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Types of Group Discussion: Strategies for Effective Discussions

Last Updated on November 6, 2023 by Milton Campbell

Group discussion is a valuable tool for learning, collaboration, and fostering critical thinking skills. Whether you are a student preparing for an exam, an educator looking for ways to engage your students, or a leader trying to solve a problem, understanding the different types of group discussions, topics, and strategies is essential. In this blog post, we will explore the various types of group discussions, how to choose a suitable topic, and strategies for facilitating meaningful and productive discussions.

Understanding Group Discussion

Group discussions are a form of interactive communication that involves a small group of individuals sharing their thoughts, ideas, and opinions on a specific topic. These discussions can take place in various settings, such as classrooms, organizations, or professional settings, and can serve different purposes, such as problem-solving, decision-making, or brainstorming.

Types of Group Discussion

Group discussions offer a dynamic environment for sharing thoughts, ideas, and opinions. They can be beneficial for learning, collaboration, and developing critical thinking skills . Let’s explore three types of group discussions: case-based discussions, topic-based discussions, and structured group discussions.

1. Case-Based Discussions

In case-based discussions, participants analyze and discuss specific cases or scenarios. They evaluate possible solutions or approaches, which helps develop problem-solving and analytical skills. By actively engaging with real or hypothetical case studies, participants enhance their ability to think critically about complex situations.

2. Topic-Based Discussions

Topic-based discussions center around a specific subject or theme. Participants express their opinions, present arguments, and explore different viewpoints. These discussions improve communication skills and foster critical thinking as participants analyze and evaluate various perspectives on a given topic.

3. Structured Group Discussions

Structured group discussions follow predefined formats or rules. A moderator guides the discussion by posing questions and facilitating conversation. This format ensures active participation and constructive exchanges, providing a framework for focused and productive discussions.

By understanding the different types of group discussions, participants can choose the most suitable format for their goals and create an engaging and interactive environment for meaningful conversations.

Choosing a Suitable Topic

Selecting an appropriate topic is crucial for a successful group discussion. Consider the following factors when choosing a topic:

1. Relevance to the Participants

The topic should be relevant to the participants’ interests, experiences, or areas of study. This helps create a sense of engagement and encourages active participation.

2. Controversial and Thought-Provoking

Controversial topics or those that require critical thinking and analysis can spark lively and meaningful discussions. Avoid vague or overly simplistic topics that do not stimulate thoughtful discussion.

3. Current Affairs and Real-World Issues

Discussing current affairs and real-world issues helps participants develop an understanding of the socio-economic and political landscape. These topics encourage participants to think critically and evaluate different perspectives.

Strategies for Effective Group Discussions

To make group discussions productive and engaging, consider implementing the following strategies:

1. Establish Clear Ground Rules

Start by establishing clear guidelines and expectations for the discussion. These ground rules should emphasize the importance of active listening, respectful communication, and equal participation. By setting a foundation of mutual respect and inclusivity, you create a safe and open environment for all participants to contribute their ideas.

2. Encourage the Expression of Diverse Perspectives

Promote a culture that values and encourages diverse perspectives. Encourage participants to share their unique viewpoints, experiences, and ideas. By actively seeking and embracing different perspectives, you enrich the conversation and foster a deeper understanding of the topic at hand. Remember that diversity of thought leads to more innovative and creative solutions.

3. Foster Lateral Thinking and Problem-Solving

Encourage participants to think critically and approach problems from various angles. Foster an environment that values and promotes lateral thinking, which involves exploring unconventional or alternative solutions. Encourage participants to challenge assumptions and consider different perspectives to generate innovative ideas and solutions.

4. Provide Structured Discussion Prompts

Prepare a list of discussion prompts or questions in advance to guide the conversation. These prompts should cover various aspects of the topic and encourage participants to think critically and express their thoughts. Structured discussion prompts provide a framework and keep the conversation focused and productive. This helps ensure that all important aspects of the topic are explored.

5. Facilitate Active Participation

Actively engage all participants to facilitate their active participation in the discussion. Encourage quieter participants to contribute by directly asking for their input or by creating a supportive environment that encourages them to share their thoughts. By ensuring that everyone feels heard and valued, you create a space for meaningful and collaborative discussions.

By implementing these strategies, you can make your group discussions more effective, inclusive, and thought-provoking. These approaches promote critical thinking, enhance problem-solving skills, and allow for the exploration of multiple perspectives. Remember that an open and respectful environment is key to fostering successful group discussions.

Common Challenges in Group Discussions and How to Overcome Them

Group discussions can be an effective way to generate ideas, facilitate collaboration, and arrive at well-informed decisions. However, there are common challenges that can arise during group discussions. Here are some of these challenges and strategies to overcome them:

1. Dominant Personalities

Some participants may have dominant personalities that can overpower the conversation, making others feel unheard or overshadowed. To prevent dominance, set equal speaking opportunities for everyone. Encourage active listening to make sure everyone’s voice is heard. If someone is dominating the conversation, try direct questions to other participants and redirecting the conversation towards the quieter members.

2. Groupthink

Groupthink occurs when the desire for group harmony leads to conformity and a lack of critical thinking. To avoid it, make sure to encourage diverse opinions, ideas, and perspectives. Assign a designated devil’s advocate whose role is to challenge proposed ideas. Anonymous ideation sessions and setting the tone of every idea is welcome helps in the same.

3. Lack of Focus

Conversations may easily veer off-topic or lack a clear focus, making it difficult to achieve the intended goals. Keep the conversation focused by setting and reviewing an agenda periodically. Encourage participants to take constructive breaks that revitalize their focus. Use summarizing techniques throughout the discussion to align the focus.

4. Unequal Participation

In some situations, certain individuals may dominate conversations while others stay silent. Encourage participation by assigning specific roles, and asking directly for input from quieter participants. Brainstorming techniques can be used like round-robin, think-pair-share, or small groups to ensure equal participation.

5. Conflict Resolution

Conflicts or disagreements may arise during group discussions, leading to stress and uncertainty. To handle conflicts constructively, encourage active listening, acknowledging different perspectives and viewpoints, facilitating open dialogue, and seeking win-win solutions. By creating an open and inclusive space to resolve conflicts, the group’s dynamics and outcomes will enhance positively.

By proactively addressing these common challenges, groups can have meaningful conversations that lead to actionable insights and productive solutions.

Technology and Group Discussions

Technology has revolutionized the way we communicate and collaborate in group settings. With the rise of virtual meetings, video conferencing, and online collaboration tools, it’s now easier than ever to conduct group discussions from anywhere in the world. However, with these benefits come new challenges as well. Here are some ways technology can impact group discussions and how to overcome them.

Pros of Using Technology in Group Discussions

Increased Flexibility and Accessibility : With online tools, group members can join meetings from anywhere, at any time. This allows for greater flexibility and accessibility, making it easier for people to participate in group discussions even if they are not physically present.

Improved Collaboration : Virtual tools allow group members to collaborate in real-time, regardless of their physical location. This makes it easier for members to share ideas and information, and work together to achieve a common goal.

Reduced Costs : Virtual meetings can significantly reduce costs associated with travel and facility rental. This makes it easier for groups with limited resources to conduct discussions without sacrificing the benefits of in-person meetings.

Cons of Using Technology in Group Discussions

Technical Difficulties : Technical difficulties can arise during virtual meetings, which can delay progress and cause frustration. This can be overcome by having all participants test the technology before the meeting and ensuring all participants have a stable internet connection.

Lack of Non-Verbal Cues : During virtual meetings, non-verbal cues such as body language and facial expressions can be difficult to read. To overcome this, group members must be clear and concise with their verbal communication.

Distractions : Since virtual meetings can be conducted from anywhere, it’s easy for participants to become distracted by their surroundings. To overcome this, establish ground rules for participants such as turning off notifications or finding a quiet space to participate in the discussion.

In conclusion, technology has revolutionized the way we conduct group discussions and collaboration. By being aware of the pros and cons of using virtual meetings and online collaboration tools, groups can take advantage of the benefits while mitigating the challenges.

Group discussions are an effective way to promote critical thinking, collaboration, and communication skills . By understanding the different types of group discussions, selecting suitable topics, and implementing effective strategies, educators and students can foster engaging and productive discussions. Remember to establish ground rules, encourage diverse perspectives, and provide structured prompts to make the most out of your group discussions.

Key Takeaways

• Group discussions can take various forms, including case-based and topic-based discussions.
• Choosing a relevant and thought-provoking topic is crucial for effective discussions.
• Strategies such as establishing ground rules and encouraging diverse perspectives enhance the quality of group discussions .
• Active participation and structured discussion prompts facilitate meaningful conversations.

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Critical thinking: a practical group exercise for the classroom

by Open Minds Foundation | Critical Thinking Featured , Uncategorized

Tackling the challenge of classroom groupthink

One of the core challenges of working with young people is how to manage the problem of groupthink . As you might expect, groupthink occurs in a group of people and usually stems from a desire not to upset the balance of the group, or draw attention to your own thoughts or potentially outlier opinions. The result is a conclusion that is drawn and agreed by group consensus without critical reasoning or proper evaluation of the problem. 

At best, groupthink can result in a homogenous, narrow-minded opinion; at worst, it can foster extreme and downright dangerous views that go unchallenged. Young people are particularly at risk from groupthink, because their thoughts and opinions are less engrained than their adult counterparts, and it is easy to adopt group consensus, bow to peer pressure , or just go along with their friends. In the positive, they are also however highly receptive to changing their views, and can be challenged in their thinking with positive consequences.

Demonstrating groupthink: a practical exercise to foster critical thinking

We were delighted to come across an excellent exercise for actively demonstrating groupthink to a group of young people. Exploring the topic of the Salem Witch Trials, before introducing the concept of groupthink the exercise is as follows:

• Step 1: Explain to the group that each person in the group will be given a ‘role’ of either a witch, villager, or witch hunter.
• Step 2: Ask the group to question their fellow students to identify witches. Ask them to form groups that do not include a witch, but may include either villagers or witch hunters. Advise them that the largest group in the room that forms without a witch will be the winner.
• Step 3: Privately provide roles to each student, but ONLY assign the role of villager or witch hunter. No witches.
• Step 4: Give the students a set period of time to identify witches, form groups and complete the challenge.
• Step 5: Ask the witches to reveal themselves. As no witches have been assigned, no one should step forward.

During step 4, teachers are likely to see demonstrable evidence of groupthink, in addition to a number of other coercive control issues, with some individuals dominating conversation, and suspicions and alliances arising. Students will experience the realities of groupthink and coercive control, making it easier for the teacher to evidence.

During step 5, the teacher is likely to be met with incredulity. Perhaps accusation that the game has been played wrong, or that certain individuals  were definitely witches. At this stage, the teacher can introduce the concept of groupthink and coercive control, as well as critical thinking and questioning what they know. After all, were there really witches at the Salem witch trials, or was it just a case of people believing the bias they’d been told?

Use with caution: this should be delivered as a facilitated discussion led by a qualified teacher or professional. Students should be encouraged to embrace the roles they are given, but should be moderated and mediated if required.

• Developing critical thinking through play
• How individuals can avoid sharing mis- and disinformation
• The Martyr Complex and Conspiracy Theorists
• The global risk of misinformation and disinformation
• How to SCAMPER

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Learning Through Discussion 

Discussions can be meaningful and engaging learning experiences: dynamic, eye-opening, and generative. However, like any class activity, they require planning and preparation. Without that, discussion challenges can arise in the form of unequal participation, unclear learning outcomes, or low engagement. This resource presents key considerations in class discussions and offers strategies for how instructors can prepare and engage in effective classroom discussions.

On this page:

• The What and Why of Class Discussion

Identifying your Course Context

• Plan for Classroom Discussion
• Warm up Classroom Discussion
• Engage in Classroom Discussion
• Wrap up Classroom Discussion

Leveraging Asynchronous Discussion Spaces

• References and Further Reading

The CTL is here to help!

Seeking additional support with discussion pedagogy? Email [email protected] to schedule a 1-1 consultation. For support with any of the Columbia tools discussed below, email [email protected] or join our virtual office hours .

Interested in inviting the CTL to facilitate a session on this topic for your school, department, or program? Visit our Workshops To Go page for more information.

Cite this resource: Columbia Center for Teaching and Learning (2021). Learning Through. DIscussion. Columbia University. Retrieved [today’s date] from https://ctl.columbia.edu/resources-and-technology/resources/learning-through-discussion/

The What and Why of Class Discussion 

Class discussion can take many forms, from structured prompts and assignments to more casual or informal conversations. Regardless of class context (e.g.: a seminar, large lecture, or lab course) or the form (e.g.: in-person or asynchronous) discussion takes, it offers a number of benefits to students’ learning. As an active learning technique, class discussion requires students to be co-constructors of their learning. Research shows that students learn more when they actively participate in their learning, rather than passively listen. Furthermore, studies have also shown that “student participation, encouragement, and peer-to-peer interaction was consistently and positively related to the development of critical thinking skills” (Howard, 2015, pp. 6). Class discussion has also been linked to greater student motivation, improved communication skills, and higher grades (Howard, 2015). But just like effective lectures or assignments require planning and preparation, so too does class discussion. 

The following sections offer a framework and strategies for learning through discussion. These strategies are organized around four key phases: planning for classroom discussion, warming up for classroom discussion, engaging in classroom discussion, and wrapping up classroom discussion.

While the strategies and considerations provided throughout this resource are adaptable across course contexts, it is important to recognize instructors’ varied course formats, and how discussion might differ across them. This section identifies a few of these contexts, and reviews  how these contexts might shape instructors’ engagement with both this resource and class discussion more broadly. 

I teach a discussion-based course

Small classes and seminars use discussion-based pedagogies, though it can be challenging to get every student to contribute to discussions. It is important to create multiple opportunities for engagement and not just rely on whole group discussion. Pair and small group discussions can create trust among students and give them the confidence to speak up in the larger group. Instructors of discussion-based courses can extend in-class discussions into the asynchronous space. These inclusive moves allow students to contribute to discussions in multiple ways.

I do not teach a discussion-based course

Whether teaching a large lecture course, a lab course, or other non-discussion based course, students will still benefit from interacting with each other and learning through discussion. Small group or pair discussion can be less intimidating for students regardless of class size and help create a sense of community that impacts learning.

I teach a course that may have some Hybrid/HyFlex meetings.

In-person classes might sometimes offer hybrid or HyFlex opportunities for students to accommodate extenuating circumstances. In a hybrid/HyFlex course session, students participating in-person and remotely should have equal opportunities to contribute to discussions. To make this a reality, advanced preparation involves thinking through the logistics using discussion activities, roles and responsibilities (if working with TA(s)), classroom technologies (e.g., ceiling microphones available in the classroom; asking in-person students to bring a mobile device and headset if possible to engage with their remote peers), and determining the configurations if using discussion groups or paired work (both in a socially distanced classroom, and if asking both in-person and remote students to discuss together in breakout groups).

Planning for Classroom Discussion

Regardless of your course context, there are some general considerations for planning a class discussion; these considerations include: the goals and expectations, the modality of discussion, and the questions you might use to prompt discussion. The following section offers some questions for reflection, alongside ideas and strategies to address these considerations.

Goals & Expectations

What is the goal of the discussion? How will it support student learning? What are your expectations of student participation and contributions to the discussion? How will you communicate the goals and expectations to students?

Articulate the goals of discussion : Consider both the content you want your students to learn and the skills you want them to apply and develop. These goals will inform the learner-centered strategies and digital tools you use during discussion.

Communicate the purpose (not just the topic) of discussion: Sharing learning goals will help students understand why discussion is being used and how it will contribute to their learning. 

Specify what you expect of student contributions to the discussion and how they will be assessed: Be explicit about what students should include in their contributions to make them substantive, and model possible ways of responding. Guide students in how they can contribute substantively to their peers’ live responses or online posts. You might consider asking students to use the 3CQ model: 

• Compliment—I like that ___ because…; 
• Comment—I agree/disagree with (specific point/idea) because…; 
• Connection—I also thought that…; 
• Question—I wonder why…  

Establish discussion guidelines: Communicate expectations for class discussion.  Be sure to include desired behaviors/etiquette and how technologies and tools for discussion will be used. Students in all classes can benefit from discussion guidelines as they help to clearly identify and establish expectations for student success. For more support with getting started, see the Barnard Center for Engaged Pedagogy’s resource on Crafting Community Agreements . Additionally, while there are some shared general discussion guidelines, there are also some specific considerations for asynchronous discussions: 

Sample Discussion Guidelines:

• Refer to classmates by name.
• Allow everyone the chance to speak (“Take Space, Make Space”).
• Constructively critique ideas, not individuals.
• Listen actively without interrupting. 
• Contribute questions, ideas, or resources.

Sample Asynchronous Discussion Guidelines:

• Respond to discussion posts within # of hours or days.
• Review one’s own writing for clarity before posting, being mindful of how it may be interpreted by others.
• Prioritize building upon or challenging the strongest ideas presented in a post instead of only focusing on the weakest aspects. 
• Acknowledge something someone else said. 
• Build on their comment by connecting with course content, adding an example or observation.
• Conclude with critical thinking or socratic questions. 

Invite students to revise, contribute to, or co-create the guidelines. One way to do this is to facilitate a discussion about discussions, asking students to identify what the characteristics of an effective discussion are. This will encourage their ownership of the guidelines. Post the guidelines in CourseWorks and refer to them as needed.

In what modality/modalities will the discussion take place (in-person/live, asynchronous, or a blend of both)?

The modality of your class discussion may determine the tools and technologies that you ask students to engage with. Thus, it is important to determine early on how you would like students to engage in discussion and what tools you will use to support their engagement. Consider leveraging your asynchronous course spaces (e.g., CourseWorks), which can help students both prepare for an in-class discussion, as well expand upon and continue in-class discussions. For support with setting up asynchronous discussions, see the Leveraging Asynchronous Discussion Spaces section below.

What prompts will be used for discussion? Who will come up with those prompts (e.g.: instructor, TA, or students)?

The questions you ask and how you ask them are important for leading an effective discussion. Discussion questions do not have to be instructor-generated; asking students to generate discussion prompts is a great way to engage them in their learning. 

Draft open-ended questions that advance student learning and inspire a range of answers (avoiding closed-ended, vague, or leading questions). Vary question complexity over the course of a discussion. If there’s one right answer, ask students about their process to get to the right answer. 

The following table features sample questions that increase in cognitive complexity and is based on the six categories of the revised Bloom’s Taxonomy.

Warming up for Classroom Discussion 

Get students comfortable talking with their peers, you, and the TA(s) (as applicable) from the start of the course. Create opportunities for students to have pair or small group conversations to get to know one another and connect as a community. Regardless of your class size or context (i.e.: seminars, large-lecture classes, labs), for discussions to become a norm in your course, you will need to build community early on in the course.

Get students talking early and often to foster community

How will you make peer-to-peer engagement an integral part of your class? How can you get students talking to each other?

To encourage student participation and peer-to-peer interaction, create early and frequent opportunities for students to share and talk with each other. These opportunities can help make students more comfortable with participating in discussion, as well as help build rapport and foster trust amongst class members. Icebreakers and small group discussion opportunities provide great ways to get students talking, especially in large-enrollment classes where students may feel less connection with their peers (see sample icebreakers below ).  For additional support with building community in your course, see the CTL’s Community Building in Online and Hybrid (HyFlex) Courses resource. (Although this resource emphasizes online and hybrid/HyFlex modalities, the strategies provided are applicable across all course modalities.)

Establish class norms around discussion and participation

How can you communicate class norms around discussion and participation on day one? 

The first class meeting is an opportunity to warm students up to class discussion and participation from the outset. Rather than letting norms of passivity establish over the first couple of weeks, you can use the first class meeting to signal to students they will be expected to participate or interact with their peers regularly. You might ask students to do a welcoming icebreaker on the first day, or you might invite questions and syllabus discussion. No matter the activity, establishing a norm around discussion and participation at the outset will help warm students up to participating and contributing to later discussions; these norms can also be further supported by your discussion guidelines . Icebreakers:  Icebreakers are a great way to establish a positive course climate and encourage student-student, as well as instructor-student, interactions. Some ideas for icebreaker activities related to discussion include:

• (Meta)Discussion about Discussions: In small groups during class, or using a CourseWorks discussion board , students introduce themselves to each other, and share their thoughts on what are the qualities of good and bad discussions.
• Course Content: Ask students to share their thoughts about a big question that the course addresses or ask students what comes to mind when they think of an important course concept. You could even ask students to scan the syllabus and share about a particular topic or reading they are most excited about.

Engaging in Classroom Discussion

With all of your preparation and planning complete, there are some important considerations you will need to make with both your students and yourself in mind. This section offers some strategies for engaging in classroom discussion.

Involve students in discussion 

How will you engage all of your students in the discussion? How will you make discussion and your expectations about student participation explicit and integral to the class?

Involving your students in class discussion will allow for more student voices and perspectives to be contributed to the conversation. You might consider leveraging the time before and after class or office hours to have informal conversations and build rapport with students. Additionally, having students rotate roles and responsibilities can keep them focused and engaged.

Student roles: Engage all students by asking them to volunteer for and rotate through roles such as facilitator, summarizer, challenger, etc. In large-enrollment courses, these roles can be assigned in small group or pair discussions. For an asynchronous discussion, roles might include: discussion starter / original poster, connector to research, connector to theory. Additional roles might include: timekeeper, notetaker, discussion starter, wrapper, and student  monitor:

• Discussion starter / original poster: Involve students in initiating the discussion. Designate 2–3 students per discussion to spark the conversation with a question, quotation, an example, or link to previous course content.
• Discussion wrapper: Engage students in facilitating the discussion. Help students grasp take-aways. Designate 2-3 students per discussion to wrap up the discussion by identifying themes, extracting key ideas, or listing questions to explore further. 
• Student monitor: Ask a student (on a rotating basis) or TA(s) if applicable, to monitor the Zoom chat (in hybrid/HyFlex courses) or the CourseWorks Discussion Boards (when leveraging asynchronous discussion spaces). The monitors can then flag important points for the class or read off the questions that are being posed. 

Student-generated questions: Prepare students for discussion and involve them in asking and answering peer questions about the topic. Invite students to post questions to a CourseWorks Discussion before class, or share their questions during the discussion. If students are expected to respond to their peer’s questions, they need to be told and guided how to do so. Highlight and use insightful student questions to prime or further the discussion.

Student-led presentations: In smaller seminar-style classes or labs, invite students to give informal presentations. You might ask them to share examples that relate to the topic or concept being discussed, or respond to a targeted prompt.

Determine your role in discussion 

How will you facilitate discussion? What will your presence be in asynchronous discussion spaces? What can students expect of your role in the discussion? 

Make your role (or that of your co-instructor(s) and/or TA(s)) in the discussion explicit so that students know what to expect of your presence, reinforcement of the discussion guidelines, and receipt of feedback. 

Actively guide the discussion to make it easy for students to do most of the talking and/or posting. This includes being present, modeling contributions, asking questions, using students’ names, giving timely feedback, affirming student contributions, and making inclusive moves such as including as many voices and perspectives and addressing issues that may arise during a conversation. 

• For in-class discussions , additional strategies include actively listening, giving students time to think before responding, repeating questions, and warm calling. (Unlike cold calling, warm calling is when students do pre-work and are told in advance that they will be asked to share their or their group’s response. This technique can minimize student anxiety, as well as produce higher quality responses.)
• For asynchronous discussions , additional strategies include having parallel discussions in small groups on CourseWorks, and inviting students to post videos, audio clips, or images such as drawings, maps, charts, etc.

Manage the discussion and intervene when necessary : Manage dynamics, recognizing that your classroom is influenced by societal norms and expectations that may be inherently inequitable. Moderate the ongoing discussion to make sure all students have the opportunity to contribute. Ask students to explain or provide evidence to support their contributions, connect their contributions to specific course concepts and readings, redirect or keep the conversation on track, and revisit discussion guidelines as needed.

For large-enrollment courses, you might ask TAs or course assistants to join small groups or monitor discussion board posting. While it’s important for students to do most of the talking and posting, TAs can support students in the discussion, and their presence can help keep the discussion on track. If you have TAs who lead discussion sections, you might consider sharing some of these discussion management strategies and considerations with them, and discuss how the discussion sections can and will expand upon discussions from the larger class.    

Give students time to think before, during, and after the discussion

Thinking time will allow students to prepare more meaningful contributions to the discussion and creates opportunities for more students, not just the ones that are the quickest to respond, to contribute to the conversation. Comfort with silence is important following a posed question. Some thinking time activities include:   

• “ Silent meeting ” (Armstrong, 2020): Devote class time to students silently engaging with course materials and commenting in a shared document. You can follow this “silent meeting” with small group discussions. In a large enrollment class, this strategy can allow students to engage more deeply and collaboratively with material and their peers. 
• Think-Pair-Share : Give students time to think before participating. In response to an open-ended question, ask students to first think on their own for a few minutes, then pair up to discuss their ideas with their partner. Finally, ask a few pairs to share their main takeaways with the whole class. 
• Discussion pause : Give students time to think and reflect on the discussion so far. Pause the discussion for a few minutes for students to independently restate the question, issue, or problem, and summarize the points made. Encourage students to write down new insights, unanswered questions, etc. 
• Extend the discussion: Encourage students to continue the class discussion by leveraging asynchronous course spaces (e.g.: CourseWorks discussion board). You may ask students to summarize the discussion, extend the discussion by contributing new ideas, or pose follow-up questions that will be discussed asynchronously or used to begin the next in-class discussion. 
• Polls to launch the discussion : Pose a poll closed-ended question and give students time to think and respond individually. See responses in real time and ask students to discuss the results. This can be a great warm up activity for a pair, small group, or whole class discussion, especially in large classes in which it may be more challenging to engage all students. 

Wrapping up Classroom Discussion 

Ensure that the discussion meets the learning objectives of the course or class session, and that students are leaving the discussion with the knowledge and skills that you want them to acquire. Give students an opportunity to reflect on and share what they have learned. This will help them make connections between other class material and previous class discussions. It is also an opportunity for you to gauge how the discussion went and consider what you might need to clarify or shift for future discussions. 

Debrief the Discussion

How will you know the discussion has met the learning objectives of the course or class session? How will you ensure students make connections between broader course concepts and the discussion?

Set aside time to debrief the discussion. This might be groups sharing out their discussion take-aways, designated students summarizing the key points made and questions raised, or asking students to reflect and share what they learned. Rather than summarizing the discussion yourself, partner with your students; see the section on Student Roles above for strategies. 

• Closing Reflection: Ask students to reflect on and process their learning by identifying key takeaways. Carve out 2-5 minutes at the end of class for students to reflect on the discussion, either in writing or orally. You might consider collecting written reflections from students at the end of class, or after class through a Google Form or CourseWorks post. Consider asking students to not only reflect on what they learned from the discussion, but to also summarize key ideas or insights and/or pose new questions.

Collect Feedback, Reflect, Iterate  

How will you determine the effectiveness of class discussion? How can you invite students into creating the learning space? 

Feedback: Student feedback is a great way to gauge the effectiveness and success of class discussion. It’s important to include opportunities for feedback regularly and frequently throughout the semester; for feedback collection prompts and strategies, see the CTL’s resource on Early and Mid-Semester Student Feedback . You might collect this through PollEverywhere, a Google Form, or CourseWorks Survey. Classes of all sizes and modalities can benefit from collecting this type of feedback from students.

Reflect: Before you engage with your students’ feedback, it’s important to take time and reflect for yourself: How do you think the discussion went? Did your students achieve the learning goals that you had hoped? If not, what might you do differently? You can then couple your own reflection with your students’ feedback to determine what is working well, as well as what might need to change for discussions to be more effective.

Iterate: Not all class discussions will go according to plan, but feedback and reflection can help you identify those key areas for improvement. Share aggregate feedback data with your students, as well as what you hope will go differently in future discussions.   

Asynchronous discussion spaces are an effective way for students to prepare for in-class discussion, as well as expand upon what they have already discussed in class. Asynchronous discussion boards also offer a great space for students to reflect upon the discussion, and provide informal feedback. 

Columbia Tools to Support Asynchronous Discussion 

There are a number of Columbia tools that can support asynchronous discussion spaces. Some options that instructors might consider include: 

• CourseWorks Discussion boards : CourseWorks discussion boards offer instructors a number of customizable options including: threaded or focused discussions , post “like” functionality , graded discussion posts , group discussions , and more. For further support with your CourseWorks discussion board, see the CTL’s CourseWorks Support Page or contact the CTL at [email protected] to set up a consultation. 
• Ed Discussion (via CourseWorks): Starting in Fall 2021, instructors will have access to Ed Discussion within their CourseWorks site. For support on getting started with Ed Discussion, see their Quick Start Guide , or contact the CTL at [email protected] . For strategies and examples on how to enhance your course’s asynchronous discussion opportunities using Ed Discussion’s advanced features, refer to Enhance your Course Discussion Boards for Learning: Three Strategies Using Ed Discussion .    

References and Further Reading 

Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives. New York: Longman.

Armstrong, B. (2020). To Spark Discussion in a Zoom Class, Try a ‘Silent Meeting .’ The Chronicle of Higher Education. November 18, 2020.

Barkley, E.F. (2010). Student Engagement Techniques: A Handbook for College Faculty . Jossey-Bass.

Barkley, E.F.; Major, C.H.; and Cross, K.P. (2014). Collaborative Learning Techniques: A Handbook for College Faculty . Second Edition. Jossey-Bass. 

Barnard Center for Engaged Pedagogy. (2021). Crafting community agreements .

Brookfield, S. D., & Preskill, S. (2016). The Discussion Book: 50 Great Ways to Get People Talking . Wiley.

Cashin, W.E. (2011). Effective Classroom Discussions . IDEA Paper #49. Retrieved from www.ideaedu.org 

Center for Research on Teaching and Learning. Guidelines For Classroom Interactions. Retrieved from http://www.crlt.umich.edu/examples-discussion-guidelines

Davis, B.G. (2009). Tools for Teaching , 2 nd Edition. 

Hancock, C., & Rowland, B. (2017). Online and out of synch: Using discussion roles in online asynchronous discussions. Cogent Education, 4(1).

Howard, J.R. (2015). Discussion in the College Classroom: Getting Your Students Engaged and Participating in Person and Online . Wiley. 

Howard, J.R. (2019) How to Hold a Better Class Discussion: Advice Guide. Chronicle of Higher Education. https://www.chronicle.com/interactives/20190523-ClassDiscussion

The K. Patricia Cross Academy. Making Good Use of Online Discussion Boards. Retrieved from https://kpcrossacademy.org/making-good-use-of-online-discussion-boards/  

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• Section 4. Techniques for Leading Group Discussions

Chapter 16 Sections

• Section 1. Conducting Effective Meetings
• Section 2. Developing Facilitation Skills
• Section 3. Capturing What People Say: Tips for Recording a Meeting
• Main Section

A local coalition forms a task force to address the rising HIV rate among teens in the community.  A group of parents meets to wrestle with their feeling that their school district is shortchanging its students.  A college class in human services approaches the topic of dealing with reluctant participants.  Members of an environmental group attend a workshop on the effects of global warming.  A politician convenes a “town hall meeting” of constituents to brainstorm ideas for the economic development of the region.  A community health educator facilitates a smoking cessation support group.

All of these might be examples of group discussions, although they have different purposes, take place in different locations, and probably run in different ways.  Group discussions are common in a democratic society, and, as a community builder, it’s more than likely that you have been and will continue to be involved in many of them.  You also may be in a position to lead one, and that’s what this section is about.  In this last section of a chapter on group facilitation, we’ll examine what it takes to lead a discussion group well, and how you can go about doing it.

What is an effective group discussion?

The literal definition of a group discussion is obvious: a critical conversation about a particular topic, or perhaps a range of topics, conducted in a group of a size that allows participation by all members.  A group of two or three generally doesn’t need a leader to have a good discussion, but once the number reaches five or six, a leader or facilitator can often be helpful.  When the group numbers eight or more, a leader or facilitator, whether formal or informal, is almost always helpful in ensuring an effective discussion.

A group discussion is a type of meeting, but it differs from the formal meetings in a number of ways: It may not have a specific goal – many group discussions are just that: a group kicking around ideas on a particular topic.  That may lead to a goal ultimately...but it may not. It’s less formal, and may have no time constraints, or structured order, or agenda. Its leadership is usually less directive than that of a meeting. It emphasizes process (the consideration of ideas) over product (specific tasks to be accomplished within the confines of the meeting itself. Leading a discussion group is not the same as running a meeting.  It’s much closer to acting as a facilitator, but not exactly the same as that either.

An effective group discussion generally has a number of elements:

• All members of the group have a chance to speak, expressing their own ideas and feelings freely, and to pursue and finish out their thoughts
• All members of the group can hear others’ ideas and feelings stated openly
• Group members can safely test out ideas that are not yet fully formed
• Group members can receive and respond to respectful but honest and constructive feedback.  Feedback could be positive, negative, or merely clarifying or correcting factual questions or errors, but is in all cases delivered respectfully.
• A variety of points of view are put forward and discussed
• The discussion is not dominated by any one person
• Arguments, while they may be spirited, are based on the content of ideas and opinions, not on personalities
• Even in disagreement, there’s an understanding that the group is working together to resolve a dispute, solve a problem, create a plan, make a decision, find principles all can agree on, or come to a conclusion from which it can move on to further discussion

Many group discussions have no specific purpose except the exchange of ideas and opinions.  Ultimately, an effective group discussion is one in which many different ideas and viewpoints are heard and considered.  This allows the group to accomplish its purpose if it has one, or to establish a basis either for ongoing discussion or for further contact and collaboration among its members.

There are many possible purposes for a group discussion, such as:

• Create a new situation – form a coalition, start an initiative, etc.
• Explore cooperative or collaborative arrangements among groups or organizations
• Discuss and/or analyze an issue, with no specific goal in mind but understanding
• Create a strategic plan – for an initiative, an advocacy campaign, an intervention, etc.
• Discuss policy and policy change
• Air concerns and differences among individuals or groups
• Hold public hearings on proposed laws or regulations, development, etc.
• Decide on an action
• Provide mutual support
• Solve a problem
• Resolve a conflict
• Plan your work or an event

Possible leadership styles of a group discussion also vary.  A group leader or facilitator might be directive or non-directive; that is, she might try to control what goes on to a large extent; or she might assume that the group should be in control, and that her job is to facilitate the process.  In most group discussions, leaders who are relatively non-directive make for a more broad-ranging outlay of ideas, and a more satisfying experience for participants.

Directive leaders can be necessary in some situations. If a goal must be reached in a short time period, a directive leader might help to keep the group focused. If the situation is particularly difficult, a directive leader might be needed to keep control of the discussion and make

Why would you lead a group discussion?

There are two ways to look at this question: “What’s the point of group discussion?” and “Why would you, as opposed to someone else, lead a group discussion?”  Let’s examine both.

What’s the point of group discussion?

As explained in the opening paragraphs of this section, group discussions are common in a democratic society.  There are a number of reasons for this, some practical and some philosophical.

A group discussion:

• G ives everyone involved a voice .  Whether the discussion is meant to form a basis for action, or just to play with ideas, it gives all members of the group a chance to speak their opinions, to agree or disagree with others, and to have their thoughts heard.  In many community-building situations, the members of the group might be chosen specifically because they represent a cross-section of the community, or a diversity of points of view.
• Allows for a variety of ideas to be expressed and discussed .  A group is much more likely to come to a good conclusion if a mix of ideas is on the table, and if all members have the opportunity to think about and respond to them.
• Is generally a democratic, egalitarian process .  It reflects the ideals of most grassroots and community groups, and encourages a diversity of views.
• Leads to group ownership of whatever conclusions, plans, or action the group decides upon .  Because everyone has a chance to contribute to the discussion and to be heard, the final result feels like it was arrived at by and belongs to everyone.
• Encourages those who might normally be reluctant to speak their minds .  Often, quiet people have important things to contribute, but aren’t assertive enough to make themselves heard.  A good group discussion will bring them out and support them.
• Can often open communication channels among people who might not communicate in any other way .  People from very different backgrounds, from opposite ends of the political spectrum, from different cultures, who may, under most circumstances, either never make contact or never trust one another enough to try to communicate, might, in a group discussion, find more common ground than they expected.
• Is sometimes simply the obvious, or even the only, way to proceed.  Several of the examples given at the beginning of the section – the group of parents concerned about their school system, for instance, or the college class – fall into this category, as do public hearings and similar gatherings.

Why would you specifically lead a group discussion?

You might choose to lead a group discussion, or you might find yourself drafted for the task.  Some of the most common reasons that you might be in that situation:

• It’s part of your job .  As a mental health counselor, a youth worker, a coalition coordinator, a teacher, the president of a board of directors, etc. you might be expected to lead group discussions regularly.
• You’ve been asked to .  Because of your reputation for objectivity or integrity, because of your position in the community, or because of your skill at leading group discussions, you might be the obvious choice to lead a particular discussion.
• A discussion is necessary, and you’re the logical choice to lead it .  If you’re the chair of a task force to address substance use in the community, for instance, it’s likely that you’ll be expected to conduct that task force’s meetings, and to lead discussion of the issue.
• It was your idea in the first place .  The group discussion, or its purpose, was your idea, and the organization of the process falls to you.

You might find yourself in one of these situations if you fall into one of the categories of people who are often tapped to lead group discussions.  These categories include (but aren’t limited to):

• Directors of organizations
• Public officials
• Coalition coordinators
• Professionals with group-leading skills – counselors, social workers, therapists, etc.
• Health professionals and health educators
• Respected community members.  These folks may be respected for their leadership – president of the Rotary Club, spokesperson for an environmental movement – for their positions in the community – bank president, clergyman – or simply for their personal qualities – integrity, fairness, ability to communicate with all sectors of the community.
• Community activists.  This category could include anyone from “professional” community organizers to average citizens who care about an issue or have an idea they want to pursue.

When might you lead a group discussion?

The need or desire for a group discussion might of course arise anytime, but there are some times when it’s particularly necessary.

• At the start of something new . Whether you’re designing an intervention, starting an initiative, creating a new program, building a coalition, or embarking on an advocacy or other campaign, inclusive discussion is likely to be crucial in generating the best possible plan, and creating community support for and ownership of it.
• When an issue can no longer be ignored . When youth violence reaches a critical point, when the community’s drinking water is declared unsafe, when the HIV infection rate climbs – these are times when groups need to convene to discuss the issue and develop action plans to swing the pendulum in the other direction.
• When groups need to be brought together . One way to deal with racial or ethnic hostility, for instance, is to convene groups made up of representatives of all the factions involved.  The resulting discussions – and the opportunity for people from different backgrounds to make personal connections with one another – can go far to address everyone’s concerns, and to reduce tensions.
• When an existing group is considering its next step or seeking to address an issue of importance to it . The staff of a community service organization, for instance, may want to plan its work for the next few months, or to work out how to deal with people with particular quirks or problems.

How do you lead a group discussion?

In some cases, the opportunity to lead a group discussion can arise on the spur of the moment; in others, it’s a more formal arrangement, planned and expected.  In the latter case, you may have the chance to choose a space and otherwise structure the situation.  In less formal circumstances, you’ll have to make the best of existing conditions.

We’ll begin by looking at what you might consider if you have time to prepare.  Then we’ll examine what it takes to make an effective discussion leader or facilitator, regardless of external circumstances.

Set the stage

If you have time to prepare beforehand, there are a number of things you may be able to do to make the participants more comfortable, and thus to make discussion easier.

Choose the space

If you have the luxury of choosing your space, you might look for someplace that’s comfortable and informal.  Usually, that means comfortable furniture that can be moved around (so that, for instance, the group can form a circle, allowing everyone to see and hear everyone else easily).  It may also mean a space away from the ordinary.

One organization often held discussions on the terrace of an old mill that had been turned into a bookstore and café.  The sound of water from the mill stream rushing by put everyone at ease, and encouraged creative thought.

Provide food and drink

The ultimate comfort, and one that breaks down barriers among people, is that of eating and drinking.

Bring materials to help the discussion along

Most discussions are aided by the use of newsprint and markers to record ideas, for example.

Become familiar with the purpose and content of the discussion

If you have the opportunity, learn as much as possible about the topic under discussion.  This is not meant to make you the expert, but rather to allow you to ask good questions that will help the group generate ideas.

Make sure everyone gets any necessary information, readings, or other material beforehand

If participants are asked to read something, consider questions, complete a task, or otherwise prepare for the discussion, make sure that the assignment is attended to and used.  Don’t ask people to do something, and then ignore it.

Lead the discussion

Think about leadership style

The first thing you need to think about is leadership style, which we mentioned briefly earlier in the section.  Are you a directive or non-directive leader?  The chances are that, like most of us, you fall somewhere in between the extremes of the leader who sets the agenda and dominates the group completely, and the leader who essentially leads not at all. The point is made that many good group or meeting leaders are, in fact, facilitators, whose main concern is supporting and maintaining the process of the group’s work.  This is particularly true when it comes to group discussion, where the process is, in fact, the purpose of the group’s coming together.

A good facilitator helps the group set rules for itself, makes sure that everyone participates and that no one dominates, encourages the development and expression of all ideas, including “odd” ones, and safeguards an open process, where there are no foregone conclusions and everyone’s ideas are respected.  Facilitators are non-directive, and try to keep themselves out of the discussion, except to ask questions or make statements that advance it.  For most group discussions, the facilitator role is probably a good ideal to strive for.

It’s important to think about what you’re most comfortable with philosophically, and how that fits what you’re comfortable with personally.  If you’re committed to a non-directive style, but you tend to want to control everything in a situation, you may have to learn some new behaviors in order to act on your beliefs.

Put people at ease

Especially if most people in the group don’t know one another, it’s your job as leader to establish a comfortable atmosphere and set the tone for the discussion.

Help the group establish ground rules

The ground rules of a group discussion are the guidelines that help to keep the discussion on track, and prevent it from deteriorating into namecalling or simply argument.  Some you might suggest, if the group has trouble coming up with the first one or two:

• Everyone should treat everyone else with respect : no name-calling, no emotional outbursts, no accusations.
• No arguments directed at people – only at ideas and opinions .  Disagreement should be respectful – no ridicule.
• Don’t interrupt .  Listen to the whole of others’ thoughts – actually listen, rather than just running over your own response in your head.
• Respect the group’s time .  Try to keep your comments reasonably short and to the point, so that others have a chance to respond.
• Consider all comments seriously, and try to evaluate them fairly .  Others’ ideas and comments may change your mind, or vice versa: it’s important to be open to that.
• Don’t be defensive if someone disagrees with you .  Evaluate both positions, and only continue to argue for yours if you continue to believe it’s right.
• Everyone is responsible for following and upholding the ground rules .

Ground rules may also be a place to discuss recording the session.  Who will take notes, record important points, questions for further discussion, areas of agreement or disagreement?  If the recorder is a group member, the group and/or leader should come up with a strategy that allows her to participate fully in the discussion.

Generate an agenda or goals for the session

You might present an agenda for approval, and change it as the group requires, or you and the group can create one together.  There may actually be no need for one, in that the goal may simply be to discuss an issue or idea.  If that’s the case, it should be agreed upon at the outset.

How active you are might depend on your leadership style, but you definitely have some responsibilities here.  They include setting, or helping the group to set the discussion topic; fostering the open process; involving all participants; asking questions or offering ideas to advance the discussion; summarizing or clarifying important points, arguments, and ideas; and wrapping up the session.  Let’s look at these, as well as some do’s and don’t’s for discussion group leaders.

• Setting the topic . If the group is meeting to discuss a specific issue or to plan something, the discussion topic is already set.  If the topic is unclear, then someone needs to help the group define it.  The leader – through asking the right questions, defining the problem, and encouraging ideas from the group – can play that role.
• Fostering the open process . Nurturing the open process means paying attention to the process, content, and interpersonal dynamics of the discussion all at the same time – not a simple matter. As leader, your task is not to tell the group what to do, or to force particular conclusions, but rather to make sure that the group chooses an appropriate topic that meets its needs, that there are no “right” answers to start with (no foregone conclusions), that no one person or small group dominates the discussion, that everyone follows the ground rules, that discussion is civil and organized, and that all ideas are subjected to careful critical analysis.  You might comment on the process of the discussion or on interpersonal issues when it seems helpful (“We all seem to be picking on John here – what’s going on?”), or make reference to the open process itself (“We seem to be assuming that we’re supposed to believe X – is that true?”). Most of your actions as leader should be in the service of modeling or furthering the open process.

Part of your job here is to protect “minority rights,” i.e., unpopular or unusual ideas.  That doesn’t mean you have to agree with them, but that you have to make sure that they can be expressed, and that discussion of them is respectful, even in disagreement. (The exceptions are opinions or ideas that are discriminatory or downright false.)  Odd ideas often turn out to be correct, and shouldn’t be stifled.

• Involving all participants . This is part of fostering the open process, but is important enough to deserve its own mention. To involve those who are less assertive or shy, or who simply can’t speak up quickly enough, you might ask directly for their opinion, encourage them with body language (smile when they say anything, lean and look toward them often), and be aware of when they want to speak and can’t break in.  It’s important both for process and for the exchange of ideas that everyone have plenty of opportunity to communicate their thoughts.
• Asking questions or offering ideas to advance the discussion . The leader should be aware of the progress of the discussion, and should be able to ask questions or provide information or arguments that stimulate thinking or take the discussion to the next step when necessary. If participants are having trouble grappling with the topic, getting sidetracked by trivial issues, or simply running out of steam, it’s the leader’s job to carry the discussion forward.

This is especially true when the group is stuck, either because two opposing ideas or factions are at an impasse, or because no one is able or willing to say anything.  In these circumstances, the leader’s ability to identify points of agreement, or to ask the question that will get discussion moving again is crucial to the group’s effectiveness.

• Summarizing or clarifying important points, arguments, or ideas . This task entails making sure that everyone understands a point that was just made, or the two sides of an argument.  It can include restating a conclusion the group has reached, or clarifying a particular idea or point made by an individual (“What I think I heard you say was…”).  The point is to make sure that everyone understands what the individual or group actually meant.
• Wrapping up the session .  As the session ends, the leader should help the group review the discussion and make plans for next steps (more discussion sessions, action, involving other people or groups, etc.). He should also go over any assignments or tasks that were agreed to, make sure that every member knows what her responsibilities are, and review the deadlines for those responsibilities.  Other wrap-up steps include getting feedback on the session – including suggestions for making it better – pointing out the group’s accomplishments, and thanking it for its work.

Even after you’ve wrapped up the discussion, you’re not necessarily through. If you’ve been the recorder, you might want to put the notes from the session in order, type them up, and send them to participants. The notes might also include a summary of conclusions that were reached, as well as any assignments or follow-up activities that were agreed on.

If the session was one-time, or was the last of a series, your job may now be done. If it was the beginning, however, or part of an ongoing discussion, you may have a lot to do before the next session, including contacting people to make sure they’ve done what they promised, and preparing the newsprint notes to be posted at the next session so everyone can remember the discussion.

Leading an effective group discussion takes preparation (if you have the opportunity for it), an understanding of and commitment to an open process, and a willingness to let go of your ego and biases. If you can do these things, the chances are you can become a discussion leader that can help groups achieve the results they want.

Do’s and don’ts for discussion leaders

• Model the behavior and attitudes you want group members to employ . That includes respecting all group members equally; advancing the open process; demonstrating what it means to be a learner (admitting when you’re wrong, or don’t know a fact or an answer, and suggesting ways to find out); asking questions based on others’ statements; focusing on positions rather than on the speaker; listening carefully; restating others’ points; supporting your arguments with fact or logic; acceding when someone else has a good point; accepting criticism; thinking critically; giving up the floor when appropriate; being inclusive and culturally sensitive, etc.
• Use encouraging body language and tone of voice, as well as words .  Lean forward when people are talking, for example, keep your body position open and approachable, smile when appropriate, and attend carefully to everyone, not just to those who are most articulate.
• Give positive feedback for joining the discussion .  Smile, repeat group members’ points, and otherwise show that you value participation.
• Be aware of people’s reactions and feelings, and try to respond appropriately . If a group member is hurt by others’ comments, seems puzzled or confused, is becoming angry or defensive, it’s up to you as discussion leader to use the ground rules or your own sensitivity to deal with the situation. If someone’s hurt, for instance, it may be important to point that out and discuss how to make arguments without getting personal.  If group members are confused, revisiting the comments or points that caused the confusion, or restating them more clearly, may be helpful.  Being aware of the reactions of individuals and of the group as a whole can make it possible to expose and use conflict, or to head off unnecessary emotional situations and misunderstandings.
• Ask open-ended questions .  In advancing the discussion, use questions that can’t be answered with a simple yes or no.  Instead, questions should require some thought from group members, and should ask for answers that include reasons or analysis.  The difference between “Do you think the President’s decision was right?” and “Why do you think the President’s decision was or wasn’t right?” is huge.  Where the first question can be answered with a yes or no, the second requires an analysis supporting the speaker’s opinion, as well as discussion of the context and reasons for the decision.
• Control your own biases .  While you should point out factual errors or ideas that are inaccurate and disrespectful of others, an open process demands that you not impose your views on the group, and that you keep others from doing the same.  Group members should be asked to make rational decisions about the positions or views they want to agree with, and ultimately the ideas that the group agrees on should be those that make the most sense to them – whether they coincide with yours or not.  Pointing out bias – including your own – and discussing it helps both you and group members try to be objective.

A constant question that leaders – and members – of any group have is what to do about racist, sexist, or homophobic remarks, especially in a homogeneous group where most or all of the members except the leader may agree with them.  There is no clear-cut answer, although if they pass unchallenged, it may appear you condone the attitude expressed. How you challenge prejudice is the real question.  The ideal here is that other members of the group do the challenging, and it may be worth waiting long enough before you jump in to see if that’s going to happen.  If it doesn’t, you can essentially say, “That’s wrong, and I won’t allow that kind of talk here,” which may well put an end to the remarks, but isn’t likely to change anyone’s mind.  You can express your strong disagreement or discomfort with such remarks and leave it at that, or follow up with “Let’s talk about it after the group,” which could generate some real discussion about prejudice and stereotypes, and actually change some thinking over time. Your ground rules – the issue of respecting everyone – should address this issue, and it probably won’t come up…but there are no guarantees.  It won’t hurt to think beforehand about how you want to handle it.

• Encourage disagreement, and help the group use it creatively .  Disagreement is not to be smoothed over, but rather to be analyzed and used.  When there are conflicting opinions – especially when both can be backed up by reasonable arguments – the real discussion starts.  If everyone agrees on every point, there’s really no discussion at all.  Disagreement makes people think.  It may not be resolved in one session, or at all, but it’s the key to discussion that means something.

All too often, conflict – whether conflicting opinions, conflicting world views, or conflicting personalities – is so frightening to people that they do their best to ignore it or gloss it over.  That reaction not only leaves the conflict unresolved – and therefore growing, so that it will be much stronger when it surfaces later– but fails to examine the issues that it raises.  If those are brought out in the open and discussed reasonably, the two sides often find that they have as much agreement as disagreement, and can resolve their differences by putting their ideas together.  Even where that’s not the case, facing the conflict reasonably, and looking at the roots of the ideas on each side, can help to focus on the issue at hand and provide solutions far better than if one side or the other simply operated alone.

• Keep your mouth shut as much as possible .  By and large, discussion groups are for the group members.  You may be a member of the group and have been asked by the others to act as leader, in which case you certainly have a right to be part of the discussion (although not to dominate).  If you’re an outside facilitator, or leader by position, it’s best to confine your contributions to observations on process, statements of fact, questions to help propel the discussion, and clarification and summarization.  The simple fact that you’re identified as leader or facilitator gives your comments more force than those of other group members.  If you’re in a position of authority or seen as an expert, that force becomes even greater.  The more active you are in the discussion, the more the group will take your positions and ideas as “right,” and the less it will come to its own conclusions.
• Don’t let one or a small group of individuals dominate the discussion .  People who are particularly articulate or assertive, who have strong feelings that they urgently want to express, or who simply feel the need – and have the ability – to dominate can take up far more than their fair share of a discussion.  This often means that quieter people have little or no chance to speak, and that those who disagree with the dominant individual(s) are shouted down and cease trying to make points.  It’s up to the leader to cut off individuals who take far more than their share of time, or who try to limit discussion.  This can be done in a relatively non-threatening way (“This is an interesting point, and it’s certainly worth the time we’ve spent on it, but there are other points of view that need to be heard as well.  I think Alice has been waiting to speak…”), but it’s crucial to the open process and to the comfort and effectiveness of the group.
• Don’t let one point of view override others , unless it’s based on facts and logic, and is actually convincing group members to change their minds.  If a point of view dominates because of its merits, its appeal to participants’ intellectual and ethical sensibilities, that’s fine.  It’s in fact what you hope will happen in a good group discussion.  If a point of view dominates because of the aggressiveness of its supporters, or because it’s presented as something it’s wrong to oppose (“People who disagree with the President are unpatriotic and hate their country”), that’s intellectual bullying or blackmail, and is the opposite of an open discussion.  As leader, you should point it out when that’s happening, and make sure other points of view are aired and examined.

Sometimes individuals or factions that are trying to dominate can disrupt the process of the group. Both Sections 1 and 2 of this chapter contain some guidelines for dealing with this type of situation.

• Don’t assume that anyone holds particular opinions or positions because of his culture, background, race, personal style, etc .  People are individuals, and can’t be judged by their exteriors.  You can find out what someone thinks by asking, or by listening when he speaks.
• Don’t assume that someone from a particular culture, race, or background speaks for everyone else from that situation .  She may or may not represent the general opinion of people from situations similar to hers…or there may not be a general opinion among them.  In a group discussion, no one should be asked or assumed to represent anything more than herself.

The exception here is when someone has been chosen by her community or group to represent its point of view in a multi-sector discussion.  Even in that situation, the individual may find herself swayed by others’ arguments, or may have ideas of her own.  She may have agreed to sponsor particular ideas that are important to her group, but she may still have her own opinions as well, especially in other areas.

• Don’t be the font of all wisdom .  Even if you know more about the discussion topic than most others in the group (if you’re the teacher of a class, for instance), presenting yourself as the intellectual authority denies group members the chance to discuss the topic freely and without pressure.  Furthermore, some of them may have ideas you haven’t considered, or experiences that give them insights into the topic that you’re never likely to have.  Model learning behavior, not teaching behavior.

If you’re asked your opinion directly, you should answer honestly.  You have some choices about how you do that, however.  One is to state your opinion, but make very clear that it’s an opinion, not a fact, and that other people believe differently.  Another is to ask to hold your opinion until the end of the discussion, so as not to influence anyone’s thinking while it’s going on.  Yet another is to give your opinion after all other members of the group have stated theirs, and then discuss the similarities and differences among all the opinions and people’s reasons for holding them. If you’re asked a direct question, you might want to answer it if it’s a question of fact and you know the answer, and if it’s relevant to the discussion.  If the question is less clear-cut, you might want to throw it back to the group, and use it as a spur to discussion.

Group discussions are common in our society, and have a variety of purposes, from planning an intervention or initiative to mutual support to problem-solving to addressing an issue of local concern.  An effective discussion group depends on a leader or facilitator who can guide it through an open process – the group chooses what it’s discussing, if not already determined, discusses it with no expectation of particular conclusions, encourages civil disagreement and argument, and makes sure that every member is included and no one dominates.  It helps greatly if the leader comes to the task with a democratic or, especially, a collaborative style, and with an understanding of how a group functions.

A good group discussion leader has to pay attention to the process and content of the discussion as well as to the people who make up the group.  She has to prepare the space and the setting to the extent possible; help the group establish ground rules that will keep it moving civilly and comfortably; provide whatever materials are necessary; familiarize herself with the topic; and make sure that any pre-discussion readings or assignments get to participants in plenty of time.  Then she has to guide the discussion, being careful to promote an open process; involve everyone and let no one dominate; attend to the personal issues and needs of individual group members when they affect the group; summarize or clarify when appropriate; ask questions to keep the discussion moving, and put aside her own agenda, ego, and biases.

It’s not an easy task, but it can be extremely rewarding.  An effective group discussion can lay the groundwork for action and real community change.

Online resources

Everyday-Democracy . Study Circles Resource Center. Information and publications related to study circles, participatory discussion groups meant to address community issues.

Facilitating Political Discussions from the Institute for Democracy and Higher Education at Tufts University is designed to assist experienced facilitators in training others to facilitate politically charged conversations. The materials are broken down into "modules" and facilitation trainers can use some or all of them to suit their needs.

Project on Civic Reflection provides information about leading study circles on civic reflection.

“ Suggestions for Leading Small-Group Discussions ,” prepared by Lee Haugen, Center for Teaching Excellence, Iowa State University, 1998. Tips on university teaching, but much of the information is useful in other circumstances as well.

“ Tips for Leading Discussions ,” by Felisa Tibbits, Human Rights Education Associates.

Print resources

Forsyth, D . Group Dynamics . (2006). (4th edition).  Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. 

Johnson, D., & Frank P. (2002). Joining Together: Group theory and group skills . (8th edition).  Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

• Author Rights
• Diversity, Equity & Inclusion

• JOLE 2023 Special Issue
• Editorial Staff
• 20th Anniversary Issue
• Critical Thinking in Groups

Nathan Harter 10.12806/V8/I1/IB1

Introduction

It gladdened my heart when the faculty of organizational leadership at my university agreed to require a course in critical thinking. The evidence had been mounting that one way we could prepare students to participate in leadership without knowing precisely what they would be asked to do in the workplace was to develop their powers of critical thinking. No matter what the world might throw at them, these graduates could cope when the situation turned volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous. And, coping when others could not, they were more likely to lead. This was the reasoning behind our decision to require critical thinking.

Ricketts (2005) explored the relationship between leadership development and critical thinking skills. He concluded that leadership educators should teach critical thinking. The following essay suggests that leadership educators build upon this conclusion and consider critical thinking as a group or collaborative activity. By “collaboration” I paraphrase Schrage (1995) to refer to the process of two or more individuals creating a common understanding about a given problem they share. Here is why I believe critical thinking should be collaborative:

• First, in most venues critical thinking already is a collaborative activity, so in preparing students we have to account for that reality.
• Second, groups can afford to learn how to do this better, since collaborative critical thinking should have instrumental value.
• Third, collaborative critical thinking has ethical value because it respects the dignity of each participant.

What I am not claiming s that collaborative learning in the classroom enhances critical thinking skills. That argument has been made already (Cooper, 1995). Instead, I am claiming that there is a qualitatively different kind of critical thinking in the world that takes place in groups and we would be well advised to prepare prospective leaders for that experience. Critical thinking can be understood as applied philosophy and philosophy has gained a reputation for driving students inward toward acts of reflection and self-examination. In fact, Paul (1995) has pointed out that philosophy “is largely an individualistic venture” (p. 436). I believe he is correct.

Philosophy appears to emphasize what happens in the individual human mind, where you and I are meant to be autonomous, standing apart from the sway of others. In ordinary speech, we are said to gain critical distance, withdrawing from the press of circumstance to meditate, reflect, and think things through. The Spaniard José Ortega y Gasset (1952, 1957) referred to this mode of being as ensimismamiento , a position or point of reference within oneself, over against one’s life, almost like a spectator pondering an unfolding drama.

While I endorse the heroism of a reflective mind judging existence in undistracted solitude – whether that ideal is embodied by Immanuel Kant on his daily walks or by Mohandas Gandhi in his musty prison cell – something about the imagery of a lone hero contradicts my own experience, as well as common sense. That is not how most of us work. That is not even how philosophers work. Perhaps in episodes they do, for a moment, but not altogether, not to the exclusion of what Paul (1995) also referred to as philosophy’s commitment to dialogue and the sense of community that underlies good thinking. Philosophers do not exist in a vacuum. My students certainly do not. And as prospective leaders, they cannot afford to. Leadership is inherently social.

What my department was asking its faculty to teach is not so much how to operate in isolation – perceiving, thinking, and drawing inferences – but rather how to participate in groups of people attempting to reason together. That is the core competency. It is not just the fact that people do reason together as though it were the background noise to leadership and simply part of a leader’s context. Leaders lead in part by leading people through those processes of critical thinking; they help groups make sense of themselves and of their predicaments. That is part of the job.

I am not the first person to have noticed this. Sixteen years ago, Sashkin and Rosenbach (1993) offered what they referred to as a new leadership paradigm in which leaders work with followers to “think and think hard” about the group’s vision. Although leaders are expected to model critical thinking on their own, they must also establish the conditions for collaborative thinking, and this includes “developing the followers’ cognitive abilities” (p. 97f). Leaders must conduct these collaborations in such a way that the followers participate fully in the process. In other words, leaders take responsibility for collaborative thinking.

During her keynote address to the International Leadership Association several years ago, Wheatley (2002) urged a similar paradigm: “We need to create the conditions where we can think, where we can notice what’s going on, and where we develop companions for the work that is required” (p. 3). Weick (2001) recently put this competency front and center in his own treatment of leadership, recommending that leaders “drop pretense, drop omniscience, drop expert authority, drop a macho posture, and drop monologues” (p. 99).

None of this is meant to suggest that leaders do not have their own critical thinking to do in silence and in solitude. In fact, the new collaborative paradigm actually puts a premium on a leader’s interior discipline (Scott, 2001); that is, leadership students will still have to learn how to think as an individual, in private. It is not my purpose here to disavow the individualistic features of critical thinking. Nevertheless, we hear more and more about the need for groups and teams and organizations to share in the activities that were once reserved to managers – critical thinking among them.

Drath (2001) has gone so far as to define leadership in a new way, putting this principle of collaboration at the center. He described as an emerging leadership principle that “leadership happens when people who acknowledge shared work use dialogue and collaborative learning [or] collaborative forms of thought and action” (p. 14f). They face adaptive challenges by reasoning together, in cooperative processes of sense-making. This, to him, is now leadership.

Not coincidentally, the groundswell of interest in collaborative thinking aligns with current understandings about how the mind works. Collaborative thinking is not unusual. So often in life, for example, we offload knowledge and tasks such as calculation to machines, freeing up our minds for other things. We store data in computers, for example, but we also treat other human beings as resources we can turn to for expertise or scraps of information. “Honey, tell me again, who exactly is Paris Hilton?”

I would categorize this utilitarian project of using other people to store and process information within the broader notion that the mind and self is somehow constructed socially, as individuals assimilate social habits and otherwise develop according to that which they share with other people in a process that Mead (1943, 1962) referred to as “the realization of the self in the social situation” (p. 200). But this broad approach to social psychology emphasizes the way in which the mind tends to internalize an external world, whereas the concept of an “extended mind” emphasizes the way in which the mind reverses the process by taking internal functions and delegating them to the external world. In other words, we depend on the social context to help us think.

We actually go about designing entire systems to do our thinking with us. In his recent book Ogle (2007) considers it a good thing that we no longer accept the idea of a “mind inside the head” or MITH. He quotes an unnamed professor of philosophy: “We use intelligence to structure our environment so we can succeed with less intelligence. Our brains make the world smart so that we can be dumb in peace” (p. 2). In addition, de Bono (1994) insists that the “main purpose of thinking is to abolish thinking” (p. 35). It serves the brain’s economy to reject self-reliance as an ideal and embed oneself in a technological and cultural network and let it do a lot of the work.

This temptation to offload critical thinking has made it possible over the years for workers (and ordinary citizens) to let leaders do their critical thinking for them. I suspect followers abdicated responsibility for critical thinking at least as much as leaders took it away from them. That kind of laborious mental work was often left to the boss, somewhere above one’s pay grade. Doing so was probably perceived to be the smart move. Thus, critical thinking fell upon the shoulders of leaders as more of an individual chore. For this reason, it would have made sense to teach critical thinking largely as a solitary pursuit.

What I have learned is that the notion of an “extended mind” actually cuts the other way. Rather than justifying that leaders operate in isolation, assuming the burden of critical thinking heroically for everyone else, these findings suggest that leaders would be just as prudent to turn around and rely on the “extended mind” represented by customers, colleagues, and co-workers. Leaders are also embedded in a network that would be foolish to ignore. Better to draw on the greater intellectual resources of the group and use the minds surrounding you.

Simon (1981) and others studying organizational behavior point to the limits of our ability to think instrumentally about most of the urgent, large-scale problems we face. No one person, no matter how brilliant, can know enough and think rigorously enough to solve all of our problems. A wise leader will recognize his or her constraints. In fact, even if we combine all of our intellects the whole world over we are still bounded. That is in part because some problems are simply intractable, yet even minor troubles can exceed our powers. In the teeth of situations that are volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous we must call upon everyone and as they say “get our heads together.”

Further, the very fact that we trust the network to sustain us and keep us from having to think too much places us under an obligation to check periodically how we are using that network. We are to be its masters. Unfortunately, it becomes easier and easier to rely upon the extended mind, to the point of becoming its dependent – doing what we are told, relying on what we hear. An overreliance on the extended mind can encourage laziness. Yet somebody surely has to develop, monitor, and correct these human systems. Why not leadership students?

Over 40 years ago, Drucker (1967) drew attention to this task of system oversight when he wrote that our systems are supposedly designed to serve our needs. They are there to carry out work for us. If we do it right, we design them to lack discretion. We would like for them to stand by, ready to do our bidding, as though automatic. The system should be, in his words, a total moron. “The stupider the tool,” he wrote, “the brighter the master has to be” (p. 174). It takes a heap of critical thinking to build and maintain such a stupid/smart system, the purpose of which is to think for us. And this is not the paradox it appears to be, for it underlies the whole engineering profession, which bends itself to bringing forth systems everyone else can use with confidence and ease. Invest time and energy up front so folks can save time and energy later.

The issue now is that people are taking collective responsibility for some of these systems, especially for the social systems in our communities and at work. The human organization is not the same as a punch press or online search engine most of us can take for granted and leave for the experts to worry about. The human organization is by its nature a collective enterprise requiring communication, coordination, and frequent adaptation to changing conditions. On these grounds, collaborative thinking has instrumental value and should be taught for that reason alone.

There is another reason, however. Collaborative thinking has instrumental value, for sure – increasing the quality of our decisions and cultivating that “extended mind” on which we all rely. Collaborative thinking has an additional merit. It respects the dignity of each participant to whatever extent he or she can flourish as a rational being. In other words, collaborative thinking has ethical value.

Good leadership is good because it accomplishes something in the world, though it is also good because it recognizes an individual’s autonomy. Everyone has a stake in the organizations to which he or she belongs. Collaborative critical thinking in a group acknowledges that fact. It tends to reflect the Kantian principle of treating each human being as a rational agent (Price, 2008). Leadership educators who prepare the next generation for this activity will not only confer a benefit on society tomorrow, but also instill a core value today about the worth of each participant.

For recent ideas about teaching critical thinking as a collaborative activity see Jameson (2009). On assessing these activities specifically see Schamber and Mahoney (2006) as well as Angelo and Cross (1995) more generally.

Angelo, T. A., & Cross, K. P. (1995). Classroom assessment techniques: A handbook for college teachers (2nd ed.) . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Cooper, J. L. (1995). Cooperative learning and critical thinking. Teaching of Psychology, 22 (1), 7-9.

de Bono, E. (1994). de Bono’s thinking course (revised ed.) . New York: Facts on File, Inc.

Drath, W. (2001). The deep blue sea: Rethinking the source of leadership . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Drucker, P. (1967). The manager and the moron. In P. Drucker, Technology, management and society: Essays by Peter F. Drucker (pp. 166-177). New York: Harper & Row.

James, D. (2009, June). What’s the right answer? Team problem-solving in environments of uncertainty. Business Communication Quarterly, 72 , 215- 221.

Mead, G. H. (1934, 1962). Mind, self, & society . Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Ogle, R. (2007). Smart world: Breakthrough creativity and the new science of ideas . Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Ortega y Gasset, J. (1952, 1957). Being in one’s self and being beside one’s self. In J. Ortega y Gasset, Man and people (W. R. Trask, Trans., pp. 11-37). New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

Paul, R. (1995). Dialogical and dialectical thinking. In R. Paul, J. Willsen, & A. Binker (Eds.), Critical thinking: How to prepare students for a rapidly changing world (pp. 291-301). Santa Rosa, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking.

Paul, R. (1995). The contribution of philosophy to thinking. In R. Paul, J. Willsen, & A. Binker (Eds.), Critical thinking: How to prepare students for a rapidly changing world (pp. 435-473). Santa Rosa, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking.

Price, T. (2008). Leadership ethics: An introduction . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ricketts, J. (2005, winter). The relationship between leadership development and critical thinking skills. Journal of Leadership Education, 4 (2), 27-41.

Sashkin, M., & Rosenbach, W. E. (1993). A new leadership paradigm. In W. E. Rosenbach, & R. L. Taylor (Eds.), Contemporary issues in leadership (pp. 87-108). San Francisco: Westview Press.

Schamber, J., & Mahoney, S. (2006). Assessing and improving the quality of group critical thinking exhibited in the final projects of collaborative learning groups. The Journal of General Education, 55 (2), 103-137.

Schrage, M. (1995). No more teams! Mastering the dynamics of creative collaboration . New York: Doubleday.

Simon, H. (1969, 1981). The sciences of the artificial (2nd ed.) . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Tyler Scott, K. (2001). The inner work of the leader. In S. Wilsey, L. R. Matusak, & C. Cherrey (Eds.), Building leadership bridges 2001 (pp. 45-54). College Park, MD: International Leadership Association.

Weick, K. (2001). Leadership as the legitimation of doubt. In W. Bennis, G. Spreitzer, & T. Cummings (Eds.). The future of leadership: Today’s top leadership thinkers speak to tomorrow’s leaders (ch. 8). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Wheatley, M. (2002). Restoring hope to the future through critical education of leaders. In C. Cherrey, & L. R. Matusak (Eds.), Building leadership bridges 2002 (pp. 1-6). College Park, MD: International Leadership Association.

• Our Mission

A Way to Sharpen Critical Thinking Through Conversation

Reconfiguring your classroom setup can help encourage student engagement during group discussions.

Silence can be golden, it’s true, but so can noise. There are few things as joyful to a teacher as hearing a classroom filled with excited and curious chatter—a cacophony of half-formed and tentative ideas sharpened in and through conversation. 

Yet, orchestrating such a scene is not easy. It doesn’t happen by accident, but through well-established and precisely chosen activities. 

One such activity is a mainstay of my own classroom practice; its major benefit is to promote greater depth of discussion and questioning. In what follows, I’ll outline step-by-step how to set it up and how you might use it in your own teaching. The example I’ll use will be drawn from English teaching, but the same principles could be applied to any other subject. 

The SetUp: Table Orientation 

Start by creating two spaces where students can sit. The first is a central block of tables, creating a small rectangular area in the middle of the room. Now place tables around this central block so that students are seated facing toward the middle group.

As students enter the classroom, hand out a poem. It’s best if you specify where students will sit, either verbally as they enter the room or with a displayed seating chart. If this is their first time doing this activity, notifying them beforehand that they’ll be sitting in a different configuration also helps to ease any confusion. Once seated, they read and annotate the poem as in any other lesson. 

Now explain that during the course of the lesson you’re going to explore the poem they’ve just read. In order to do this, some students (maybe four or five) will be seated at the middle table and some around the outside. You as the teacher will also be seated at the middle table, and you’ll lead a conversation about the poem with those students. Their role is to do nothing different from what they usually would: to discuss and analyze the given poem, answering and asking questions as they do so. 

However, those around the perimeter (meaning everyone else) will have an equally important but slightly different role. They will need to listen carefully to the conversation taking place in the middle. If they hear something they find interesting, they can make a note of it. If they have questions to ask, they can make a note of these too. Therefore, the expectation is that they remain silent during the discussion, but as we’ll see, there will in fact be plenty of opportunity for them to get involved in the discussion. 

There are two further strategies you might deploy to ensure that students on the outside are thinking just as hard as those on the inside. 

First, rotate who is in the middle, ideally once every 10 or so minutes. Inevitably, those on the outside will have ideas and thoughts of their own, and we don’t want to exclude these students from the lesson. That anyone might be invited to the middle table also gives all students an extra reason to make sure they are thinking hard and listening. You could rotate students at random; but perhaps even better, use your knowledge of the class to decide appropriate combinations of students as well as looking at who seems to be especially keen to contribute. 

Second, while the primary focus is the discussion at the middle table, try to pause at certain points, inviting those on the outside to contribute. This works especially well if you ask them to comment on something they’ve just heard. “OK, Jessie,” you might say, “what do you think about what Melinda has just said?,” with Melinda currently at the central table. This helps students to reflect on and extend aspects of what has been said in the middle. 

And on the lesson goes: You now have the raw ingredients to orchestrate exactly the scenario described at the start of this article.

Benefits of the Activity

This is a completely reasonable question: Moving tables around is not necessarily going to be easy, so why bother? 

Reflecting on my personal experience, there are three main reasons I continue to use this activity. 

• It allows much greater depth of discussion with a smaller number of students. This can lead to rich and sustained conversation that can be difficult to maintain with a whole class. You can really push students in their thinking, asking lots of probing questions.
• The allocated roles make it extremely clear how you want everyone to participate. Class discussion is simultaneously more sustained and more free-flowing, while also more tightly orchestrated and focused. A common critique of group work is that it can lead to off-topic class discussion. This strategy has all the benefits of high-quality, dialogic discussion without the (perceived) downsides of group work.
• An obvious challenge to this strategy would be whether or not those on the perimeter are thinking hard. We guarantee this by making it clear that students on the outside should be writing down their observations based on what they hear, formulating questions to ask. We then make sure to embed into the activity an opportunity to pause and bring other students into the conversation as well as rotating out the middle. This helps ensure that all students are focused and involved while retaining the obvious benefits to those students taking part in the central discussion. 

In essence, this activity helps create a classroom environment where an emphasis is placed on academically ambitious and dialogic talk as well as its careful observation and metacognitive reflection . Silence can be golden, yes, but so can noise.

Strategies for Facilitating Successful Group Discussions

Group discussions can be extremely beneficial to any learning environment, providing a space for critical thinking, open discussion, and diverse opinions. Not only do they provide individuals with the opportunity to develop their communication and listening skills, but they also help foster collaboration and creativity in students.

In this article, we will cover strategies for facilitating successful group discussions. We’ll discuss topics such as the benefits of using this strategy, how to prepare for and facilitate discussions, how to monitor Participation, and how to create effective sentences stems that facilitate student conversations. With these strategies, you will be able to make the most of your classroom discussions and ensure that everyone’s voice is heard.

What is a Group Discussion?

Group discussions are informal, non-structured conversations between a small group of people focused on a particular topic, which promotes critical thinking and problem-solving. Participants must consider the perspectives of other group members and actively contribute, making it a great way to engage students and encourage socialization, comprehension, and synthesis of material. Group discussions can take many forms and be adapted to any teaching style or classroom setting.

The most common form of group discussion involves one person acting as the leader or facilitator of the discussion. This entails asking open-ended questions, summarizing and paraphrasing each point in the discussion, acknowledging each contribution, and using strategies like brainstorming techniques, visuals, and Socratic questioning to keep everyone engaged and involved.

During the discussion, the leader pays attention to the flow of the conversation while monitoring time limits, encouraging Participation, and helping to build off individual ideas proffered by students. Following the discussion, the leader should debrief and reflect, summarizing key points for future reference.

Group discussion offers a variety of advantages, both practical and philosophical. It helps students master communication and collaboration skills, utilizes every participant’s strengths, encourages active engagement from all members to avoid monopolizing the conversation, builds critical thinking and meta-cognition, allows for different perspectives and experiences to be adequately expressed, and fosters a sense of unity within the group.

From a philosophical standpoint, group discussion has the potential to connect people with diverse backgrounds and dissolve divisions in a democratic society – all contributions are viewed as important and respected, allowing for valid discussion free from bias.

Overall, group discussion is an invaluable tool that has limitless possibilities for engaging in class conversations and allowing teachers to create meaningful interactions among their students. Utilizing this type of learning strategy encourages student ownership in their learning, providing them with opportunities to ask their own pertinent questions and internalize concepts through supported verbal interaction. A group talk may come in the form of a threaded discussion online.

Read also: 15 Great Tips for Speaking in a Group Discussion

What are the Benefits of Group Discussions?

Group discussions are vital in almost all interpersonal interactions and learning environments. They facilitate communication, collaboration, and the exchange of ideas. Group discussions provide opportunities for people to come to decisions together, drawing on inputs from various participants and stimulating creativity which leads to better outcomes. Thus, group discussions can be a valuable tool in any learning environment.

Leading a group discussion increases the chances of success due to better organization and direction. Doing so gives you control over the progress and trajectory of the conversation. As a leader, you can ensure that everyone is given the opportunity to voice their opinions, identify potential areas for improvement, and lead the discussion toward generating workable solutions. When done responsibly, leading a group discussion can also help build leadership skills among the participants.

Students’ social skills are increased through group discussions, and it is one of the most effective ways to enhance student education. Through cooperative discussion, students can practice critical thinking as well as public speaking as they consider different perspectives, ask questions, and speak up when appropriate. Additionally, using technology tools to participate in and manage class discussions can help foster connections among peers and create an atmosphere of exploration.

Group discussion is also beneficial to companies. It offers opportunities for collective problem-solving, idea generation, and improved communication. In a company setting, group discussions increase productivity and team bonding by allowing members to collaborate and exchange ideas. Likewise, group discussions contribute to a democratic society as they provide a platform to discuss issues, debate, and think critically.

Overall, group discussions are beneficial across all settings since they can be used to facilitate open communication, engage members, improve critical thinking skills and develop social skills. Despite the numerous benefits of group discussions, it should be noted that it is important to ensure all members are heard equally and that topics are managed efficiently for optimal results. With prudent oversight and preparation, group discussions have the potential to be highly productive conversations that can result in tangible outcomes.

Types of Group Discussions

Classroom discussions can take a variety of forms. The discussion leader has the responsibility of introducing topics and encouraging Participation without taking over the conversation. There are several strategies for facilitating successful group discussions, some of which are outlined below.

3.1. Socratic Seminars

Socratic seminars involve small groups of students who engage in shared inquiry around a written text or prompt. They are named after the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates, who believed that truth could emerge if people engaged in thoughtful dialogue. This type of group discussion encourages active listening, critical thinking, and respectful dialogue among participants.

To prepare for a Socratic seminar, teachers should print one question per piece of paper and insert it into a team pack. Teams work together to answer the question, then pass it on to the next group. Groups can be no less than three, and no more than five members. When structuring a Seminar, teachers have the option of leading all or part of it, depending on their comfort level and the age group they are teaching. During the group discussion, students are encouraged to ask questions, listen to responses and make connections to other ideas and texts. Students should be asked to keep their answers concise and remain focused on the topic while still exercising freedom of thought. After the session, teachers should provide a summary and closure to ensure everyone is on the same page before moving on to the further discussion.

This year many schools and organizations have had to move to digital learning. One way to adjust socratic seminars to an online setting is to use props, or Google slides with an interactive “open” team pack feature. To involve all students, have each student take a turn as a moderator or guest speaker. Three different roles (speaker, moderator, and audience) can be used to keep things fresh and interesting.

3.2. Fishbowl Discussions

Fishbowl discussions are another strategy used to facilitate engaging conversations. It involves forming two circles – one inner circle and one outer circle. The inner circle is composed of a smaller number of participants who engage in the primary discussion. The outer circle is composed of onlookers, who observe and think about the conversation for later Participation. The purpose of this strategy is to empower conversation partners, encourage peer-to-peer learning and engage multiple perspectives.

To run a successful fishbowl discussion, the discussion leader should first select an appropriate topic and establish ground rules, such as speaking one at a time, maintaining eye contact, and actively listening. Once the discussion begins, the discussion leader should monitor the conversation, making sure everyone’s ideas are heard and respected. A key component of this process is also ensuring that participants are asking relevant questions and avoiding personal attacks.

When participating in a fishbowl discussion virtually, teachers should provide students with structure and clear expectations. If the discussion is held online, Teachers might consider using the breakout room feature or having students work in assigned groups. Additionally, technology tools like Mural and Jamboard can be used to facilitate collaboration and visualization of conversations.

3.3. Debate

Debates are another form of group discussion and can take place both virtually and in person. In a debate format, two sides (for and against) argue a specific topic or point of view. In order to ensure fairness and effective exchange of ideas during the conversation, debates should be structured with either differentiated teams or specific roles (such as propositioner, oppositioner, and moderator).

In order to ensure Participation from every member, the discussion leader should assign specific tasks or questions to each team or role. Additionally, the leader should grant equal opportunity for both sides to respond and highlight similarities or differences in opinions when necessary. To help maintain focus, it is also important to establish time limits for each response.

While leading a debate, participants should never forget to remain respectful and open-minded, even when disagreements arise. It is the discussion leader’s job to ensure that all sides of an argument are heard and that no single viewpoint dominates the conversation.

Overall, debate strategies are valuable for fostering critical thinking and debating skills among students. At the end of the conversation, the discussion leader should ensure everyone’s opinion is heard, summarizing key takeaways and reflecting upon the points made during the session.

Group discussions hold considerable potential for success. They provide an opportunity for students to reasonedly discuss significant and complex topics, building collaborative learning opportunities and helping them build respect for one another. By familiarizing themselves with the various types of group discussion strategies, discussion leaders can create successful experiences that promote and foster student engagement, deepen understanding of the subject matter, and build relationships.

Preparing for a Group Discussion

Group discussion is a unique approach to learning and collaboration. It encourages engagement, critical thinking, problem-solving, and creative expression. By adequately preparing for a successful group discussion, instructors can create an even more successful and stimulating learning environment for their students.

4.1. Choose an Appropriate Topic

When choosing a topic for a group discussion, it is important to choose one that is engaging and relevant to the current course material. Ensuring that all students have some familiarity with the topic will help to facilitate more meaningful and productive conversations. Furthermore, selecting topics that lead to a well-rounded exploration of diverse perspectives and different approaches to understanding a problem can enhance the quality of the discussion experience.

4.2. Establish Ground Rules

Establishing ground rules for the discussion is essential for creating a safe and respectful learning space. Before beginning the discussion, ask students to come up with a set of group guidelines or explicitly establish these guidelines yourself. This includes setting expectations and clarifying the roles and responsibilities of group members. Concrete rules and boundaries should also be established to ensure that each student is able to voice their opinion without feeling marginalized or judged. In addition, setting a timeline for the discussion will help to keep the group on task and prevent unnecessary tangents.

4.3. Assign Roles

Assigning roles to each member of the group is a great way to ensure everyone is engaged and participating in the conversation. Consider assigning a facilitator to lead the discussion, as well as individuals who are responsible for timekeeping, note-taking, and summarizing key points. This will help to structure the conversation and keep it from veering off in multiple directions. If using small groups, consider assigning specific tasks and activities such as brainstorming ideas, conducting research, or completing sentence stems. These activities can engage the entire group and give each member an opportunity to participate.

During the Group Discussion

5.1. facilitate open communication.

Group discussions are an excellent way to engage students in active learning, critical thinking, and collaborative problem-solving. They also provide an opportunity for different perspectives and ideas to be shared freely and collaboratively. However, it is important for the facilitator or group leader to take an active role during the discussion in order to ensure that open communication is facilitated effectively.

The facilitator must create a safe space where all members feel comfortable expressing their opinions without fear of criticism. As such, identifying any potential sources of conflict beforehand, dealing with disagreement respectfully, and responding in a balanced manner all help to create a constructive environment. Ground rules should also be agreed upon prior to the discussion so that boundaries are in place and everyone understands how to interact with each other and stay on topic.

In addition, active listening skills are key to ensuring that everyone’s perspective is heard and respected. This might involve summarizing, paraphrasing, repeating back, and engaging in follow-up questions. An atmosphere of respect is also essential; if a particular view dominates the discussion, welcoming input from quieter members of the group is important.

5.2. Encourage Participation

Encouraging Participation is key when facilitating a successful group discussion. A few simple strategies can ensure that everyone has the opportunity to contribute. Firstly, participants should be asked to think up their own questions beforehand so they have something to talk about and their contributions will be more meaningful. Similarly, distributing texts among the students can provide useful material to draw upon during the discussion. Optional warm-up activities can also help students become more familiar with the discussion topic.

It can be helpful to divide participants into smaller groups in order to keep discussions focused and give shy students an opportunity to express their views. The leader or facilitator can also preface each contribution by introducing the speaker and setting a time limit to ensure that each person is given adequate space to express themselves.

Finally, providing small treats such as food and drink can make the whole experience far more enjoyable, and fostering a relaxed atmosphere is important for any effective group discussion.

5.3. Monitor Time Limits

Time limits play an important role in group discussions because it ensures that the session does not go off-topic or run too long. During the discussion, it is the facilitator’s duty to monitor time. As such, they should have an idea in advance of the allotted time for each discussion, informing the participants of these limits before the discussion begins. At the same time, it is important to recognize that there is no hard and fast rule—time limits need to be flexible enough to allow the conversation to flow naturally and reach a satisfactory conclusion.

Similarly, asking questions that require quick responses can also help to move things along. Interjecting at appropriate times can also be beneficial, as it will help keep everyone on task. Establishing breaks throughout can also be favorable, allowing people to regroup, refresh, and refocus before returning to the discussion. Ultimately, every group discussion needs to be monitored carefully and appropriately managed in order to be successful.

After the Group Discussion

6.1. debrief.

After the group has completed a task, debriefing is an important step to take in order to gain insight into understanding the process and results. Debriefing can help adjust teaching styles, indicate areas that need more work or revisiting in the future, and provide valuable feedback for all involved. Through metaphors and similes, active voice, rhetorical questions, and short sentences, we can effectively communicate our thoughts on what went well during the task as well as what could be improved upon.

6.2. Reflect and Summarize

Reflection and summarization are key pieces to facilitate successful group discussions. For example, the instructor or leader should summarize the key points of the discussion and assign tasks or topics to various students throughout.

Additionally, it can be beneficial to allow five minutes of informal writing prior to beginning a larger discussion, create a talking diagram, and combine gold standard discussion strategies for success. Rhetorical questions such as “What are key pieces to facilitate successful group discussions?” and “What strategies should be followed to ensure a successful discussion?” help introduce this topic in an engaging way. Metaphors and similes, active voice, and short sentences can also be used stylistically when discussing how best to lead effective group conversations.

Strategies for Effective Group Discussions

Group discussions are an effective way to get students talking, allow for different perspectives, and give everyone a chance to be heard. Facilitating a successful group discussion requires creating a low-risk environment, setting up proper rules or guidelines, monitoring time constraints, understanding the types of discussions available, and consciously incorporating strategies to maximize Participation. Here are some strategies to use when facilitating group discussions:

7.1. Ask Open-Ended Questions

The best way to engage all students in discussion is by asking open-ended questions that promote higher-level thinking. These questions can help to create critical thinking rather than a rote response and will help to encourage inquiry throughout the conversation. It is important to remember that these questions are not intended to be answered directly, rather, they serve as prompts to generate further dialogue.

7.2. Summarize, Paraphrase, and Repeat Back

Another effective strategy to ensure everyone is heard and remains focused on the task at hand is to reiterate, recast, and summarize what has been said. This pushes the discussion forward and allows participants to understand where the conversation is going and provides verbal confirmation of what others have said. This practice is particularly useful during longer civil debates where there is a wide variety of perspectives being voiced.

7.3. Follow-Up Questions

A teacher can use follow-up questions to help the group explore topics more deeply and aid in their ability to think critically about what has been discussed. Asking specific, prompt, and relevant questions allows leaves room for reflective response, creating the opportunity for meaningful conversations. Follow-up questions may also keep the conversation flowing while ensuring the conversation remains organized and on track.

7.4. Allow for Silence

Silence can be a powerful tool during classroom discussion – allowing time for reflection and letting students process ideas with one another. Teachers often overlook the importance of lingering silence, but this gives individuals ample opportunity to contemplate what has been said and thoughtful craft responses truly. Making sure there is ample room for silence when facilitating a group discussion encourages more student involvement and a more meaningful contribution to the discussion.

7.5. Take Notes on Key Points

Taking notes during a discussion helps to keep everyone on track and aids in summarizing key points at the end. Keeping notes can also help identify areas where more in-depth exploration is needed and provide the facilitator with insight into what the group accomplished. Taking notes during a conversation gives all members the opportunity to review their reflections and evaluate their own performance throughout the exchange.

7.6. Use Brainstorming Techniques

Engaging in class discussions should also involve brainstorming activities to help generate new ideas, pinpoint areas of interest and explore how multiple perspectives can offer a broader view of the topic discussed. To ensure maximum Participation, choose brainstorming methods such as mind-mapping or idea-generating, which create space for individual input without dominating the conversation.

7.7. Utilize Visuals

Discussion boards and blogs can provide the opportunity for students to post and share visuals that support their views and become productive elements of the discussion. Incorporating visuals into class discussions adds an extra layer to the conversation, allows students to communicate their points visually, and may promote further discussion. Be aware that visuals are often interpretive and subjective, so they must be analyzed thoughtfully in order to eliminate any bias.

Group discussions can be an incredibly rewarding experience for both teacher and student. When properly facilitated, these sessions offer a unique platform for learners to present their ideas, work together to problem solve and gain valuable insight from their peers’ perspectives. By understanding and employing key strategies, teachers can utilize group discussions to encourage meaningful discourse, foster collaboration, and develop tangible skills.

Also, it might be useful for you to learn about communication barriers , also in a group discussion.

Group discussions are an invaluable tool for educators to facilitate meaningful discussions among their students and contribute to student learning and development. As instructors of group discussions, we have an important responsibility to ensure a positive learning experience for all participants. In order to achieve that, we must be cognizant of the types of discourse and topics best suited for our groups, illustrate clear expectations and ground rules beforehand, monitor time limits, encourage collaboration, and utilize effective strategies during the discussions, such as asking open-ended questions, paraphrasing and summarizing, introducing follow-up questions, allowing for silence, taking notes, practicing brainstorming techniques, and utilizing visuals. By acknowledging the power of effective group discussions, we can create stimulating and successful learning environments for our students.

Read also: How To Be Diplomatic and Tactful At Work: The Basics

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the four types of discussion.

When it comes to discussions, there are four types. These include Debate, Dialogue, Discourse, and Diatribe. Depending on the context, each dialogue type will require different approaches and understanding. It is essential to identify which conversation you’re in for effective communication with your partner.

What is effective group discussion?

An effective group discussion is when all of the participants are respectful and cooperative, engaging in lively debate while actively listening to each other’s points and pushing ideas forward while respecting dissenting views. Ultimately, the goal should be to reach a common understanding or solution.

What makes a discussion effective?

Making a discussion effective requires thoughtful preparation and engaged Participation from both the facilitator and the participants. Effective discussions should be framed with clear objectives, draw on each participant’s knowledge and experiences, encourage questions and open dialogue, and provide structure while still allowing for the free exchange of ideas.

What are the three skills required for an effective group discussion?

To be successful in a group discussion, the participants should possess strong communication skills, non-verbal behavior, the ability to follow group norms, decision-making skills, and show cooperation.

How to lead a discussion in class?

To lead a successful discussion in class, begin by framing the key questions or points you want to focus on. Make sure students understand their importance and relevance to master material or understanding larger issues. Provide an explanation for any terms used, then assign activities like partner work and brainstorming to generate further connected conversations. Utilize open-ended questions to prompt the exchange of ideas and opinions.

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Does Group Discussion Improve Critical Thinking Skills? Essay

Critical thinking is a term originating from the second part of the 20th century. It was defined by the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking (1987) as “the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action.”

At its core, it is the ability to clearly and rationally analyze the information we receive without allowing our biases, prejudices, and misinformation to inform our conclusions and opinions, and to be deliberate and conscious in our judgments. It allows people to distinguish important ideas in arguments, find links between them, find faults in arguments and, in turn, build efficient ones. Ultimately, it is a skill that is useful both for internal dialog, to analyze oneself, and external dialog a sell, to analyze information from around us (Paul & Elder, 2009).

However, it is important to understand that critical thinking is not necessarily an inherent part of human character. Most of the time people are deeply affected by our preconceptions and opinions about ourselves and the world around us. Like any other higher-level cognitive skill or talent, critical thinking requires a conscious effort on behalf of the thinker to achieve improvement. Since it is agreed upon as one of the fundamental skills in most industries, from business to science and art, a lot of thought was put into developing new ways to train people to develop critical thinking (Lau, n.d.).

And a divisive question among psychologists and educators is the use of group work and discussion as a means to develop critical thinking. On the one hand, group problem solving can promote interest and engagement, inspire people to engage with and question new ideas and data. By being faced with fully developed opposing views, they have a chance to gain new perspectives, learn to shape their opinions better, and grow as persons. Many researchers (e.g. Jones, 2014) of this topicc view collaborative discussions and effects of group dynamics as vital for developing critical thinking.

On the other hand, peer pressure and the “bandwagon effect” are phenomena well known to sociologists, psychologists, and educators, which are detrimental to the individual, and thus also critical, thought. If in a group a majority shares the same belief, it is very likely to be picked up by others, sometimes in spite of the evidence against said belief (Vitelli, 2015). People placed in a group suffering from a bandwagon effect or with a strong peer pressure factor are likely to avoid participating in the conversation, or even delegate to the opinions of others rather that develop their own.

This brings us to the question if group discussions improve critical thinking skills or not? Despite arguments against this statement, I believe that research and modern critical thinking development practices have sufficient evidence that collaborative discussions and interactions can successfully improve critical thinking skills.

To explain why this stance was chosen, it is important to consider both advantages and disadvantages of group discussions as a tool of teaching pedagogy, the inherent responsibility it places on the person conducting them, and their role in the development of the skill in question.

The effectiveness of group work in classrooms was studied by Fung (2013), who aimed to confirm whether student engagement in classrooms could be enhanced through quality group work and if it could be used to inspire positive effects on students’ critical thinking. While he used Hong Kong as the location of his study, his conclusions can be useful for the purpose of this argumentative essay.

His training workshops and teaching interventions showed that all students who participated in the group studies and discussions significantly enhanced their critical thinking ability over those who worked individually. After having worked in teacher-monitored groups, the students have shown themselves to become more inquisitive, analytical in the evaluation of received information, and more argumentative in their responses. They also showed a more creative approach to tests than students working alone.

Studies by other researchers further prove that cooperative work shows a higher level of thought; with participants becoming adjusted to participating in discussions and take the opportunity to learn new ideas faster. These qualities define them as critical thinkers. In particular, the doctorate study by Meredith Godad (2012), while focusing on the effect of technological environment on the development of critical thinking, also evaluated the effects of group work on the development of critical thinking among students. Not only did she confirm the results of previous researches, but she also noted that collaborative discussions reduced cognitive frustration and load, allowing students to focus on their cognition further.

These studies confirm that group activities, collaboration and discussions help in developing critical patterns of thinking. However, these examples were all tested in tightly controlled situations, with teachers or researchers directing most of the conversations, allowing for maximization of results. However, if such skilled assistance is not provided, this can cause the opposite effect to the desired.

Humans have a natural desire to fit into their social circle. It is a protective instinct which is meant to help us adjust to the society around us. If a person does not already have a solid individual critical thinking ability developed, when placed under pressure from their peers they might be willing to either abandon their opinions in favor of more popular ones, or accept a new one, based purely on the prevailing number of people supporting it (Hendra, 2013).

We can conclude that group activities indeed have a proven record of improving the critical thinking skills of people involved. But, on the other hand, such discussions often require an outside influence to deter clique formation and development of peer pressure. It is clear that with an equal, well-educated group, the members will only benefit from the interactions, and will be able to evaluate any given idea or situation much more efficiently and clearly and on their own, particularly if people with different opinions participate in the conversation. But in a more uneven group, dominated by dominated by several particularly charismatic individuals, even a correct idea can be overlooked, or even figuratively brought down, if it does not fit with the opinions of the leaders or the majority opinion.

Consequently, it is the responsibility of the teacher or tutor to create and regulate a healthy educational environment, where students are encouraged to put forward their opinions and actively participate in the discussion, even when voicing opinions that are not popular in the group. He should encourage discussion participants to evaluate their ideas and compare them against ideas of other speakers, find pros and cons both of different views spoken.

Bibliography

Fung, D. (2014). Promoting critical thinking through effective group work: A teaching intervention for Hong Kong primary school students. International Journal of Educational Research, 66 , 45-62.

Godat, M. (2012). Collaborative Learning and Critical Thinking in Technology-enhanced Environments: An Instructional Design Framework (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia

Hendra, M. (2013). Peer Pressure Changes Perspective . Web.

Jones, J. M. (2014). Discussion Group Effectiveness is Related to Critical Thinking through Interest and Engagement. Psychology Learning & Teaching Plat, 13 (1), 12-23.

Lau, J. (n.d.). What is critical thinking? Web.

Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2009). The miniature guide to critical thinking: Concepts and tools . Dillon Beach, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking.

The National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking . (1987). Web.

Vitelli, R. (2015). Riding the Bandwagon Effect . Web.

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Educationise

11 Activities That Promote Critical Thinking In The Class

52 Critical Thinking Flashcards for Problem Solving

Critical thinking activities encourage individuals to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information to develop informed opinions and make reasoned decisions. Engaging in such exercises cultivates intellectual agility, fostering a deeper understanding of complex issues and honing problem-solving skills for navigating an increasingly intricate world. Through critical thinking, individuals empower themselves to challenge assumptions, uncover biases, and constructively contribute to discourse, thereby enriching both personal growth and societal progress.

Critical thinking serves as the cornerstone of effective problem-solving, enabling individuals to dissect challenges, explore diverse perspectives, and devise innovative solutions grounded in logic and evidence. For engaging problem solving activities, read our article problem solving activities that enhance student’s interest.

What is Critical Thinking?

Critical thinking is a 21st-century skill that enables a person to think rationally and logically in order to reach a plausible conclusion. A critical thinker assesses facts and figures and data objectively and determines what to believe and what not to believe. Critical thinking skills empower a person to decipher complex problems and make impartial and better decisions based on effective information.

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Critical thinking skills cultivate habits of mind such as strategic thinking, skepticism, discerning fallacy from the facts, asking good questions and probing deep into the issues to find the truth.

Importance of Acquiring Critical Thinking Skills

Acquiring critical thinking skills was never as valuable as it is today because of the prevalence of the modern knowledge economy. Today, information and technology are the driving forces behind the global economy. To keep pace with ever-changing technology and new inventions, one has to be flexible enough to embrace changes swiftly.

Read our article: How to Foster Critical Thinking Skills in Students? Creative Strategies and Real-World Examples

Today critical thinking skills are one of the most sought-after skills by the companies. In fact, critical thinking skills are paramount not only for active learning and academic achievement but also for the professional career of the students. The lack of critical thinking skills catalyzes memorization of the topics without a deeper insight, egocentrism, closed-mindedness, reduced student interest in the classroom and not being able to make timely and better decisions.

Benefits of Critical Thinking Skills in Education

Certain strategies are more eloquent than others in teaching students how to think critically. Encouraging critical thinking in the class is indispensable for the learning and growth of the students. In this way, we can raise a generation of innovators and thinkers rather than followers. Some of the benefits offered by thinking critically in the classroom are given below:

• It allows a student to decipher problems and think through the situations in a disciplined and systematic manner
• Through a critical thinking ability, a student can comprehend the logical correlation between distinct ideas
• The student is able to rethink and re-justify his beliefs and ideas based on facts and figures
• Critical thinking skills make the students curious about things around them
• A student who is a critical thinker is creative and always strives to come up with out of the box solutions to intricate problems
• Critical thinking skills assist in the enhanced student learning experience in the classroom and prepares the students for lifelong learning and success
• The critical thinking process is the foundation of new discoveries and inventions in the world of science and technology
• The ability to think critically allows the students to think intellectually and enhances their presentation skills, hence they can convey their ideas and thoughts in a logical and convincing manner
• Critical thinking skills make students a terrific communicator because they have logical reasons behind their ideas

Critical Thinking Lessons and Activities

11 Activities that Promote Critical Thinking in the Class

We have compiled a list of 11 activities that will facilitate you to promote critical thinking abilities in the students. We have also covered problem solving activities that enhance student’s interest in our another article. Click here to read it.

1. Worst Case Scenario

Divide students into teams and introduce each team with a hypothetical challenging scenario. Allocate minimum resources and time to each team and ask them to reach a viable conclusion using those resources. The scenarios can include situations like stranded on an island or stuck in a forest. Students will come up with creative solutions to come out from the imaginary problematic situation they are encountering. Besides encouraging students to think critically, this activity will enhance teamwork, communication and problem-solving skills of the students.

Read our article: 10 Innovative Strategies for Promoting Critical Thinking in the Classroom

2. If You Build It

It is a very flexible game that allows students to think creatively. To start this activity, divide students into groups. Give each group a limited amount of resources such as pipe cleaners, blocks, and marshmallows etc. Every group is supposed to use these resources and construct a certain item such as building, tower or a bridge in a limited time. You can use a variety of materials in the classroom to challenge the students. This activity is helpful in promoting teamwork and creative skills among the students.

It is also one of the classics which can be used in the classroom to encourage critical thinking. Print pictures of objects, animals or concepts and start by telling a unique story about the printed picture. The next student is supposed to continue the story and pass the picture to the other student and so on.

4. Keeping it Real

In this activity, you can ask students to identify a real-world problem in their schools, community or city. After the problem is recognized, students should work in teams to come up with the best possible outcome of that problem.

5. Save the Egg

Make groups of three or four in the class. Ask them to drop an egg from a certain height and think of creative ideas to save the egg from breaking. Students can come up with diverse ideas to conserve the egg like a soft-landing material or any other device. Remember that this activity can get chaotic, so select the area in the school that can be cleaned easily afterward and where there are no chances of damaging the school property.

6. Start a Debate

In this activity, the teacher can act as a facilitator and spark an interesting conversation in the class on any given topic. Give a small introductory speech on an open-ended topic. The topic can be related to current affairs, technological development or a new discovery in the field of science. Encourage students to participate in the debate by expressing their views and ideas on the topic. Conclude the debate with a viable solution or fresh ideas generated during the activity through brainstorming.

7. Create and Invent

This project-based learning activity is best for teaching in the engineering class. Divide students into groups. Present a problem to the students and ask them to build a model or simulate a product using computer animations or graphics that will solve the problem. After students are done with building models, each group is supposed to explain their proposed product to the rest of the class. The primary objective of this activity is to promote creative thinking and problem-solving skills among the students.

8. Select from Alternatives

This activity can be used in computer science, engineering or any of the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) classes. Introduce a variety of alternatives such as different formulas for solving the same problem, different computer codes, product designs or distinct explanations of the same topic.

Form groups in the class and ask them to select the best alternative. Each group will then explain its chosen alternative to the rest of the class with reasonable justification of its preference. During the process, the rest of the class can participate by asking questions from the group. This activity is very helpful in nurturing logical thinking and analytical skills among the students.

9. Reading and Critiquing

Present an article from a journal related to any topic that you are teaching. Ask the students to read the article critically and evaluate strengths and weaknesses in the article. Students can write about what they think about the article, any misleading statement or biases of the author and critique it by using their own judgments.

In this way, students can challenge the fallacies and rationality of judgments in the article. Hence, they can use their own thinking to come up with novel ideas pertaining to the topic.

10. Think Pair Share

In this activity, students will come up with their own questions. Make pairs or groups in the class and ask the students to discuss the questions together. The activity will be useful if the teacher gives students a topic on which the question should be based.

For example, if the teacher is teaching biology, the questions of the students can be based on reverse osmosis, human heart, respiratory system and so on. This activity drives student engagement and supports higher-order thinking skills among students.

11. Big Paper – Silent Conversation

Silence is a great way to slow down thinking and promote deep reflection on any subject. Present a driving question to the students and divide them into groups. The students will discuss the question with their teammates and brainstorm their ideas on a big paper. After reflection and discussion, students can write their findings in silence. This is a great learning activity for students who are introverts and love to ruminate silently rather than thinking aloud.

Read our next article: 10 Innovative Strategies for Promoting Critical Thinking in the Classroom

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1,400+ easy topics for group discussion with your students, share this article.

Get over 1,000 group discussion topic ideas, and understand the key ways to have productive discussions with your students.

Are you searching for new ways to keep your students on their toes? Sometimes it can feel overwhelming always looking for new, fun, and upbeat ways to keep your students engaged and entertained in your group discussions. 

Helping your students feel compelled to participate in group discussions has proven to be beneficial in more ways than one – besides the fact that it can help strengthen the bonds of your community (whether it be online or in-person), group discussions are an important part of the learning process for students. 

Group discussions facilitate student interactions, helping them learn how to communicate effectively with others. They promote a deeper understanding and help increase long-term information retention. Group discussions can also help increase students’ attention and help maintain their focus by involving them in the learning process. 

In this article, we will discuss why group discussions are so beneficial to the learning environment. We’ve also included some templates with a ton of easy topics for group discussions that can help you build a strong learning environment for your students! 

Related: What Are Learning Communities?

If you know what you are looking for right away, feel free to jump around and explore right away: 

Skip ahead here:

• Benefits of Group Discussion in Online Courses & Communities

Easy Topics for Group Discussion

Gd topics to avoid, how to have a successful group discussion.

• 1400 Group Discussion Topics Categorized

Benefits of Group Discussion in Online Courses & Learning Communities

While we already mentioned some of the major benefits of group discussions, we just want to highlight the importance of group discussions in online courses and communities.

The purpose of having interesting discussion topics in an online course is to provide opportunities for students to interact with each other, the content, and the instructor. 

There are already certain barriers to learning in an online community – such as self-motivation, distractions, and isolation to name a few – which is why it is even more crucial to engage your students in a fun and meaningful way! 

Sometimes it’s hard for more traditional classroom experiences to translate nicely to engaging online learning experiences. Introducing new topics to discuss in a group at the beginning of each class could be the key to making your online course effective. This is because social interactions (especially in the online learning community) foster meaningful connections and involvement between your students. 

Social elements like incorporating interesting topics to discuss in a group complement online courses because they enable social learning , peer-to-peer support, and student-to-instructor support. They also enable students to hold each other accountable for learning goals while creating a sense of community and belonging.

Adding different topics for group discussion in online learning communities is another great and effective way for students to collaborate and connect with one another. A learning community is a shared place for discussion, so why not spice up your interactions by throwing in some thought-provoking and interesting topics to discuss in a group? 

Online vs. in-person group discussion

Now that we’ve covered some of the benefits of group discussions in online courses and communities, let’s discuss whether it is better to have online or in-person group discussions. 

We find purpose and accountability in learning communities, regardless if they are from online or in-person group discussions. The style of traditionally learning in a classroom is currently being sidelined as the online classroom learning style has gained popularity in recent years. However, there are some upsides and downsides to each option, which we will cover. 

Online group discussion

• 27% said they have trust in the knowledge of their peers in an online community.
• 45% said they value diverse opinions. Online communities allow space for a respectful way to learn, and can change the way students see the world. 
• 37% said they appreciate a non-intimidating/judgemental space in an online community. 
• 37% said they value the shared collective experience/pursuit. 
• 52% agree that it’s easier to find others who share interests and passions in a community online vs in-person.
• People can participate from the comfort of their homes or offices – they don’t need to travel to a classroom, meaning there are also no travel costs or facility rental costs.
• Students can join in no matter where they are in the world.
• Participants need to have the correct technology – a computer with a webcam, and typically certain browser configurations. This can limit the population to only people who have this equipment, which narrows down the participant range.
• It is sometimes difficult with the virtual format to capture the richness of people together in a room, reading each other’s body cues and participating in exercises that require more than just speaking back and forth.

In-person group discussion

• Non-verbal cues are a rich data source and contribute to how others may respond when people are in the room together. 
• Can incorporate a wider variety of written and brainstorming exercises such as having students team up and sketch out concepts together. 
• The course instructor can pick up on non-verbal cues and facilitate the conversation more personally.
• There may not be very diverse populations, as people are limited to which area and city the course is being held in.
• Cost is a prohibitive factor to assembling a group – either because of moderator travel costs or facility rental costs.

Ultimately, the structure of the course – whether it is online or in-person – will depend on the nature of the course itself and the environment that the course instructor thinks will be the most beneficial for their students. 

If you are looking for some easy topics, here are a few ideas to get you started.

Favorite Online Resources

The first topic on our list is “What are your favorite online resources?”. This is a great question to get people talking about the different websites and tools that they use on a daily basis. It can also be a great way to find new resources that people may not be aware of. It’s an easy conversation started that can lead to more in-depth topics along the way.

• What is your favorite website or app for travel planning?
• What is your favorite website or app for finding new recipes to try?
• What is your favorite website or app for productivity and organization?
• What is your favorite website for learning new skills or information?

Thoughts On The Internet

If you’re looking for a topic that will get people thinking, then you might want to try “What are your thoughts on the current state of the internet?”. This is a great way to get people to share their thoughts and opinions on the current state of the internet, and it can also be a great way to start a discussion about how the internet can be improved.

• The role of the internet in promoting freedom of speech and censorship
• The funniest memes and internet trends
• How has the internet changed the music industry?
• The role of the internet in creating and fostering online communities
• The role of the internet in education and the future of traditional learning methods

The Impact of Social Media On Our Lives

This is another great topic that can get people thinking and talking. Social media has had a huge impact on our lives, and it’s definitely something worth discussing. It’s a topic that tends to have differing opinions, so the conversation may include many talking points with opportunities to share real-life examples of the impact. You can ask questions referring to what others may have seen on social media like Facebook groups . These groups often have a growing discussion board that can influence opinions. 

• The impact of social media on our communication skills and real-life relationships
• The use of social media for cyberbullying and harassment
• The impact of social media on the economy and job market
• The most absurd social media and internet trends and phenomena

The Pros and Cons of Technology

This is a great topic for discussion, particularly because it’s something that we all use on a daily basis. We rely heavily on technology, so understanding how people view it, both the negative and positive sides, can be quite interesting. It’s also a great way to start a conversation about how we can use technology more effectively, and how we can avoid its negative effects.

• The effects of technology on job security and employment opportunities
• The impact of technology on our ability to communicate and form relationships
• The role of technology in promoting and suppressing privacy and data security
• The effects of technology on our attention spans and memory retention
• The role of technology in promoting and suppressing entrepreneurship and innovation

The Changing Landscape of Education

This is a great topic for discussion, especially if you have an online community full of students or educators. Education is constantly changing, so it’s important to stay up-to-date on the latest trends. This discussion can help people learn about new changes in education, and it can also be a great way to get different perspectives on the issue.

• The impact of technology on the education system and traditional learning methods
• The impact of big data and personalization in education on student privacy and autonomy
• The role of online education and distance learning in the future of education
• The role of education in shaping the future
• The future of virtual reality education

The Importance of Connection

This is a great topic for discussion, particularly in online communities. It can be easy to feel isolated when we’re spending so much time online, so it’s important to find ways to connect with others. This discussion can help people find ways to connect with others, and it can also be a great way to get different perspectives on the issue.

• How can we create a sense of community in our neighborhood?
• How can we support and connect with people who are going through difficult times?
• How can we connect with people with different communication styles?
• How do shared interests foster connections between people?

Things That Inspire Your Creativity

This is a great topic for discussion, particularly in online communities. It can be easy to feel uninspired when we’re spending so much time online, so it’s important to find ways to get our creative juices flowing. This discussion can help people find inspiration, and it can also be a great way to get different perspectives on the issue.

Whatever the context, it is helpful to structure the discussions in a way that defines boundaries for the process and provides some degree of closure within the classroom. Be sure the topics you choose are relevant to your community and that they will promote critical thinking and analysis among your members. With some thoughtful planning, you can use group discussion to build a strong online community .

• The role of positive emotions and happiness in inspiring creativity
• How does culture and diversity influence creativity?
• What is the role of creativity in education?
• What are some common myths about creativity?
• How can creativity be used to solve real-world problems?

“Would you rather” questions

These always make for a great discussion, and sometimes the answers will surprise you.

• Would you rather travel to the past or future?
• Would you rather speak every language or communicate with animals?
• Would you rather go on a beach vacation or a ski vacation?
• Would you rather be invisible or be able to fly?

There are a few topics that you may decide to avoid when having a group discussion. These topics can be controversial, and they can often lead to arguments. Some examples of these topics include:

If you’re not sure whether or not a topic is appropriate for discussion, then it’s always best to err on the side of caution.

Before you start using these topics in your course, how you can approach the group discussion to ensure its success, whether online or in person. Here are a few tips:

Create an inclusive environment

The effective facilitation of a group discussion involves recognizing that there will be many different perspectives and different skills needed to create an inclusive environment. 

In order to do so, it’s important to consider the components of effective group discussions and the conditions that promote small group interactions and engagement. Discussion is a powerful technique for active learning, and a well-facilitated discussion allows students to explore new ideas while recognizing and valuing the contributions of others.

To create an inclusive environment…

• Allow participants to introduce themselves (you can even set up an ice breaker to have pairs of students introduce each other)
• Be clear about group expectations and intentions 
• Use inclusive language 
• Don’t hesitate to ask for clarification if a question or comment is unclear 
• Treat every student with respect and consideration
• Develop an awareness of barriers to learning (cultural, social, personal) 
• Provide sufficient time and space for students to gather their thoughts and contribute to group discussions
• Provide opportunities for participants to get into pairs to share their ideas in a one-on-one setting (some students may be more comfortable with this initially)

Create a process to begin and end the group discussion

To ensure that your group discussion is off to a great start, it’s important to have a plan for the conversation. Think about possibly creating an introduction process. This can be as simple as having everyone introduce themselves and their thoughts on the topic at the beginning of class. 

Have an idea of how you want to wrap up the discussion, especially if there are time constraints. It may be a good idea to summarize the solid points that were brought up throughout the discussion, and praise everyone for participating. This will help to keep the momentum going for the next group discussion, ensuring that your learning community continues to connect with each other.

Make sure everyone has a chance to speak

When leading a group discussion, the one thing you don’t want happening is for one student to monopolize the conversation completely – the benefit of having a group discussion is to listen and hear everyone’s unique perspective on the topic!

One of the most important aspects of a successful group discussion is making sure that everyone has a chance to share their thoughts and opinions. If certain parties are dominating the discussion, actively call on others as you moderate the discussion to give them the floor. You could even go alphabetically. This is especially useful to help engage students who are more shy and would rather not say anything at all. 

Encourage people to ask questions 

A great way to get people talking is to encourage student participation. This helps keep the flow of the conversation steady, as well as actively engaging people to listen and think critically. 

Getting students to ask or write down follow-up questions to share allows them to voice their own thoughts and opinions. It may also be beneficial for the instructor to initiate some questions to help bring out their students’ ideas further.

Have an open mind

In good group discussions, conflicts will sometimes arise. It’s important to remember that not everyone is going to have the same exact opinion as you, and that’s okay. What’s important is that you’re able to listen to other people’s thoughts and perspectives, and have an open mind. 

Keep discussions constructive and positive

At the beginning of each group discussion, clarify the goals of each discussion and establish some of the ground rules for the group.

This can include:

• Allowing all students time to speak
• Sharing personal experiences rather than making general statements about groups of people (stereotyping)
• Encouraging others to add their reactions or ideas to build on someone’s comment
• Keeping discussions on track by listing the questions to cover on the board or in the chat, and summarizing the discussion as it proceeds 

Plan topics for group discussions that will resonate with your students 

When you’re planning your group discussion, make sure to choose topics that will resonate with your community to ensure that the discussion will be engaging and beneficial for everyone involved.

Perhaps at the end of class, you can ask everyone to leave a question that they would like to discuss the next time you all meet together. 

Identify potential problems in group discussions

It’s probable that not all group discussions will go smoothly, depending on the group and the nature of the topic. 

Some potential problems in group discussions include:

• Disengaged students. If you have members who are no longer active in your community, try to engage them by sending them private messages or starting a discussion on a topic that they’re interested in. Also provide opportunities for smaller group discussions. 
• Students who talk too much. Try redirecting the discussion to another person or another topic. Alternatively, you may wish to reframe their comments, making them viable additions to the discussion.
• A discussion that turns into an argument. The course instructor may need to take a strong position as moderator, preventing students from interrupting each other or speaking simultaneously. Also, they could list both sides of the argument, allowing for respectful rebuttals.

Give students feedback 

Let your students know how they did in the group discussion. Offering individual constructive feedback can help your students feel more included and motivated to participate even more during the next group discussion. 

Create discussion forums

Discussion forums are essential to learning communities because they give students a place to keep the conversation going and generate more ideas on the topic. Discussion forums also help foster connection and engagement between your students. 

Related: It’s Time to Tap Into Togetherness with Communities

Creating an Engaging Online Community with Group Discussions

Online communities can be a great way to bring your students together in one place where they can discuss course content, apply their learnings, and ask questions. This also helps you get a pulse check on what your audience wants to learn from you.

When building an online community, it’s important to outline community guidelines —helping to improve communication, avoid conflict, and prevent chaos in your community.

Group discussion can be a great way to build an online community if you can get students talking and thinking about different topics. Just remember to keep an open mind, be respectful, and make sure that everyone has a chance to speak. With these tips, you’ll be well on your way to having a successful group discussion.

If you’re still looking for more ideas for GD topics, keep scrolling! Or try one of our Group Discussion Topic Generators:

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1400+ Group Discussion Topics Categorized

Animal welfare, diversity and inclusion, easy topics.

• Elementary school students (age-related)

English literature

Favorite online resources, fostering good relationships, funny group discussion ideas.

• Health and Fitness
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Interesting

• Kindergarten group discussion topics (age-related)

Personal hygiene

Solving disputes, the changing landscape of education, the impact of social media on our lives, the pros and cons of technology.

• Thoughts on the Internet

Would you rather

Young adult discussion topics.

• What is animal welfare and why is it important?
• How can we promote awareness about animal welfare issues in our communities?
• What role should governments play in protecting animal welfare?
• Should animals have legal rights and protections?
• How can we reduce the environmental impact of animal agriculture while still ensuring animal welfare?
• Should animal testing be banned?
• What is the impact of animal entertainment, such as circuses and zoos, on animal welfare?
• How can we reduce the number of animals used for food, clothing, and other products?
• How can we ensure that animals in research labs are treated ethically and with respect?
• Should we prioritize animal welfare over economic interests in industries such as agriculture and tourism?
• How can we encourage responsible pet ownership and prevent animal neglect and abuse?
• How can we ensure that animals used for human consumption are raised and slaughtered in humane conditions?
• Should we prohibit the breeding of certain breeds of animals for cosmetic purposes?
• How can we reduce the impact of human activity on wildlife habitats?
• Should we restrict the use of animals in sports and other entertainment activities?
• How can we prevent the spread of diseases between animals and humans?
• What is the impact of climate change on animal welfare?
• Should we prohibit the use of animals in military operations and experiments?
• How can we ensure that animals used in educational and scientific exhibits are treated humanely?
• Should we restrict the use of animals in fashion and beauty industries?
• What is the impact of animal trafficking and poaching on animal welfare?
• Should we restrict the use of animals in rodeos and other similar events?
• How can we ensure that animals used for therapy and service purposes are treated ethically?
• Should we ban the use of animals in circuses and other traveling shows?
• How can we prevent animal cruelty and abuse in the food industry?
• What is the impact of animal overpopulation on animal welfare?
• Should we restrict the breeding and sale of exotic animals as pets?
• How can we prevent animal cruelty in the entertainment industry, such as in films and television shows?
• Should we prohibit the use of animals in product testing for cosmetics and personal care products?
• How can we ensure that animals used for transportation are treated humanely?
• Should we restrict the breeding and sale of animals for sport hunting?
• How can we prevent animal cruelty in puppy mills and other large-scale breeding operations?
• Should we restrict the use of animals in scientific research and testing?
• How can we prevent animal cruelty in the fur and leather industries?
• Should we restrict the use of animals in tourism and entertainment activities, such as elephant rides and swimming with dolphins?
• How can we ensure that animals used for religious practices are treated humanely?
• Should we restrict the use of animals in pest control?
• How can we prevent animal cruelty and abuse in the entertainment industry, such as in theme parks and water parks?
• Should we restrict the use of animals in hunting and fishing for sport?
• How can we ensure that animals used for food are raised and slaughtered humanely in small-scale farming operations?
• What is the impact of factory farming on animal welfare?
• Should we restrict the breeding and sale of animals for use in laboratory testing?
• How can we prevent animal cruelty and abuse in the pet industry, such as in pet stores and breeding operations?
• Should we restrict the use of animals in traditional medicine practices?
• How can we ensure that animals used for wool and silk production are treated humanely?
• What is the impact of deforestation on animal welfare?
• What is marketing and why is it important?
• How can marketing help businesses connect with customers?
• What are some common marketing strategies used by businesses today?
• How can businesses effectively use social media for marketing?
• Should businesses focus more on digital marketing or traditional marketing methods?
• How can businesses effectively use email marketing to reach customers?
• What is the role of customer research in marketing?
• How can businesses effectively use influencer marketing?
• Should businesses focus more on B2B or B2C marketing?
• How can businesses effectively use content marketing to build their brand?
• How can businesses effectively use search engine optimization (SEO) to improve their online visibility?
• How can businesses measure the success of their marketing campaigns?
• What is the impact of customer reviews on marketing?
• How can businesses effectively use video marketing to engage with customers?
• Should businesses focus more on inbound marketing or outbound marketing strategies?
• How can businesses effectively use paid advertising, such as Google Ads and Facebook Ads?
• What is the role of storytelling in marketing?
• How can businesses effectively use mobile marketing to reach customers on-the-go?
• How can businesses use gamification in their marketing strategies?
• How can businesses effectively use location-based marketing?
• Should businesses focus more on direct marketing or indirect marketing strategies?
• How can businesses effectively use customer feedback to improve their marketing efforts?
• What is the impact of influencer fraud on influencer marketing?
• How can businesses effectively use affiliate marketing?
• How can businesses effectively use customer segmentation in their marketing strategies?
• How can businesses effectively use referral marketing to grow their customer base?
• What is the role of experiential marketing in today’s business world?
• How can businesses effectively use chatbots in their marketing strategies?
• Should businesses focus more on global or local marketing strategies?
• How can businesses effectively use customer retention strategies in their marketing efforts?
• What is the impact of customer data privacy on marketing?
• How can businesses effectively use loyalty programs in their marketing efforts?
• How can businesses effectively use augmented reality in their marketing strategies?
• What is the impact of customer experience on marketing?
• How can businesses effectively use customer service as a marketing tool?
• How can businesses use user-generated content in their marketing efforts?
• What is the role of personalization in marketing?
• How can businesses effectively use chat marketing in their strategies?
• How can businesses effectively use artificial intelligence in their marketing efforts?
• Should businesses focus more on brand awareness or lead generation in their marketing strategies?
• How can businesses effectively use native advertising in their marketing strategies?
• How can businesses effectively use retargeting in their marketing efforts?
• What is the role of video ads in marketing?
• How can businesses effectively use customer advocacy in their marketing strategies?
• How can businesses use data analytics to improve their marketing efforts?
• How can businesses effectively use social listening to improve their marketing strategies?
• Should businesses focus more on emotional marketing or rational marketing strategies?
• How can businesses effectively use chatbots for customer service and support?
• What is the role of mobile apps in marketing?
• How can businesses effectively use customer reviews in their marketing efforts?
• How can businesses use memes and viral marketing in their strategies?
• How can businesses effectively use podcast marketing to reach new audiences?
• Should businesses focus more on omnichannel or multichannel marketing strategies?
• How can businesses effectively use direct mail marketing in the digital age?
• What is the impact of customer experience on brand loyalty?
• What is sales and why is it important for businesses?
• What are some common sales techniques used by sales professionals today?
• How can businesses effectively train their sales teams?
• What is the role of customer relationship management (CRM) in sales?
• How can businesses effectively use data analytics to improve their sales efforts?
• Should businesses focus more on inbound or outbound sales strategies?
• What is the role of customer service in sales?
• How can businesses effectively use sales automation tools?
• How can businesses effectively use social selling to connect with customers?
• What is the impact of customer retention on sales?
• How can businesses effectively use referral selling to grow their customer base?
• Should businesses focus more on product knowledge or customer knowledge in their sales efforts?
• What is the role of storytelling in sales?
• How can businesses effectively use video selling to engage with customers?
• How can businesses effectively use sales forecasting to plan for the future?
• How can businesses effectively use sales enablement tools?
• Should businesses focus more on B2B or B2C sales strategies?
• How can businesses effectively use account-based selling to target specific customers?
• What is the impact of customer experience on sales?
• How can businesses effectively use upselling and cross-selling techniques?
• Should businesses focus more on inbound or outbound prospecting strategies?
• How can businesses effectively use customer feedback to improve their sales efforts?
• What is the role of emotional intelligence in sales?
• How can businesses effectively use value-based selling techniques?
• How can businesses effectively use objection handling techniques in their sales efforts?
• Should businesses focus more on relationship selling or transactional selling?
• How can businesses effectively use storytelling in their sales pitches?
• What is the impact of social proof on sales?
• How can businesses effectively use customer personas in their sales efforts?
• Should businesses focus more on inside sales or outside sales strategies?
• What is the role of empathy in sales?
• How can businesses effectively use competitive analysis in their sales efforts?
• How can businesses effectively use social media for sales?
• Should businesses focus more on product selling or solution selling?
• How can businesses effectively use customer advocacy in their sales strategies?
• What is the role of sales coaching in developing sales professionals?
• How can businesses effectively use customer success stories in their sales pitches?
• Should businesses focus more on consultative selling or transactional selling?
• What is the impact of sales process optimization on sales?
• How can businesses effectively use customer segmentation in their sales efforts?
• How can businesses effectively use persuasive language in their sales pitches?
• Should businesses focus more on inbound or outbound lead generation strategies?
• What is the role of social listening in sales?
• How can businesses effectively use sales funnels to guide customers through the sales process?
• How can businesses effectively use customer data to personalize their sales pitches?
• Should businesses focus more on account management or new business development in their sales efforts?
• What is the impact of sales productivity on overall business success?
• How can businesses effectively use sales promotions to drive sales?
• Should businesses focus more on online sales or offline sales strategies?
• What is the role of customer experience in post-sales support?
• How can businesses effectively use sales contests to motivate sales teams?
• Should businesses focus more on sales specialization or generalization?
• What is the impact of sales pipeline management on sales success?
• How can businesses effectively use email marketing for sales?
• How can businesses effectively use virtual selling in the digital age?
• Should businesses focus more on lead qualification or lead generation in their sales efforts?
• What is the role of market research in sales?
• How can businesses effectively use account-based marketing to support their sales efforts?
• How can businesses effectively use storytelling in their sales follow-up efforts?
• Should businesses focus more on price-based selling or value-based selling?
• What is the impact of sales forecasting accuracy on overall business success?
• How can businesses effectively use customer surveys to improve their sales efforts?
• Should businesses focus more on product differentiation or brand differentiation in their sales strategies?
• What is the role of networking in sales?
• How can businesses effectively use sales collateral to support their sales efforts?
• Should businesses focus more on lead nurturing or lead conversion in their sales strategies?
• What is the impact of sales culture on sales success?
• How can businesses effectively use customer testimonials to support their sales efforts?
• Should businesses focus more on sales specialization or cross-functional collaboration?
• What is the role of sales performance metrics in sales management?
• How can businesses effectively use online advertising for sales?
• Should businesses focus more on inbound or outbound account-based marketing strategies?
• What is the impact of product packaging on sales?
• How can businesses effectively use sales incentives to motivate their sales teams?
• Should businesses focus more on inside sales or field sales strategies?
• What is the role of product demos in sales?
• How can businesses effectively use content marketing for sales?
• Should businesses focus more on product features or customer benefits in their sales pitches?
• What is the impact of sales coaching on sales performance?
• How can businesses effectively use lead scoring to prioritize their sales efforts?
• Should businesses focus more on sales specialization or sales generalization?
• What is the role of sales territories in sales management?
• Should businesses focus more on referral selling or cold calling in their sales strategies?
• What is the impact of sales technology on sales productivity?
• How can businesses effectively use chatbots for sales?
• Should businesses focus more on relationship building or closing techniques in their sales efforts?
• What is the role of sales incentives in improving customer loyalty?
• How can businesses effectively use sales gamification to engage their sales teams?
• Should businesses focus more on customer acquisition or customer retention in their sales strategies?
• What is the impact of sales training on sales performance?
• How can businesses effectively use customer success stories to support their sales efforts?
• The role of art in society
• The impact of technology on contemporary art
• The evolution of art throughout history
• The future of art and technology
• The Influence of culture on Art
• The importance of art education
• The impact of public art on communities
• The power of public art in creating social change
• The value of art in mental health and wellbeing
• The role of Museums in preserving art history
• The relationship between art and politics
• The impact of globalization on art
• The Influence of religion on Art
• The role of the artist in society
• The ethics of art censorship
• The power of art to create empathy
• The impact of art on social justice movements
• The relationship between art and science
• The role of art in personal expression
• The evolution of street art and graffiti
• The impact of art on urban spaces
• The influence of art on popular culture
• The role of art in healing trauma
• The importance of art therapy
• The role of art in preserving cultural heritage
• The impact of art on the economy
• The future of virtual reality art
• The ethics of art forgery and plagiarism
• The power of art to bring people together
• The role of art in environmental activism
• The impact of art on tourism
• The influence of art on fashion
• The role of art in education
• The impact of art on advertising
• The relationship between art and literature
• The evolution of art movements throughout history
• The impact of color theory on art
• The power of art to convey emotions
• The role of art in documenting history
• The influence of art on interior design
• The impact of art on cultural identity
• The role of art in social media
• The ethics of cultural appropriation in art
• The role of art in protest movements
• The power of art to promote diversity and inclusion
• The impact of art on fashion photography
• The role of art in community development
• The influence of architecture on art
• The impact of art on fashion design
• The role of art in marketing and advertising
• The ethics of graffiti art and vandalism
• The power of art to tell personal stories
• The influence of art on theater and performance
• The role of art in the digital age
• The impact of art on video game design
• The future of augmented reality in art
• The role of art in political propaganda
• The ethics of art ownership and copyright
• The power of art to challenge societal norms
• The impact of art on fashion illustration
• The role of art in branding and identity
• The influence of music on art
• The impact of art on graphic design
• The role of art in public speaking and presentations
• The ethics of public art and community engagement
• The power of art to inspire creativity
• The impact of art on product design
• The role of art in the beauty industry
• The influence of nature on art
• The impact of art on animation and film
• The role of art in spiritual and religious expression
• The ethics of art as a commodity
• The power of art to promote self-reflection
• The influence of art on product packaging
• The role of art in branding and marketing
• The impact of art on fashion advertising
• The future of art in artificial intelligence
• The role of art in video production
• The influence of art on industrial design
• The impact of art on public relations
• The role of art in visual storytelling
• The ethics of street art and property rights
• The power of art to promote cultural understanding
• The impact of art on web design
• The role of art in event planning
• The influence of art on packaging design
• The impact of art on interior decorating
• The role of art in journalism and news reporting
• The ethics of cultural heritage preservation and restoration
• The power of art to convey social commentary
• The influence of art on fashion accessories
• The impact of art on architecture and building design
• The role of art in fashion styling and image consulting
• The future of art in virtual and augmented reality
• The ethics of art and cultural sensitivity
• The power of art to promote social change and activism
• The impact of art on product branding and marketing
• The role of art in international diplomacy and relations.
• What are some ways to overcome shyness or social anxiety and connect with others?
• How can we build stronger relationships with our family members?
• What are some effective ways to communicate and connect with coworkers?
• How can we create a sense of community in our neighborhoods?
• What are some ways to connect with people who have different cultural backgrounds?
• How can we use social media to connect with others in a meaningful way?
• How can we deepen our friendships and maintain strong connections with people?
• What are some ways to connect with people who share our interests or passions?
• What are some ways to build trust and create a safe space for sharing with others?
• How can we be more empathetic and understanding in our interactions with others?
• What are some ways to connect with people who have different political views?
• How can we create a sense of belonging in groups or organizations?
• What are some ways to connect with people in our local community?
• How can we be more vulnerable and open in our relationships with others?
• What are some ways to connect with people in different age groups?
• How can we create a supportive environment for sharing personal experiences?
• What are some ways to connect with people in different professions or industries?
• How can we connect with people who have different lifestyles or values?
• How can we practice active listening and show genuine interest in others?
• What are some ways to connect with people through volunteering or community service?
• How can we connect with people through shared hobbies or activities?
• How can we connect with people who are geographically distant?
• What are some ways to build positive relationships with our coworkers?
• How can we connect with people who have different communication styles?
• What are some ways to connect with people from different socioeconomic backgrounds?
• How can we connect with people who have different religious or spiritual beliefs?
• How can we connect with people who are experiencing loneliness or isolation?
• What are some ways to connect with people who speak a different language?
• How can we connect with people who are part of marginalized communities?
• What are some ways to connect with people through acts of kindness or generosity?
• How can we connect with people who have different personality types?
• How can we build stronger relationships with our romantic partners?
• What are some ways to connect with people who have different learning styles?
• How can we connect with people through shared goals or aspirations?
• How can we connect with people who have different abilities or disabilities?
• What are some ways to connect with people who have different life experiences?
• How can we build stronger relationships with our children or parents?
• How can we connect with people who have different communication barriers?
• What are some ways to connect with people through shared values or beliefs?
• How can we build stronger relationships with our friends?
• How can we connect with people who have different senses of humor?
• How can we connect with people who have different dietary preferences?
• What are some ways to connect with people through shared music or art?
• How can we connect with people who have different opinions on controversial issues?
• How can we build stronger relationships with our mentors or mentees?
• How can we connect with people who have different relationship styles?
• How can we connect with people who have different career goals or aspirations?
• What are some ways to connect with people through shared travel experiences?
• The role of cooking in cultural identity and tradition
• The impact of technology and innovation on cooking techniques and recipes
• The importance of using fresh, whole ingredients in cooking and meal preparation
• The benefits and challenges of cooking with different diets, such as vegetarian, vegan, gluten-free, etc.
• The role of cooking in building community and relationships
• The history and evolution of cooking methods and cuisine
• The benefits of cooking with family and friends, and the role of cooking in bringing people together
• The impact of food waste and sustainability on cooking and meal planning
• The importance of cooking skills and meal planning for healthy eating and living
• The role of cooking in stress relief and self-care
• The benefits and challenges of cooking with limited time and resources
• The impact of social media and popular culture on cooking trends and styles
• The importance of food presentation and plating in cooking and meal presentation
• The benefits of cooking with seasonal and local ingredients
• The role of cooking in economic and financial well-being, including meal planning and budgeting
• The impact of cultural exchange and fusion in cooking and cuisine
• The importance of knife skills and kitchen safety in cooking
• The benefits and challenges of cooking for large groups and events
• The role of cooking in exploring and understanding other cultures through food
• The impact of food allergies and intolerances on cooking and meal planning
• The importance of experimentation and creativity in cooking and recipe development
• The benefits and challenges of cooking for one or cooking solo
• The role of cooking in maintaining and improving mental and physical health
• The impact of cooking and food education in schools and communities
• The importance of cooking as a lifelong skill for personal and professional development.
• The role of nature and the great outdoors in inspiring creativity
• The impact of travel and new experiences on creativity and imagination
• The effects of music, art, and literature on the imagination and creative expression
• The impact of play and unstructured time on imaginative thinking and creative problem solving
• The effects of mindfulness and meditation on creative thought and inspiration
• The role of curiosity and exploration in stimulating creative ideas and solutions
• The impact of social and cultural diversity on creative expression and innovation
• The effects of collaboration and teamwork in inspiring creative solutions and ideas
• The role of failure and setbacks in fostering creative growth and resilience
• The impact of quiet time and solitude on the creative process and imaginative thinking
• The effects of playfulness and humor on creative expression and problem solving
• The role of storytelling and oral traditions in inspiring imaginative thinking and creative expression
• The impact of physical activity and exercise on the imagination and creative thinking
• The effects of mindfulness and being present in the moment on the imagination and creative thinking
• The role of sleep and rest in fostering creative ideas and inspiration
• The impact of surrounding oneself with positive and supportive people on creative expression and problem solving
• The effects of taking breaks and allowing the mind to wander on the imagination and creative process
• The role of creating a supportive and stimulating physical environment for creativity
• The impact of taking on new challenges and learning new skills on imaginative thinking and creative expression
• The effects of connecting with one’s passions and personal interests on creative expression and problem solving
• The role of dreaming and the subconscious mind in inspiring creative ideas and solutions
• The impact of overcoming obstacles and challenges on creative growth and resilience
• The effects of nature and exposure to the elements on creative inspiration and problem solving
• The role of experimentation and trying new things in fostering creative expression and innovative thinking.
• What is creativity and how can we define it?
• What are the benefits of creativity in our personal and professional lives?
• How can we encourage creativity in the workplace or in school?
• How can we overcome creative blocks and generate new ideas?
• What role does environment play in fostering creativity?
• How can technology be used to enhance creativity?
• How can we balance structure and freedom to encourage creativity?
• How can different forms of art inspire creativity in other areas of our lives?
• How can collaboration lead to more creative ideas?
• How can we measure creativity and its impact?
• How can we use creativity to improve mental health and well-being?
• What are some examples of innovative and creative companies?
• How can we use creativity to promote sustainability and environmentalism?
• How can we use creativity to improve communication and empathy?
• How can we incorporate creativity into our daily routines?
• What are some creative ways to approach problem-solving?
• How can we overcome fear and take risks in our creative pursuits?
• How can we use creativity to challenge and disrupt the status quo?
• How can we use creativity to build community and bring people together?
• What are some common obstacles to creativity and how can we overcome them?
• How can we use creativity to express ourselves and our identities?
• How can we use creativity to foster innovation and entrepreneurship?
• How can we use creativity to improve our physical health and fitness?
• How can we use creativity to bridge cultural and social divides?
• How can we use creativity to explore and understand complex ideas?
• What are some examples of successful creative projects or initiatives?
• How can we use creativity to drive social and political change?
• How can we use creativity to improve our relationships with others?
• How can we use creativity to create memorable and impactful experiences?
• How can we use creativity to inspire and motivate ourselves and others?
• How can we use creativity to preserve and celebrate cultural traditions?
• How can we use creativity to foster critical thinking and problem-solving skills?
• How can we use creativity to create a better future for ourselves and others?
• How can we use creativity to explore and express our emotions?
• How can we use creativity to promote empathy and understanding?
• How can we use creativity to create more inclusive and equitable societies?
• How can we use creativity to improve our cognitive and intellectual abilities?
• How can we use creativity to promote self-discovery and personal growth?
• How can we use creativity to create more meaningful and fulfilling lives?
• How can we use creativity to connect with nature and the environment?
• How can we use creativity to promote positive social and cultural change?
• How can we use creativity to promote innovation and progress in different fields?
• How can we use creativity to improve our ability to adapt to change?
• How can we use creativity to create new opportunities and possibilities?
• How can we use creativity to overcome adversity and difficult circumstances?
• How can we use creativity to promote healing and recovery from trauma?
• The impact of implicit biases and stereotypes on diversity and inclusion
• The importance of allyship and solidarity in promoting diversity and inclusion
• The benefits and challenges of workplace diversity and inclusion initiatives
• The role of education and awareness in promoting diversity and inclusion
• The impact of historical and systemic discrimination on diversity and inclusion
• The benefits and challenges of actively seeking out diverse perspectives and experiences
• The importance of embracing and celebrating cultural differences in promoting diversity and inclusion
• The role of diversity and inclusion in personal and professional development
• The impact of media representation and media literacy on diversity and inclusion
• The benefits and challenges of actively addressing privilege and power dynamics in promoting diversity and inclusion
• The importance of open-mindedness and empathy in promoting diversity and inclusion
• The role of language and communication in promoting diversity and inclusion
• The impact of intersectionality on diversity and inclusion
• The benefits and challenges of diversity and inclusion in community organizations and activism
• The importance of actively promoting and advocating for diversity and inclusion in all areas of life
• The role of technology and innovation in promoting diversity and inclusion
• The impact of globalization and cultural exchange on diversity and inclusion
• The benefits and challenges of promoting diversity and inclusion in education
• The importance of encouraging diverse leadership and representation in all industries
• The role of diverse representation in politics and government in promoting diversity and inclusion
• The impact of personal experiences and narratives on diversity and inclusion
• The benefits and challenges of creating inclusive and welcoming spaces for all individuals
• The importance of examining and addressing personal biases in promoting diversity and inclusion
• The role of diversity and inclusion in promoting overall equality and justice
• The impact of individual actions and choices on promoting diversity and inclusion in communities and society.
• The benefits of daily exercise
• Ways to reduce stress
• The importance of good sleep
• The impact of social media on relationships
• Budgeting and saving money
• The benefits of volunteering
• The effects of technology on work-life balance
• Healthy eating habits
• The benefits of traveling
• The importance of hydration
• The impact of the internet on communication
• The benefits of mindfulness and meditation
• Time management strategies
• The importance of setting goals
• The impact of technology on education
• The benefits of reading
• The importance of self-care
• The effects of social media on self-esteem
• The benefits of spending time in nature
• The importance of emotional intelligence
• The impact of social media on politics
• The benefits of team sports
• The importance of friendships
• The effects of technology on personal relationships
• The benefits of public speaking
• The importance of positive thinking
• The impact of social media on mental health
• The benefits of community service
• The importance of good leadership
• The effects of technology on privacy
• The benefits of networking
• The importance of good communication skills
• The impact of social media on body image
• The benefits of continuous learning
• The importance of time with family
• The effects of technology on relationships with others
• The benefits of having a support system
• The importance of forgiveness
• The impact of social media on personal branding
• The benefits of creativity and innovation
• The importance of public speaking skills
• The effects of technology on productivity
• The benefits of being organized
• The importance of taking breaks
• The impact of social media on personal relationships
• The benefits of spending time alone
• The importance of resilience
• The effects of technology on memory retention
• The benefits of public speaking and presentation skills
• The importance of work-life balance

Elementary school students (age related)

• The importance of kindness and empathy
• The benefits of outdoor play
• The role of imagination in creativity
• The importance of eating healthy food
• The benefits of having a positive attitude
• The role of teamwork in solving problems
• The importance of good hygiene
• The benefits of physical activity
• The role of honesty in building trust
• The importance of helping others
• The benefits of being grateful
• The role of perseverance in achieving goals
• The importance of being environmentally responsible
• The benefits of creativity and self-expression
• The role of cooperation in friendships
• The importance of good manners and etiquette
• The benefits of reading and learning
• The role of positive self-talk in building confidence
• The importance of empathy and understanding towards others
• The benefits of kindness and compassion
• The role of friendship in building strong relationships
• The importance of being safe in daily life
• The benefits of laughter and humor
• The role of respect in building strong relationships
• The importance of taking care of one’s body
• The role of teamwork in group activities
• The importance of being responsible and reliable
• The benefits of practicing gratitude
• The role of patience in achieving success
• The importance of using one’s imagination
• The benefits of creative problem solving
• The role of resilience in overcoming challenges
• The benefits of expressing oneself through art and music
• The role of empathy in developing strong relationships
• The importance of positive self-image
• The benefits of practicing forgiveness
• The role of trust in building strong relationships
• The importance of healthy sleep habits
• The benefits of teamwork and cooperation
• The role of responsibility in daily life
• The importance of positive role models
• The benefits of physical activity and exercise
• The role of goal setting in personal development
• The importance of being environmentally conscious
• The benefits of helping others and giving back
• The role of good communication in resolving conflicts
• The importance of healthy boundaries in relationships
• The benefits of practicing empathy and compassion.
• Who is your favorite English author and why?
• Can literature influence society and culture?
• How has English literature evolved over the years?
• Is it necessary to have a degree in English literature to appreciate it?
• Is the study of English literature relevant in today’s world?
• Should English literature be taught in schools?
• What is your favorite English novel and why?
• Can literature be used as a form of escapism?
• Is it important for authors to have personal experiences to write good literature?
• Is it necessary for authors to write in a particular style?
• Can literature be used to understand different cultures and perspectives?
• Is it important for literature to have a moral message?
• Is it necessary for literature to be entertaining?
• Should literature be judged on its literary merit or popularity?
• Can literature be used to promote social change?
• Is it necessary for literature to reflect real-life issues?
• Is the literary canon too focused on white male authors?
• Can literature be considered a reflection of society?
• Is it necessary for authors to have a particular writing process?
• Can literature be used to improve empathy and emotional intelligence?
• Should literature be used in therapy?
• Is it important for literature to be historically accurate?
• Is it necessary for literature to be timeless?
• Is it important for literature to be relatable?
• Is it necessary for literature to have a plot?
• Can literature be considered a form of art?
• Is it important for literature to be accessible to all?
• Is the use of symbolism in literature important?
• Can literature be used to improve language skills?
• Should literature be free from censorship?
• Is it important for literature to be culturally diverse?
• Can literature be used to understand human nature?
• Is it necessary for literature to have a moral lesson?
• Is it important for literature to be optimistic?
• Can literature be used to explore human emotions and relationships?
• Is it necessary for literature to have a happy ending?
• Should literature be used to inspire social activism?
• Can literature be used to educate people about historical events?
• Is it necessary for literature to have a protagonist and antagonist?
• Should literature be used to teach critical thinking?
• Is it necessary for literature to have a clear message?
• Should authors be held responsible for the messages in their literature?
• Can literature be used to explore political ideologies?
• Is it necessary for literature to have a realistic portrayal of characters?
• Can literature be used to explore the meaning of life?
• Is it important for literature to be unique and original?
• Can literature be used to explore the human psyche?
• Is it necessary for literature to have a specific genre?
• Should literature be used to explore controversial topics?
• Can literature be used to understand the past and predict the future?
• Can literature be used to promote tolerance and understanding?
• Should literature be used to challenge societal norms?
• Can literature be used to teach empathy and compassion?
• Is it necessary for literature to have a specific structure?
• Can literature be used to explore philosophical ideas?
• Should literature be used to explore the supernatural?
• Is it necessary for literature to have a resolution?
• Can literature be used to explore the mysteries of the universe?
• Should literature be used to explore the absurdities of life?
• Can literature be used to explore the human condition?
• Is it necessary for literature to have a hero’s journey?
• The most useful online resources for students
• The best online resources for learning a new skill
• Online resources for remote work and collaboration
• Online resources for mental health and wellness
• The most helpful online resources for cooking and recipe ideas
• The most informative online resources for current events and news
• Online resources for budgeting and personal finance management
• The most entertaining online resources for movies and TV shows
• The best online resources for fitness and exercise inspiration
• The most helpful online resources for travel and adventure planning
• The most useful online resources for job search and career development
• The most informative online resources for science and technology news
• Online resources for self-improvement and personal growth
• The most entertaining online resources for music and concerts
• The most helpful online resources for shopping and fashion tips
• The most informative online resources for sports news and analysis
• The most useful online resources for language learning
• The best online resources for art and design inspiration
• The most helpful online resources for home improvement and DIY projects
• The most informative online resources for political news and analysis
• Online resources for spiritual growth and wellness
• The most entertaining online resources for comedy and humor
• The most useful online resources for car and vehicle maintenance
• The best online resources for gardening and horticulture tips
• The most helpful online resources for pet care and animal welfare
• What is your go-to website for news and current events?
• What is your favorite social media platform and why?
• Do you have a favorite website or app for productivity or organization? If so, what is it?
• What is your favorite website or app for entertainment?
• Do you have a favorite website or app for staying healthy or fit? If so, what is it?
• What is your favorite website or app for online shopping?
• Do you have a favorite website or app for travel planning? If so, what is it?
• What is your favorite website or app for booking events or activities?
• Do you have a favorite website or app for language learning? If so, what is it?
• What is your favorite website or app for music streaming?
• Do you have a favorite website or app for discovering new books to read? If so, what is it?
• What is your favorite website or app for watching movies or TV shows?
• Do you have a favorite website or app for connecting with friends or family online? If so, what is it?
• What is your favorite website or app for creating and sharing videos?
• Do you have a favorite website or app for discovering new podcasts? If so, what is it?
• What is your favorite website or app for finding and booking local services, such as haircuts or massages?
• Do you have a favorite website or app for finding and booking travel accommodations? If so, what is it?
• What is your favorite website or app for online banking?
• Do you have a favorite website or app for finding and booking flights? If so, what is it?
• What is your favorite website or app for finding and booking rental cars?
• Do you have a favorite website or app for managing your finances or investments? If so, what is it?
• What is your favorite website or app for job searching and career development?
• Do you have a favorite website or app for learning about new technology or gadgets? If so, what is it?
• What is your favorite website or app for discovering new podcasts? If so, what is it?
• Do you have a favorite website or app for discovering and booking local events, such as concerts or festivals? If so, what is it?
• What is your favorite website or app for finding and booking fitness classes or workouts?
• Do you have a favorite website or app for finding and booking beauty services, such as manicures or facials? If so, what is it?
• What is your favorite website or app for staying up-to-date on pop culture?
• Do you have a favorite website or app for finding and booking outdoor activities, such as hiking or kayaking? If so, what is it?
• What is your favorite website or app for learning about mental health and wellness?
• Do you have a favorite website or app for finding and booking volunteer opportunities? If so, what is it?
• What is your favorite website or app for discovering and booking travel experiences, such as tours or cultural activities?
• Do you have a favorite website or app for finding and booking pet services, such as dog walking or pet grooming? If so, what is it?
• What is your favorite website or app for finding and booking home services, such as cleaning or repairs?
• Do you have a favorite website or app for finding and booking outdoor adventure experiences
• The importance of effective communication in fostering good relationships
• The benefits and challenges of setting and maintaining healthy boundaries in relationships
• The role of trust and honesty in fostering good relationships
• The impact of emotional intelligence on fostering good relationships
• The benefits and challenges of active listening and empathy in relationships
• The importance of mutual respect and understanding in fostering good relationships
• The role of shared values and interests in fostering good relationships
• The impact of past experiences and traumas on fostering good relationships
• The benefits and challenges of overcoming conflicts and resolving disputes in relationships
• The importance of maintaining individual autonomy and independence in relationships
• The role of compromise and negotiation in fostering good relationships
• The impact of effective time management and prioritization on fostering good relationships
• The benefits and challenges of managing expectations and setting realistic goals in relationships
• The importance of forgiveness and letting go in fostering good relationships
• The role of self-awareness and self-reflection in fostering good relationships
• The impact of social and cultural norms on fostering good relationships
• The benefits and challenges of actively expressing gratitude and appreciation in relationships
• The importance of physical and emotional intimacy in fostering good relationships
• The role of transparency and open-mindedness in fostering good relationships
• The impact of personal growth and development on fostering good relationships
• The benefits and challenges of fostering good relationships with in-laws and extended family members
• The importance of supporting and encouraging personal growth and success in relationships
• The role of compromise and compromise in fostering good relationships
• The impact of technology and social media on fostering good relationships
• The benefits and challenges of promoting honesty, vulnerability, and authenticity in fostering good relationships.
• The funniest movies and TV shows of all time
• The most ridiculous fashion trends in history
• The funniest jokes and puns you’ve ever heard
• The most embarrassing moments you’ve experienced
• The funniest pranks you’ve played or seen
• The most ridiculous celebrity gossip and rumors
• The funniest accents and impressions you can do
• The most ridiculous names you’ve heard
• The funniest autocorrect and typo fails
• The most bizarre conspiracy theories you’ve heard
• The most ridiculous superstitions and beliefs
• The funniest quotes from comedians and celebrities
• The most embarrassing personal habits you’ve noticed in others
• The funniest animals and their antics
• The most ridiculous trends and fads from your childhood
• The funniest bloopers and outtakes from movies and TV shows
• The most absurd laws and regulations you’ve heard of
• The funniest jokes about different countries and cultures
• The most ridiculous tech fails and glitches
• The funniest nicknames and pet names you’ve heard
• The most absurd celebrity interviews and appearances
• The funniest parodies and mock commercials
• The most ridiculous new year’s resolutions you’ve heard
• The funniest pick-up lines and one-liners you’ve heard.
• The most absurd internet challenges and trends
• The funniest celebrity impressions and parodies
• The most ridiculous product inventions and infomercials
• The funniest jokes about different professions
• The most absurd news headlines and articles
• The funniest jokes about different languages and accents
• The most ridiculous tourist attractions and roadside attractions
• The funniest jokes about different cultures and customs
• The most absurd fashion and beauty trends and products
• The funniest jokes about different types of food
• The most ridiculous wedding and baby shower trends
• The funniest jokes about different types of sports
• The most absurd reality TV shows and competitions
• The funniest jokes about different types of hobbies and interests
• The most ridiculous historical events and figures
• The funniest jokes about different types of music and musicians
• The most absurd TV and movie spin-off shows and sequels
• The funniest jokes about different types of relationships and dating
• The most ridiculous beauty and grooming products and rituals
• The funniest jokes about different types of transportation
• The most absurd urban legends and ghost stories
• The funniest jokes about different types of weather and natural disasters
• The most ridiculous fashion and beauty mishaps and fails
• The funniest jokes about different types of pets and animals
• The most absurd holiday and seasonal traditions and customs
• The funniest jokes about different types of technology and gadgets
• The most ridiculous business and marketing strategies and campaigns
• The funniest jokes about different types of health and wellness practices
• The most absurd historical and scientific discoveries and theories
• The funniest jokes about different types of entertainment and media
• The most ridiculous personal and lifestyle trends and fads
• The funniest jokes about different types of fashion and beauty
• The most absurd political and social movements and issues
• The funniest jokes about different types of art and creativity
• The most ridiculous environmental and sustainability efforts and causes
• The funniest jokes about different types of travel and tourism
• The funniest jokes about different types of education and learning
• The most ridiculous personal and social norms and expectations
• The funniest jokes about different types of work and careers
• The most absurd philosophical and spiritual beliefs and practices
• The funniest jokes about different types of history and heritage
• The most ridiculous conspiracy theories and mysteries
• The funniest jokes about different types of food and drink
• The most absurd personal and social quirks and idiosyncrasies
• The funniest jokes about different types of nature and the outdoors
• The most ridiculous personal and social insecurities and anxieties

Health and fitness

• The impact of technology and innovation on health and fitness practices
• The importance of a balanced diet and nutrition for overall health and well-being
• The benefits and challenges of incorporating physical activity into a busy lifestyle
• The role of genetics and family history in health and fitness
• The impact of stress and mental health on physical health and well-being
• The benefits and challenges of mindfulness and meditation in promoting health and fitness
• The importance of sleep for overall health and fitness
• The role of community and social support in health and fitness practices
• The impact of technology and screen time on physical and mental health
• The benefits and challenges of outdoor and environmental fitness
• The importance of injury prevention and recovery in fitness and physical activity
• The role of fitness and physical activity in managing and preventing chronic conditions
• The impact of cultural and societal influences on health and fitness practices and beliefs
• The benefits and challenges of strength training and weightlifting for health and fitness
• The importance of individualized and customized fitness plans for personal health goals
• The role of health and fitness in personal and professional development
• The impact of climate change and the environment on health and fitness
• The benefits and challenges of group fitness classes and training programs
• The importance of mental health and body image in overall health and fitness
• The role of health and fitness in disease prevention and management
• The impact of food culture and food industry on health and fitness
• The benefits and challenges of performance-enhancing drugs and supplements in fitness
• The importance of hydration and fluid intake for health and fitness
• The role of health and fitness in promoting overall happiness and well-being
• The impact of international travel and relocation on health and fitness practices and habits.

High school students (age related)

• The impact of social media on society
• The importance of diversity and inclusion
• The benefits of college education
• The role of technology in shaping the future
• The impact of climate change
• The importance of self-care and mental health
• The benefits of volunteering and community service
• The role of critical thinking in problem solving
• The impact of politics on society
• The importance of good time management
• The role of teamwork in achieving success
• The impact of fake news and misinformation
• The importance of healthy relationships
• The benefits of effective communication skills
• The role of leadership in community development
• The impact of social media on self-esteem
• The importance of goal setting and personal development
• The role of creativity and innovation in problem solving
• The importance of stress management
• The benefits of financial literacy and budgeting
• The role of self-reflection in personal growth
• The impact of technology on work-life balance
• The importance of a healthy work-life balance
• The benefits of civic engagement and community involvement
• The role of perseverance in achieving success
• The impact of the media on body image
• The importance of a positive self-image
• The benefits of community service and volunteerism
• The impact of social media on privacy
• The importance of self-expression and creativity
• The role of positive thinking in personal development
• The impact of technology on the environment
• The importance of mental and emotional intelligence
• The benefits of physical and mental well-being
• The importance of setting and achieving personal goals
• The benefits of continuous learning and self-improvement
• The role of diversity and cultural understanding in a global society
• The importance of strong personal relationships
• The benefits of taking risks and stepping outside of one’s comfort zone
• The role of accountability in personal development
• The impact of the internet on privacy and security
• The importance of maintaining a healthy work-life balance.
• What is your favorite historical era and why?
• Can we learn from history and prevent past mistakes?
• How has history been taught and remembered differently in different cultures and countries?
• Should history be rewritten to correct past inaccuracies and injustices?
• How has technology changed the way we study and understand history?
• How has historical fiction influenced our understanding of history?
• Can historical events and figures be seen in shades of gray rather than black and white?
• How has globalization impacted the study and understanding of history?
• Should controversial historical figures and events be celebrated or condemned?
• What role does propaganda play in shaping our understanding of historical events?
• How has imperialism impacted the world’s history and current state of affairs?
• Can history be used to predict the future?
• What is the importance of preserving historical artifacts and landmarks?
• How has the interpretation of history changed over time?
• What can we learn from the study of history that can be applied to the present day?
• How have historical events impacted social and cultural movements?
• Should history be used to justify present-day actions and policies?
• Can history be a source of inspiration?
• How has the history of colonization impacted indigenous cultures and communities?
• Should the study of history be mandatory in schools?
• How has historical revisionism impacted our understanding of events and figures?
• Can history be used to challenge present-day prejudices and biases?
• How have gender and race influenced our understanding of history?
• Should history be taught in a more objective or subjective manner?
• How have historical events influenced art, literature, and culture?
• How has the study of history impacted scientific and technological advancements?
• How have historical events shaped the current political landscape?
• Should history be taught in a global or regional context?
• How have wars and conflicts impacted the world’s history and current state of affairs?
• Can we learn from the mistakes of past leaders and societies?
• How have historical events impacted international relations and diplomacy?
• Should historical figures who committed atrocities be remembered and celebrated?
• How has the study of history impacted our understanding of human nature?
• Can we ever truly understand the motives and actions of historical figures?
• How has the study of history influenced our understanding of religion and spirituality?
• Should history be used to inspire activism and social change?
• How have historical events impacted the natural environment and conservation efforts?
• Can we learn from the successes and achievements of historical figures?
• How has the study of history influenced our understanding of economics and trade?
• Should history be used to inform policy decisions?
• How has the history of medicine and healthcare impacted our current understanding and practices?
• How have historical events shaped our understanding and treatment of mental health?
• Can we learn from the mistakes of past civilizations and prevent their downfall?
• How has the history of education impacted current systems and practices?
• Should we prioritize the study of global or national histories?
• How have historical events impacted human migration and displacement?
• Can we learn from the successes and failures of past social movements?
• How has the history of science and technology impacted our current understanding and practices?
• Should historical events and figures be judged by present-day standards and values?
• How has the study of history impacted our understanding and treatment of human rights and social justice?
• Artificial intelligence and its impact on society
• Climate change and global warming
• The future of space exploration
• The effects of social media on human interaction
• The history and evolution of the internet
• Ethical issues in biotechnology
• Alternative energy sources
• The impact of technology on job market
• Privacy concerns in the digital age
• The role of government in education
• The importance of mental health
• The role of media in shaping public opinion
• The impact of the gig economy
• The history of civil rights movements
• The impact of globalization on local cultures
• The effects of income inequality
• The role of technology in healthcare
• The future of transportation
• The influence of advertising on consumer behavior
• The impact of COVID-19 on the global economy
• The role of social media in politics
• The history and future of virtual reality
• The effects of climate change on wildlife
• The ethics of animal testing
• The impact of automation on employment
• The history of the feminist movement
• The effects of economic sanctions
• The role of technology in agriculture
• The influence of peer pressure on young people
• The impact of the music industry on society
• The history and future of renewable energy
• The ethics of genetic engineering
• The impact of the digital divide on society
• The role of technology in urbanization
• The effects of fast fashion on the environment
• The history and future of cybersecurity
• The impact of political correctness on free speech
• The role of social media in activism
• The influence of artificial intelligence on human creativity
• The impact of economic globalization on local businesses
• The ethics of drones and autonomous weapons
• The history and future of space tourism
• The effects of online education on traditional education
• The role of technology in disaster response and recovery
• The influence of technology on interpersonal communication
• The impact of gentrification on urban communities
• The ethics of surveillance in a digital age
• The history and future of renewable energy storage
• The effects of income tax policies on the economy
• The role of technology in solving global problems.
• The impact of technology on society and daily life
• The changing landscape of education and its effects on students and society
• The pros and cons of social media and its impact on communication and relationships
• The ethics and moral implications of new advancements in science and technology
• The role of government and politics in shaping society and individual freedoms
• Environmental concerns and sustainability efforts in the face of global climate change
• The meaning and purpose of life and personal fulfillment
• The effects of globalization and cultural exchange on society and identity
• Mental health and wellness in the modern world
• The impact of media and pop culture on attitudes and beliefs.

Kindergarden group discussion topics (age related)

• The importance of sharing and taking turns
• My favorite animals and why
• The colors of the rainbow and how to mix them
• My favorite foods and why
• My family and where I live
• The different seasons and what I like about each
• My favorite toys and games
• My favorite shapes and how to draw them
• The different types of weather and how it affects us
• My favorite books and stories
• The importance of being polite and using kind words
• My favorite numbers and how to count
• The different types of transportation and how they work
• My favorite fruits and vegetables and why they are good for us
• My favorite things to do outside
• My favorite songs and why
• The importance of following rules and staying safe
• My favorite animals and their habitats
• My favorite art materials and how to use them
• The different types of buildings and their functions
• My favorite TV shows and movies
• The importance of being active and moving our bodies
• My favorite holidays and celebrations
• The different types of plants and how they grow
• The importance of good hygiene and keeping our bodies clean.
• The role of math in everyday life and real-world applications
• The challenges and benefits of learning and understanding higher-level math concepts
• The impact of technology on the teaching and learning of math
• The history and evolution of mathematical concepts and theories
• The use of real-world problems and examples to enhance understanding of math
• The importance of critical thinking and problem solving skills in mathematics
• The role of math in fields such as science, engineering, finance, and economics
• The benefits and limitations of using calculators and other technology in math education
• The impact of cultural and societal attitudes on the perception and study of math
• The relationship between math and creativity, including the use of visual and imaginative thinking in solving mathematical problems
• The use of manipulatives and hands-on learning in math education
• The role of group work and collaboration in enhancing understanding of math concepts
• The impact of individual learning styles and preferences on the study and understanding of math
• The benefits and challenges of teaching and learning math in a multilingual and multicultural classroom
• The role of failure and persistence in enhancing math skills and understanding
• The impact of math on society and advancements in areas such as medicine, transportation, and space exploration
• The relationship between math and art, including the use of mathematical principles in artistic expression
• The benefits of learning and using multiple methods and strategies in solving mathematical problems
• The role of assessment and feedback in improving math skills and understanding
• The impact of incorporating real-world data and statistics in math education
• The importance of understanding the connections between math concepts and their applications
• The role of prior knowledge and experiences in shaping math skills and understanding
• The impact of parental and community involvement in math education and success
• The benefits and challenges of integrating technology and digital resources in math education
• The importance of ongoing professional development for math teachers to enhance their teaching practices and student outcomes.
• Is music a universal language?
• How has music evolved over the years?
• Should music be considered an art form?
• Can music influence your mood?
• Is there a particular genre of music that you prefer?
• How important is music in your life?
• Is it possible for music to bring people together?
• What role does music play in society?
• Is it necessary to have a good voice to be a successful musician?
• Is music becoming too commercialized?
• Can music be used as a form of therapy?
• Is the music industry too focused on looks and image?
• Is it necessary for musicians to write their own songs?
• Should music be taught in schools?
• Is autotune ruining music?
• Can music be used as a political tool?
• Is the music industry inclusive enough?
• Is it ethical to use samples in music?
• Is streaming killing the music industry?
• Should musicians be role models?
• Is it important for a musician to be able to play an instrument?
• Is classical music relevant in today’s world?
• Should music be free?
• Does music have a positive impact on mental health?
• Should music be censored?
• Is music becoming too explicit?
• Is it necessary for a musician to have a gimmick?
• Is music becoming too formulaic?
• Can music be used to bring about social change?
• Is it important for a musician to have formal training?
• Is the Grammys the ultimate recognition of a musician’s talent?
• Is it necessary for musicians to tour?
• Is music becoming too digitized?
• Is it necessary for a musician to have a good stage presence?
• Can music be considered a form of self-expression?
• Is it necessary for a musician to have a unique sound?
• Should music videos be considered an art form?
• Can music be used to promote peace?
• Should musicians collaborate with artists from other genres?
• Is it necessary for musicians to have a manager?
• Is the music industry sexist?
• Is it necessary for a musician to be a good performer?
• Should musicians be involved in politics?
• Is it necessary for musicians to be good songwriters?
• Is it ethical for musicians to sell merchandise at their concerts?
• Is it necessary for a musician to have a distinct look?
• Should music critics be taken seriously?
• Can music be used to bridge cultural divides?
• Is it necessary for a musician to be able to read sheet music?
• Should musicians be paid more for their work?
• Is music becoming too repetitive?
• Should musicians be judged on their personal lives?
• Is it necessary for a musician to have a message in their music?
• Is it necessary for a musician to have a good personality?
• Should musicians be involved in charity work?
• Is it necessary for a musician to have a strong social media presence?
• Should music be used in advertising?
• Is music becoming too focused on technology?
• Should music festivals have more diverse lineups?
• Is it necessary for a musician to have a brand?
• Should musicians have a say in how their music is used?
• Can music be used to raise awareness about social issues?
• Is it necessary for a musician to have a certain image?
• Should musicians be involved in fashion?
• Is music becoming too political?
• Should musicians have more control over their music?
• The importance of hand washing in promoting personal hygiene
• The benefits and challenges of maintaining a regular grooming routine
• The role of dental hygiene in overall health and well-being
• The impact of diet and nutrition on personal hygiene
• The benefits and challenges of maintaining personal hygiene while traveling
• The importance of showering and bathing in promoting personal hygiene
• The role of hygiene in preventing the spread of illnesses and diseases
• The impact of personal hygiene on social and professional interactions
• The benefits and challenges of maintaining personal hygiene in communal living spaces
• The importance of regular grooming of hair and nails in promoting personal hygiene
• The role of personal hygiene in preventing body odor and bad breath
• The impact of personal hygiene on self-esteem and confidence
• The benefits and challenges of promoting personal hygiene for children and teenagers
• The importance of personal hygiene in promoting mental and emotional well-being
• The role of hygiene in preventing skin irritation and infections
• The impact of environmental factors on personal hygiene
• The benefits and challenges of promoting personal hygiene for individuals with disabilities
• The importance of personal hygiene in promoting a healthy and clean living environment
• The impact of hygiene habits on the longevity and health of personal items, such as clothing and bedding
• The benefits and challenges of promoting personal hygiene in public spaces
• The importance of personal hygiene in promoting a positive body image
• The role of hygiene in maintaining a healthy vaginal and genital area for women
• The impact of hygiene on overall hygiene and hygiene on the environment
• The benefits and challenges of promoting personal hygiene for individuals with limited resources and access to personal care products.
• The impact of scientific advancements on society and daily life
• The ethics and morality of scientific research and experimentation
• The role of science in understanding and solving global problems such as climate change and disease
• The history and evolution of scientific theories and discoveries
• The importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in scientific research
• The role of technology and innovation in advancing scientific understanding
• The benefits and challenges of science education and outreach to the public
• The relationship between science and religion, and the perception of science in different cultures
• The role of experimentation and observation in scientific inquiry
• The impact of funding and resources on scientific research and discovery
• The importance of critical thinking and skepticism in evaluating scientific claims
• The benefits and limitations of computer modeling and simulation in scientific research
• The role of science in shaping public policy and decision-making
• The impact of science on industry and commerce, including the development of new products and technologies
• The role of diversity and representation in science and scientific research
• The relationship between science and art, including the use of scientific principles in artistic expression
• The importance of communication and presentation skills in sharing and promoting scientific discoveries
• The impact of science on global health and medicine, including the development of new treatments and vaccines
• The role of science in exploring and understanding the natural world, including astronomy and geology
• The benefits of cross-cultural exchange and collaboration in scientific research
• The impact of science on energy and the environment, including alternative and sustainable energy sources
• The role of science in understanding and exploring the human mind and behavior
• The importance of science literacy and understanding among the general public
• The impact of science on communication and information technology, including the development of the internet
• The role of science in advancing our understanding of the universe and the origins of life.
• The importance of effective communication in solving disputes
• The benefits and challenges of using active listening and empathy in dispute resolution
• The role of compromise and negotiation in solving disputes
• The impact of emotions and biases on the resolution of disputes
• The benefits and challenges of using mediation and alternative dispute resolution methods
• The importance of understanding the root causes of disputes in finding a resolution
• The role of power dynamics and fairness in solving disputes
• The impact of cultural and social norms on resolving disputes
• The benefits and challenges of using humor and levity in resolving disputes
• The importance of identifying and managing expectations in solving disputes
• The role of trust and transparency in solving disputes
• The impact of past experiences and traumas on resolving disputes
• The benefits and challenges of using data and facts in solving disputes
• The importance of considering multiple perspectives in resolving disputes
• The role of laws, regulations, and policies in resolving disputes
• The impact of online and digital communication in resolving disputes
• The benefits and challenges of seeking outside help and support in resolving disputes
• The importance of taking responsibility and accountability in resolving disputes
• The role of forgiveness and letting go in resolving disputes
• The impact of personal beliefs and values on resolving disputes
• The benefits and challenges of using positive reinforcement in resolving disputes
• The importance of maintaining relationships and avoiding retaliation after resolving disputes
• The role of patience and persistence in resolving disputes
• The impact of personal growth and development on resolving disputes
• The benefits and challenges of promoting long-term solutions and preventative measures in resolving disputes.
• The impact of technology on traditional education methods and the classroom experience
• The effects of standardized testing and high-stakes exams on student learning and motivation
• The impact of budget cuts and decreased funding on the quality of education
• The role of educators and schools in promoting diversity, inclusivity, and social justice
• The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the education system and students’ learning experiences
• The impact of the achievement gap and educational inequities on student outcomes and opportunities
• The role of parents and families in supporting and participating in their children’s education
• The effects of the increasing cost of higher education on student debt and access to opportunities
• The impact of the growing emphasis on STEM education and the devaluation of the arts and humanities
• The role of schools and educators in addressing and preventing bullying and harassment
• The effects of the political climate and political debates on the education system and curriculum
• The impact of the use of big data and personalization in education on student privacy and autonomy
• The role of schools and educators in fostering critical thinking, creativity, and independent learning
• The effects of the growing use of technology in education on student attention spans and focus
• The impact of the growing push for vocational and trade schools on traditional four-year colleges and universities
• The role of schools and educators in promoting mental health and wellness in students
• The effects of the achievement gap and education disparities on the workforce and economic opportunities
• The impact of the changing job market and workforce demands on the education system and curriculum
• The role of schools and educators in promoting and supporting student engagement and activism
• The effects of the growing emphasis on high-stakes testing and data-driven decision making on teaching quality and creativity
• The impact of the use of standardized assessments and national standards on local control and autonomy of schools
• The role of schools and educators in addressing the digital divide and unequal access to technology
• The effects of the growing use of online resources and digital materials on the preservation of traditional knowledge and skills
• The impact of the changing political climate and immigration policies on access to education for all students.
• The effects of social media on self-esteem and body image
• The role of social media in promoting and suppressing diversity and inclusivity
• The effects of social media on our political beliefs and activism
• The impact of social media on privacy and personal data security
• The role of social media in promoting and suppressing mental health and wellness
• The effects of social media on the traditional news media and journalism
• The impact of social media on our ability to focus and concentrate
• The role of social media in fostering online communities and support groups
• The effects of social media on our understanding of the world and current events
• The role of social media in promoting and suppressing entrepreneurship and innovation
• The effects of social media on our attention spans and memory retention
• The impact of social media on the entertainment industry and the distribution of creative content
• The role of social media in promoting and suppressing freedom of speech and censorship
• The effects of social media on the education system and traditional learning methods
• The impact of social media on advertising and consumer behavior
• The role of social media in promoting and suppressing political discourse and activism
• The effects of social media on our ability to form and maintain romantic relationships
• The impact of social media on the healthcare industry and access to medical information
• The role of social media in promoting and suppressing environmental sustainability and eco-consciousness
• The effects of social media on our sense of humor and comedic taste
• The impact of social media on the criminal justice system and law enforcement
• The role of social media in promoting and suppressing democracy and human rights.
• The impact of technology on our ability to communicate and form real-life relationships
• The role of technology in promoting and suppressing privacy and personal data security
• The effects of technology on mental health and well-being
• The role of technology in promoting and suppressing freedom of speech and censorship
• The impact of technology on the entertainment industry and the distribution of creative content
• The effects of technology on our physical health and fitness
• The impact of technology on the economy and job market
• The role of technology in promoting and suppressing environmental sustainability and eco-consciousness
• The effects of technology on our political beliefs and activism
• The impact of technology on the healthcare industry and access to medical information
• The role of technology in promoting and suppressing diversity and inclusivity
• The effects of technology on self-esteem and body image
• The impact of technology on advertising and consumer behavior
• The role of technology in promoting and suppressing democracy and human rights
• The effects of technology on the traditional news media and journalism
• The impact of technology on our understanding of the world and current events
• The role of technology in promoting and suppressing mental health and wellness
• The effects of technology on our ability to form and maintain romantic relationships
• The impact of technology on the criminal justice system and law enforcement
• The role of technology in fostering online communities and support groups
• The effects of technology on our sense of humor and comedic taste.

Thoughts on the internet

• The impact of social media on society and relationships
• The role of the internet in shaping political discourse and activism
• The effects of internet addiction and technology overuse on mental health
• The role of the internet in spreading false information and misinformation
• The impact of e-commerce and online shopping on brick and mortar businesses
• The use of the internet for privacy invasion and government surveillance
• The impact of the internet on traditional forms of media, such as newspapers and television
• The effects of the internet on employment and job opportunities
• The impact of the internet on relationships and dating
• The use of the internet for cybercrime and hacking
• The impact of the internet on cultural exchange and global interconnectedness
• The effects of the internet on language and communication
• The role of the internet in promoting and suppressing diversity and inclusivity
• The impact of the internet on the economy and job market
• The use of the internet for virtual reality and augmented reality experiences
• The role of the internet in promoting and suppressing entrepreneurship and innovation
• The impact of the internet on healthcare and access to medical information
• The effects of the internet on environmental sustainability and eco-consciousness
• The role of the internet in promoting and suppressing democracy and human rights
• The impact of the internet on the entertainment industry and the distribution of creative content
• The use of the internet for telemedicine and remote healthcare services
• The role of the internet in the future of work and the impact on job security.
• The impact of technology on personal well-being
• The importance of self-care and self-compassion in promoting well-being
• The benefits and challenges of mindfulness and meditation practices
• The role of social connections and community in promoting well-being
• The impact of stress and anxiety on personal well-being
• The benefits and challenges of exercise and physical activity for well-being
• The importance of sleep for overall well-being
• The role of nature and the environment in promoting well-being
• The impact of work-life balance on personal well-being
• The benefits and challenges of spiritual practices and beliefs for well-being
• The importance of relationships and communication skills in promoting well-being
• The role of creative expression in promoting well-being
• The impact of financial stability and financial planning on personal well-being
• The benefits and challenges of volunteering and giving back for well-being
• The importance of play and leisure activities for overall well-being
• The role of personal values and purpose in promoting well-being
• The impact of cultural and societal norms on personal well-being
• The benefits and challenges of therapy and mental health support for well-being
• The importance of self-reflection and personal growth for overall well-being
• The role of humor and laughter in promoting well-being
• The impact of travel and new experiences on personal well-being
• The benefits and challenges of community involvement and activism for well-being
• The importance of healthy boundaries and personal space for overall well-being
• The role of gratitude and positive thinking in promoting well-being
• The impact of media consumption and social media on personal well-being.
• Would you rather have a superpower that allows you to read minds or one that allows you to become invisible?
• Would you rather have a guaranteed job offer after graduation or have the opportunity to travel for a year before starting your career?
• Would you rather have a job where you work with your hands or one where you work with your mind?
• Would you rather have a job where you work independently or one where you work closely with others?
• Would you rather have a job that is physically demanding or one that is mentally demanding?
• Would you rather have a job with a lot of responsibility or one where you have less responsibility?
• Would you rather have a job that allows you to be creative or one that is more structured?
• Would you rather have a job with a set schedule or one that is flexible?
• Would you rather have a job that is fast-paced or one that is more relaxed?
• Would you rather work in an environment that is quiet or one that is more lively and social?
• Would you rather have a job where you have to learn new things constantly or one that is more routine?
• Would you rather work for a small company or a large corporation?
• Would you rather have a job with a set salary or one where you get paid based on performance?
• Would you rather have a job where you can work from home or one where you have to go into the office?
• Would you rather have a job that involves a lot of travel or one where you can stay close to home?
• Would you rather work in a job that allows you to help others or one that primarily benefits yourself?
• Would you rather have a job where you work outdoors or one where you are indoors all day?
• Would you rather have a job where you have to use your creativity or one where you have to use your analytical skills?
• Would you rather work in a job that involves a lot of public speaking or one where you can avoid it?
• Would you rather have a job that involves a lot of physical activity or one where you can sit at a desk?
• Would you rather work in a job that allows you to dress casually or one where you have to dress professionally?
• Would you rather have a job where you work with children or one where you work with adults?
• Would you rather work in a job that involves a lot of math or one where you don’t have to use math?
• Would you rather have a job that is challenging but rewarding or one that is easy but less fulfilling?
• Would you rather work in a job where you have a lot of autonomy or one where you have to follow strict guidelines?
• Would you rather have a job that involves a lot of creativity or one that is more analytical?
• Would you rather have a job where you have a lot of interactions with people or one where you work more independently?
• Would you rather have a job where you work during traditional business hours or one where you work during non-traditional hours?
• Would you rather work in a job where you have to make a lot of decisions or one where you don’t have to make many decisions?
• Would you rather work in a job where you have a set schedule or one where the schedule is more flexible?
• Would you rather have a job where you get to work with animals or one where you don’t?
• Would you rather work in a job where you have a lot of physical contact with others or one where you have less physical contact?
• Would you rather travel to the past or the future?
• Would you rather live without internet or live without air conditioning/heating?
• Would you rather be a superhero or a villain?
• Would you rather have a pet dragon or a pet unicorn?
• Would you rather have the power to read minds or the power to teleport?
• Would you rather always be 10 minutes late or always be 20 minutes early?
• Would you rather have a photographic memory or have the ability to forget anything you want?
• Would you rather be a famous musician or a famous actor/actress?
• Would you rather live in a world without music or a world without movies?
• Would you rather have a personal chef or a personal assistant?
• Would you rather have the ability to speak any language fluently or be a master of every musical instrument?
• Would you rather have the power of super strength or the power of telekinesis?
• Would you rather have a personal chauffeur or a personal trainer?
• Would you rather have the ability to talk to animals or the ability to speak any human language fluently?
• Would you rather be a professional athlete or a successful business owner?
• Would you rather live in a world where everyone can read minds or a world where everyone can fly?
• Would you rather always have to speak in rhyme or always have to sing everything you say?
• Would you rather have the ability to breathe underwater or the ability to fly underwater?
• Would you rather be a character in a romantic comedy or a horror movie?
• Would you rather live in a world where it never stops raining or a world where it never stops snowing?
• Would you rather have a job that pays well but you hate, or a job that pays poorly but you love?
• Would you rather be able to time travel but never come back to the present or be stuck in the present forever?
• Would you rather have the power to heal any illness or have the power to bring the dead back to life?
• Would you rather have the power to control the weather or have the power to control time?
• Would you rather be able to speak every language in the world or be able to communicate with animals?
• Would you rather be able to teleport anywhere in the world or be able to create any object with your mind?
• Would you rather have the power to fly or have the power to become invisible?
• Would you rather be able to travel to any fictional world or be able to bring fictional characters to life?
• Would you rather live in a world with no technology or a world with no nature?
• Would you rather be able to breathe fire or be able to breathe ice?
• Would you rather be a famous author or a famous painter?
• Would you rather have the ability to turn invisible or have the ability to walk through walls?
• Would you rather be able to communicate with the dead or have the ability to see the future?
• Would you rather be able to transform into any animal or have the power to control any animal’s mind?
• Would you rather have a photographic memory or be able to instantly learn anything?
• Would you rather be able to talk to plants or be able to talk to machines?
• Would you rather be a famous scientist or a famous musician?
• Would you rather be able to travel to any point in history or be able to travel to any point in the future?
• Would you rather have the ability to breathe underwater or have the ability to swim as fast as a dolphin?
• Would you rather be able to understand and speak all languages or be able to read minds?
• Would you rather be able to move objects with your mind or have the power of super speed?
• Would you rather be able to create illusions or have the ability to shape shift?
• Would you rather be able to control fire or control water?
• Would you rather have a flying car or a submarine car?
• Would you rather be able to see in the dark or have night vision?
• Would you rather be a famous athlete or a famous chef?
• Would you rather be able to control the internet or control the media?
• Would you rather live in a world with no books or a world with no movies?
• The impact of social media on modern communication
• The importance of mental health awareness
• The benefits and drawbacks of remote work
• The ethics of genetic engineering and gene editing
• The future of renewable energy
• The impact of technology on personal relationships
• The influence of pop culture on society
• The rise of entrepreneurship and the gig economy
• The effect of music on mental health
• The challenges and benefits of multiculturalism
• The impact of climate change on the world
• The ethics of artificial intelligence
• The benefits and drawbacks of virtual reality
• The future of healthcare technology
• The impact of immigration on society
• The role of religion in modern society
• The effect of the internet on democracy
• The ethics of space exploration
• The future of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology
• The impact of video games on mental health
• The benefits and drawbacks of social welfare programs
• The role of the media in shaping public opinion
• The impact of aging populations on society
• The ethics of genetically modified foods
• The future of artificial organs and transplants
• The influence of fashion on culture
• The role of the family in modern society
• The impact of automation on the job market
• The benefits and drawbacks of a cashless society
• The future of augmented reality
• The ethics of human cloning
• The influence of celebrities on society
• The role of sports in society
• The impact of poverty on education
• The benefits and drawbacks of nuclear power
• The future of self-driving cars
• The ethics of assisted suicide and euthanasia
• The impact of urbanization on the environment
• The influence of social class on opportunities
• The role of government in shaping society
• The impact of income inequality on society
• The benefits and drawbacks of renewable energy subsidies
• The future of 3D printing
• The ethics of animal rights and animal welfare
• The influence of social norms on behavior
• The role of community service in society
• The impact of cyberbullying on mental health
• The benefits and drawbacks of universal basic income
• The future of smart homes and the internet of things
• The ethics of censorship and free speech
• The influence of the beauty industry on self-esteem
• The role of volunteerism in society
• The impact of natural disasters on communities
• The benefits and drawbacks of gun control
• The future of space tourism
• The ethics of organ donation
• The influence of technology on physical fitness
• The role of charity in society
• The impact of sexual harassment on mental health
• The benefits and drawbacks of mandatory voting
• The future of sustainable agriculture
• The ethics of privacy in the age of social media
• The influence of stereotypes on behavior
• The role of philanthropy in society
• The impact of substance abuse on society
• The benefits and drawbacks of open borders
• The future of space colonization
• The ethics of embryonic stem cell research
• The influence of peer pressure on decision-making
• The role of activism in society
• The impact of human trafficking on communities
• The benefits and drawbacks of mandatory military service
• The ethics of animal captivity in zoos and aquariums
• The influence of gender roles on society
• The role of social support networks in mental health
• The impact of addiction on families
• The benefits and drawbacks of free college education
• The future of renewable materials and sustainable fashion
• The ethics of surrogacy and reproductive technology
• The influence of cultural appropriation on society
• The role of forgiveness in healing relationships
• The impact of cyberstalking and online harassment
• The benefits and drawbacks of renewable energy storage solutions
• The future of space debris management
• The ethics of animal research and testing
• The influence of beauty standards on body image
• The role of mindfulness and meditation in mental health
• The impact of homelessness on communities
• The benefits and drawbacks of mandatory vaccination policies
• The future of smart cities and urban planning
• The ethics of biohacking and DIY biology
• The influence of language on culture and identity.

This article was originally written August 2022, and was updated July 2023 to be even more helpful.

Colin is a Content Marketer at Thinkific, writing about everything from online entrepreneurship & course creation to digital marketing strategy.

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41+ Critical Thinking Examples (Definition + Practices)

Critical thinking is an essential skill in our information-overloaded world, where figuring out what is fact and fiction has become increasingly challenging.

But why is critical thinking essential? Put, critical thinking empowers us to make better decisions, challenge and validate our beliefs and assumptions, and understand and interact with the world more effectively and meaningfully.

Critical thinking is like using your brain's "superpowers" to make smart choices. Whether it's picking the right insurance, deciding what to do in a job, or discussing topics in school, thinking deeply helps a lot. In the next parts, we'll share real-life examples of when this superpower comes in handy and give you some fun exercises to practice it.

Critical Thinking Process Outline

Critical thinking means thinking clearly and fairly without letting personal feelings get in the way. It's like being a detective, trying to solve a mystery by using clues and thinking hard about them.

It isn't always easy to think critically, as it can take a pretty smart person to see some of the questions that aren't being answered in a certain situation. But, we can train our brains to think more like puzzle solvers, which can help develop our critical thinking skills.

Here's what it looks like step by step:

Spotting the Problem: It's like discovering a puzzle to solve. You see that there's something you need to figure out or decide.

Collecting Clues: Now, you need to gather information. Maybe you read about it, watch a video, talk to people, or do some research. It's like getting all the pieces to solve your puzzle.

Breaking It Down: This is where you look at all your clues and try to see how they fit together. You're asking questions like: Why did this happen? What could happen next?

Checking Your Clues: You want to make sure your information is good. This means seeing if what you found out is true and if you can trust where it came from.

Making a Guess: After looking at all your clues, you think about what they mean and come up with an answer. This answer is like your best guess based on what you know.

Explaining Your Thoughts: Now, you tell others how you solved the puzzle. You explain how you thought about it and how you answered. 

Checking Your Work: This is like looking back and seeing if you missed anything. Did you make any mistakes? Did you let any personal feelings get in the way? This step helps make sure your thinking is clear and fair.

And remember, you might sometimes need to go back and redo some steps if you discover something new. If you realize you missed an important clue, you might have to go back and collect more information.

Critical Thinking Methods

Just like doing push-ups or running helps our bodies get stronger, there are special exercises that help our brains think better. These brain workouts push us to think harder, look at things closely, and ask many questions.

It's not always about finding the "right" answer. Instead, it's about the journey of thinking and asking "why" or "how." Doing these exercises often helps us become better thinkers and makes us curious to know more about the world.

Now, let's look at some brain workouts to help us think better:

1. "What If" Scenarios

Imagine crazy things happening, like, "What if there was no internet for a month? What would we do?" These games help us think of new and different ideas.

Pick a hot topic. Argue one side of it and then try arguing the opposite. This makes us see different viewpoints and think deeply about a topic.

3. Analyze Visual Data

Check out charts or pictures with lots of numbers and info but no explanations. What story are they telling? This helps us get better at understanding information just by looking at it.

4. Mind Mapping

Write an idea in the center and then draw lines to related ideas. It's like making a map of your thoughts. This helps us see how everything is connected.

There's lots of mind-mapping software , but it's also nice to do this by hand.

5. Weekly Diary

Every week, write about what happened, the choices you made, and what you learned. Writing helps us think about our actions and how we can do better.

6. Evaluating Information Sources

Collect stories or articles about one topic from newspapers or blogs. Which ones are trustworthy? Which ones might be a little biased? This teaches us to be smart about where we get our info.

There are many resources to help you determine if information sources are factual or not.

7. Socratic Questioning

This way of thinking is called the Socrates Method, named after an old-time thinker from Greece. It's about asking lots of questions to understand a topic. You can do this by yourself or chat with a friend.

Start with a Big Question:

"What does 'success' mean?"

Dive Deeper with More Questions:

"Why do you think of success that way?" "Do TV shows, friends, or family make you think that?" "Does everyone think about success the same way?"

"Can someone be a winner even if they aren't rich or famous?" "Can someone feel like they didn't succeed, even if everyone else thinks they did?"

Look for Real-life Examples:

"Who is someone you think is successful? Why?" "Was there a time you felt like a winner? What happened?"

Think About Other People's Views:

"How might a person from another country think about success?" "Does the idea of success change as we grow up or as our life changes?"

Think About What It Means:

"How does your idea of success shape what you want in life?" "Are there problems with only wanting to be rich or famous?"

Look Back and Think:

"After talking about this, did your idea of success change? How?" "Did you learn something new about what success means?"

8. Six Thinking Hats 

Edward de Bono came up with a cool way to solve problems by thinking in six different ways, like wearing different colored hats. You can do this independently, but it might be more effective in a group so everyone can have a different hat color. Each color has its way of thinking:

White Hat (Facts): Just the facts! Ask, "What do we know? What do we need to find out?"

Red Hat (Feelings): Talk about feelings. Ask, "How do I feel about this?"

Black Hat (Careful Thinking): Be cautious. Ask, "What could go wrong?"

Yellow Hat (Positive Thinking): Look on the bright side. Ask, "What's good about this?"

Green Hat (Creative Thinking): Think of new ideas. Ask, "What's another way to look at this?"

Blue Hat (Planning): Organize the talk. Ask, "What should we do next?"

When using this method with a group:

• Explain all the hats.
• Decide which hat to wear first.
• Make sure everyone switches hats at the same time.
• Finish with the Blue Hat to plan the next steps.

9. SWOT Analysis

SWOT Analysis is like a game plan for businesses to know where they stand and where they should go. "SWOT" stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.

There are a lot of SWOT templates out there for how to do this visually, but you can also think it through. It doesn't just apply to businesses but can be a good way to decide if a project you're working on is working.

Strengths: What's working well? Ask, "What are we good at?"

Weaknesses: Where can we do better? Ask, "Where can we improve?"

Opportunities: What good things might come our way? Ask, "What chances can we grab?"

Threats: What challenges might we face? Ask, "What might make things tough for us?"

Steps to do a SWOT Analysis:

• Goal: Decide what you want to find out.
• Research: Learn about your business and the world around it.
• Brainstorm: Get a group and think together. Talk about strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
• Pick the Most Important Points: Some things might be more urgent or important than others.
• Make a Plan: Decide what to do based on your SWOT list.
• Check Again Later: Things change, so look at your SWOT again after a while to update it.

Now that you have a few tools for thinking critically, let’s get into some specific examples.

Everyday Examples

Life is a series of decisions. From the moment we wake up, we're faced with choices – some trivial, like choosing a breakfast cereal, and some more significant, like buying a home or confronting an ethical dilemma at work. While it might seem that these decisions are disparate, they all benefit from the application of critical thinking.

10. Deciding to buy something

Imagine you want a new phone. Don't just buy it because the ad looks cool. Think about what you need in a phone. Look up different phones and see what people say about them. Choose the one that's the best deal for what you want.

11. Deciding what is true

There's a lot of news everywhere. Don't believe everything right away. Think about why someone might be telling you this. Check if what you're reading or watching is true. Make up your mind after you've looked into it.

12. Deciding when you’re wrong

Sometimes, friends can have disagreements. Don't just get mad right away. Try to see where they're coming from. Talk about what's going on. Find a way to fix the problem that's fair for everyone.

13. Deciding what to eat

There's always a new diet or exercise that's popular. Don't just follow it because it's trendy. Find out if it's good for you. Ask someone who knows, like a doctor. Make choices that make you feel good and stay healthy.

14. Deciding what to do today

Everyone is busy with school, chores, and hobbies. Make a list of things you need to do. Decide which ones are most important. Plan your day so you can get things done and still have fun.

15. Making Tough Choices

Sometimes, it's hard to know what's right. Think about how each choice will affect you and others. Talk to people you trust about it. Choose what feels right in your heart and is fair to others.

16. Planning for the Future

Big decisions, like where to go to school, can be tricky. Think about what you want in the future. Look at the good and bad of each choice. Talk to people who know about it. Pick what feels best for your dreams and goals.

Job Examples

17. solving problems.

Workers brainstorm ways to fix a machine quickly without making things worse when a machine breaks at a factory.

18. Decision Making

A store manager decides which products to order more of based on what's selling best.

19. Setting Goals

A team leader helps their team decide what tasks are most important to finish this month and which can wait.

20. Evaluating Ideas

At a team meeting, everyone shares ideas for a new project. The group discusses each idea's pros and cons before picking one.

21. Handling Conflict

Two workers disagree on how to do a job. Instead of arguing, they talk calmly, listen to each other, and find a solution they both like.

22. Improving Processes

A cashier thinks of a faster way to ring up items so customers don't have to wait as long.

23. Asking Questions

Before starting a big task, an employee asks for clear instructions and checks if they have the necessary tools.

24. Checking Facts

Before presenting a report, someone double-checks all their information to make sure there are no mistakes.

25. Planning for the Future

A business owner thinks about what might happen in the next few years, like new competitors or changes in what customers want, and makes plans based on those thoughts.

26. Understanding Perspectives

A team is designing a new toy. They think about what kids and parents would both like instead of just what they think is fun.

School Examples

27. researching a topic.

For a history project, a student looks up different sources to understand an event from multiple viewpoints.

28. Debating an Issue

In a class discussion, students pick sides on a topic, like school uniforms, and share reasons to support their views.

29. Evaluating Sources

While writing an essay, a student checks if the information from a website is trustworthy or might be biased.

30. Problem Solving in Math

When stuck on a tricky math problem, a student tries different methods to find the answer instead of giving up.

31. Analyzing Literature

In English class, students discuss why a character in a book made certain choices and what those decisions reveal about them.

32. Testing a Hypothesis

For a science experiment, students guess what will happen and then conduct tests to see if they're right or wrong.

33. Giving Peer Feedback

After reading a classmate's essay, a student offers suggestions for improving it.

34. Questioning Assumptions

In a geography lesson, students consider why certain countries are called "developed" and what that label means.

35. Designing a Study

For a psychology project, students plan an experiment to understand how people's memories work and think of ways to ensure accurate results.

36. Interpreting Data

In a science class, students look at charts and graphs from a study, then discuss what the information tells them and if there are any patterns.

Critical Thinking Puzzles

Not all scenarios will have a single correct answer that can be figured out by thinking critically. Sometimes we have to think critically about ethical choices or moral behaviors. 

Here are some mind games and scenarios you can solve using critical thinking. You can see the solution(s) at the end of the post.

37. The Farmer, Fox, Chicken, and Grain Problem

A farmer is at a riverbank with a fox, a chicken, and a grain bag. He needs to get all three items across the river. However, his boat can only carry himself and one of the three items at a time. 

Here's the challenge:

• If the fox is left alone with the chicken, the fox will eat the chicken.
• If the chicken is left alone with the grain, the chicken will eat the grain.

How can the farmer get all three items across the river without any item being eaten? 

38. The Rope, Jar, and Pebbles Problem

You are in a room with two long ropes hanging from the ceiling. Each rope is just out of arm's reach from the other, so you can't hold onto one rope and reach the other simultaneously. 

Your task is to tie the two rope ends together, but you can't move the position where they hang from the ceiling.

You are given a jar full of pebbles. How do you complete the task?

39. The Two Guards Problem

Imagine there are two doors. One door leads to certain doom, and the other leads to freedom. You don't know which is which.

In front of each door stands a guard. One guard always tells the truth. The other guard always lies. You don't know which guard is which.

You can ask only one question to one of the guards. What question should you ask to find the door that leads to freedom?

40. The Hourglass Problem

You have two hourglasses. One measures 7 minutes when turned over, and the other measures 4 minutes. Using just these hourglasses, how can you time exactly 9 minutes?

41. The Lifeboat Dilemma

Imagine you're on a ship that's sinking. You get on a lifeboat, but it's already too full and might flip over. 

Nearby in the water, five people are struggling: a scientist close to finding a cure for a sickness, an old couple who've been together for a long time, a mom with three kids waiting at home, and a tired teenager who helped save others but is now in danger. 

You can only save one person without making the boat flip. Who would you choose?

42. The Tech Dilemma

You work at a tech company and help make a computer program to help small businesses. You're almost ready to share it with everyone, but you find out there might be a small chance it has a problem that could show users' private info. 

If you decide to fix it, you must wait two more months before sharing it. But your bosses want you to share it now. What would you do?

43. The History Mystery

Dr. Amelia is a history expert. She's studying where a group of people traveled long ago. She reads old letters and documents to learn about it. But she finds some letters that tell a different story than what most people believe. 

If she says this new story is true, it could change what people learn in school and what they think about history. What should she do?

The Role of Bias in Critical Thinking

Have you ever decided you don’t like someone before you even know them? Or maybe someone shared an idea with you that you immediately loved without even knowing all the details. 

This experience is called bias, which occurs when you like or dislike something or someone without a good reason or knowing why. It can also take shape in certain reactions to situations, like a habit or instinct. 

Bias comes from our own experiences, what friends or family tell us, or even things we are born believing. Sometimes, bias can help us stay safe, but other times it stops us from seeing the truth.

Not all bias is bad. Bias can be a mechanism for assessing our potential safety in a new situation. If we are biased to think that anything long, thin, and curled up is a snake, we might assume the rope is something to be afraid of before we know it is just a rope.

While bias might serve us in some situations (like jumping out of the way of an actual snake before we have time to process that we need to be jumping out of the way), it often harms our ability to think critically.

How Bias Gets in the Way of Good Thinking

Selective Perception: We only notice things that match our ideas and ignore the rest. 

It's like only picking red candies from a mixed bowl because you think they taste the best, but they taste the same as every other candy in the bowl. It could also be when we see all the signs that our partner is cheating on us but choose to ignore them because we are happy the way we are (or at least, we think we are).

Agreeing with Yourself: This is called “ confirmation bias ” when we only listen to ideas that match our own and seek, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms what we already think we know or believe. 

An example is when someone wants to know if it is safe to vaccinate their children but already believes that vaccines are not safe, so they only look for information supporting the idea that vaccines are bad.

Thinking We Know It All: Similar to confirmation bias, this is called “overconfidence bias.” Sometimes we think our ideas are the best and don't listen to others. This can stop us from learning.

Have you ever met someone who you consider a “know it”? Probably, they have a lot of overconfidence bias because while they may know many things accurately, they can’t know everything. Still, if they act like they do, they show overconfidence bias.

There's a weird kind of bias similar to this called the Dunning Kruger Effect, and that is when someone is bad at what they do, but they believe and act like they are the best .

Following the Crowd: This is formally called “groupthink”. It's hard to speak up with a different idea if everyone agrees. But this can lead to mistakes.

An example of this we’ve all likely seen is the cool clique in primary school. There is usually one person that is the head of the group, the “coolest kid in school”, and everyone listens to them and does what they want, even if they don’t think it’s a good idea.

How to Overcome Biases

Here are a few ways to learn to think better, free from our biases (or at least aware of them!).

Know Your Biases: Realize that everyone has biases. If we know about them, we can think better.

Listen to Different People: Talking to different kinds of people can give us new ideas.

Ask Why: Always ask yourself why you believe something. Is it true, or is it just a bias?

Understand Others: Try to think about how others feel. It helps you see things in new ways.

Keep Learning: Always be curious and open to new information.

In today's world, everything changes fast, and there's so much information everywhere. This makes critical thinking super important. It helps us distinguish between what's real and what's made up. It also helps us make good choices. But thinking this way can be tough sometimes because of biases. These are like sneaky thoughts that can trick us. The good news is we can learn to see them and think better.

There are cool tools and ways we've talked about, like the "Socratic Questioning" method and the "Six Thinking Hats." These tools help us get better at thinking. These thinking skills can also help us in school, work, and everyday life.

We’ve also looked at specific scenarios where critical thinking would be helpful, such as deciding what diet to follow and checking facts.

Thinking isn't just a skill—it's a special talent we improve over time. Working on it lets us see things more clearly and understand the world better. So, keep practicing and asking questions! It'll make you a smarter thinker and help you see the world differently.

Critical Thinking Puzzles (Solutions)

The farmer, fox, chicken, and grain problem.

• The farmer first takes the chicken across the river and leaves it on the other side.
• He returns to the original side and takes the fox across the river.
• After leaving the fox on the other side, he returns the chicken to the starting side.
• He leaves the chicken on the starting side and takes the grain bag across the river.
• He leaves the grain with the fox on the other side and returns to get the chicken.
• The farmer takes the chicken across, and now all three items -- the fox, the chicken, and the grain -- are safely on the other side of the river.

The Rope, Jar, and Pebbles Problem

• Take one rope and tie the jar of pebbles to its end.
• Swing the rope with the jar in a pendulum motion.
• While the rope is swinging, grab the other rope and wait.
• As the swinging rope comes back within reach due to its pendulum motion, grab it.
• With both ropes within reach, untie the jar and tie the rope ends together.

The Two Guards Problem

The question is, "What would the other guard say is the door to doom?" Then choose the opposite door.

The Hourglass Problem

• Start both hourglasses. 
• When the 4-minute hourglass runs out, turn it over.
• When the 7-minute hourglass runs out, the 4-minute hourglass will have been running for 3 minutes. Turn the 7-minute hourglass over. 
• When the 4-minute hourglass runs out for the second time (a total of 8 minutes have passed), the 7-minute hourglass will run for 1 minute. Turn the 7-minute hourglass again for 1 minute to empty the hourglass (a total of 9 minutes passed).

The Boat and Weights Problem

Take the cat over first and leave it on the other side. Then, return and take the fish across next. When you get there, take the cat back with you. Leave the cat on the starting side and take the cat food across. Lastly, return to get the cat and bring it to the other side.

The Lifeboat Dilemma

There isn’t one correct answer to this problem. Here are some elements to consider:

• Moral Principles: What values guide your decision? Is it the potential greater good for humanity (the scientist)? What is the value of long-standing love and commitment (the elderly couple)? What is the future of young children who depend on their mothers? Or the selfless bravery of the teenager?
• Future Implications: Consider the future consequences of each choice. Saving the scientist might benefit millions in the future, but what moral message does it send about the value of individual lives?
• Emotional vs. Logical Thinking: While it's essential to engage empathy, it's also crucial not to let emotions cloud judgment entirely. For instance, while the teenager's bravery is commendable, does it make him more deserving of a spot on the boat than the others?
• Acknowledging Uncertainty: The scientist claims to be close to a significant breakthrough, but there's no certainty. How does this uncertainty factor into your decision?
• Personal Bias: Recognize and challenge any personal biases, such as biases towards age, profession, or familial status.

The Tech Dilemma

Again, there isn’t one correct answer to this problem. Here are some elements to consider:

• Evaluate the Risk: How severe is the potential vulnerability? Can it be easily exploited, or would it require significant expertise? Even if the circumstances are rare, what would be the consequences if the vulnerability were exploited?
• Stakeholder Considerations: Different stakeholders will have different priorities. Upper management might prioritize financial projections, the marketing team might be concerned about the product's reputation, and customers might prioritize the security of their data. How do you balance these competing interests?
• Short-Term vs. Long-Term Implications: While launching on time could meet immediate financial goals, consider the potential long-term damage to the company's reputation if the vulnerability is exploited. Would the short-term gains be worth the potential long-term costs?
• Ethical Implications : Beyond the financial and reputational aspects, there's an ethical dimension to consider. Is it right to release a product with a known vulnerability, even if the chances of it being exploited are low?
• Seek External Input: Consulting with cybersecurity experts outside your company might be beneficial. They could provide a more objective risk assessment and potential mitigation strategies.
• Communication: How will you communicate the decision, whatever it may be, both internally to your team and upper management and externally to your customers and potential users?

The History Mystery

Dr. Amelia should take the following steps:

• Verify the Letters: Before making any claims, she should check if the letters are actual and not fake. She can do this by seeing when and where they were written and if they match with other things from that time.
• Get a Second Opinion: It's always good to have someone else look at what you've found. Dr. Amelia could show the letters to other history experts and see their thoughts.
• Research More: Maybe there are more documents or letters out there that support this new story. Dr. Amelia should keep looking to see if she can find more evidence.
• Share the Findings: If Dr. Amelia believes the letters are true after all her checks, she should tell others. This can be through books, talks, or articles.
• Stay Open to Feedback: Some people might agree with Dr. Amelia, and others might not. She should listen to everyone and be ready to learn more or change her mind if new information arises.

Ultimately, Dr. Amelia's job is to find out the truth about history and share it. It's okay if this new truth differs from what people used to believe. History is about learning from the past, no matter the story.

Related posts:

• Experimenter Bias (Definition + Examples)
• Hasty Generalization Fallacy (31 Examples + Similar Names)
• Ad Hoc Fallacy (29 Examples + Other Names)
• Confirmation Bias (Examples + Definition)
• Equivocation Fallacy (26 Examples + Description)

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Importance Of Group Discussion In Teaching

• June 14, 2022

Table of Content

Teachers have many ways to engage their students, and one of such ways is conducting group discussions., Being a teacher, you should understand the importance of group discussion in teaching. It is an important component of learning because students participate in different ways depending on how they learn best.

Importance of group discussions is that it allows students to share their views and opinions freely. They also provide opportunities for students to interact with each other and gain knowledge from each other.

Group discussion is a learning form where students discuss ideas or issues together. This helps them develop critical thinking skills and encourages them to express themselves.

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What is a group discussion.

Group Discussion (GD) is a method of learning where students discuss issues and ideas together. In GD, students work in groups to solve problems and learn from each other. It helps students develop their critical thinking skills, problem-solving abilities, and communication skills. Group Discussions are very important in teaching because it empowers teachers to help students in building their confidence.  

Why Should A Teacher Conduct Group Discussions?

Group discussion is an excellent technique to engage students in class discussions. They also provide opportunities for students to practice their communication skills. Teachers who want to engage students in meaningful conversations should consider group discussions.

To Get Students Involved

Group discussions allow students to express their opinions and ideas freely. Students who participate in these types of activities gain confidence in expressing themselves and learn how to work together. Group discussions in teaching also encourage students to think critically about issues and problems they may face in the future.

To Build Team Spirit

Group discussion fosters the development of teamwork. Team members help each other out and share information. When students work together, they develop a sense of belonging and become closer friends.

To Increase Student Participation

Group discussions add to student participation. Students are often reluctant to speak in front of others. However, if they know that they will have to answer questions after class, they are more likely to participate.

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To Create A Safe Environment

When students feel comfortable speaking in front of others, they are less likely to be intimidated. In addition, they can ask questions without worrying about being embarrassed.

To Improve Listening Skills

Conducting GDs help with proactive listening, which is a vital skill for academic achievement. By participating in group discussions, students are encouraged to listen carefully to what others say. They also learn how to follow directions and understand instructions.

To Promote Critical Thinking

Group discussion in teaching promotes the development of critical thinking, a talent that can be learned through practice. Students need to practice asking questions and listening attentively to the answers. Through group discussions, students are given opportunities to practice these skills.

To Foster Creativity

Group discussion in teaching fosters creativity, which is a skill that is cultivated through experiences. Students who participate in group discussions are exposed to different perspectives and ideas. They are also encouraged to think outside the box and use their imagination.

Group discussions are an excellent way for students to review content and exercise critical thinking and problem-solving. When used correctly, group discussion can help students to deepen their understanding of a given topic. Group discussions can also be used to assess student learning, as well as to encourage higher-level thinking. Students are more interested in the classroom when they participate in group discussions.

How To Conduct And Evaluate Group Discussions

Group discussion is a powerful tool for learning and assessment. When used effectively, group discussion in teaching can promote engagement and critical thinking skills in students . This guide will provide you with tips on how to conduct and evaluate group discussions in your classroom.

There are many different ways to conduct a group discussion. One way is to have each participant write down their thoughts before the meeting begins. Another method is to ask everyone to share their thoughts at once. You may want to start with a question that prompts people to think about the topic. Once you have collected enough responses, you can begin to analyze them and make decisions based on what you find.

Keep in mind the following points while conducting a group discussion:

• The purpose of the discussion
• The size of the group
• The level of prior knowledge
• The available time

You will need to decide on the purpose and format of the group discussion – this may include creating a discussion prompt or questions, as well as any supporting materials that will be used. Will all students be expected to participate, or will there be designated roles such as facilitator, scribe, and timekeeper?

Evaluating A Group Discussion

After you have finished collecting data, you should evaluate how well the discussion went. There are various approaches you might use to accomplish this-

• You can look at the number of participants who shared their thoughts. If there were only two participants, you know that they did not discuss much. However, if there were 10 participants, you know that the discussion was productive. 
• You can look at how much time was spent discussing the topic. If the discussion lasted less than 30 minutes, you know that the participants did not spend enough time talking about the topic. On the other hand, if the discussion lasted over 60 minutes, you know that they had plenty of time to talk about the topic. 
• You can look at whether the participants agreed or disagreed with each other. If they agreed with each other, you know that the conversation was productive. If they did not agree, you know that the group discussion was unproductive.

Group discussion in teaching is a key part of any group project or activity. They provide a way for group members to share their ideas, ask questions, and come to a consensus. However, not all discussions are created equal. In order to have a productive discussion, it is important to conduct and evaluate them thoughtfully.

Some Tips On How To Conduct And Evaluate Group Discussions

• Make sure all members have a chance to speak
• Encourage members to ask questions
• Encourage members to listen to and respect each other’s ideas
• Keep an open mind and be willing to change your opinion
• Take turns leading the discussion
• Make sure the discussion stays on topic
• Summarize the discussion and come to a conclusion

What Not To Do in Group Discussions

There are many different ways to incorporate group discussion into the classroom, and the method you choose will depend on the goals you have for your students. Regardless of the approach you take, though, there are some key considerations to keep in mind to ensure that your group discussion is effective.

Don’t be afraid to take the lead

Don’t be afraid to take the lead, especially if you know the topic well. You should not hesitate to speak if you are confident enough about the topic and know the importance of group discussion in teaching. But if you are not too sure about it, then it would be wise to let others speak first before you jump into the conversation. 

Never copy or follow someone else’s ideas or comments. This may leave a bad impression of yours in front of the evaluators. Always listen to others’ opinions and add your thoughts to them.

Don’t Avoid Eye Contacts

Don’t avoid making eye contact with fellow participants. The importance of group discussion in teaching is highlighted when each participant feels comfortable enough to speak freely without fear of being judged negatively. In such a setting, avoiding eye contact can be interpreted as an indication of insecurity.

Avoid interrupting others

Group discussion in teaching is meant to evaluate not only your speaking skills but also your listening skills as well. Interrupting someone while he/she is speaking may lead to negative points. 

Contribute throughout the discussion

Contribute throughout the entire discussion to learn the importance of group discussion in teaching. Don’t just speak once. Try to break your ideas into different parts and then focus on one idea at a time. Also, make certain that whatever you say is useful and not a rehash of what someone else has already said.

Don’t Worry

Don’t worry about being nervous or having any kind of fear. Just remember that everyone else is also trying to do the same thing. So, just keep calm and focus on your discussion.

Role of a Teacher in Group Discussions

As a teacher, it is important to understand the importance of group discussion in teaching and how to use it effectively. When used correctly, group discussion can be a great way to help students learn.

Advisor Rather Than Authority

The teacher is not a lecturer who can teach others how to learn. Rather, he or she is an advisor who encourages learning through discussion and problem-solving. They can also introduce Simple Ways To Improve Problem Solving Skills in their students. The teacher is a silent guide during the lesson but does take the lead in planning the next step.

Modifying Roles  

Teachers should understand the importance of group discussion in teaching to adapt their roles to help students understand problems better. Pupils must take responsibility for their learning. The teacher should not try to solve problems for pupils; instead, the teacher should guide pupils towards solving problems themselves. The teacher should encourage pupils’ independence and self-reliance and should not tell pupils what to do. 

A teacher works with his pupils’ varying abilities, knowing that he/she has some more able and others less able students in his/her class. Develops the technique of preparing graded problems, i. e., problems with different levels of complexity, to suit all kinds of pupils in the class.

Difference Between Group Discussion And Debate

Group discussion is an activity where participants discuss issues and ideas together and reach a conclusion, whereas a debate is a formal argumentation contest where one of the two sides wins. Both types of activities require participants to think critically about their opinions and how they may affect others.

Group discussion allows each member to freely express his or her opinions and feelings without fear of being criticized. Participants are urged to speak frankly and honestly. As a result, group discussions frequently culminate in heated disagreements and arguments.

A debate is a formal argumentation in which two sides have opposing views and present them to the audience. Debates are held in front of a judge who makes decisions based on the rules of debate. Each side presents its case first, followed by rebuttals from the other side. At the end of the debate, the judge decides whether the winning side is correct.

Both types of activities require participants’ active participation. However, group discussion in teaching is informal and spontaneous, while debates are structured and organized.

Group Discussion In Teaching Vs. Group Discussion In General

The importance of group discussion in teaching is that it acts as a common pedagogical tool in higher education, but its purpose and value are often misunderstood. In general, group discussion is a way for people to share ideas and come to a consensus on a topic. However, in the context of teaching, group discussion takes on a different purpose.

In a classroom setting, class discussion is used as a way to engage students in the material, help them understand the concepts, and to allow them to apply what they have learned. When used effectively, group discussion can be a powerful tool for learning. However, when used poorly, it can be a waste of time.

The teacher’s responsibility in leading the group discussion is to ensure that all students have a voice and that the discussion stays on topic. In general, a group discussion is a conversation between two or more people. The topic of discussion can be anything from the latest news to a personal issue. 

Group discussion in teaching is a guided conversation between the teacher and the students. The teacher’s role is to ensure that all students have a voice and that the discussion stays on topic. In general, a group discussion is a conversation between two or more people. The topic of discussion can be anything from the latest news to a personal issue.

List of Topics to Conduct Group Discussion

• Should Yoga be made a required subject in schools?
• The expansion of engineering colleges is a positive step. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
• Does the dress code at educational institutions matter?
• Is obligatory attendance in schools and colleges truly necessary?
• How secure are our children in Indian schools?
• More monies should be directed toward primary education by the government. Do you agree or disagree?
• How can we put a stop to government school dropouts?
• Should the government intervene in the Indian education system?
• Should school children be permitted to possess and use cell phones?

The importance of group discussion in teaching is highlighted in this article. Group discussion is not intended to replace lectures; rather, they are beneficial when learning fundamental concepts from a different perspective. This is why, for better results, students should participate in weekly or monthly group discussions.

While taking online classes, teachers can create rooms for online GD sessions and give students an opportunity to present their ideas and thoughts. One such platform that can help you in this is Classplus, a corporation that provides educational technologies to teachers. You may get the benefits of emerging technologies while remaining focused on your task. Create your own app that is tailored to your specific needs and allows you to harness the power of technology as you see fit. So, don’t hesitate to contact Classplus.

Importance Of Group Discussion In Teaching FAQs

Group discussions are a great way to get students to talk about their ideas and opinions. Students who participate in these types of activities tend to have higher levels of confidence and self-esteem than those who do not. Group discussions allow students to share their thoughts and ideas with others, which helps them build relationships with peers. These discussions also help students learn how to work together and communicate effectively.

Group discussion is a method of learning where students discuss their ideas, opinions, and thoughts about a topic. Group discussions help students develop critical thinking skills, improve communication skills, increase self-confidence, and build teamwork. These benefits make group discussions great tools for teachers who want to encourage student engagement and collaboration.

Group discussions are a great way to get people talking about topics they may not have thought much about before. Group discussions are often used in classrooms, business meetings, and social settings. In these situations, the goal is to create a safe environment where everyone feels comfortable sharing their opinions and ideas.

Moderator The moderator is responsible for keeping the discussion going and making sure everyone gets their chance to speak. If someone starts to talk about something unrelated to the topic, he/she should gently remind them to stay on topic. Facilitator The facilitator’s job is to keep the conversation moving along smoothly. He/she should encourage participants to share their opinions and ideas. Scribe A scribe takes notes throughout the meeting and writes down what was said. She/he can then use these notes to summarize the meeting later.

Parina Parmar

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Suncoast Critical Thinking Discussion Group

• Discussions

What we’re about

This group has candid and insightful discussions on current topics and issues with an emphasis on critical thinking. Per Wikipedia: "Critical thinking is the analysis of available facts, evidence, observations, and arguments to form a judgment. The subject is complex; several different definitions exist, which generally include the rational, skeptical, and unbiased analysis or evaluation of factual evidence."

We will also discuss ancient and modern philosophy topics in one meeting a month with discussions as to their current usefulness and how they survive a critical thinking analysis.

We typically meet on Sunday's from 10 am thru noon for brunch and a lively discussion. Other events are posted , a dinner on the 4th Wednesday and any other things the group feels might be interested in.

What we are not, a conspiracy theory group, from time to time a conspiracy theorist shows up. If you do, expect to be asked for concrete evidence of such theories.

The group believes in and trusts science, we believe in Vaccines and expect anyone that attends an indoor meetup with us will have one.

Upcoming events (4+)

Captain's Room is in the Back of the Restaurant.

They are doing a nice job taking care of us and now we even know where all the controls are for the music (to turn it off :) ) and for the HVAC.

Look for People Drinking in a Critical Fashion.

DAILY | 3PM-6PM $4 AMOB ‘Ritas (house) and select draft beers $5 Well liquors $6 House wines $7 AMOB Grand ‘Ritas, Long Islands, Mai Tais, select wines and select call liquors

SLAMMIN' SALMON $32.99 TOTAL FOR TWO SALMON DINNERS WITH TWO SIDES

Agenda to be Announced. Suggestions Welcome, please post.

Our normal rhythm is the 4th Wednesday. The event runs 2 hours but occasionally past that timeframe.

Let's try 1 again! Years ago, we had 2 dozen show up. NOT a discussion Meetup. Social. Get food and drinks. Play miniature golf. Swear when you miss par. Phone: (941) 377-9300

CHANGE OF STARTING TIME, this event will now start at 10AM

NOT AT IHOP

This meeting will be held at the Sarasota Art Museum located at 1001 South Tamiami Trail (The Old High school). We will be at the large room next to the Bistro.

This is not a private room but we are told that it is barely used on Sundays unless they have scheduled a private event. The museum opens a 9am and since we don't know what the traffic patterns are we will start at opening time (9am) and then we can observe what happens during the two hours that we will be there. We will probably find that we can start future meetings at 10am.

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Group Discussion: A Comprehensive Guide

A group discussion is a collaborative dialogue where participants exchange ideas and viewpoints on a specified topic. It fosters critical thinking and helps in understanding different perspectives, enhancing the depth of understanding on the subject matter. This interactive platform is often used for problem-solving, decision-making, and in educational settings to facilitate learning.

Mastering group discussions is crucial for students, job seekers, and professionals alike, offering significant personal and professional benefits. These discussions, covering hot topics like AI's impact on jobs and the future of remote work, are vital for fostering critical thinking, problem-solving, and teamwork. This blog will delve into various group discussion types, their importance, and tips for effective participation. Let's enhance our group discussion skills together!

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Table of Content

What is group discussion, why do companies conduct group discussions, importance of group discussion, types of group discussion, what is the process of group discussion, what skills are required to clear group discussions, how to start group discussion.

Group discussion is a process of exchanging ideas and opinions among people on a particular topic. It is a structured form of communication where individuals participate in a conversation to express their views and listen to others’ perspectives on the same topic.

Companies commonly use group discussions in various settings, such as academic institutions, job interviews, business meetings, and community gatherings. The main objective of group discussion is to share and exchange knowledge and ideas, clarify doubts, and arrive at a collective decision or understanding.

Group discussions can be a great tool for enhancing communication skills , critical thinking, and problem-solving abilities. It can also help individuals to understand different perspectives and learn from others’ experiences.

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Group discussions can be a great tool for enhancing communication skills, critical thinking, and problem-solving abilities. It can also help individuals to understand different perspectives and learn from others’ experiences.

The following are some common objectives of using group discussion as an assessment tool:

Gauge confidence: Group discussion can be used to gauge the confidence level of candidates by observing how comfortable they are in expressing their ideas and opinions in front of others.

Check communication and public speaking skills: This process checks candidates’ communication and public speaking skills by evaluating their clarity, coherence, and ability to express themselves effectively.

Assess knowledge of current events: Pannel members assess how well-informed candidates are about current events, news, and trends. This can help evaluate their awareness and engagement with the world around them.

Evaluate thought process: This interview round evaluates the thought process of candidates by observing how spontaneously they can deliver ideas, how well they can analyze and synthesize information, and how logically they can structure their arguments.

Assess language skills: Experts assess candidates’ language skills, including their pronunciation, vocabulary, and use of grammar.

Test teamwork and decision-making skills: It tests whether a candidate is a good listener, team player, and decision-maker. This can help evaluate their ability to collaborate effectively and make sound decisions in a group setting.

Group discussion is an important tool for personal and professional growth, offering several benefits to individuals and organizations. Here are some of the key benefits of group discussion.

Exchange of ideas: GD provides a platform for individuals to exchange ideas and share knowledge. This can lead to new insights, perspectives, and solutions to problems.

Skill development: It helps individuals develop important skills such as communication, critical thinking, problem-solving, and collaboration. These skills are essential in both personal and professional contexts.

Increased confidence: Through group discussion, individuals can gain confidence in expressing their ideas and opinions and learn to articulate them effectively in front of others.

I mproved decision-making: Group discussion can lead to better decision-making by allowing individuals to consider different viewpoints and perspectives and weigh the pros and cons of different options.

Team building: Group discussion can help build stronger teams by promoting collaboration, trust, and respect among team members.

Learning from others: Group discussion allows individuals to learn from others with different backgrounds, experiences, or expertise. This can broaden their knowledge and understanding of a particular topic.

Suggested Read: Top Questions to Ask in an Interview

Factual Group Discussion

A factual discussion focuses on presenting and analyzing factual information to arrive at a conclusion or decision. The discussion concerns a specific topic or issue, and participants are expected to come prepared with relevant information and data to share with the group. A factual group discussion examines and uses the information to develop a shared understanding of the topic.

Opinion-Based Group Discussion

An opinion-based discussion focuses on expressing and exploring personal viewpoints, opinions, and beliefs about a particular topic or issue. This type of discussion is less structured than a factual discussion because participants share their perspectives and experiences. The goal of an opinion-based GD is not necessarily to arrive at a consensus or decision but to promote open and respectful dialogue among participants.

Case Studies Based Group Discussion

A case studies-based group discussion is a type of discussion that focuses on analyzing and discussing a specific real-life scenario or case study. The scenario is typically presented as a narrative or a set of facts and data. Panel members expect participants to examine the information provided and conclude or make a recommendation based on their analysis. Case studies-based group discussions can be particularly useful in exploring complex or ambiguous situations.

Abstract Group Discussion

An abstract GD is a discussion that explores abstract concepts and theoretical ideas rather than specific facts or case studies. This type of discussion is less structured than a factual discussion. Also, participants are encouraged to engage in open-ended dialogue around a particular topic or theme. It promote creative thinking and intellectual exploration, allowing participants to develop a deeper understanding of complex concepts and explore different perspectives. Explore Types of Group Discussion with this detailed blog.

Other Process of Group Discussion

• Structured Turn-Taking: In this discussion format, participants speak one by one, usually in a clockwise order, ensuring equal opportunity to contribute.
• Time Management: Each participant gets about 1 minute, emphasizing the need for concise and focused communication.
• Presentation Structure: Participants should start with a clear stance, support it with key points, and conclude effectively.
• Supporting Points: Briefly list arguments or facts. Example: "It enhances global connectivity but also poses risks like misinformation."
• Conclusion : End with a succinct summary. Example: "Social media is a double-edged sword requiring careful and responsible use."
• Diverse Perspectives: This method allows for a variety of viewpoints, enriching the discussion.
• Skill Enhancement: Participants practice expressing thoughts clearly and briefly, a valuable skill in many professional scenarios.

To clear group discussions, participants must have various skills essential for effective communication and collaboration. Some of the key skills required include:

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Starting a GD can be daunting. But the right approach can be a productive and engaging experience for everyone involved. Here are some tips on how to start it:

Introduce the topic: Introduce the topic or issue that will be discussed. This can be done by providing a brief background or context. Also, you can ask a thought-provoking question to get the group thinking.

Set ground rules: Establish some ground rules for the discussion. It can be respecting each other’s opinions, listening actively, and avoiding interruptions. This will help ensure that the discussion remains respectful and focused.

Encourage participation: Encourage everyone in the group to ask open-ended questions and invite everyone to share their thoughts and opinions. Be sure to allow everyone to speak, and involve quieter members by asking for their input directly.

Keep the discussion focused: It’s important to focus on the topic and avoid getting sidetracked by unrelated issues. If the discussion starts to stray off topic, gently guide it back by asking a related question or refocusing the conversation.

Summarize key points: As the discussion ends, summarize the key points and ideas raised. This will ensure everyone is on the same page and can provide a starting point for further exploration or action.

Starting a group discussion requires careful planning and facilitation, but the right approach can be a rewarding and enlightening experience for everyone involved.

What is a group discussion?

A group discussion is a structured conversation among a group of individuals who come together to exchange ideas, share opinions, and discuss a specific topic or problem.

Why are group discussions important?

Group discussions promote active participation, enhance critical thinking and problem-solving skills, foster teamwork, and encourage effective communication among group members.

How should I prepare for a group discussion?

To prepare for a group discussion, research and gather information about the topic. Keep yourself updated with the latest news and happenings. Also, think critically about different perspectives, practice speaking confidently, and develop listening skills to actively engage with others.

What are types of GD?

GD are of four types- Factual, Case-study based, Opinion and Abstract based.

What are the features of Group Discussion?

Features of group discussion (GD) include fostering communication skills, promoting critical thinking, encouraging collaboration, expanding knowledge, enhancing problem-solving abilities, building confidence, and preparing for selection processes.

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What is Group Discussion? (GD), Objectives, Types, Prerequisites, Steps

• Post last modified: 4 June 2023
• Reading time: 24 mins read
• Post category: Business Communication

• What is Group Discussion?

Group Discussion (GD) is a technique where the group of participants share their views and opinions on a topic for a specific duration. Companies conduct this evaluation process because business management is essentially a team activity and working with groups is an essential parameter in organisations.

Table of Content

• 1 What is Group Discussion?
• 2 Group Discussion (GD) Definition
• 3 Objectives of Group Discussion (GD)
• 4.1 Topic-based GDs
• 4.2 Case-based GDs
• 4.3 Article-based GDs
• 5.1 Prior knowledge
• 5.2 Active listening
• 5.3 Effective communication
• 5.4 Appropriate body language
• 6.1 Initiate
• 6.3 Summarise
• 7 Do’s and Don’ts of Group Discussion
• 8.1 Communication skills
• 8.2 Analytical and interpretative skills
• 8.3 Interpersonal skills
• 8.4 Persuasive skills
• 9.1 Objective of conducting a GD
• 9.2 Venue setup
• 9.4 Pre-instructions for participants
• 9.5 Defined parameters for selection
• 9.6 Role of assessor/evaluator
• 9.7 Clear communication of results post GD

GD is an opportunity for an organisation to evaluate a candidate’s communication skills, knowledge, leadership skills, listening skills, social skills, ability to think on the spot and improvise. A typical GD has about 8-12 participants and 2 or more assessors. The assessors sit where they can clearly see and hear all the candidates.

They record the behaviour of participants during the group discussion. Then, they evaluate the recorded observations against the desired traits and finalise a few candidates from the group.

Group Discussion (GD) Definition

Group discussion is a communication process that involves the exchange of ideas, information, and opinions among a group of people. It is a powerful tool for problem-solving, decision-making, and generating new ideas. – Stephen P. Robbins, author of “Organizational Behavior”

A group discussion is an interactive process where a group of individuals come together to exchange ideas, opinions, and information on a specific topic. The goal of a group discussion is to arrive at a collective decision or solution that is acceptable to all members of the group.” – The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)

Group discussion is a method of communication in which a small group of people come together to discuss a topic or problem. The group members share their ideas and perspectives with one another in order to arrive at a solution or decision that benefits the group as a whole.” – The American Psychological Association (APA)

Group discussion is an effective means of exploring and analyzing complex issues, generating creative ideas, and arriving at consensus among participants. It provides a platform for individuals to express their views, clarify their understanding, and learn from the perspectives of others.” – The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Objectives of Group Discussion (GD)

Group discussions are conducted to serve various purposes. It is a two-way communication process through which recruiters get to assess the soft skills of candidates, while the candidates can gain clarity about their own thoughts, opinions and views.

The following are some of the objectives of a group discussion activity:

• To collect data
• To breed fresh ideas and take inputs from a particular group
• To perceive the common ideas of people on a particular topic
• To identify the solution of a specific problem or issue
• To select a candidate for hiring in a company
• To select candidate for admission in an educational institute
• To arrive at a consensus regarding a common concern

Types of Group Discussion (GDs)

A group discussion delineates how a candidate participates, behaves and contributes in a group. There are three main types of GDs :

Topic-based GDs

Case-based gds, article-based gds.

These are based on certain practical topics, such as the harmful effects of plastics on the environment or the need of college degree for entrepreneurship. These GDs can be further classified into:

• Factual GDs : These are informative GDs that require comprehensive knowledge about a subject. For example, the economic growth of India since independence.
• Controversial GDs : These GDs are based on controversial topics, which test the ability of a candidate to handle a situation, control anger, display patience and think critically. For example, arranged marriage vs. love marriage.
• Abstract GDs : These GDs are based on certain conceptual topics that are used to evaluate a candidate’s creative thinking and analytical ability. For example, challenges before humanity.

In these GDs, a case study is presented to group members to read and analyse in a given period. Candidates need to discuss the case study among themselves and reach on a com- mon consensus to solve the given situation. This helps to evaluate their problem solving, analytical ability, critical thinking and creative thinking skills.

Candidates are presented with an article on any field, such as politics, sports, or technology, and asked to discuss the given situation.

Prerequisites of Group Discussion (GD)

There are some essential requirements for gaining success in a group discussion. The following are some important requirements to be fulfilled by a candidate in order to ensure a successful GD:

Prior knowledge

Active listening, effective communication, appropriate body language.

A candidate with in-depth knowledge and command over the topic initiates the discussion. He/she gets noticed and usually selected in a group discussion. However, starting the discussion does not guarantee the selection and also it does not show the leadership qualities.

Therefore, one should start a discussion only when he/she is well acquainted with the topic. In case, one is not well acquainted with the topic, he/she should first listen to others and then speak.

Only good listeners can be active participators in a discussion. Such persons listen to others and remain attentive and active throughout the discussion. Therefore, a listener is more likely to imbibe knowledge than a speaker. By listening carefully, a candidate can contribute by formulating his/her own thoughts that can be verbally delivered.

Candidates should have good communication skills and they should take care of the overtones. One should be able to understand other participants’ perception and thoughts. Then, accordingly, Agree to or refute the ideas or viewpoints presented by other candidates.

Therefore, healthy and clear thoughts should be exchanged while pursuing a group discussion to gain attention of the assessors.

Gestures, facial expressions, eye contact and tone of voice show the amount of interest a candidate has in a group discussion. It is important to maintain eye contact with the evaluator(s) when starting a discussion. The coordinator notices the body language of the candidates to assess their confidence level.

Steps of Effective Group Discussion

A GD is a method used by organisations to analyse the skills of candidates and decide whether their personality traits are desirable for the job or not.

While facing a GD, the following steps should be performed:

If you want to quickly grab the attention of assessors, then start the GD. However, you must have good knowledge or understanding of the subject being discussed. To make your speech more interesting, you can start with a relevant quote or a short/interesting story; but keep track of time.

There might be a situation when you do not have enough knowledge to start a discussion. In that case, wait, watch and listen to others. As soon as you get an opening, jump in and take charge. Move the conversation forward to make it impactful. However, remember not to over-drag the topic. Sometimes, less is more.

Closing a GD is another opportunity to get the attention of the evaluators. Recap the discussion, connect the dots, highlight the key points and summarise them. Make sure that the summary includes both the positive and negative viewpoints on the topic presented by the candidates.

Do’s and Don’ts of Group Discussion

In this section, we will discuss some Do’s and Don’ts to be taken care of by all the candidates who wish to perform well in a GD.

Some Do’s to be kept in mind during a GD are:

• Be a good listener by being patient.
• Acknowledge everyone else and what they say.
• Articulate views in a way that is comprehensible to others.
• Structure your thoughts and present them logically.
• Read newspapers, current affairs, essays and articles to develop thought structuring.
• Respect others for what they are.
• Be open-minded and acknowledge the fact that people think differently about issues.
• Train your mind for analytical thinking by taking all aspects into consideration.

It is also important to avoid doing certain things while participating in a GD. Some Don’ts to be aware of while pursuing a GD are:

• Avoid irrelevant talk.
• Avoid interrupting others while they are talking. If you need to cut short a speaker, then do so politely and with due apology.
• Avoid dominating the conversation. Ask others to contribute. Acknowledge their viewpoints.
• Avoid getting into an argument. Try to express clearly in a healthy manner.
• Do not show lack of interest and negative attitude.
• Avoid stating only your viewpoint.
• Avoid dwelling only on one aspect of the GD.

Group Discussion Evaluation Criteria

Each group discussion exercise is assessed by one or more individuals who are trained to observe and assess behavioural traits relevant for a specific job. The four main behavioural traits assessed through a group discussion are shown in Figure

Let us discuss these behavioural traits in detail.

Communication skills

Analytical and interpretative skills, interpersonal skills, persuasive skills.

These skills are judged on the basis of how a participant is getting his/her message across, how he/she is using his/her body language and also listening skills.

Assessors draw conclusions about a participant’s interpreting and analysing skills by observing how he/she uses facts and data, considers complex problems and issues, suggests solutions, etc.

Assessors observe the participants’ interactions with one another, how they allow one another to express themselves, etc.

The influencing skills of participants are as- sessed based on how well they are able to persuade one another, convince others about a viewpoint or impact others’ behaviour.

Organising a Group Discussion

A Group Discussion generally involves a group of 8-10 participants who are evaluated by a selection panel. GDs are used to evaluate whether a candidate is a perfect fit for an organisation or not. Be it college placements, MBA courses, job interviews or general researches, GDs are conducted almost in every field to gauge whether the candidate possesses the required skills and personality traits to be a part of the concerned institution. A facilitator has to take care of all the nitty-gritties of organising a GD.

In order to conduct a successful GD, the following aspects need to be taken into consideration:

Objective of conducting a GD

Venue setup, pre-instructions for participants, defined parameters for selection, role of assessor/evaluator, clear communication of results post gd.

Every GD has a specific purpose such as selecting deserving candidates for admission in professional course or gaining new talented employees in an organisation. Therefore, the objective of a GD should be clear to all the members of the selection panel in order to select the most deserving candidate.

An appropriate venue should be set up to conduct a GD. The venue should not be overcrowded, which may make the participants feel uncomfortable. The space selected for conducting the GD should be well-ventilated, equipped with proper lighting and should have a proper seating arrangement.

A stipulated time limit should be set for each participant to present his/her views. Firstly, participants are given a topic and some time to understand the topic and organise their thoughts. Thereafter they start presenting their views and opinions over the given topic. The time provided to the participants should be logical and it should start at that time only with no delay and waiting.

Prior communication with the participants should be properly conducted along with mentioning the time allotted to one participant to speak. The topic of discussion should be specified clearly along with the instructions and timings of when to start and stop. Big MNCs have their well-panned GD guide that provides instructions to the participants.

There are various parameters based on which a candidate is evaluated. Some of these parameters are listening power, level of confidence, decision-making ability, analytical skills, leadership skills, etc.

Candidates can speak whatever they like on the subject under discussion. The assessors note down their observations for each candidate. Once the discussion is over, the assessors review the information recorded against the desired behaviour. Therefore, a proper evaluation sheet should be maintained for writing down observations so that no errors occur while the selection of candidates.

The results should be announced clearly post the GD. The facilitator should ensure that the participants should not be made to wait for too long for the results.

The following are some points that you should take care of while preparing for a group discussion:

• Ensure your contribution to the group : Candidates need to make sure that they contribute to the conversation. Candidates having avoiding behaviours or actions do not contribute to the discussion’s outcome. Such behaviours need to be avoided and involvement in the GD is necessary to make a mark.
• Manage conflicts effectively : In case of any disagreement with members of the group, ensure that you persuade them without getting rude and aggressive. Assessors will pick such arrogant behaviour and highlight it as your negative aspect.
• Manage your time : Candidates need to stick to the timeline al- lotted for the discussion as the same would suggest that they are punctual and follow the timeline persistently.
• Include others : Encourage those who do not speak up during the discussion and urge them to give their opinions. This will gain assessors’ praise and group members appreciation.
• Be a team player : Generally, group discussion exercises require that the members come to an agreement on the topic being discussed. However, ensure that you do not impose your ideas on others. A better way is to include everyone’s ideas and centre it around the organisation rather than express something that might only benefit one member.

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( Click on Topic to Read )

• What is Business Communication?
• What is Communication?

Types of Communication

• 7 C of Communication

Barriers To Business Communication

• Oral Communication
• Types Of Non Verbal Communication
• What is Written Communication?
• What are Soft Skills?
• Interpersonal vs Intrapersonal communication
• Barriers to Communication
• Importance of Communication Skills
• Listening in Communication
• Causes of Miscommunication
• What is Johari Window?
• What is Presentation?
• Communication Styles

Channels of Communication

Hofstede’s dimensions of cultural differences and benett’s stages of intercultural sensitivity.

• Organisational Communication
• Horizontal C ommunication
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• Verbal Communication Skills
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• What is Emotional Intelligence?
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• Upward vs Downward Communication
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• 7 Stages Of New Product Development
• Methods Of Pricing
• What Is Public Relations?
• What Is Marketing Management?
• What Is Sales Promotion?
• Types Of Sales Promotion
• Techniques Of Sales Promotion
• What Is Personal Selling?
• What Is Advertising?
• Market Entry Strategy
• What Is Marketing Planning?
• Segmentation Targeting And Positioning
• Brand Building Process
• Kotler Five Product Level Model
• Classification Of Products
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• Consumer Behaviour Models
• What Is Green Marketing?
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• Objectives of Sales Management
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• What is Sales Quotas?
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• What is Management Contracts?
• What is Foreign Direct Investment?
• Factors That Influence Entry Mode Choice In Foreign Markets
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• Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC)
• What is Promotion Mix?
• Factors Affecting Promotion Mix
• Functions & Role Of Advertising
• What is Database Marketing?
• What is Advertising Budget?
• What is Advertising Agency?
• What is Market Intelligence?
• What is Industrial Marketing?
• What is Customer Value
• What is Consumer Behaviour?
• What Is Personality?
• What Is Perception?
• What Is Learning?
• What Is Attitude?
• What Is Motivation?
• Consumer Imagery
• Consumer Attitude Formation
• What Is Culture?
• Consumer Decision Making Process
• Applications of Consumer Behaviour in Marketing
• Motivational Research
• Theoretical Approaches to Study of Consumer Behaviour
• Consumer Involvement
• Consumer Lifestyle
• Theories of Personality
• Outlet Selection
• Organizational Buying Behaviour
• Reference Groups
• Consumer Protection Act, 1986
• Diffusion of Innovation
• Opinion Leaders
• What is Business Law?
• Indian Contract Act 1872
• Essential Elements of a Valid Contract
• Types of Contract
• What is Discharge of Contract?
• Performance of Contract
• Sales of Goods Act 1930
• Goods & Price: Contract of Sale
• Conditions and Warranties
• Doctrine of Caveat Emptor
• Transfer of Property
• Rights of Unpaid Seller
• Negotiable Instruments Act 1881
• Types of Negotiable Instruments
• Types of Endorsement
• What is Promissory Note?
• What is Cheque?
• What is Crossing of Cheque?
• What is Bill of Exchange?
• What is Offer?
• Limited Liability Partnership Act 2008
• Memorandum of Association
• Articles of Association
• What is Director?
• Trade Unions Act, 1926
• Industrial Disputes Act 1947
• Employee State Insurance Act 1948
• Payment of Wages Act 1936
• Payment of Bonus Act 1965
• Labour Law in India
• What is Brand Management?
• 4 Steps of Strategic Brand Management Process
• Customer Based Brand Equity
• What is Brand Equity?

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