impact of Obesity on Healthcare System Patients suffering from obesity suffer immensely from stigma during the process of care due to avoidance which ultimately affects the quality of care.
• Issues of Obesity and Food Addiction Obesity and food addiction have become widespread and significant problems in modern society, both health-related and social.
• Diet, Physical Activity, Obesity, and Related Cancer Risk One’s health is affected by their lifestyle, which should be well managed since childhood to set a basis for a healthier adulthood.
• Articles About Childhood Obesity The most straightforward technique to diagnose childhood obesity is to measure the child’s weight and height and compare them to conventional height and weight charts.
• Obesity: Causes, Consequences, and Care Nowadays, an increasing number of people suffer from having excess weight. This paper analyzes the relationship between obesity and other diseases.
• Discussion of Freedman’s Article “How Junk Food Can End Obesity” David Freedman, in article “How Junk Food Can End Obesity”, talks about various misconceptions regarding healthy food that are common in society.
• Obesity Prevention Policy Making in Texas Obesity is a national health problem, especially in Texas; therefore, the state immediately needed to launch a policy to combat and prevent obesity in the population.
• Obesity and How It Can Cause Chronic Diseases Obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular diseases, and cancer risks. The modifications in nutrition patterns and physical activity are effective methods to manage them.
• Physical Wellness to Prevent Obesity Heart Diseases Heart disease remains to be one of the most severe health concerns around the world. One of the leading causes of the condition is obesity.
• Obesity and General State of Public Health Obesity is a condition caused by an abnormal or excessive buildup of fat that poses a health concern. It raises the risk of developing various diseases and health issues.
• Ways of Obesity Interventions The paper discusses ways of obesity interventions. It includes diet and exercise, patient education, adherence to medication, and social justice.
• Obesity, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Condition Under Hormones The essay discusses heart-related diseases and obesity conditions in the human body. The essay also explains the ghrelin hormone and how it affects the cardiovascular system.
• Aspects of Obesity Risk Factors Obesity is one of the most pressing concerns in recent years. Most studies attribute the rising cases of obesity to economic development.
• Obesity in Adolescence in the Hispanic Community The health risks linked to Hispanic community adolescent obesity range from diabetes, heart problems, sleep disorders, asthma, and joint pain.
• Obesity as a Wellness Concern in the Nursing Field A critical analysis of wellness can provide an understanding of why people make specific health-related choices.
• Physio- and Psychological Causes of Obesity The paper states that obesity is a complex problem in the formation of which many physiological and psychological factors are involved.
• How Junk Diets Can Reduce Obesity To control obesity there is a need to ensure that the junk foods produced are safe for consumption before being released into the foods market.
• The Problem of Obesity: Weight Management Obesity is now a significant public health issue around the world. The type 2 diabetes, cardiac conditions, stroke, and metabolism are the main risk factors.
• Behavioral Modifications for Patients With Obesity This paper aims to find out in obese patients, do lifestyle and behavioral changes, compared to weight loss surgery, improve patients’ health and reduce complications.
• The link between excess weight and chronic diseases.
• The role of genetics in obesity.
• The impact on income and education on obesity risks.
• The influence of food advertising on consumer choices.
• Debunking the myths related to weight loss.
• Obesity during pregnancy: risks and complications.
• Cultural influences on eating patterns and obesity prevalence.
• Community initiatives for obesity prevention.
• The healthcare and societal costs of obesity.
• The bidirectional relationship between sleep disorders and obesity.
• Sleep Deprivation Effects on Adolescents Who Suffer From Obesity The academic literature on sleep deprivation argues that it has a number of adverse health effects on children and adolescents, with obesity being one of them.
• Hypertensive Patients Will Maintain Healthy Blood Pressure and Prevent Obesity Despite hypertension and obesity are being major life threats, there are safer lifeways that one can use to combat the problem.
• Evolving Societal Norms of Obesity The primary individual factors that lead to overeating include limited self-control, peer pressure, and automatic functioning.
• Obesity: Racial and Ethnicity Disparities in West Virginia Numerous social, economic, and environmental factors contribute to racial disparities in obesity. The rates of obesity vary depending on race and ethnicity in West Virginia.
• The Worldwide Health Problem: Obesity in Children The paper touch upon the main causes of obesity, its spread throughout the world, the major effects of the condition and ways of prevention.
• Mental Stability and Obesity Interrelation The study aims to conduct an integrative review synthesizing and interpreting existing research results on the interrelation between mental stability and obesity.
• Crutcho Public School: Obesity in School Children Numerous school children at Crutcho Public elementary school, Oklahoma City, are obese revealing how obesity is a threat to that community.
• A National Childhood Obesity Prevention Program We Can!® A national childhood obesity prevention program We Can!® explains the rules for eating right and getting active. The program also pays attention to reducing screen time.
• Obesity in Low-Income Community: Diet and Physical Activity The research evaluates the relationship between family earnings and physical activity and overweight rates of children in 8 different communities divided by race or ethnicity.
• Dealing with Obesity as a Societal Concern This essay shall discuss the health issue of obesity, a social health problem that is, unfortunately, growing at a rapid rate.
• Adolescent Obesity in the United States The article reflects the problem of overweight in the use, a consideration which the authors blame on influential factors such as age and body mass index.
• Girls with Obesity: Hospital-Based Intervention This paper includes a brief description of a hospital-based intervention targeting middle-school girls with obesity.
• Hispanic Obesity in the Context of Cultural Empowerment This paper identifies negative factors directly causing obesity within the Hispanic people while distinguishing positive effects upon which potential interventions should be based.
• Health Psychology and Activists’ Views on Obesity This paper examines obesity from the psychological and activists’ perspectives while highlighting some of the steps to be taken in the prevention and curbing of the disease.
• Childhood Obesity Teaching Experience and Observations The proposed teaching plan aimed at introducing the importance of healthy eating habits to children between the ages of 6 and 11.
• Exercise for Obesity Description There are numerous methods by which obesity can be controlled and one of the most effective ways is through exercising.
• Obesity and Disparity in African American Women Several studies indicate that the rate of developing obesity is the highest in African American populations in the US.
• Factors Increasing the Risk of Obesity The consumption of fast food or processed products is one of the major factors increasing the risk of obesity and associated health outcomes.
• Obesity, Diabetes and Self-Care The paper discusses being overweight or obese is a high-risk factor for diabetes mellitus and self-care among middle-aged diabetics is a function of education and income.
• Childhood Obesity in Modern Schools Most schools have poor canteens with untrained staff and poor equipment for workers. That’s why they can’t cook quality food and offer better services to students.
• Obesity in Hispanic American Citizens The issue of obesity anong Hispanic Americans occurs as a result of poor dieting choices caused by misinformed perceptions of proper eating.
• Effectiveness of a Diet and Physical Activity on the Prevention of Obesity Research indicates that obesity is the global epidemic of the 21st century, especially due to its prevalent growth and health implications.
• Community Obesity and Diabetes: Mississippi Focus Study The paper provides a detailed discussion of the correct method to be used in the state of Mississippi to control and avoid obesity and diabetes issues.
• Multicausality: Reserpine, Breast Cancer, and Obesity All the factors are not significant in the context of the liability to breast cancer development, though their minor influence is undeniable.
• The Home Food Environment and Obesity-Promoting Eating Behaviours Campbell, Crawford, Salmon, Carver, Garnett, and Baur conducted a study to determine the associations between the home food environment and obesity.
• The Problem of Childhood Obesity in the United States Childhood obesity is one of the reasons for the development of chronic diseases. In the US the problem is quite burning as the percentage of obese children increased significantly.
• Children Obesity in the United States Together with other problems and illnesses, obesity stands as one of the main difficulties in modern societies.
• The Situation of Obesity in Children in the U.S. The paper will discuss the situation of obesity in Children in the U.S. while giving the associated outcomes and consequences.
• Obesity: Background and Preventative Measures Obesity is an epidemic. It tends to have more negative than positive effects on the economy and can greatly reduce one’s life expectancy.
• Childhood Obesity and Healthy Lifestyles The purpose of this paper is to discuss childhood obesity and the various ways of fostering good eating habits and healthy lifestyles.
• Screen Time and Pediatric Obesity Among School-Aged Children Increased screen time raises the likelihood of children becoming overweight/obese because of the deficiency of physical exercise and the consumption of high-calorie foods.
• Eating Fast Food and Obesity Correlation Analysis The proposed study will attempt to answer the question of what is the relationship between eating fast food and obesity, using correlation analysis.
• Policymaker Visit About the Childhood Obesity Problem The policy issue of childhood obesity continues to be burning in American society. It causes a variety of concurrent problems including mental disorders.
• Public Health Interventions and Economics: Obesity The purpose of this article is to consider the economic feasibility of public health interventions to prevent the emergence of the problem of obesity.
• Obesity Overview and Ways to Improve Health The main focus of this paper is to analyze the problems of vice marketing and some unhealthy products to teens and children.
• Nursing: Issue of Obesity, Impact of Food Obesity is a pandemic problem in America. The fast food industry is under pressure from critics about the Americans weight gain problem.
• Childhood Overweight and Obesity Childhood overweight and obesity have increased in the US. Effective transportation systems and planning decisions could eliminate such overweight-related challenges.
• Obesity Negative Influence on Public Health In recent years the increased attention has been paid to the growing obesity trends in connection to a possible negative influence on public health.
• The Effects of Gender on Child Obesity The high percentage of women’s obesity prevalence is a result of poor nutrition in childhood and access to greater resources in adulthood.
• Problematic of Obesity in Mexican Americans With this strategy, patients and guardians will embrace the best habits and eventually address the problem of obesity among Mexican Americans.
• Child Obesity Problem in the United States
• Obesity Rates and Global Economy
• Screen Time and Pediatric Obesity in School-Aged Children
• Obesity: Cause and Treatment
• Obesity Treatment – More Than Food
• Effects of Exercise on Obesity Reduction in Adults
• The Problem of Obesity in the Latin Community
• Obesity Prevention in Ramsey County, Minnesota
• Childhood Obesity and Its Potential Prevention
• Non-Surgical Reduction of Obesity and Overweight in Young Adults
• Obesity Prevention Due to Education
• Physical Activity and Obesity in Children by Hills et al.
• The Best Way to Address Obesity in the United States
• Nursing Diabetes and Obesity Patients
• Obesity Problem Description and Analysis
• The Issues with Obesity of Children and Adolescents
• Non-Surgical Reduction of Obesity in Young Adults
• Obesity in Children in the United States
• Childhood Obesity in Ocean Springs Mississippi
• The Problem of Children Obesity
• “Physical Activity and Obesity in Children” by A. P. Hills
• “Physical Activity and Obesity in Children” by Hills
• The Current State of Obesity in Children Issue
• Obesity and High Blood Pressure as Health Issues
• Adult Obesity: Treatment Program
• Obesity in Children and Their Physical Activity
• The Prevention of Childhood Obesity in Children of 1 to 10 Years of Age
• Obesity as a Major Health Concern in the United States
• Screen Time and Pediatric Obesity
• Technology as the Cause of Obesity
• A Dissemination Plan on Adolescent Obesity and Falls in Elderly Population
• The Issue of Obesity: Reasons and Consequences
• “Obesity and the Growing Brain” by Stacy Lu
• Obesity Disease: Symptoms and Causes
• Obesity Among Mexican-American School-Age Children in the US
• Obesity as a One of the Major Health Concerns
• Obesity: Diet Management in Adult Patients
• Children’s Obesity in the Hispanic Population
• Prevention of Childhood Obesity
• Designing a Program to Address Obesity in Florida
• Prevention of Obesity in Teenagers
• Widespread Obesity in Low-Income Societies
• Health Policy: Obesity in Children
• Youth Obesity In Clark County in Vancouver Washington
• Obesity in Clark County and Health Policy Proposal
• Obesity: Is It a Disease?
• Clark County Obesity Problem
• Obesity Action Coalition Website Promoting Health
• Childhood Obesity: Medical Complications and Social Problems
• How to Address Obesity in the United States
• The Epidemic of Obesity: Issue Analysis
• Eating Healthy and Its Link to Obesity
• Child Obesity in North America
• Obesity in Children: Relevance of School-Based BMI Reporting Policy
• Obesity in the United States: Defining the Problem
• Depression and Other Antecedents of Obesity
• Adolescent Obesity: Theories and Interventions
• Obesity in Children in the US
• Childhood Obesity: Issue Analysis
• Data Mining Techniques for African American Childhood Obesity Factors
• Approaches to Childhood Obesity Treatment
• Researching Childhood Obesity Issues
• Infant Feeding Practices and Early Childhood Obesity
• Prevalence of Obesity and Severe Obesity in U.S. Children
• Problem of Obesity: Analytic Method
• Obesity as National Practice Problem
• Childhood Obesity: Research Methodology
• Practice Problem of the Obesity in United States
• Exercise for Obesity Management: Evidence-Based Project
• Obesity Prevention in Community: Strategic Plan
• Obesity in African-American Women: Methodology
• The Epidemiology of Obesity
• Pediatric Obesity Study Methodology
• Adult Obesity Causes & Consequences
• Community Health: Obesity Prevention
• Obesity Treatment in Primary Care: Evidence-Based Guide
• Childhood Obesity and Mothers’ Education Project
• Childhood Obesity Research Critiques
• Childhood Obesity: Medication and Parent Education
• Obesity Caused by Fast-Food as a Nursing Practice Issue
• Cardiometabolic Response to Obesity Treatment
• Childhood Obesity Study: Literature Review
• Motivational Interviewing in Obesity Reduction: Statistical Analysis
• Obesity Among the Adult Population: Research Planning
• Research and Global Health: Obesity and Overweight
• Childhood Obesity Interventions: Data Analysis
• Childhood Obesity as a Topic for Academic Studies
• Adolescent Obesity Treatment in Primary Care
• The Issues of Childhood Obesity: Overweight and Parent Education
• Obesity Counteractions in Clark County, Washington
• Childhood and Adult Obesity in the US in 2011-12
• Anti-Obesity Project’s Sponsors in the USA
• Obesity Prevention Advocacy Campaigns
• Childhood Obesity Study, Ethics, and Human Rights
• Childhood Obesity, Demographics and Environment
• Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries Since 1980
• Childhood Obesity and American Policy Intervention
• Obesity in Miami as a Policy-Priority Issue
• Efficient Ways to Manage Obesity
• Childhood Obesity and Public Health Intervention
• Childhood Obesity and Healtcare Spending in the US
• Childhood Obesity, Medical and Parental Education
• Nursing Role in Tackling Youth Obesity
• Childhood Obesity: Problem Issues
• Childhood Obesity: Data Management
• Obesity Prevention and Patient Teaching Plan
• “Management of Obesity” by Dietz et al.
• Nutrition and Obesity: Management and Prevention
• Obesity, Diet Modification and Physical Exercises
• Obesity, Its Definition, Treatment and Prevention
• Childhood Obesity and Eating Habits in Low-Income Families
• Childhood Obesity and Family’s Responsibility
• Childhood Obesity: Parental Education vs. Medicaments
• Childhood Obesity and Health Promoting Schools Program
• Childhood Obesity Risks, Reasons, Prevention
• Fast Food as a Cause of Obesity in the US and World
• Obesity Prevention and Education in Young Children
• Childhood Obesity: The Relationships Between Overweight and Parental Education
• Obesity, Its Demographics and Health Effects
• Childhood Obesity Problem Solution
• Treat and Reduce Obesity Act and Its Potential
• Obesity Prevention in Young Children: Evidence-Based Project
• Advocacy Campaign: Childhood Obesity
• Obesity as American Social Health Issue
• Prevalence of Childhood and Adult Obesity in the US
• The Role of Nurses in the Obesity Problem
• The Issue of Obesity in Youth in the U.S.
• The Role of Family in Childhood Obesity
• Childhood Obesity Risks and Preventive Measures
• Ways of Treating Obesity in Older Patients
• Children and Adolescents With Obesity: Physical Examination
• Obesity in the United States: Learning Process
• Pharmacotherapy for Childhood Obesity
• “Let’s Move” Intervention for Childhood Obesity
• Obesity Prevention in Childhood
• Patient Education for Obesity Treatment
• Childhood Obesity Prevention Trends
• Obesity Prevention in Young Children in US
• Wellness, Academics & You: Obesity Intervention
• Childhood Obesity, Health and Psychological State
• Parents’ Education in Childhood Obesity Prevention
• Evidence Based Practice Related to Patient Obesity
• Childhood Obesity in the US
• Childhood Obesity and Its Solutions
• Obesity Problem among the Adult Population
• Obesity Education in Social Media for Children
• Childhood Obesity and Governmental Measures
• Childhood Obesity Research and Ethical Concerns
• Obesity, Its Contributing Factors and Consequences
• Obesity among the Adult Population
• Multimodal-Lifestyle Intervention for Obesity
• Technological Education Programs and Obesity Prevention
• Childhood Obesity and Independent Variable in Parents
• Childhood Obesity: A Global Public Health Crisis
• Childhood Obesity, Its Definition and Causes
• Public Health Initiative for Childhood Obesity
• Childhood Obesity in the US: Factors and Challenges
• Obesity: Genetic, Hormonal and Environmental Influences
• The Problem of Obesity in the USA
• Childhood Obesity in the USA
• Prevention of Obesity in Children
• Racial and Ethnic Trends in Childhood Obesity in the US
• Age and Gender in Childhood Obesity Prevention
• Childhood Obesity and Public Health Interventions
• Obesity in Florida and Prevention Programs
• Obesity in Afro-Americans: Ethics of Intervention
• Helping Children with Obesity and Health Risks
• The Role of Nurses in the Problem of Obesity
• Healthy Nutrition: Obesity Prevention in Young Children
• Myocardial Infarction, Obesity and Hypertension
• Childhood Obesity and Parent Education
• Obesity’s Effect on Children and Elderly People
• Obesity Trends Among Non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks
• Family-Based Childhood Obesity and Parental Weight
• Childhood Obesity and Socio-Ecological Model
• Childhood Obesity and Depression Intervention
• Problem of the Childhood Obesity
• Advocacy Campaign: the Problem of Childhood Obesity
• Obesity in African Americans: Prevention and Therapy
• Childhood Obesity, Social Actions and Intervention
• Childhood Obesity and Control Measures in the US
• Decreasing Obesity in Jewish Children
• Nutrition: Obesity Epidemics in America
• Fast Food and Obesity Link – Nutrition
• Dairy Products Consumption and Obesity – Nutrition
• Nutrition Issues: Obesity and Breastfeeding
• The Evidence of Association between Iron Deficiency and Childhood Obesity
• Food Allergies and Obesity
• Childhood Obesity: a Population Health Issue
• Nutrition: Fighting the Childhood Obesity Epidemic
• What Factors Causes Obesity?
• What Are Five Problems With Obesity?
• Can the Government Help the Obesity Issue?
• What Are the Three Dangers of Obesity?
• What Are Ten Health Problems Associated With Obesity?
• Are the Parents to Blame for Childhood Obesity?
• What Are the Social Effects of Obesity?
• Does Adolescent Media Use Cause Obesity and Eating Disorders?
• How Is Obesity Affecting the World?
• How Does Obesity Impact Quality of Life?
• Does Society Affect America’s Obesity Crisis?
• How Does Obesity Affect You Mentally?
• How Does Obesity Impact Children?
• How Does Obesity Affect Self-Esteem?
• How Does Obesity Cause Depression?
• Are First Generation Mexican Children More Prone to Obesity Than Their Second Generation Counterparts?
• Should Fast Food Companies Be Held Responsibility for Children’s Obesity?
• Does Obesity Cause Mood Swings?
• What Are the Causes and Effects of Childhood Obesity?
• Is Obesity a Mental or Physical Illness?
• What Comes First: Depression or Obesity?
• What Makes Obesity Dangerous?
• Which European Country Has the Highest Rate of Obesity?
• What Is the Obesity Rate in Africa?

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194 Obesity Research Topics & Essay Examples

📝 obesity research papers examples, 💡 essay ideas on obesity, 👍 good obesity essay topics to write about, 🏆 best obesity essay titles, 🎓 simple research topics about obesity, ❓ obesity research questions.

• Health Promotion Model and Childhood Obesity Using Nola Pender Health Promotion Model, the research explores if obesity affects physical activity on African American children in Baltimore City Public School.
• Obesity Prevention in Young Children The main of this paper is to lay stress on the criticality of the problem by pointing to the national trends in childhood obesity as well as identifying local issues.
• Obese Patients and Weight Control The purpose of the given study is to summarize the main approaches to obesity in scientific literature and compare the efficiency of diet, exercises, and lifestyle modifications.
• Childhood Obesity, Its Trends, Causes, Economics Obesity is currently one of the main health problems in the United States that affect a significant portion of the population.
• Obesity as a Problem in the United States Obesity is a major problem in American society, and there is a need for people to take it more seriously because it can jeopardize the future of the American nation.
• An Urban Health Profile Report on Childhood Obesity The researcher reviewed current academic literature on childhood obesity as an urban health issue, paying close attention to those environmental factors.
• Obesity: Education of Parents vs Pharmacotherapy The study compares the effectiveness of education of parents about healthy lifestyles with pharmacotherapy for obesity in reducing negative outcomes of obesity and it preventing.
• Obesity as a Chronic Disease and Trends Towards Progress Obesity is a global problem that increases the risk of developing related diseases. This illness is also associated with increased mortality.
• Childhood Obesity and Barriers to Physical Activity The problem of childhood obesity is one of the central concerns of modern healthcare. Several aspects limit opportunities for children`s physical activities.
• Obesity Diagnosis: Dependent and Independent Variables In adults, aged 20-65 diagnosed with obesity, will a nurse-led educational intervention as compared to standard medical care decrease obesity rates.
• The Problem of Obesity in Children of Modern World Pediatric obesity that is found among children with body mass index (BMI) 95 and more is one of the most crucial forms of weight issues.
• Obesity and Endometrial Cancer in Women The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast two studies on obesity and endometrial cancer, with a close focus on their hypotheses, methods, and findings.
• Patients With Morbid Obesity The given research is focused on the problem of obesity, particularly on the efficaciousness of sports exercises in comparison with medication therapy.
• The Obesity Rates The costs of healthcare are bound to rise for a nation where many people suffer from obesity and related diseases.
• Nurses Role in Prevention of Overweight among Adolescents The focus was given to the investigation of adolescent-nurse relationships, identifying specific instruments to affect young people.
• Nursing Research: Adult Obesity This study investigates alteration in behaviors and lifestyles as one of the efficient ways to manage obesity and preserve the appropriate state of health.
• Childhood Obesity Research Methodology This essay presents a methodology for research childhood obesity, including extraneous variables, instruments, description of the intervention, and data collection procedures.
• After-School Obesity Prevention Program An after-school obesity prevention program is a planned intervention. It is educating children and their parents on the significance of a healthy diet and physical exercises.
• Childhood Obesity in the United States The outcome of the research will provide evidence-based guidance on the required policies and interventions to help manage childhood obesity in the United States.
• Obesity, Hypertension, Diabetes Type 2: Assessment Obesity plays a substantial role in adipocytokine dysregulation which is suggested to be a pathogenic trigger of insulin resistance and other diabetes-related problems.
• Childhood Obesity and Community Nursing Intervention This essay presents the methodology of the community nursing intervention, including a plan for data analysis for demographic variables and study variables.
• Childhood Obesity Study: Ethical and Cultural Issues The role of school-based physical activity in affecting childhood obesity is an important issue that is widely discussed in the scholarly literature.
• Research Questions about Childhood Obesity – Student Guide Want to learn about childhood obesity? 🍟 Read this article to find out more about the topic and the research questions about childhood obesity. ➡ You’ll also find amazing papers samples here! 🌟
• Childhood Obesity Essay: Example of Application of the Social Ecological Model to the Disease Looking for a childhood obesity essay? ➤ Read our paper example to learn ✅ how, by applying the social ecological model, obesity in children can be explained.
• Obesity Healthcare Policy Presentation The implementation of obesity healthcare policy is a significant step in eliminating the spread of this serious healthcare problem.
• Obesity Issues in Hispanic Population Group Obesity in Hispanics is related to generational poverty. This paper discusses obesity issues in Hispanic population group in presentation form.
• Childhood Obesity Interventions: Problem Analysis Childhood obesity is one of the major health challenges impacting affecting the global healthcare sector in general and the US society, in particular.
• School-Based Physical Activity and Childhood Obesity While school-based physical activity interventions could be effective in reducing obesity prevalence, it is also essential to address children's diet.
• Obesity and Related Healthcare Policy Concern Obesity is a problem that bothers millions of people around the whole world. The policy to combat obesity is characterized by a number of positive issues.
• The Problem of Pediatric Obesity Pediatric obesity is a crucial public health problem in the United States and internationally due to severe complications of the condition.
• Childhood Obesity Study: Ethical Considerations The current study on childhood obesity should address the ethical considerations and propose a plan on how to protect human rights.
• Childhood Obesity, Its Causes and Consequences The modern world is dominated by two overarching tendencies - nutrition deficiency and overweight, which accounts for a great deal of polarization on the issue.
• Obesity Management in Families of Mentally Ill Youth The article by Bourassa et al. aims at analyzing the causes of obesity in children with mental and behavioral problems and finding solutions to these causes.
• Fad Diet Impact on Overweight Patients: Problem Analysis Fad diets are a loosely defined category that includes popular diets that are not recognized by official healthcare institutions.
• "Childhood Obesity Risk in Overweight Mothers" the Article by James, K., Matsangas, P., & Connelly, C. Childhood obesity risk among overweight women is higher if to compare with other families adhering to appropriate dietary and nutritional behaviors.
• "Family-Based Childhood Obesity Prevention Interventions" the Article by Ash, T., Agaronov, A., Young, T., Aftosmes-Tobio, A., & Davison, K. K. Because of the direct influence of parents on the success of weight management interventions, the researchers wanted to explore how effective programs involving parents would be.
• Pediatric Obesity Prevention and Change Project The nursing-focused plan is to design a lifestyle intervention that would reduce fast-food consumption in children, thus decreasing their risk of obesity.
• Childhood Obesity: Prevention and Treatment Childhood obesity is a problem that has diverse aspects, so it demands a careful analysis to come to a single conclusion about the most suitable methods of preventing and managing it.
• Preschool Children's Obesity Study by Vale et al. The problem of obesity in children is an important medical issue since overweight at an early age is fraught with dangerous health effects.
• Pediatric Obesity Prevention Strategies In this paper the analysis of an anti-obesity intervention that includes physical exercises, diet, education, and monitoring sessions will be developed.
• Motivational Interviewing as Obesity Treatment The systematic review addressed the issue of the motivational interviewing potential in affecting weight loss.
• Healthy Eating in Obese Adults Apart from the information on healthy eating habits, the participants received comprehensive information about obesity, including its potential risks, causes, and management.
• Pediatric Obesity and Parent-Child Involvement Childhood obesity could be one of the most prominent and pressing issues in modern-day pediatric health issues, affecting minors throughout the US.
• Obesity Impact on Children and Adolescents Health professionals form a crucial section with respect to the tackling of obesity among children and teenagers.
• Childhood Obesity Treatment Programs: Ethical Considerations The research problem that led to this study is the inadequacy of the current childhood obesity treatment programs in dealing with this health condition.
• Adult Obesity: Disease Analysis This paper includes information concerning obesity prevalence, treatment, prevention, associated stress and its management, and disparity related to this health problem.
• Reducing Body Mass IndexI Measures in School-Aged Children The Body Mass Index rates are very high among school-aged children in the United States, which implies that the existing framework for managing obesity needs improvements.
• Children Diagnosed With Obesity and Their Relatives The purpose of this paper is to come up with a lesson for children diagnosed with obesity and their relatives. The lesson will target three groups of people, including children, their parents, and medical staff.
• Epidemiology Topics for Signature Assignment The topic of diabetic retinopathy is relevant to my future career as I will seek to encourage every patient with diabetes to have an eye examination regularly.
• Childhood Obesity and Intervention Program This paper addresses the childhood obesity problem and discovers the inconsistency between the existing programs and their implementation in real life.
• Fad Diet Effects on Overweight Individuals The popularity of fad diets has grown tremendously due to the availability of social media and the promise to deliver results within a short time.
• Incidence of Childhood Obesity in the US In order to fight childhood obesity statewide and improve the overall levels of health for our nation, the USA requires taking a more proactive stance.
• The Problem of Childhood Obesity in Modern Society The problem of childhood obesity is an important part of the list of health problems since such an issue at an early stage may cause serious consequences in the future.
• The Problem of Childhood Obesity in United States The levels of obesity in U.S. children not only remain stable, but they also increase while indicating the lack of working policies and strategies.
• Treatment Interventions for Early Childhood Obesity The main finding of the systematic review article is that the implementation of EBP interventions positively impacts weight reduction among obese children.
• The Issue of Childhood Obesity in Modern Society Childhood obesity is one of the common lifestyle diseases in contemporary times, and its prevalence is on the rise.
• Childhood Obesity: Causes and Consequences It is essential to restate the immense importance of the problem of childhood obesity in the contemporary society of the United States.
• The Problem of Childhood Obesity in 21st Century Obesity has become a global epidemic in the 21st century. This paper defines obesity and highlights its epidemiology, clinical presentation, complications, and diagnosis.
• Fad Diets Dangers for Overweight Individuals The available evidence shows that fad diets are counterproductive for obese people trying to reduce and manage their weights.
• Children Obesity: Lifestyle and Pharmacotherapy Many children today suffer from obesity and it increases the rate of diseases and fatalities in the children population.
• Childhood Obesity Issue and Defense of Solution The completed research study analyzed the problem of childhood obesity and proposed the most appropriate strategies to deal with it.
• Incidence of Childhood Obesity in the United States "Incidence of Childhood Obesity in the United States" states that in many cases, children with significant birth weight and Afro-American heritage have a predisposition towards developing obesity.
• Behavioral Pediatric Obesity and Prevention Pediatric obesity is an essential issue in the modern world since it affects children of different genders and origins.
• Obesity Is a Severe Problem Obesity is one of the major health problems occurring in people and is not only caused by genetic factors but also due to environmental causes.
• Solving Obesity in America If one is well aware of the impact and future consequences of obesity this assertion is easy to make. First there is the health issue.
• “Physical Examination Findings Among Children and Adolescents With Obesity” Critical Review The main issue is to point out the significance of the specially-oriented medical examination of children with obesity.
• Obesity Care Plan for American Patients Want to learn about the obesity issue? 🍟 Read this article to learn more about obesity care plan. ➞ Here you’ll also find great paper samples on the topic! 🔥
• Latino School-Age Population and Obesity American society has to face major public health issues. Such diseases as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes are some of the primary areas of concern.
• Adult Obesity Research: Protect Human Rights This paper describes various aspects of a study to be conducted on adult obesity: plan to protect Human Rights, limitations of the proposed study, and implications for practice.
• Nurses Education the Latino School-Age Population Suffering From Obesity American society has to face major public health issues. Cancer, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes are regarded as some of the primary areas of concern.
• Definition of Overweight and Obesity To avoid further health problems in their adult life, they should be diagnosed with obesity in time and receive proper treatment.
• Obesity as an Intricate Health Problem Based on the information in the articles, several evidence-based practice changes can be suggested for the proper nursing practice towards obese patients’ management.
• Epidemiology in Miami-Dade County Modern healthcare being generally divided into the community and environmental health has now become one of the major research fields due to its relevance in the global context.
• Child Obesity: Community Nurse Role The purpose of the following research paper is to examine the community nurse role in terms of the childhood obesity issue in the example of the case study provided in the setting.
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• Published: 14 March 2022

What is obesity?

Obesity Musings

• Nikhil V. Dhurandhar   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1356-1064 1  

International Journal of Obesity volume  46 ,  pages 1081–1082 ( 2022 ) Cite this article

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What is the definition of obesity, what is obesity, and what causes or contributes to obesity, are three similar sounding questions with very different answers. Obesity is defined using body mass index (BMI) cutoffs to reflect the associated health risk. Various cutoffs for BMI or the amount or distribution of body fat serve as an indicator of overweight and obesity in descriptive statistics. The BMI cutoff for adult obesity was around 27 kg/m 2 , which later changed to current cutoff of 30 kg/m 2 in the Western world. It continues to be challenging to establish one cutoff for the Asian population [ 1 ]. Thus, the definition of obesity seems labile. Then, what is obesity?

Human body is evolved to store energy surplus as fat for use during periods of energy deficit. Physiological controls appear to be in place to restrict this fat accumulation in a certain range [ 2 ]. Yet, certain individuals exceed that range while others do not. Obesity is excessive accumulation of body fat, that results from the impairment in energy balance mechanisms [ 3 , 4 ]. Example of the condition edema can illustrate this point. Edema is not a result of drinking excess water. In health, water balance is exquisitely controlled, but is disrupted in some diseases, which leads to excess water accumulation. Similarly, several centrally and peripherally acting mechanisms influence long- and short-term energy intake and expenditure, including hunger and satiety hormones, various adipokines, cytokines, hormones, and thermogenic adipose tissue. As elaborated previously [ 3 , 4 ], the disruption in one or more of these regulatory mechanisms of energy balance can lead to excess energy storage, and may eventually result in obesity. Thus, obesity is a consequence of impaired energy balance.

This leads to the third question about the causes and contributors of obesity. It is posited that most “causes” of obesity are intrinsic whereas “contributors” are extrinsic to the human body. Causes could be considered as impairment in energy balance regulation due to defects in physiology or behavior which predispose an individual to excessive energy storage. Considering that genes can influence brain function and behavior [ 5 , 6 ], genes may have a hitherto under-recognized role to play in obesity development. Whereas, “contributors” are the factors such as energy dense or palatable foods, or low levels of physical activity, which make it easier to achieve positive energy balance in presence of “causes”. For example, active thermogenic adipose tissue is more in individuals who are lean and less in obesity [ 7 ]. While this is not established as a causation, a scenario could be conjectured. Overfeeding increases total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), and the increase in TDEE shows considerable interindividual variation [ 8 ]. When the energy intake is excessive, an adequately functioning thermogenic adipose tissue may dissipate excess energy and help maintain a stable body weight, whereas, an inadequate thermogenic response may lead to weight gain. While the underlying reasons are unclear, widely different responses in weight gain to identical positive energy balance have been well documented [ 9 ]. It seems that causes and contributors are both needed to express obesity, or at least one of them needs to be present in overwhelming proportion. For example, mechanisms exist in an individual to resist excessive weight gain or weight loss [ 2 , 10 ]. Yet, those mechanisms could be overwhelmed by excessive positive or negative energy balance to alter body weight.

These concepts have practical significance in realistic obesity management and prevention. For example, in obesity research, it should no longer be adequate to conclude that obesity is due to overeating. It is important to understand which upstream defect in physiology leads to that overeating. A true prevention of obesity would entail preventing the intrinsic causes of obesity such as leptin deficiency or a delayed onset of satiety hormones. Until medical science learns to regulate these causative factors, we are left with controlling the contributory factors such as energy intake and activity. These will not “prevent” obesity—the defect in energy balance mechanism, but may help attenuate its expression.

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Dhurandhar, N.V. What is obesity?. Int J Obes 46 , 1081–1082 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-022-01088-1

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Epidemiology of Obesity in Adults: Latest Trends

Inoue yosuke.

1 Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516

2 Department of Population Science, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903

Poti Jennifer

3 Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516

Sokol Rebeccah

4 Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516

Gordon-Larsen Penny

Associated data, purpose of review:.

An increasing trend in obesity prevalence since the early 1980s has posed a significant population health burden across the globe. We conducted a systematic review for studies using measured anthropometry to examine trends in obesity in the US published from 2012 to 2018 and for systematic reviews to document trends in obesity across the globe published from 2014 to 2018.

Recent findings:

For the US, the only nationally representative data source capturing trends in obesity in this period was the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which uses repeated cross-sectional data to document national trends in obesity in the US.. For global trends, the only systematic reviews of obesity across the globe were the Global Burden of Disease Obesity study and the Non-communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration study. In general, the population distribution of Body Mass Index (BMI) in the US has shifted towards the upper end of its distribution over the past three decades. The global distribution has similarly increased, albeit with large regional differences.

US and global studies suggest an increasing trend in obesity since the 1980s, and there is a dearth of nationally representative longitudinal studies using measured anthropometry to capture trends in adult obesity in the US for the same individuals over time. Greater efforts are needed to identify factors contributing to the continued increases in obesity.

Introduction

Obesity is linked with elevated risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) [ 1 ]. An increasing trend in obesity prevalence since the early 1980s has posed a significant population health burden across the globe [ 2 ] while obesity prevalence varies by region and country [ 1 , 3 ].

Country-specific trends in obesity are generally tracked using longitudinal panel or repeated cross-sectional data, with the highest quality studies using measured anthropometry. In the US, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which is a nationally representative, repeated cross-sectional survey of the civilian, noninstitutionalized US population [ 4 ], is the predominant dataset used to track changes in obesity over time. There are a set of national- or population-representative longitudinal studies following the same individuals over time or repeated cross-sections, some of which use self-reported height and weight (e.g., National Longitudinal Survey of Youth [ 5 ]; Health Information National Trends Survey [ 6 ]; California Health Interview Survey [ 7 ]; Medical Expenditure Panel Survey-Household Component [ 8 ]; Panel Study of Income Dynamics [ 9 ]; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System [ 10 ]; and National Health Interview Survey [ 11 ]) while others capture specific subpopulations or portions of the lifecycle (e.g, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study [ 12 ]; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) [ 13 ]; National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey [ 14 ]). For global studies, the predominant data sources include the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study [ 2 , 3 , 15 ] and the Non-communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) [ 16 , 17 ], both of which include approximately 200 countries, allowing comparisons over time, across age groups, and among populations [ 2 , 15 – 17 ].

We conducted a systematic review to examine trends in obesity in the US for studies providing nationally or sub-nationally representative estimates of body mass index (BMI), obesity, or abdominal obesity using measured anthropometry and published from 2012 to 2018. In addition, we reviewed the literature on global trends in obesity, restricting our search to systematic reviews or meta-analyses of global obesity in adults. In this review, we present findings on trends in obesity in the US and across the globe and discuss future research directions.

Search strategy

We used the following cut-off values to define overweight/obesity: overweight (BMI: 25–29.9), class I obesity (BMI: 30–34.9), class II obesity (BMI: 35–39.9) and class III obesity (BMI: ≥ 40) [ 18 ]. We defined abdominal obesity (i.e., cut-off values of waist circumference (WC) ≥ 102 cm (40 in) for men and WC ≥ 88 cm (35 in) for women) [ 19 ]. In addition, we considered the non-Hispanic Asian cut-points of WC ≥ 90 cm for men and WC ≥ 80 cm for women [ 20 ].

We systematically reviewed the literature using a protocol informed by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched for articles published in English, peer-reviewed journals in PubMed. For the global study, we further restricted studies to systematic reviews or meta-analyses. We developed the search syntax in collaboration with a reference librarian ( Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 ). Our query included the following terms, their cognates, and synonyms: obesity AND trend AND United States AND adults AND nationally representative (US studies); obesity AND trend AND global AND adults (global studies).

Inclusion/exclusion criteria

For the search of domestic studies, articles had to fit the following inclusion criteria: 1) estimates of obesity following our criteria above; 2) sampling to be nationally representative or sub-nationally representative of the US; 3) include adults over the age of 18 years; 4) measured (rather than self-report) anthropometry; 5) repeated cross-sectional or longitudinal study design; 6) peer-reviewed; 7) available in English; and 8) published between January 1, 2012 and July 1, 2018 ( Supplementary table 1 ).

For the search of global studies, we restricted studies to systematic reviews and began with the seminal GBD paper [ 2 ] as a model and searched for studies that evaluated the prevalence or incidence of obesity using measured height and weight in countries outside the United States. To be included, articles had to fit the following inclusion criteria: 1) estimates of obesity following our criteria above; 2) estimates for areas outside the US; 3) adults over the age of 18 years; 4) measured (rather than self-report) anthropometry; 5) systematic review or meta-analysis; 6) peer-reviewed; 7) available in English; and 8) published between January 1, 2014 and July 1, 2018 ( Supplementary table 2 ).

Study selection and data extraction

We used Covidence, an online platform, to manage screening and selection of studies. A single reviewer completed an initial independent screen of all titles and abstracts retrieved from the database searches. A second reviewer checked a random sampling of titles to guarantee no articles were falsely excluded at this stage, and the second reviewer found no such discrepancies. Three separate reviewers independently reviewed the full texts of studies, whereby each study was dually screened, to determine final study inclusion. All conflicts in the full text review were resolved via discussion with the authorship team.

In our electronic search for the domestic studies, we found 695 references, two of which were duplicates, resulting in a total of 693 studies. In the initial title and abstract screen, the research team deemed 620 studies irrelevant, leaving 73 full-texts to review. We retained and extracted data from 18 studies that met inclusion criteria ( Figure 1 ). Our search for the global studies returned 141 references, of which we deemed 120 studies irrelevant on the basis of initial title and abstract screen, leaving 21 full-texts to review of which one fit inclusion criteria. In addition, we included the GBD study published in July 2017 [ 2 ] and used the reference lists of the papers captured in our search to add one NCD-RisC paper [ 17 ] ( Figure 2 ).

PRISMA diagram for US studies that used nationally representative adult samples with measured anthropometry, published between Jan 2012 and July 2018.

PRISMA diagram for global studies that were systematic review published between Jan 2014 and July 2018.

We identified 18 US studies and three global studies that fit search criteria ( Table 1 ). All the US studies used information collected in the NHANES and one also used information collected in the National Health Examination Survey (predecessor to the NHANES) [ 21 ]. Periods of time covered in each study differed; Hales et al. [ 38 ] provided the most updated information covering the period between 2013 and 2016 while Ljungvall et al. [ 21 ] presented data across the longest timespan (i.e., 1959 – 2008) among the studies extracted in our search. Three studies examined abdominal obesity, one of which used different cut-off points as their study participants were confined to non-Hispanic Asian Americans [ 36 ]. In relation to the global obesity trends, the GBD study used information obtained from 1514 sources [ 2 ] while the NCD RisC studies used information collected in 1698 population-based studies [ 16 ] and 1820 studies [ 17 ].

Eighteen US studies reviewing obesity prevalence in the US published from January 2012 to July 2018 and three studies of global obesity published from January 2014 to July 2018

BMI: Body Mass Index; GBD: Global Burden of Disease; NCD RisC: NCD Risk Factor Collaboration; NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Survey.

Overall obesity trends in the US

Flegal et al. [ 30 ] estimated obesity prevalence to be 34.6% (men: 33.5%; women: 35.7%) in 2005–2006, which decreased in 2007–2008 to 33.9% (men: 32.2%; women: 35.5%) but then increased to 37.9% (men: 35.2%; women: 40.5%) in 2013–2014 ( Table 2 ). Hales et al. [ 38 ], including the most recent cycle of the NHANES, reported that obesity prevalence in 2013–2016 to be 36.5% for men and 40.8% for women.

Summary of findings reported in the Eighteen US studies reviewing obesity prevalence in the US published from January 2012 to July 2018 and three studies of global obesity published from January 2014 to July 2018.

BMI: Body mass index; CVD: cardiovascular disease; GBD: Global Burden of Disease; NCD-RisC: NCD Risk Factor Collaboration; WC: waist circumference

Ljungvall et al. [ 21 ] reported an obesity prevalence of 10% for men and 16% for women in 1959–1962, which increased to 18% for men and 23% for women in 1988–91, 27% for men and 34% for women in 1999–2000, and again to 32% for men and 36% for women in NHANES 2007 – 2008. The increasing trend in obesity prevalence was featured in the other studies in our search as well [ 22 – 24 , 33 , 35 ].

Several studies that used BMI cut-offs higher than 30 suggest a shift in population distribution for BMI towards the upper end of the BMI distribution. [ 21 , 27 , 30 , 32 ]. For example, Ljungvall et al. [ 21 ] reported that prevalence of BMI ≥ 35, which was 1% and 5% for men and women, respectively in 1959, increased to 5% and 9% in 1988–1991 and finally to 11% and 19% in 2007–2008. Kranjac et al. [ 32 ] reported that the prevalence of BMI ≥ 40 was 1% in 1971, rising to 6% in 2012, with higher prevalence reported in women than in men. The prevalence of BMI ≥ 40 for men and women was 5.5% and 9.9% in 2013–2014 [ 30 ] and 5.5% and 9.8% in 2013–2016 [ 38 ].

Between 1988–1994 and 2009–2010, abdominal obesity prevalence increased from 29.1% to 42.0% among men and from 46.0% to 61.5% among women [ 28 ]. Robinson et al. [ 26 ] reported that in 1986–1990 abdominal obesity prevalence was 36.0% (27.5% for men and 44.3% for women) increasing to 52.5% (43.1% for men and 61.5% for women) in 2006–2010. Liu et al. [ 36 ] reported that central obesity among US non-Hispanic Asian adults in 2011–2014 was 55.3% and 60.9% for men and women, respectively.

Sociodemographic disparities

Several of the US studies examined differences in obesity prevalence by race/ethnicity, educational attainment, income and urbanization level. For example, Ljungvall et al. [ 21 ] reported that probability of obesity in 1960 was higher in non-Hispanic black women than non-Hispanic white women by 10 percentage points and that total increase during the study period (1960 – 2008) was also larger in non-Hispanic black women than non-Hispanic white women (by 5 – 10 percentage points). Romero et al. [ 22 ] studied a shorter period of time (1988 – 2004) and showed that a baseline difference observed between non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black did not change over time, while a difference between non-Hispanic black and Hispanic increased over time.

Yu et al [ 33 ] concluded that educational inequalities in relation to obesity prevalence from 1971 to 2012 were generally larger in women than men and larger in non-Hispanic white than non-Hispanic black and that obesity prevalence did not differ by educational attainment among non-Hispanic black men. In addition, individuals with some college education (i.e., 13 – 15 years of school or associate’s degree) experienced the most rapid increase in obesity prevalence among the four educational attainment categories in non-Hispanic white men, non-Hispanic white women and non-Hispanic black women. Ogden et al. [ 37 ], which also examined the trends by educational attainment (high school graduates or less; some college; and college graduates) between 1999–2002 and 2011–2014, showed that obesity prevalence among men with some college tended to increase at a faster pace than other two groups. On the other hand, such difference was not observed among women.

Ljungvall et al. [ 21 ] found an initial disparity by income, with higher prevalence observed among women in the lower (versus higher) income groups in 1959; this difference did not diverge over the full period captured (1959–2008). The initial income disparity for men in 1960 disappeared by the 1970s. When Ogden et al. [ 37 ] examined trends in obesity prevalence by three categories of household income from 1999–2002 to 2011–2014, obesity prevalence increased among women in the bottom two income groups, but it did not among women in the highest income group. Among men, obesity prevalence in the three income groups increased during the same period.

Hales et al. [ 38 ] examined if obesity prevalence differed by urbanization level (large metropolitan statistical areas [MSAs]; medium or small MSAs; and non-MSAs), showing that in 2013–2016, participants living in medium or small MSAs had a higher obesity prevalence compared to those living in large MSAs in both sexes. In addition, women living in non-MSAs also had a higher prevalence compared to women living in large MSAs.

Given less change in obesity prevalence in the first decade of the 2000s compared to previous years, several authors suggested that the increase in obesity prevalence among US adults may be leveling off [ 39 , 40 ]. Robinson et al. examined differences in obesity prevalence [ 25 ] and abdominal obesity prevalence [ 26 ] by birth cohort using an age-period-cohort analysis. Robinson et al. [ 25 ] found that cohorts born in the 1980s had increased propensity to obesity compared to previous generations, suggesting obesity prevalence may continue to increase as this younger generation reaches the ages of peak prevalence of obesity. Robinson et al. [ 26 ] reported that the baby boomers (those born in 1946–1964) seemed to have low cohort effects on abdominal obesity.

Differences in obesity and abdominal obesity patterns

The authors of two studies reported trends in obesity defined using BMI and abdominal obesity (per waist circumference). Robinson et al. [ 26 ] reported that in 1986–1990 abdominal obesity prevalence was 27.5% for men and 44.3% for women and increased up to 43.1% for men and 61.5% for women in 2006–2010. During the same period, obesity defined with BMI increased from 18.5% to 32.6% and from 23.6% to 36.0% among men and women, respectively. Ladabaum et al. [ 28 ] reported that between 1988–1994 and 2009–2010, obesity prevalence increased from 19.9% to 34.6% among men and 24.9% to 35.4% among women while abdominal obesity prevalence increased from 29.1% to 42.0% among men and 46.0% to 61.5% among women.

Global trends in adult obesity prevalence

The GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators based their study on a systematic literature search in Medline for studies providing nationally or sub-nationally representative estimates of BMI, overweight, or obesity among children or adults. Information came from 1514 data sources from 174 countries (713 measured and 801 self-report data) between 1980 and 2015. On the other hand, the NCD-RisC estimated global trends of BMI and obesity prevalence between 1975 and 2014 using data collected from 1698 population-based studies (e.g., nationally or sub-nationally representative studies and community-based studies) that used measured height and weight [ 16 ]. Following this initial paper, they expanded their study period to 2016 using data collected from 1820 population-based studies [ 17 ].

Both research groups described how obesity prevalence has increased in the last few decades. The GBD study showed that between 1980 and 2015 obesity prevalence doubled in 73 countries and showed an increase in most of the other countries as well. The NCD-RisC [ 16 , 17 ] found that between 1975 and 2014, age-standardized prevalence of obesity increased from 3.2% to 10.8% in men and from 6.4% to 14.9% in women. In 2014, 2.3% and 5.0% of men and women from these 200 countries had BMI ≥35 and 0.64% and 1.6% had BMI ≥ 40.

The GBD study also showed trends in adult obesity prevalence by country’s sociodemographic development quintiles (categorized into quintiles: low, low-middle, middle, high-middle, and high). The GBD study showed that between 1980 and 2015, men aged 25 to 29 and living in countries with a low-middle degree of development experienced the largest relative increase in obesity prevalence (1.1% in 1980 to 3.8% in 2015) among population subgroups stratified by sex, age and country’s level of sociodemographic level.

The NCD RisC [ 16 , 17 ] emphasized large regional differences in obesity prevalence. Areas with obesity prevalence of ≥25% or higher in 2016 included High-income Western countries (men: 29.6%; women: 29.6%), Central and Eastern Europe (women: 26.1%), Central Asia, Middle East and North Africa (women: 35.2%), Latin America and Caribbean (women: 29.2%), and Oceania (women: 30.0%), while several areas had obesity prevalence of <10%, i.e., East and South East Asia (men: 5.9%; women: 7.4%), High-income Asia Pacific (men: 4.9%; women: 4.3%), South Asia (men: 3.2%; women: 6.0%); and Sub-Saharan Africa (men: 4.8%).

Synthesis of findings

We extracted 18 US studies from the NHANES in our search, which indicate an increase in obesity prevalence over the past 40 years, with the latest prevalence estimates from the NHANES 2013–2016 at 36.6% (men) and 41.0% (women) [ 38 ]. In addition, Hales et al. [ 41 ], which was published as a letter and thus not included in our search, reported obesity prevalence in 2015–2016 to be 37.9% (men) and 41.1% (women).

Several papers by Flegal and her colleagues published outside of our inclusion window, and thus not included in our search, reported obesity prevalence during the periods between 1960 and 1988–1994 [ 42 ], 1988–1994 to 1999–2000 [ 43 ], and 1999–2000 and 2007–2008 [ 39 , 44 – 47 ]. The earlier two studies showed that obesity prevalence increased significantly from 14.5% to 22.5% to 30.5% between NHANES II (1976–1980), NHANES III (1988–1994), and the first cycle of the continuous NHANES (1999–2000), while the more recent studies suggested a stabilized trend in obesity prevalence in the early 2000s. Whereas some authors report that the increase in adult obesity prevalence may be slowing over time [ 39 , 40 ], the 18 more recent studies included in our review do not support such trend. In particular, Flegal et al. [ 30 ] found a significant increasing linear trend in the prevalence between 2005–2006 and 2013–2014 among women. Significant increases were reported between 2001–2004 and 2013–2016 [ 38 ] and between 2007–2008 and 2015–2016 [ 41 ]. In addition, US-specific estimates provided by the GBD [ 2 ] and the NCD-RisC [ 17 ] also suggest an increase in US obesity prevalence ( Figure 3 ).

Trends in US adult obesity prevalence based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES), and US data included in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD), the NCD Risk Factor Collaborations (NCD-RisC).

The studies that examined obesity trends suggest particularly high risk among non-Hispanic black women [ 21 , 22 ], individuals with some college education versus the other educational attainment categories [ 33 ], those whose communities were classified as the intermediate category of urbanization [ 38 ] and cohort differences in obesity prevalence. [ 25 , 26 ].

Our findings for global obesity trends indicate that obesity prevalence has increased in the last few decades across the world. The GBD study showed that between 1980 and 2015 obesity prevalence doubled in 73 countries and the NCD-RisC [ 16 , 17 ] found that age-standardized prevalence of obesity increased from 3.2% to 10.8% in men and from 6.4% to 14.9% in women across 200 countries between 1975 and 2014 [ 16 ].

Differences in surveillance

The NHANES is a repeated cross-sectional survey, in which different participants were randomly sampled from population at several time points. Thus, unlike in longitudinal studies, it is not possible to track within-person changes in weight over time. While there are several representative longitudinal cohort studies in the US that collect measured height and weight (e.g., Add Health [ 13 ], the Longitudinal Health and Retirement Study [ 48 ], the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project [ 49 ] and the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study [ 50 ]), none had data published in the date range that fit our inclusion criteria.

The GBD study and the NCD-RisC study based their estimates on many population-based studies, some of which were cross-sectional and the others were longitudinal follow-up. Rather than looking at the longitudinal association, the GBD and NCD-RisC studies estimated obesity prevalence for each country and year using data collected in each given country and the year of data collection, but allowed for inclusion of data from other years in the same country or from data in other countries across similar time periods within regions.

Analytical issues

Several aspects of the analysis of obesity prevalence trends can impact the magnitude and direction of estimated effects, potentially resulting in inconsistent conclusions across studies. Conclusions in relation to the trends in obesity prevalence differed by time periods covered by each study. Studies that covered a longer period (e.g., 1959–2008 [ 21 ]; 1988–2008 [ 28 ]) documented increases in obesity prevalence, while Flegal et al. [ 43 ] suggested that obesity prevalence from 1999 to 2008 did not continue to increase at the same rate as that observed in the prior 10 years. Another example is a difference between Ljungvall et al. [ 21 ] that covered the period between 1959–2008 and Romero et al. [ 22 ] that used information collected in 1988–2004. While the former described that the increases in obesity prevalence during the study periods (1960–2008) were similar across the racial/ethnic subgroups (or, at least, smaller than the increase experienced by the whole population), the latter emphasized that non-Hispanic black were at higher risk of obesity compared to non-Hispanic white.

The time point used as baseline for evaluating obesity prevalence trends can also have an important impact on findings [ 47 ]. A notable example comes from studies of recent childhood obesity trends; evaluations using 2003–2004 as the baseline time point reported decreases in the prevalence of obesity among 2–5 year old children through 2011–2014 [ 47 , 51 ], while studies using 1999–2000 as baseline reported no evidence of a decline in obesity prevalence in this or any age group through 2011–2014 [ 52 – 54 ]. Because prevalence estimates can fluctuate substantially between study waves, inclusion of data from several prior years and subsequent years can aid in determining whether prevalence changes at any given time point reflect a transient anomalous dip or a true downward trend [ 53 ]. The need to place data in context and see the bigger picture underscores the need for ongoing, consistent monitoring of obesity prevalence and trends in the US and worldwide.

One must consider exclusion criteria for each specific study, even when based on the same study source. For example, in the 18 studies we reviewed, three studies explicitly excluded BMI < 18.5 [ 23 , 27 , 34 ]. Studies also varied greatly in the exclusion of older adults, with some studies excluding adults in their late 60s or 70s while others making no exclusions of older adults, and also varied in exclusion of younger adults aged 18–24 years old. Because obesity prevalence varies across the lifespan and some evidence suggests that obesity trends differ by age [ 30 , 47 ], the age range of included participants could potentially impact estimated trends or limit comparability across studies. The analytical approaches used to evaluate obesity trends also varied, with methods including pairwise difference testing, linear trend tests, regression modeling to evaluate linear and quadratic trends, and age-period-cohort analysis. Studies using multivariable regression modeling to evaluate changes over time also differed in the selection of covariates used for adjustment in regression models. However, regardless of these differences, studies of US trends included in our review consistently found significant long-term increases in the prevalence of obesity.

There are also analytical issues related to future obesity projections. Flegal et al. [ 30 ] cautioned that several previous attempts to use past data to extrapolate to future trends in obesity prevalence may not have provided valid estimates [ 55 – 57 ]. Mehta et al. [ 31 ] conducted simulations using NHANES I to simulate mortality for NHANES III participants to test whether a decline in association between BMI and mortality related to statistical nuisance issues, finding that these nuisance contributors, such as the usage of categorical BMI variable (vs. continuous variable) and changes in population distribution altered findings.

Limitations

There are several limitations that should be addressed. First, only studies based on the NHANES data were captured with our inclusion criteria. While the NHANES is nationally representative sample and designed to estimate obesity prevalence in the US, it is a repeated cross sectional, which precludes within-individual change in BMI/obesity. Second, although NHANES is nationally representative, the subpopulation groups can get quite small by sex, race/ethnicity and socioeconomic groups. Third, we only included systematic reviews and meta analyses for our global search. Thus, some smaller within country studies that were not a part of GBD and NCD RisC might have been missed. Fourth, the GBD study and the NCD-RisC studies estimated obesity prevalence in each country as a whole, thus ignoring within-country heterogeneity by region, SES, or other subpopulations.

Conclusions and Future directions

It would be ideal to use longitudinal studies that allow intra-individual changes between study waves for surveillance. Surveillance that can fully address age-period-cohort differences are needed to identify whether obesity trajectories by age are different by cohort. For example, the Global Burden of Disease Study [ 3 ] presented obesity prevalence by age across birth cohorts, suggesting that obesity prevalence tended to increase at a faster pace among those who were born in later cohorts than in earlier cohorts (e.g., those born in 1985 vs. those born in 1960). Age-period-cohort analyses might be particularly relevant in countries undergoing dramatic changes in social and economic environment. There remains a need for studies that allow within-country differences in obesity prevalence.

Although significant increases in the prevalence of obesity since the 1980s are well-documented, relatively little is known about the causes for these population-level trends [ 30 ]. Future studies are needed to identify the factors contributing to the continued increases in obesity. Moreover, there is a need for evaluation of the effectiveness of programs and policies to prevent obesity, as well as to understand the reasons for limited progress in reversing obesity trends [ 58 – 61 ]. Because of the large inter-individual heterogeneity in the efficacy of obesity intervention and treatment approaches, further studies are warranted to identify individual factors that predict response and to evaluate personalized precision approaches based on genetic and phenotypic characterization [ 62 ]. In addition, given the established relations between central obesity and cardiometabolic risk, a close monitoring of trends in central obesity prevalence may be necessary.

Supplementary Material

Conflict of Interest

Yosuke Inoue declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Bo Qin declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Jennifer Poti declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Rebeccah Sokol declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Penny Gordon-Larsen is supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.