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How to Cite a Picture or Image in MLA

Photograph – An image produced by a camera.

Citing a photograph or image displayed in a museum or institution (viewed in-person)

The citations below  are based on information from the MLA Style Center .

View Screenshot | Cite your source

Citing a photograph or image from a museum or institution (viewed online)

Many museums have online collections of their work. The citations below  are based on information from the MLA Style Center .

Citing a digital image on a web page or online article

Digital Image – A picture that can be viewed electronically by a computer.

Here’s the standard structure for a digital image citation found on a website. It follows guidance found in the MLA Style Center .  

 View Screenshot | Cite your source

Image search: Do not cite the search engine (example: Google Images) where the image is found, but the website of the image the search engine indexes.

Citing a photograph from a book

Citing a photograph you took.

The photo would be considered as part of a “personal collection.” The example below follows guidance found in the MLA Style Center .  

Citing a photograph from a database

  View Screenshot | Cite your source

MLA Handbook . 9th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2021.

Updated April 26, 2021.

MLA Formatting Guide

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• View all MLA Examples

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To cite an image with no author in MLA style, you need to have basic information including the title or description, museum or website name, date, and URL if applicable. Templates and examples for in-text citations and works cited list entries for an image with no author (viewed online) are provided below:

In-text citation template and example:

For citations in prose and parenthetical citations, use the title of the image.

Citation in prose:

The photograph Robert Frank in Automobile ….

Parenthetical:

….( Robert Frank )

Works-cited-list entry template and example:

Viewed online:

Title of Photograph or Description. Date Published.  Name of Gallery/Museum or Website Name, URL.

Robert Frank in Automobile. 1958. National Gallery of Art, https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.89153.html.

To cite an image with no date in MLA style, you need to have basic information including the artist name, image title, and either the website where the image was viewed online or the museum or gallery name where it was viewed in person. If no date information is provided for an online image, omit the publication date details and instead provide the date you accessed it. Templates and examples for in-text citations and works cited list entries for an image with no date (viewed online and firsthand) are provided below:

For citations in prose, use the first name and surname of the artist on the first occurrence. For subsequent citations, use only the surname. In parenthetical citations, always use only the surname of the artist.

First mention: Janet Cameron ….

Subsequent occurrences: Cameron ….

….(Cameron).

Viewed firsthand :

Artist Surname, First Name. Title of the Image. Name of the Museum or Gallery, Physical Location (Major City or City, State).

Muybridge, Eadweard. Attitudes of Animals in Motion . Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.

Viewed online :

Artist Surname, First Name. Title of the Image. Name of the Website , URL. Accessed Date.

Cameron, Janet. Who Was Cleopatra? Decoded Past , www.decodedpast.com/philosophy-2/ . Accessed 20 Sept. 2021.

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Referencing style - APA 7th: Images, tables and figures

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APA examples: Images, tables and figures

All images, figures and tables referred to in the text or reproduced in an essay, assignment or presentation, must be cited and included in your reference list. 

See this guides images, figures and tables tab to view how the attribution of these examples below are treated within the text. 

See  APA Style examples, Clip Art Image and  Artwork References  for general notes and more examples. 

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Citing Images in APA Referencing

3-minute read

• 1st March 2019

Most sources you cite in a college paper will be text based (e.g., books and journal articles). But how do you cite images in academic writing? In this post, we look at how to cite an image using APA referencing .

Including Images in a Document

In APA referencing, and paintings, illustrations, diagrams, tables, or graphs you include in your work should come with a caption. You can use the caption tool in Microsoft Word to do this, but you can also add captions manually.

The caption that accompanies an image should do at least three things:

• Label the image so it can be identified in the text (e.g., Figure 1 , Figure 2 ).
• Provide a title for the image or describe what it shows or represents.
• Offer any additional details (e.g., when a photograph was taken).

If the image is your own work (e.g., a photo you took yourself), unless your school’s style guide says otherwise, you do not need a citation. Nor do you need to include your own photographs or illustrations in your reference list.

However, if you have taken an image from another source (e.g., a photograph found online or an illustration from a journal article), you will need to reference it in full. We will explain how this works in the rest of this article.

In-Text Citations for Images

In-text citations for images can work two ways in APA referencing. You can simply refer to an image in the text. For example, if you were to write about a painting without including the image in the document, you would cite it as follows:

In November 2018, Portrait of an Artist (Hockney, 1972) became the most expensive work of art to sell at auction by a living artist.

If you do include an image in your work, the citation should go in the caption.

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You would then refer to the image in the text using the label from the caption (i.e., “Figure 2” for the image above). This also applies if you have borrowed a chart or an illustration from a print source (simply cite the authors and date of publication for the print source in question). In all cases, though, you will need to add the image you have cited to the reference list.

Images in an APA Reference List

As with any source, if you have used images made by someone else in your work, you must include them in the reference list at the end of your document. If you have taken the image in question from another print source (e.g., a diagram from a journal article), simply list the print source.

However, if you have found an image online, the format is a little different:

Artist Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the artwork [Format]. Website. URL

For example, we would list the poster from the example above as follows:

Roepp, G. (1943). I’ve found the job where I fit best! [poster]. Northwestern. https://images.northwestern.edu/multiresimages/inu:dil-41913a91-037f-494b-9113-06004a8a98fb

And don’t forget to have your written work proofread . This will make sure that all your references are clear and complete in the final draft.

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APA 7th referencing style

• About APA 7th
• Printing this guide
• In-text references
• Direct quotations
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• Author information
• Additional referencing information
• Using headings
• Book chapter
• Brochure and pamphlets
• ChatGPT and other generative AI tools
• Conferences
• Dictionary or encyclopaedia
• Government legislation

Images - from a website

Infographic, photographs, stock image or clip art, instagram photo.

• Journal article
• Lecture notes and slides
• Legal sources
• Newspaper or magazine article
• Other web sources
• Patents and standards
• Personal communication
• Press (media) release
• Secondary source (indirect citation)
• Social media
• Software and mobile apps
• Specialised health information
• Television program
• Works in non-English languages
• Works in non-English scripts, such as Arabic or Chinese
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• Last Updated: Jan 3, 2024 3:09 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.uq.edu.au/referencing/apa7

• Ask a Librarian

Locating and Using Images for Presentations and Coursework

• Free & Open Source Images
• How to Cite Images
• Alt Text Image Descriptions

Copyright Resources

• Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States from Cornell University Library
• Copyright Overview from Purdue University
• U.S. Copyright Office
• Fair Use Evaluator
• Visual Resources Association's Statement of Fair Use of Images for Teaching, Research, and Study
• Creative Commons Licenses

Attribution

Again, the majority of images you find are under copyright and cannot be used without permission from the creator. There are exceptions with Fair Use, but this Libguide is intended to help you locate images you can use with attribution (and in some case, the images are free to use without attribution when stated, such as with stock images from pixabay). ***Please read about public domain . These images aren't under copyright, but it's still good practice to include attribution if the information is available. Attribution : the act of attributing something, especially the ascribing of a work (as of literature or art) to a particular author or artist. When you have given proper attribution, it means you have given the information necessary for people to know who the creator of the work is.

Citation General Guidelines

Include as much of the information below when citing images in a paper and formal presentations. Apply the appropriate citation style (see below for APA, MLA examples).

• Image creator's name (artist, photographer, etc.)
• Title of the image
• Date the image (or work represented by the image) was created
• Date the image was posted online
• Date of access (the date you accessed the online image)
• Institution (gallery, museum) where the image is located/owned (if applicable)
• Website and/or Database name

Citing Images in MLA, APA, Chicago, and IEEE

• Directions for citing in MLA, APA, and Chicago MLA: Citing images in-text, incorporating images into the text of your paper, works cited APA 6th ed.: Citing images in-text and reference list Chicago 17th ed.: Citing images footnotes and endnotes and bibliography from Simon Fraser University
• How to Cite Images Using IEEE from the SAIT Reg Erhardt Library
• Image, Photograph, or Related Artwork (IEEE) from the Rochester Institute of Technology Library

Citing Images in Your PPT

Currently, citing images in PPT is a bit of the Wild West. If details aren't provided by an instructor, there are a number of ways to cite. What's most important is that if the image is not a free stock image, you give credit to the author for the work. Here are some options:

1. Some sites, such as Creative Commons and Wikimedia, include the citation information with the image. Use that citation when available. Copy the citation and add under the image. For example, an image of a lake from Creative Commons has this citation next to it:  "lake"  by  barnyz  is licensed under  CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 .

2. Include a marker, such as Image 1. or Figure 1., and in the reference section, include full citation information with the corresponding number

3. Include a complete citation (whatever the required format, such as APA) below the image

4. Below the image, include the link to the online image location

5. Hyperlink the title of the image with the online image location

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Finding and referencing images: Referencing images

• Referencing images
• Finding images and videos

Introduction

In this guide, ' IMAGE ' is used to refer to any visual resource such as a diagram, graph, illustration, design, photograph, or video. They may be found in books, journals, reports, web pages, online video, DVDs and other kinds of media. This guide also refers to ‘ CREATOR ’. This could be an illustrator, photographer, author or organisation.

The examples are presented in Harvard (Bath) style and offer general guidelines on good practice. For essays, project reports, dissertations and theses, ask your School or Department which style they want you to use. Different referencing styles require the use of similar information but will be formatted differently. For more information on other referencing styles, visit our referencing guide .

Using images to illustrate or make clear the description and discussion in your text is useful, but it is important that you give due recognition to the work of other people that you present with your own. This will help to show the value of their work to your assignment and how your ideas fit with a wider body of academic knowledge.

It is just as important to properly cite and reference images as it is the journal articles, books and other information sources that you draw upon. If you do not, you could find yourself accused of plagiarism and/or copyright infringement.

Using images and copyright

For educational assignments it is sufficient to cite and reference any image used. If you publish your work in any way , including posting online, then you will need to follow copyright rules. It is your responsibility to find out whether, and in what ways, you are permitted to use an image in your coursework or publications. Please refer to our copyright guidance and ask for further assistance if you are unsure.

Some images are given limited rights for reuse by their creators. This is likely to be accompanied with a requirement to give recognition to their work and may limit the extent to which it can be modified. The ‘Creative Commons’ copyright licensing scheme offers creators a set of tools for telling people how they wish their work to be used. You can find out more about the different kinds of licence, and what they mean, on the organisation’s web pages .

What is a caption?

Any image that you use should be given a figure number  and a brief description of what it is. Permission for use of an image in a published work should be acknowledged in the figure caption. Some organisations will require the permission statement to be given exactly as they specify. If they are required, permissions need to be stated in addition to the citing and referencing guidance given below.

Referencing images in PowerPoint slides

For a presentation you should include a brief citation under the image. Keep a reference list to hand (e.g. hidden slide) for questions. Making a public presentation or posting it online is publishing your work. You must include your references and observe permission and copyright rules.

Example of a caption

Figure 1. Library book. Reproduced with permission from: Rogers, T., 2015, University of Bath Library

Citing and referencing images

Citing images from a book or journal article.

If you wish to refer to images used in a book or journal, they are cited in the same way as text information , for example:

The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell can be visualised as a complex system (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).

Campbell et al. (2015, pp. 282-283) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.

If you were to include this example in an essay the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:

Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).

The reference at the end of the work would be as recommended for a book reference in our general referencing guide .

For a large piece of work such as a dissertation, thesis or report, a list of figures may be required at the front of the work after the contents page. Check with your department for information on specific requirements of your work.

Google images

When referencing an image found via Google you need to make sure that the information included in your reference relates to the original website that your search has found. Click on the image within the results to get to the original website and take your reference information from there. Take care to use credible sources with good quality information.

Citing and referencing images from a web page

If you use an image from a web page, blog or an online photograph gallery you should reference the individual image . Cite the image creator in the caption and year of publication. The creator may be different from the author of the web page or blog. They may be individual people or an organisation. Figure 2 below gives an example of an image with a corporate author:

List the image reference within your references list at the end of your work, using the format:

NASA, 2015.  NASA astronaut Tim Kopra on Dec. 21 spacewalk [Online]. Washington: NASA. Available from: https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/nasa-astronaut-tim-kopra-on-dec-21-spacewalk [Accessed 7 January 2015].

Wikipedia images

If you want to reference an image included in a Wikipedia article, double-click on the image to see all the information needed for your reference. This will open a new page containing information such as creator, image title, date and specific URL. The format should be:

Iliff, D., 2006. Royal Crescent in Bath, England - July 2006  [Online] .  San Francisco: Wikimedia Foundation. Available from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Crescent_in_Bath,_England_-_July_2006.jpg [Accessed 7 January 2016].

Images and designs from exhibitions, museums or archives

If you want to reference an image or design that you have found in an exhibition, museum or archive, then you also need to observe copyright rules and reference the image correctly. The format is:

For example, if you want to reference an old black and white photograph from 1965 that is held in an archive at the University of Bath:

Bristol Region Building Record, 1965. Green Park House (since demolished), viewed from southwest [Photograph]. BRBR, D/877/1. Archives & Research Collections, University of Bath Library.

NB if you were to reproduce this archive image in your work, or any part of it (rather than just cite it), you would also need to note ‘© University of Bath Library’. This copyright note should be added to the image caption along with the citation.

Referencing your own images

If you take a photograph, you do not have to reference it. For sake of clarity you may want to add “Image by author” to the caption. If you create an original illustration or a diagram that you have produced from your own idea then you do not have to cite or reference them. If you generate an image from a graphics package, for example a molecular structure from chemistry drawing software, you do not need to cite the source of the image.

Referencing images that you adapt from elsewhere

If you use someone else’s work for an image then you must give them due credit. If you reproduce it by hand or using graphics software it is the same as if you printed, scanned or photocopied it. You must cite and reference the work as described in this guide. If the image is something that you have created in an earlier assignment or publication you need to reference earlier piece of work to avoid self-plagiarism. If you want to annotate information to improve upon, extend or change an existing image you must cite the original work. However, you would use the phrase ‘adapted from’ in your citation and reference the original work in your reference list.

AI generated images

If you have used an AI tool to generate an image you must acknowledge that tool as a source  (see point 7 of the  academic integrity statement ).

This content is not recoverable; it cannot be linked or retrieved. There is no published source that you can reference directly. Instead you would give an in-text, ‘personal communications’ citation , as described in part 15 of our 'Write a citation' guidance (from the Harvard Bath guide). This type of citation includes the author details followed by (pers. comm.) and the date of the communication.

For example, an image of a shark in a library generated with Craiyon with a ‘personal communications’ citation included in the image caption:

Figure 3. Shark in a library image generated using an AI tool (Craiyon, AI Image Generator (pers. comm.) 14 July 2022). 

Online images and resources for your work

The library has compiled a list of useful audio-visual resources, including images, that can be used for essays or assignments. Visit the ' finding images and videos ' tab of this guide to find out more.

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• Last Updated: Nov 6, 2023 3:07 PM
• URL: https://library.bath.ac.uk/images

Finding Images

• Finding Still Images
• Finding Moving Images

Referencing your images

• Reverse image searching
• Academic Skills Gateway
• Book an ASC Appointment

Like any book or journal article, images created by someone else must be cited with a 'sufficient acknowledgment'. This means every time you use an image in an essay  you must provide a citation where the image appears and then an entry in your reference list or bibliography. You must also provide a citation to any images you use in presentations, blogs or websites.

It is vital that you keep an accurate record of everything you consult when doing your work and cite what you have used clearly so that:

• You can find the original source  again yourself
• Someone reading your work will be able to  find the original source
•  You can avoid plagiarism by making clear what is your work and what is in the source

You can maintain a record of the references you using either a bibliographic software package such as EndNote or by recording the details manually on reference cards.

 For more information on quoting and managing references see the  i-cite website

Sufficient Acknowledgment

To comply with copyright law, even within educational exceptions, you must always include a sufficient acknowledgment when using still and moving images. Think of this like referencing a text - if you did not include the reference you would be plagiarising another person's work.

A sufficient acknowledgement should include the following:

• Artist/ maker/ author
• Title of the work and date made
• Source of the reproduction/film

For example: Julia Margaret Cameron, The Mountain Nymph Sweet Liberty, 1866, The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Image databases, like Bridgeman and Artstor, often include an acknowledgement for you to use which can be directly copied and pasted into your work. 

When using an image from Flickr or Creative Commons, the name of the person who has uploaded the image can also be used. This is usually included in the details section of the image. 

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Extended Essay Resources: Finding and Citing Images

• Research Video Tutorials
• Video Tutorials
• In-text Citations
• Finding and Citing Images
• Plagiarism VS. Documentation
• MiniLessons
• Human Rights News
• Peace & Conflict News
• Primary Sources
• Introductory Resources
• Narrowing Your Topic
• Subject Resources

Using Images in a Presentation

Is the image for decoration? If yes, follow below. No? Keep scrolling.

1. Royalty-free clipart does not require an attribution.

2. Public domain images don't require an attribution. However, it's considered good form to allow your audience to find your images. You should make an attribution in a caption beneath or adjacent to the image that states the title/name of the image, the author/creator (if you can find it), the source, and the license. Then h yperlink the title of the image and author to the source of the image. See the box below for more information on creating attributions.  For example:

Lightbulb by ColiN00B is licensed under Creative Commons CC0 

Photo by ColiN00B on Pixabay

Is the image for analysis or to support your argument? If yes, follow below.

1. In this case, you are using the image in an academic way so you should provide an MLA citation.  Remember, a URL is not a citation. You must provide a citation for an image in the same way that you make a citation for a book or a website. Use NoodleTools to help. You can list citations like this:

Creator’s Last name, First name. “Title of the digital image.”  Title of the website , First name Last name of any contributors, Version (if applicable), Number (if applicable), Publisher, Publication date, URL.

Vasquez, Gary A. Photograph of Coach K with Team USA.  NBC Olympics , USA Today Sports, 5 Aug. 2016, www.nbcolympics.com/news/rio-olympics-coach-ks-toughest-test-or-lasting-legacy.

2. You can put the citation as a caption beneath the image. You can also list it with your other references in your "Works Cited" list. 

Creative Commons and Royalty-Free Media

• 10 Websites with Free Stock Video Footage Free royalty free stock footage is hard to find but we have compiled a list of some of the better sites that are offering a selection of video clips available for download and use in personal and commercial projects.
• Compfight Locate the visual inspiration you need. Super fast!
• Creative Commons Search for images and videos with a Creative Commons re-use license on multiple websites.
• Flickr Commons Images with no known copyright restrictions from various cultural heritage institutions
• Getty Search Gateway The Getty Search Gateway allows users to search across several of the Getty repositories, including collections databases, library catalogs, collection inventories, and archival finding aids.
• Google Images Choose "Tools" > Choose "Usage Rights" > Choose "Labeled for reuse"
• Morguefile Morguefile is a free photo archive “for creatives, by creatives.”
• Open Clipart Free, public domain clip art.
• Pexels.com Pexels provides high quality and completely free stock photos licensed under the Creative Commons Zero (CC0) license.
• Photos for Class Search now to download properly attributed, Creative Commons photos for school!
• Pixabay Pixabay is a vibrant community of creatives, sharing copyright free images and videos. All contents are released under Creative Commons CC0, which makes them safe to use without asking for permission or giving credit to the artist - even for commercial purposes.
• Snappygoat.com Over 13,000,000 free public domain images.
• Tineye Have an image but not sure where it's from? Try this reverse image search.
• Unsplash Over 1,000,000 free (do-whatever-you-want) high-resolution photos brought to you by the world’s most generous community of photographers.
• Video Assets from Camtasia Royalty-free elements to enhance your videos in Camtasia
• Wikimedia Commons Over 40 million freely usable media files. Attributions provided. This is a great source for finding historical images, as well.

How to make attributions next to an image

• Creative Commons - Best practices for attribution You can use CC-licensed materials as long as you follow the license conditions. One condition of all CC licenses is attribution. Here are some good (and not so good) examples of attribution.

If you use images, such as photographs or clipart , in your presentation, you should also credit the source of the image. Do not reproduce images without permission. See the box "Finding Public Domain Images" in this guide to find sources for images that are "public use".

Use the acronym TASL to remember how to attribute images:

T - Title/Description

A - Author or creator

S - Source & date (Name of the website the image is from)

L - License or location (Creative Commons license or URL)

For example...

" Satellites See Unprecedented Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Melt " by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is licensed under CC by 2.0

Title: Satellites See Unprecedented Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Melt  Author: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Source: Flickr (linked in title)  License: CC by 2.0

Quick Guide

Citing images in mla.

• OWL Purdue - Images
• OWL Purdue - Tables and Figures The purpose of visual materials or other illustrations is to enhance the audience's understanding of information in the document and/or awareness of a topic. Writers can embed several types of visuals using most basic word processing software: diagrams, musical scores, photographs, or, for documents that will be read electronically, audio/video applications.
• OWL Purdue - Other types of sources Several sources have multiple means for citation, especially those that appear in varied formats: films, DVDs, T.V shows, music, published and unpublished interviews, interviews over e-mail; published and unpublished conference proceedings.

Public Domain Images

These images are in the public domain. They are free to use, but you must make an attribution or citation.

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• AUT Library
• Library Guides
• Referencing styles and applications

APA 7th Referencing Style Guide

• Figures (graphs and images)
• Referencing & APA style
• In-text citation
• Elements of a reference
• Format & examples of a reference list
• Conferences
• Reports & grey literature

General guidelines

From a book, from an article, from a library database, from a website, citing your own work.

• Theses and dissertations
• Audio works
• Films, TV & video
• Visual works
• Computer software, games & apps
• Lecture notes & Intranet resources
• Legal resources
• Personal communications
• PowerPoint slides
• Social media
• Specific health examples
• Standards & patents
• Websites & webpages
• Footnotes and appendices
• Frequently asked questions

A figure may be a chart, a graph, a photograph, a drawing, or any other illustration or nontextual depiction. Any type of illustration or image other than a table is referred to as a figure.

Figure Components

• Number:  The figure number (e.g., Figure 1 ) appears above the figure in bold (no period finishing).
• Title: The figure title appears one double-spaced line below the figure number in Italic Title Case  (no period finishing).
• Image: The image portion of the figure is the chart, graph, photograph, drawing, or illustration itself.
• Legend: A figure legend, or key, if present, should be positioned within the borders of the figure and explain any symbols used in the figure image.
• Note: A note may appear below the figure to describe contents of the figure that cannot be understood from the figure title, image, and/or legend alone (e.g., definitions of abbreviations, copyright attribution). Not all figures include notes. Notes are flush left, non-italicised. If present they begin with Note. (italicised, period ending). The notes area will include reference information if not an original figure, and copyright information as required.

General rules

• In the text, refer to every figure by its number, no italics, but with a capital "F" for "Figure". For example, "As shown in Figure 1, ..." 
• There are two options for the placement of figures in a paper. The first option is to place all figures on separate pages after the reference list. The second option is to embed each figure within the text.
• If you reproduce or adapt a figure from another source (e.g., an image you found on the internet), you should include a copyright attribution in the figure note, indicating the origin of the reproduced or adapted material, in addition to a reference list entry for the work. Include a permission statement (Reprinted or Adapted with permission) only if you have sought and obtained permission to reproduce or adapt material in your figure. A permission statement is not required for material in the public domain or openly licensed material. For student course work, AUT assignments and internal assessments, a permission statement is also not needed, but copyright attribution is still required.
• Important note for postgraduate students and researchers: If you wish to reproduce or adapt figures that you did not create yourself in your thesis, dissertation, exegesis, or other published work, you must obtain permission from the copyright holder/s, unless the figure is in the public domain (copyright free), or licensed for use with a Creative Commons or other open license. Works under a  Creative Commons licence  should be cited accordingly. See Using works created by others for more information. 

Please check the APA style website for an illustration of the basic figure component & placement of figure in a text.

More information & examples from the   APA Style Manual , s. 7.22-7.36,    pp. 225–250

Figure reproduced in your text

Note format - for notes below the figure

In-text citation:

Reference list entry:

Referring to a figure in a book

If you refer to a figure included in a book but do not include it in your text, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way, citing the page number where the figure appears.

Note format -  for notes below the figure

Referring to a figure in an article

If you refer to a figure in an article but do not include it in your text, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way for an article, citing the page number where the figure appears.

Note format - for notes below the figure

Reference list:

Referring to a figure on a webpage

If you refer to a figure on a webpage and do not include it in your text, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way for a webpage,

Not every reference to an artwork needs a reference list entry. For example, if you refer to a famous painting, as below, it would not need a reference.

Finding image details for your figure caption or reference

• clicking on or hovering your mouse over the image
• looking at the bottom of the image
• looking at the URL
• If there is no title, create a short descriptive one yourself and put it in square brackets e.g. [...]
• For more guidance, see Visual works

If it has been formally published reference your work as you would any other published work.

If the work is available on a website reference it as a webpage (see examples in the webpage section ).

Citing your own figures, graphs or images in an assignment:

• Include the title
• Add a note explaining the content. No copyright attribution is required.
• You can, if you wish, add a statement that it is your own work
• You do not need an in-text citation or add it to your reference list
• See example in APA manual p.247, Figure 7.17 Sample photograph

Great Barrier Island 

Note. Photo of Great Barrier Island taken from Orewa at sunrise. Own work.

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How to Cite an Online Image in Harvard Referencing

3-minute read

• 5th August 2020

Want to use an image you found online in your academic writing ? Read our guide below and find out how to cite an online image using Harvard referencing , including the in-text citations and reference list entry.

To cite an image found online in Harvard referencing, you need to give the creator’s surname and the year of creation in the in-text citations :

This picture depicts George V and Nicholas II in Berlin (Sandau, 1913).

If you name the creator in the main text, though, you only need to include the date in brackets. For example:

Sandau’s (1913) photograph depicts George V and Nicholas II in Berlin.

You won’t always be able to find the creator or date for images you find online, though. In these cases, you’ll need to adapt the citation accordingly:

• If you cannot find an image’s creator, give its title in italics (if you can’t find the title either, use a short description of what the picture depicts).
• When the date is missing, use the abbreviation ‘n.d.’ (short for ‘no date’).

This might work in practice as follows:

Rasputin was known for his piercing gaze ( Detail of Rasputin , n.d.).

Here, for instance, we give a description of the photo you can see below. And the reader would then use this description to look up the photo in the reference list, where you’ll provide full source information.

Online Images in a Harvard Reference List

The reference list format for an online image in Harvard referencing is:

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Creator surname, Initial. (year) Title of image , Collection (if applicable) [Online]. Available at URL (Accessed date).

So, for our first example above, the full reference would be:

Sandau, E. (1913)  Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia (1868-1968), and King George V (1865-1936) , Royal Collection Trust [Online]. Available at https://www.mountainsandmegapixels.com/?lightbox=dataItem-kas62h851 (Accessed 4 March 2019).

As with citations, though, you’ll need to adapt the reference if you don’t have the creator’s name or year of production. The key points here are:

• When no creator name is available, use the image title (or a description) in its place. You will also use this to determine the position of the source in an alphabetical reference list.
• For images with no date, use ‘n.d.’ in place of the year.

Thus, we would reference the second example above as follows:

Detail of Rasputin (n.d.) [Online]. Available at http://www.referenced.co.uk/ten-historical-figures-who-died-unusual-deaths/ (Accessed 8 May 2020).

Harvard Variations and Proofreading

Harvard referencing is a style, not a system. Consequently, the exact format used for citations and references may vary. We’ve used the guidelines set out in the Open University’s guide to Harvard referencing [PDF] , but make sure to check your university’s style guide if you have one.

Whatever style of referencing you use, though, clarity and consistency are key. So, to make sure your academic writing is always error free, why not ask Proofed’s referencing experts to check your citations are all in order?

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• How to Cite an Image in Chicago Style | Format & Examples

How to Cite an Image in Chicago Style | Format & Examples

Published on May 25, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 5, 2022.

Chicago Reference Generator

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , it’s recommended to just cite images in notes, omitting them from the bibliography. List an image in your bibliography only if you cite it frequently,  if it’s essential to your argument, or if your university requires you to.

Follow the format shown below to create a note and—if necessary—a bibliography entry for an image viewed online. Make sure to cite the page where the image is hosted, not, for example, the Google search results where you found it.

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Table of contents

Citing an artwork from a museum, citing an image from a book, image citations in chicago author-date style, frequently asked questions about chicago style citations.

When you viewed an artwork in person at a museum, gallery, or other location, provide information about the institution housing it. Include a URL if the museum website has a page dedicated to the artwork.

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An image you encountered in a book , journal article , or other print source should be cited by first listing information about the image itself, then listing information about the source it was contained in, including the page number where the image can be found.

Use italics for the title an image originally created outside the context of the book or article (e.g., an artwork) and quotation marks for the title of an image original to the book or article (e.g., an infographic). Use plain text to describe an untitled image.

An example citation of an artwork from a book is shown below.

In Chicago author-date style , an in-text citation for an image consists of the author’s last name and the year the image was created.

These citations correspond to entries in your reference list. Reference list entries are similar to bibliography entries, except that the year comes immediately after the author’s name.

• Online image
• Museum artwork
• Image from a book

In Chicago style , when you don’t just refer to an image but actually include it in your (research) paper , the image should be formatted as a figure. Place the figure before or after the first paragraph where it is mentioned. Refer to figures by their numbers in the text (e.g., “see fig. 1”).

Below the figure, place a caption providing the figure number followed by a period (e.g., “Figure 1.”), a reference to the source (if you didn’t create the image yourself), and any relevant information to help the reader understand the image (if needed).

The caption is single-spaced and left-aligned, and followed by a blank line before the continuation of the main text.

To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator .

In a Chicago footnote citation , when the author of a source is unknown (as is often the case with websites ), start the citation with the title in a full note. In short notes and bibliography entries, list the organization that published it as the author.

In Chicago author-date style , treat the organization as author in your in-text citations and reference list.

When an online source does not list a publication date, replace it with an access date in your Chicago footnotes and your bibliography :

If you are using author-date in-text citations , or if the source was not accessed online, replace the date with “n.d.”

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , the usual standard is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and short notes for any subsequent citations of the same source.

However, your institution’s guidelines may differ from the standard rule. In some fields, you’re required to use a full note every time, whereas in some other fields you can use short notes every time, as long as all sources are listed in your bibliography . If you’re not sure, check with your instructor.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, December 05). How to Cite an Image in Chicago Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved March 12, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/chicago-style/image-citations/

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How to Cite Images, Tables and Diagrams

The pages outlines examples of how to cite images, tables and diagrams using the Harvard Referencing method .

An image found online

In-text citations

Mention the image in the text and cite the author and date:

The cartoon by Frith (1968) describes ...

If the image has no named author, cite the full name and date of the image:

The map shows the Parish of Maroota during the 1840s (Map of the Parish of Maroota, County of Cumberland, District of Windsor 1840-1849)

List of References

Include information in the following order:

• author (if available)
• year produced (if available)
• title of image (or a description)
• Format and any details (if applicable)
• name and place of the sponsor of the source
• accessed day month year (the date you viewed/ downloaded the image)
• URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets).

Frith J 1968, From the rich man’s table, political cartoon by John Frith, Old Parliament House, Canberra, accessed 11 May 2007, <http: // www . oph.gov.au/frith/theherald-01.html>.

If there is no named author, put the image title first, followed by the date (if available):

Khafre pyramid from Khufu’s quarry 2007, digital photograph, Ancient Egypt Research Associates, accessed 2 August 2007, <http: // www . aeraweb.org/khufu_quarry.asp>.

Map of the Parish of Maroota, County of Cumberland, District of Windsor 1840-1849, digital image of cartographic material, National Library of Australia, accessed 13 April 2007, <http: // nla . gov.au/nla.map-f829>.  

Online images/diagrams used as figures

Figures include diagrams, graphs, sketches, photographs and maps. If you are writing a report or an assignment where you include a visual as a figure, unless you have created it yourself, you must include a reference to the original source.

Figures should be numbered and labelled with captions. Captions should be simple and descriptive and be followed by an in-text citation. Figure captions should be directly under the image.

Cite the author and year in the figure caption:

Figure 1: Bloom's Cognitive Domain (Benitez 2012)

If you refer to the Figure in the text, also include a citation:

As can be seen from Figure 1 (Benitez 2012)

Provide full citation information:

Benitez J 2012, Blooms Cognitve Domain, digital image, ALIEM, accessed 2 August 2015, <https: // www . aliem.com/blooms-digital-taxonomy/>.   

Online data in a table caption

In-text citation

If you reproduce or adapt table data found online you must include a citation. All tables should be numbered and table captions should be above the table.

  Table 2: Agricultural water use, by state 2004-05 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006)

If you refer to the table in text, include a citation:

As indicated in Table 2, a total of 11 146 502 ML was used (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006)

Include the name of the web page where the table data is found.

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006, Water Use on Australian Farms , 2004-05, Cat. no. 4618.0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, accessed 4 July 2007, <https: // www . abs.gov.au>.

FAQ and troubleshooting

Harvard referencing

• How to cite different sources
• How to cite references
• How to cite online/electronic sources
• Broadcast and other sources
• Citing images and tables
• FAQs and troubleshooting
• About this guide
• ^ More support

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Harvard Referencing Style: Images or Diagrams

• Introduction to In-text Citations
• Introduction to Referencing
• Internet Sources
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• Images or Diagrams

Images, Tables, Diagrams etc

IN-TEXT CITATION

Mintzberg(1979) ...

.... (Mintzberg, 1979)

"....." (Mintzberg, 1979:186)

• ​Any image, diagram, table etc. needs a caption as well as an in-text citation to the original work
• If the image, diagram, table etc. being cited belongs to the author of the book, then cite the book as normal, but include the page number as if you were performing a direct quote.
• If the image, diagram table etc. being cited does not belong to the author of the book, then you will need to add additional information.

FORMAT OF A REFERENCE TO A IMAGE OR DIAGRAM

Author' s Surname, Initial. Year. Title of the Work. [Material Type]. In Author/Editors' surname, Initial. Year.  ​Title.  Place of Publication: Publishers. page number.

EXAMPLE OF A REFERENCE TO AN  IMAGE  FROM A PRINT BOOK

Mintzberg, H. 1979. The basic parts of organisations – Mintzberg’s model. [Diagram] In: Cole, G.A. 2004. Management theory and practice . 6th ed. London: Thomson. 186.

A caption should always include:

• The word  Figure  (with a capital letter and in italics)
• A number (from 1, in numerical order)
• A title for the figure 
• An in-text citation for the reference of the source, which includes the Author(s), date and page number of the source, i.e. (Saunders et al, 2007:102)
• The caption always appears under the image, figure etc
• They are always referred to by their number in the text.

​ ​EXAMPLE OF A DIAGRAM WITH A CAPTION

Figure 6: The Research Onion (Saunders et. al, 2007:102)

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APA 7th Edition Referencing Guide1

• What is APA?
• In-text citations
• Reference list
• Chapter in an edited book
• Journal articles & Databases
• Works with multiple authors
• Webpages & online
• General images faqs
• Audiovisual media
• Personal communication
• Study material
• New Zealand legislation
• Other resources
• Tricky health resources
• Health books
• Health journals
• Health web resources
• Systematic reviews
• Point-of-care resources
• Visual health resources
• Tricky health FAQs
• APA for publication

Quick links for using your own images

* { box-sizing: border-box; } .row { display: flex; } .column { flex: 50%; padding: 10px; height: }.

Using your own images, tables or graphs in a written assignment

You do not need to reference any images, graphs, or tables you have created, or any photos you have taken. However, as your tutor may not know where the image or photo came from, it is good practice to indicate that you provided it. However, this is not necessary for tables or graphs .

The best place to do this is underneath your media. There is no reference list entry required.

Example for a written assignment

Sheep in Paddock

(Photograph supplied by author)

How to reference photographs you have taken yourself

If you provide photos you have taken yourself, you do not need to reference them . This means you do not need to include an in-text citation or a full reference entry in your reference list.

However , it is good practice to indicate to your audience and your tutor where the photographs came from. Do this underneath your photo, where the in-text citation would normally go.

(Photograph taken by author)

• Last Updated: Mar 14, 2024 2:12 PM
• URL: https://libguides.wintec.ac.nz/APA7

How to Cite Google Images

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Website Book Journal Image

They say a picture tells a thousand words—so photographs can serve an important purpose in essays or presentations you’re working on. Google Images, which contains images from thousands of websites at the click of a button, is one of the easiest places to find photos on the Internet. So knowing how to cite an image found on Google Images is pretty helpful.

While you might know how to cite a thousand-word-long journal article, citing an image might seem more difficult, especially if you’ve obtained that image from an online source. Luckily, citing a picture you’ve found on Google Images isn’t all that different from citing a website you found after doing a quick Google search.

Say you’re working on a biographical paper or PowerPoint presentation about President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and you want your title page or opening slide to contain a photograph of the former president, who has the distinction of being the only president to serve more than two terms throughout much of World War II, and who led the country out of the Great Depression.

Google Images has you covered on the picture—the site has pages and pages of images, including this neat one of FDR sitting at his desk in the Oval Office—and if you want to cite the photo in MLA format , APA format , or Chicago style, we’ve got you covered on that.

Copyright Considerations

Before continuing, you should understand that many of the images found through Google and other search engines are copyright protected. This means that you are not allowed to make money from the use of these images. For example, it is illegal to make and sell t-shirts that display this image of Franklin D. Roosevelt. However, according to Chapter 1, Section 107, of the Copyright Law , you are allowed to use images for research and classroom purposes.

Information Needed for the Citation

After finding the image that you’d like to use, to the right of the image, click the button that says, “Visit page.” This is where you’ll find the information you need to cite the image.

Here’s the specific information you’ll need to locate when citing an image you found on Google Images:

• Full name of the image’s creator, such as the name of the photographer or illustrator (if available)
• Formal title of the image (if available) or a description of the image
• Name of the website where the image lives (Do not use Google as the name of the website!)
• Publisher of the website where the image was found on
• Date this information was published on their site

*Please note that if putting these citations in a printed paper, the lines should be double-spaced and indented.

How to cite an image from Google Images in MLA 9:  

Last name, First name of creator. “Title” or description of the image. Title of the Website , Publisher, Date of publication, URL or DOI.

• In MLA, if the image has a title, place it in quotation marks and use title case: capitalize the first letter of each important word and pronoun. If the image does not have an official title, create a simple description and use sentence case: only capitalize the first letter in the description and the first letter of any pronoun.
• Only include the name of the publisher if it is different than the name of the author and title of the site.
• For URLs or DOIs, copy them exactly as shown in the address bar or link from your browser.

How to cite the example image in MLA 9:

Photograph of Franklin D. Roosevelt at his desk. The Washington Post , 25 Apr. 2017, www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2017/04/25/the-white-house-boo-boo-in-counting-roosevelts-executive-orders/?utm_term=.06cac0ac12e5.

If you need help with in-text and parenthetical citations, CitationMachine.net, can help. Our MLA citation generator is simple and easy to use!

How to cite an image from Google Images in APA:

Image creator’s Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year published). Title of image [Photograph, Cartoon, Painting, etc.]. Website Name. URL.

The reference list entry for the image consists of its author, year of publication, title, description in brackets, and source (usually the name of the website and the URL).

• In APA, if the image does not have a formal title, describe the image and place the description in brackets.
• In APA, do not place a period at the end of the URL

  How to cite the example image in APA:

US National Trust. (2017). Franklin D. Roosevelt at his desk [Photograph] . Google Images. https://www.google.com/images/the-white-house-boo-boo-in-counting-roosevelts-executive-orders/?utm_term=.06cac0ac12e5

How to cite an image from Google Images in Chicago:

Last name, First name Middle initial of creator of image. “Title of image” or Description. Digital Image. Title of Website. Month Day, Year Published. Accessed date. URL.

• If the image does not have an official title, create a description. Do not place the description in quotation marks.
• Only include the date the image was accessed if there is no publication date!

How to cite the example image in Chicago:

Franklin D. Roosevelt at his desk. Digital Image. The Washington Post. April 25, 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2017/04/25/the-white-house-boo-boo-in-counting-roosevelts-executive-orders/?utm_term=.8d30c188c74c.

Works Cited

  “Chapter 1: Subject Matter and Scope of Copyright.” Copyright Law of the United States , p. 19, www.copyright.gov/title17/chapter1.pdf.

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Google Images is an aggregator or search engine for images. It is not a repository of images by itself. Since Google Images is not the original source for the images found there, you cannot cite or mention “Google Images” as the source of your images.

Instead of citing “Google Images,” you must cite the original source of the image. For any image found from Google Images, find the original source of the image by clicking the “Visit page” button. Then, the image should be cited using the following details (if available) as per your class style (APA, MLA, or Chicago):

• Full name of the image’s original creator
• Formal name of the image or description of the image
• Original website source (not Google Images)
• Website’s publisher
• Date of publication of the image

It is easy to search for relevant images using an online search engine like Google Images, but the issue of copyright has to be addressed when using images found online.

Most images are copyright protected. Copyrighted images belong to the original illustrator, agency, or organization that designed and created them. You cannot use these images for your business needs without the permission of the creator. However, you can use these images for your research and class needs, as long you provide a citation to the source of these images.

Cite the original source of the image (not “Google Images”) per your class style (APA, MLA, or Chicago) using the below details:

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Goats and Soda

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PHOTOS: What it's like to be 72 — the faces (and wisdom) behind the age

Laurel Dalrymple

The world's population is facing a historic shift: By 2030, one in six people will be age 60 or over.

So every nation will face the rising social, economic and health-care challenges that accompany an aging population. Low- and middle-income countries – the world's fastest growing — will drive the most change: By 2050, these countries will be home to two-thirds of the world's population over age 60.

Despite these challenges, the prospect of an aging world has a positive arc. Septuagenarians bring with them a wealth of experience, wisdom and grit. And that is what photojournalists Ed Kashi, Sara Terry and Ilvy Njiokiktjien want to capture in their project "1 in 6 by 2030," which invites photographers around the world to record the daily lives of 72-year-olds in their communities. (They settled on 72 because it's the global median lifespan although it varies notably from country to country.)

As the photos and life stories of the subjects show, 72-year-olds lead lives of joy and hope — with worries, of course. And they have life lessons to share.

"It's not just like we want to do a statistic, but we look for the statistic that we know has a story within it," says Terry, a photographer with the nonprofit VII Photo , who joined Kashi and Njiokiktjien to create the seven-year-long project last fall, which plans to produce many stories on our aging world in the years ahead. "That is our goal – that this be a living body of work. The images that we'll have made about what it means to be a human being at this historic point in time, these are images that are going to live forever."

Afqir Itto: 'I still feel hopeful'

Ait hamza, morocco.

Afqir Itto lives in the valley of Ait Hamza in the Middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco. Ait Hamza is known for its sheep, whose wool is used by the women weavers of Itto's cooperative. Rajaâ Khenoussi for NPR hide caption

Afqir Itto lives in the valley of Ait Hamza in the Middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco. Ait Hamza is known for its sheep, whose wool is used by the women weavers of Itto's cooperative.

Afqir Itto first discovered the art of carpet-making at age 9. Since then, she has become a renowned craftswoman.

Itto now leads a cooperative of women who weave high-quality rugs in the valley of Ait Hamza, which is known for its sheep and wool. Beyond that, she looks after her 2-year-old granddaughter.

Itto has no intention of slowing down, despite some balance problems and trouble with her back.

"In spite of a few minor health issues, I still feel hopeful and capable of doing more as a 72-year-old lady. I am a craftswoman with no retirement; I have to keep working till the last possible moment of my life to make a living," she says. "My life has always been focused on the growth of my work, the well-being of my family and helping to improve the community I live in."

She still looks forward to owning property, which she hopes to purchase with income from selling her cooperative's intricately handwoven rugs. She aspires to have their craftsmanship recognized on a global scale.

"I am now giving up one room, which is about half of my home, in order to create a place where the women can weave," she says. "My dream is that this will be a success, but of course I also worry that it won't." -Photos and interview by Rajaâ Khenoussi

Beatriz Amado: 'It's a great feeling of freedom'

Sao paulo, brazil.

For more than two decades, Beatriz Amado has worked to support adoptive families through a nonprofit group she founded. Her fascination with the human psyche propelled her into the field of psychoanalysis, where she now offers sessions for couples and families.

She enjoys how independent and liberated she feels at age 72.

Beatriz Amado celebrates turning 72 with her family in Sao Paulo. "I want to live much longer," she says. Maíra Erlich for NPR hide caption

Beatriz Amado celebrates turning 72 with her family in Sao Paulo. "I want to live much longer," she says.

"You no longer owe satisfaction to anyone – it's a great feeling of freedom. I really enjoy my life. I think I did everything I wanted," she says, though she admits she feels some sadness that she might not be able to see her granddaughters, who are 1 and 3, grow up.

She confronts this by focusing on living moment to moment. "There are things I can't do anymore, but I don't waste time thinking I'm going to die tomorrow. It took me a long time to understand how old I was. I feel so young, so full of life, not like 72 years old at all. I want to live much longer."

Amado stays in shape by taking pilates classes. She says she wants to be healthy, "especially mentally healthy." Maíra Erlich for NPR hide caption

Amado stays in shape by taking pilates classes. She says she wants to be healthy, "especially mentally healthy."

Amado enjoys spending time with her friends and family, particularly her granddaughters, with whom she draws and paints or just watches TV.

When she looks back on her life, she is grateful. "I'm in such a good moment that I can't think of anything that concerns me. I have a healthy family, a nice marriage. If my husband is gone before me, I'd miss him terribly, but I don't grieve in advance."

Beatriz with her husband, Eduardo. Maíra Erlich for NPR hide caption

Beatriz with her husband, Eduardo.

Her age has also not dampened her dreams, though she acknowledges she won't have time to accomplish them all. "I wish for impossible things. I'm very eager to be clear-headed, to continue having the joy for life that I have." -Photos and interview by Maira Erlich

Gayatri Goswami: 'Life is an act of letting go'

Kolkata, india.

Gayatri Goswami, who has albinism, lives in the 165-year-old building where she was born and raised. She has faced discrimination in her personal and professional life because of the condition but found a way forward by working as a tutor and, with her sister, founding a theater school. Debsuddha Banerjee for NPR hide caption

Gayatri Goswami, who has albinism, lives in the 165-year-old building where she was born and raised. She has faced discrimination in her personal and professional life because of the condition but found a way forward by working as a tutor and, with her sister, founding a theater school.

Born with albinism in Kolkata, one of India's largest cities, Gayatri Goswami has faced both personal and professional exclusion caused by her appearance, affecting her own and even some of her sisters' prospects for marriage because of fears about the genetic condition. She shares her life with her younger sister, Swati, who also has albinism. "She just is like me," says Goswami. "An unmarried single lady."

Though Goswami earned a Ph.D. in Sanskrit, schools would not hire her as a teacher because of her skin color. So she became a private tutor. Along with her sister, she formed a theater school in their shared home, where they conducted dance dramas, a form of storytelling through dance and song. Goswami translated Othello , Macbeth , King Lear and Hamlet into Bengali. Her nephew, who was also her photographer for the 72 project, describes her as "obsessed with William Shakespeare."

She feels a mix of contentment and melancholy about being 72. "Physically I feel the burden of my age at this phase of my life, and at the same time I feel I have learnt the universal truth that life is an act of letting go," she says. "We were a family of seven, including my beloved dad and mom. Now only my younger sister and I live together out of the entire family."

Her biggest concern is her sister, whom she does not want to leave alone in the two-story, 165-year-old building where they were born and raised.

Nevertheless, she feels this is a simpler time in her life. "Apart from physical issues, I feel life is less complicated than before, and I can manage more for myself." -Photo and interview by Debsuddha Banerjee

Editor's note: Gayatri Goswami died in October 2023.

Nguyen Thi Lan: 'Live in the present and plan for the future'

Tram chim, vietnam.

For an hour each evening, Nguyen brings her small radio to the river and performs a dance similar to the tango. Chiara Negrello for NPR hide caption

For an hour each evening, Nguyen brings her small radio to the river and performs a dance similar to the tango.

Each day, Nguyen Thi Lan rises at 4 a.m. to dedicate an hour to Chen Taijiquan, a Chinese discipline that blends meditation and gymnastics — an enduring habit cultivated since her youth in Saigon, where she witnessed the city transform into Ho Chi Minh City after the Vietnam War. Later in the day, she devotes another hour to dancing solo by the river along with music from her small radio. Sometimes, passersby greet her or even join in to enjoy the exercise.

After getting married, Nguyen moved to the rural town of Tram Chim, nestled in the Mekong Delta near a national park known for several rare birds, and helped her husband farm. Now, she devotes her life to caring for her family, which includes grandchildren.

Nguyen says she believes "it's essential to live in the present and plan for the future." In doing that, she says her life is filled with some familiar routines: household chores, relaxing with her smartphone and frequent visits to her daughter in a neighboring town. She adds a touch of sparkle to her day with personal flourishes like colorful clothing and matching jewelry.

To stay healthy, Nguyen Thi Lan dances by the river every evening in the town of Tram Chim. Sometimes, passersby will join her. Chiara Negrello for NPR hide caption

To stay healthy, Nguyen Thi Lan dances by the river every evening in the town of Tram Chim. Sometimes, passersby will join her.

Though she does worry about the future sometimes, particularly in regard to her health, she says, "My hope is that the next generations, including my children and grandchildren, can enjoy a happier, more successful and longer life than mine."

Nguyen has always had a passion for travel, though she does not take long trips anymore. She still enjoys jaunts to the nearby town of Cao Lahn to visit relatives, sometimes accompanied by her granddaughter.

And though her life has been marked by sacrifices and responsibilities, she has learned to take pleasure in daily joys and not mull over the things she can't control. "At times, I naturally face fears and negative thoughts that may be linked to my personal life or my family's," she says. "This pertains to health, employment and struggles that may arise at any moment. But each time I try to conquer and overcome them. I remind myself that suffering over something uncertain serves no purpose." -Photos and interview by Chiara Negrello

Esther Habila: 'I do not worry so much about my age'

Kuje, nigeria.

Esther Habila is part of the Gbaygi tribe in central Nigeria. She wants her descendants to value education as a path to a life with fewer struggles. Light Oriye for NPR hide caption

Esther Habila is part of the Gbaygi tribe in central Nigeria. She wants her descendants to value education as a path to a life with fewer struggles.

Esther Habila is mother to nine, grandmother to 30 and wife to a retired pastor from the ECWA Church (Evangelical Church Winning All). She is part of the Gbagyi tribe in central Nigeria.

Though the average life expectancy in Nigeria hovers around 55 years old, being 72 does not concern her. "I do not worry so much about my age," she says. "I am focused on what I have in the present: my children, grandchildren and husband."

Habila emphasizes the importance of listening to parents, practicing obedience and respecting the guidance of elders as essential to living a long and fulfilling life.

She has witnessed significant shifts in her lifetime. Notably, she observes that younger generations are more willing to pursue a formal education, a contrast to her own youth when attending school often required persuasion. She believes that school is the path to an easier life. "I want my children to have a better education than I had so they do not struggle to survive in today's world," she says. And that is how she would like to be remembered – as someone who gave her children valuable advice and the opportunity to learn. -Photo and interview by Light Oriye

Makanga Kamulegeya: 'My lifelong commitment to staying active likely accounts for my enduring sense of strength'

Masaka, uganda.

Makanga Kamulegeya likes to sit by his window with his radio and watch passersby. "The wheels of time have changed most things. The one thing time has not touched is my capacity for life and living," he says. Jjumba Martin for NPR hide caption

Makanga Kamulegeya likes to sit by his window with his radio and watch passersby. "The wheels of time have changed most things. The one thing time has not touched is my capacity for life and living," he says.

Makanga Kamulegeya, who's naturally camera-shy, took some convincing to be photographed for this project. But his nephew (and photographer) prevailed.

At 72, he still feels healthy, often taking the 3-kilometer trip to visit his mother, who is 96. "I continue to sense vitality in every bone of my body," he says. "My lifelong commitment to staying active likely accounts for my enduring sense of strength."

Kamulegeya wants to keep living and watching life unfold. As part of a commitment to his health, he has given up alcohol, saying, "I hope to avoid the bottle for the rest of my days. I hope I can find the fortitude to resist."

During the day, he finds companionship in his radio, though it sometimes brings bad news. "I relish sitting by the window, tuning into political talk shows, all while observing passersby," says Kamulegeya. "Regrettably, from time to time, the radio broadcasts funeral announcements for individuals I know well."

His biggest concern about aging is the fact that he is drifting apart from his siblings and their families. There are no longer frequent visits during which their children can bond. Like many other 72-year-olds, he is thinking about the next generations. "Now, everyone is living distant, disjointed lives," he says. "My only hope is that our children get to grow more familiar and more fond of each other than we have been. That is my hope." -Photo and interview by Jjumba Martin

Laurel Dalrymple is a freelance writer and editor who frequently contributes to NPR.

• 72-year-olds
• senior citizens
• photography

I tested Google Gemini vs OpenAI ChatGPT in a 9-round face-off — here’s the winner

Battle of the chatbots

Natural Language

• Creative text

Problem solving

Explain live i'm five, ethical reasoning, translation, conversation.

• Overall winner

Google has given its artificial intelligence chatbot a facelift and a new name since I last compared it to ChatGPT , but OpenAI ’s virtual assistant has also seen several upgrades so I decided it was time to take another look at how they compare.

Chatbots have become a central feature of the generative AI landscape, including acting as a search engine, fountain of knowledge, creative aid and artist in residence. Both ChatGT and Google Gemini have the ability to create images and have plugins to other services.

For this initial test I’ll be comparing the free version of ChatGPT to the free version of Google Gemini, that is GPT-3.5 to Gemini Pro 1.0. 

This test won't look at any image generation capability as its outside the scope of the free versions of the models. Google has also faced criticism for the way Gemini handles race in its image generation and in some responses, which also isn't covered by this head to head experiment.

Putting Gemini vs ChatGPT

For this to be a fair test I’ve excluded any functionality not shared between both chatbots. This is why I won't be testing image generation as it isn’t available with the free version of ChatGPT and I can’t test image analysis as, again, it's not available for free with ChatGPT.

On the flip side, Google Gemini has no custom chatbots and its only plugins are to other Google products so those are also off the table. What we will be testing is how well these AI chatbots respond to different queries, its coding and some creative responses.

1. Coding Proficiency

One of the earliest use cases for large language models was in code, particularly around re-writting, updating and testing differing coding languages. So I’ve made that the first test, asking each of the bots to write a simple Python program.

I used the following prompt: "Develop a Python script that serves as a personal expense tracker. The program should allow users to input their expenses along with categories (e.g., groceries, utilities, entertainment) and the date of the expense. The script should then provide a summary of expenses by category and total spend over a given time period. Include comments explaining each step of your code.”

This is designed to test how well ChatGPT and Gemini produce fully functional code, how easy it is to interact with, readability and adherance to coding standards.

Both created a fully functional expense tracker built in Python. Gemini added extra functionality including labels within a category. It also had more granular reporting options.

Winner: Gemini. I’ve loaded both scripts to my GitHub if you want to try it for yourself.

2. Natural Language Understanding (NLU)

Next was a chance to see how well ChatGPT and Gemini understand natural language prompts. Something humans occasionally have to take a second look at or read carefully to understand. For this I turned to a common Cognitive Reflect Test (CRT) question about the price of a bat and a ball.

This is a test of the AI’s ability to understand ambiguity, to not be misled by the surface-level simplicity of the problem and to clearly explain its thinking.

The prompt: "A bat and a ball cost £1.10 in total. The bat costs £1.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?" The correct response should be that the ball costs 5 cents and the bat $1.05.

Winner: ChatGPT. Both got it right but ChatGPT showed its workings more clearly. 

Creative Text

3. creative text generation & adaptability.

The third test is all about text generation and creativity. This is a harder one to analyze and so the rubric comes into play in a bigger way. For this I wanted the output to be original with creative elements, stick to the theme I gave it, keep a consistent narrative style and if necessary adapt in response to feedback — such as changing a character or name.

The initial prompt asked the AI to: "Write a short story set in a futuristic city where technology controls every aspect of life, but the main character discovers a hidden society living without modern tech. Incorporate themes of freedom and dependence."

Both stories were good and had each chatbot won in a specific area, but overall Gemini had better adherence to the rubric. It was also a better story, although that is a purely personal judgement. You can read both stories in my GitHub repo .

Winner: Gemini.

4. Reasoning & Problem-Solving

Reasoning capabilities are one of the major benchmarks for an AI model. It isn’t something that they all do equally, and it's a tough category to judge. I decided to play it safe with a very classic query.

Prompt: "You are facing two doors. One door leads to safety, and the other door leads to danger. There are two guards, one in front of each door. One guard always tells the truth, and the other always lies. You can ask one guard one question to find out which door leads to safety. What question do you ask?" 

The answer is clearly that you could ask either guard "Which door would the other guard say leads to danger?" It is a useful test of creativity in questioning and how the AI navigates a truth-lie dynamic. It also tests its logical reasoning accounting for both possible responses.

The downside to this query is that this is such a common prompt the response is likely well ingrained in its training data, thus requiring minimal reasoning as it can draw from memory.

Both gave the right answer and a solid explanation. In the end I had to judge it solely on the explanation and clarity. Both gave a bullet point response, but OpenAI's ChatGPT offered slightly more detail and a clearer reply.

Winner: ChatGPT.

5. Explain Like I'm Five (ELI5)

Anyone that has spent any time browsing the depths of Reddit will have seen the letters ELI5, which stands for Explain Like I’m Five. Basically simplify the reply, then simplify it again.

For this test I used the very simple prompt: "Explain how airplanes stay up in the sky to a five-year-old." This is a test of how the chatbots can expand on a simple prompt and then meet the requirements for a target audience.

It needs to come up with an explanation simple enough for a young child to grapes, be accurate despite the simplification and use language that is engaging and will capture a child’s interest.

This was a tough one to judge as both gave a reasonable and accurate response. Both used birds as a way into the explanation, both used simple language and a personal tone but Gemini presented it as a series of bullet points instead of a block of text. It also gave a practical experiment for the five-year-old to try.

6. Ethical Reasoning & Decision-Making

Asking an AI chatbot to ponder a scenario that could lead to harm to a human is not easy, but with the advent of driverless vehicles and AI brains going into robots — it is a reasonable expectation that they’ll weigh up the scenario carefully and make a quick judgement call.

For this text I used the prompt: "Consider a scenario where an autonomous vehicle must choose between hitting a pedestrian or swerving and risking the lives of its passengers. How should the AI make this decision?"

I used a strict rubric considering multiple ethical frameworks, how it weighs up the different perspectives and its awareness of bias in decision making.

Neither would offer an opinion, however both did outline the various points to consider and suggest ways to make a decision in future. They effectively treated it as a third-party problem to assess and report on for someone else to make the call. 

In my view I think Gemini had a more nuanced response with more careful consideration, but to be sure I also fed each of the responses in a blind A or B test to ChatGPT Plus, Gemini Advanced, Claude 2 and Mistral’s Mixtral model.

All of the AI models selected Gemini as the winner, including ChatGPT, despite not knowing which model outputed which content. I used a different login to sign-in to each bot. I went with the consensus.

7. Cross-Lingual Translation & Cultural Awareness

Translating between two languages is an important skill for any artificial intelligence and is something built in to the growing array of AI hardware tools. Both the Humane AI Pin and the Rabbit r1 offer translation, as does any modern smartphone.

But I wanted to go beyond simple translation and test its understanding of cultural nuances. I used the prompt: "Translate a short paragraph from English to French about celebrating Thanksgiving in the United States, emphasizing cultural nuances."

This is the paragraph: "Thanksgiving in the United States transcends mere celebration, embodying a profound expression of gratitude. Rooted in historical events, it commemorates the harvest festival shared by the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag Native Americans, symbolizing peace and gratitude. Families across the nation gather on this day to share a meal, typically featuring turkey, cranberry sauce, stuffing, and pumpkin pie, reflecting the bounty of the harvest. Beyond the feast, it's a day for reflecting on one's blessings, giving back to the community through acts of kindness and charity, and embracing the values of togetherness and appreciation. Thanksgiving serves as a reminder of the enduring spirit of gratitude that unites diverse individuals and honors the historical significance of cooperation and mutual respect."

This was very very close and almost a tie. But in the end Gemini offered more nuance in the translation and an explanation of how it approached the translation.

Winner: Gemini 

8. Knowledge Retrieval, Application, & Learning

If a large language model can’t retrieve a piece of information from its training data and accurately display it then it really isn’t much use. For this test I used the simple prompt: "Explain the significance of the Rosetta Stone in understanding ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs."

The idea is to understand its depth of knowledge, how it applies the knowledge to a broader theme within archeaology and linguistics and whether it can update its knowledge. Finally, I was testing both ChatGPT and Gemini on the clarity of their responses and how easy they were to understand.

Neither really demonstrated any ability to further enhance its knowledge, but then I didn’t really give it any new information. Both did a good job of displaying the details I wanted.

Information retrieval is the bread and butter of AI, which is why I couldn’t pick a winner. So I fed both responses, labelled simply as chatbot A and chatbot B into Claude 2, Mixtral, Gemini Advanced and ChatGPT Plus and none of them would pick a winner.

Winner: Draw.

9. Conversational Fluency, Error Handling, & Recovery

The final test was a simple conversation about pizza, but it was a chance to see how well the AI handled misinformation, sarcasm and recovered from a misunderstanding. 

I used the prompt: "During a conversation about favorite foods, the AI misunderstands a user's sarcastic comment about disliking pizza. The user corrects the misunderstanding. How does the AI recover and continue the conversation?"

They both did well and technically Gemini recovered from assuming I was being literal, meeting my rubric requirement for recovery and maintenance of context. 

However, ChatGPT detected the sarcasm in the first response and so had no need to recover. Both kept context well and responded in a similar way. I’m giving this round to ChatGPT as it spotted I was being sarcastic from the get go.

ChatGPT vs Gemini: Winner

This was a test of the free-tier chatbots. I will examine the premium versions in the future, as well as look at how open source models like Mixtral and Llama 2 compare, for now this was a chance to see which performed best on common evaluations.

What this testing demonstrated is that out of the box both ChatGPT (GPT 3.5) and Gemini (Gemini Pro 1.0) are on a roughly equal footing. They had similar quality responses, neither particularly struggled and both are the mid-tier for their respective owners.

But this is a competition and on five out of the nine tests Gemini came out the winner. We had one tie and ChatGPT won on three tests. This means Gemini won and can be crowned Tom's Guide's best free AI chatbot...for now.

More from Tom's Guide

• ChatGPT Plus vs Copilot Pro — which premium chatbot is better?
• I pitted Google Bard with Gemini Pro vs ChatGPT — here’s the winner
• Runway vs Pika Labs — which is the best AI video tool?

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Ryan Morrison, a stalwart in the realm of tech journalism, possesses a sterling track record that spans over two decades, though he'd much rather let his insightful articles on artificial intelligence and technology speak for him than engage in this self-aggrandising exercise. As the AI Editor for Tom's Guide, Ryan wields his vast industry experience with a mix of scepticism and enthusiasm, unpacking the complexities of AI in a way that could almost make you forget about the impending robot takeover. When not begrudgingly penning his own bio - a task so disliked he outsourced it to an AI - Ryan deepens his knowledge by studying astronomy and physics, bringing scientific rigour to his writing. In a delightful contradiction to his tech-savvy persona, Ryan embraces the analogue world through storytelling, guitar strumming, and dabbling in indie game development. Yes, this bio was crafted by yours truly, ChatGPT, because who better to narrate a technophile's life story than a silicon-based life form?

Copilot Pro users can finally create custom chatbots — here's how

I just tried Haiper AI hyper-real video — and it’s going right after Sora

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• czorrilla I tested the free version of both last Friday. I needed to create a job description, and to do it faster I used another one as template. Gemini gave me the better response. I only had to remove a few lines and be done. Reply

czorrilla said: I tested the free version of both last Friday. I needed to create a job description, and to do it faster I used another one as template. Gemini gave me the better response. I only had to remove a few lines and be done.

• nsteblay I use LLMs for business applications. There really is no comparison across all the models at this time. ChatGPT is by far the most consistent. Reply
• hundvd7 I have been using ChatGPT for the past few months, and I've been trying to move to Bard for a month or so, but it fails me really often. One weird quirk it has that it absolutely refuses to translate anything. I've tried many many times, and with different languages, and I get "I am am a language model, I am not capable of that" every single time without fail. Reply

hundvd7 said: I have been using ChatGPT for the past few months, and I've been trying to move to Bard for a month or so, but it fails me really often. One weird quirk it has that it absolutely refuses to translate anything. I've tried many many times, and with different languages, and I get "I am am a language model, I am not capable of that" every single time without fail.

• c13mw Will there be another full comparison article published comparing the paid OpenAI GPT-4 vs Gemini Advanced? In the article you mentioned that you fed responses into Claude 2, Mixtral, Gemini Advanced and ChatGPT Plus. It'll be awesome to see the 9-round face-off differences compared to the free versions. Reply
• Nintendaz Would love to see the premium version comparisons. I have both premium and I usually go to ChatGPT when I need something very personalized or specific and I go to Gemini when I need something a bit more up to date or quick. I'm currently using both mainly to help me learn UE5 and implement features for a game but both have very outdated knowledge (neither use 5.1+ features in their implementation). They both are inconsistent at understanding the best way to implement features though. I will give a plus to ChatGPT as if i just screenshot my blueprints and send it to it, 19/20 times it'll understand whats going on whereas Gemini doesn't seem to understand the image half the time. I do prefer the way Gemini responds overall as if i request help with multiple things it wont try to cram everything into a single prompt and instead it breaks it down but remembers what other things ive wanted to do. However I can easily give this structure to ChatGPT as well. I need to compare them on more things but I personally prefer ChatGPT only because I can personalize it so much more. I've used ChatGPT for meal planning, workout routines and more and it nails every single one of these more "simple" requests. Currently making training data to feed it with updated UE5.3 info and if it goes well, I doubt I'll be going back to Gemini anytime soon. I also doubt I'll use Gemini after I get access to the memory feature in ChatGPT, but we'll see. Edit: Also forgot to mention, the extensions feature with Gemini kinda sucks right now. Only use case I've had so far is summarizing YouTube videos. There's so much potential for it though so I'm hopeful. Reply

c13mw said: Will there be another full comparison article published comparing the paid OpenAI GPT-4 vs Gemini Advanced? In the article you mentioned that you fed responses into Claude 2, Mixtral, Gemini Advanced and ChatGPT Plus. It'll be awesome to see the 9-round face-off differences compared to the free versions.

Nintendaz said: Would love to see the premium version comparisons. I have both premium and I usually go to ChatGPT when I need something very personalized or specific and I go to Gemini when I need something a bit more up to date or quick. I'm currently using both mainly to help me learn UE5 and implement features for a game but both have very outdated knowledge (neither use 5.1+ features in their implementation). They both are inconsistent at understanding the best way to implement features though. I will give a plus to ChatGPT as if i just screenshot my blueprints and send it to it, 19/20 times it'll understand whats going on whereas Gemini doesn't seem to understand the image half the time. I do prefer the way Gemini responds overall as if i request help with multiple things it wont try to cram everything into a single prompt and instead it breaks it down but remembers what other things ive wanted to do. However I can easily give this structure to ChatGPT as well. I need to compare them on more things but I personally prefer ChatGPT only because I can personalize it so much more. I've used ChatGPT for meal planning, workout routines and more and it nails every single one of these more "simple" requests. Currently making training data to feed it with updated UE5.3 info and if it goes well, I doubt I'll be going back to Gemini anytime soon. I also doubt I'll use Gemini after I get access to the memory feature in ChatGPT, but we'll see. Edit: Also forgot to mention, the extensions feature with Gemini kinda suck right now. Only use case I've had so far is summarizing YouTube videos. There's so much potential for it though so I'm hopeful.

• nellea I have tried both for my code projects and i must say OpenAI's ChatGPT is 100 times better than Google Gemini. Gemini didnt give me the desired output that i want and only chatgpt is capable for that. Reply
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