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How to use a reference to cite a dissertation in APA 6th Edition

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format / How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in APA

How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in APA

In this citation guide, you will learn how to reference and cite an undergraduate thesis, master’s thesis, or doctoral dissertation. This guide will also review the differences between a thesis or dissertation that is published and one that has remained unpublished. The guidelines below come from the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2020a), pages 333 and 334. Please note that the association is not affiliated with this guide.

Alternatively, you can visit EasyBib.com for helpful citation tools to cite your thesis or dissertation .

Guide Overview

Citing an unpublished thesis or dissertation, citing a published dissertation or thesis from a database, citing a thesis or dissertation published online but not from a database, citing a thesis or dissertation: reference overview, what you need.

Since unpublished theses can usually only be sourced in print form from a university library, the correct citation structure includes the university name where the publisher element usually goes.

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year published). Title in sentence case [Unpublished degree type thesis or dissertation]. Name of institution.

Ames, J. H., & Doughty, L. H. (1911). The proposed plans for the Iowa State College athletic field including the design of a reinforced concrete grandstand and wall [Unpublished bachelor’s thesis]. Iowa State University.

In-text citation example:

• Parenthetical :  (Ames & Doughty, 1911)
• Narrative :  Ames & Doughty (1911)

If a thesis or dissertation has been published and is found on a database, then follow the structure below. It’s similar to the format for an unpublished dissertation/thesis, but with a few differences:

• The institution is presented in brackets after the title
• The archive or database name is included

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year published). Title in sentence case (Publication or Document No.) [Degree type thesis or dissertation, Name of institution]. Database name.

Examples 1:

Knight, K. A. (2011). Media epidemics: Viral structures in literature and new media (Accession No. 2013420395) [Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.

Trotman, J.B. (2018). New insights into the biochemistry and cell biology of RNA recapping (Document No. osu1523896565730483) [Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses & Dissertations Center.

In the example given above, the dissertation is presented with a Document Number (Document No.). Sometimes called a database number or publication number, this is the identifier that is used by the database’s indexing system. If the database you are using provides you with such a number, then include it directly after the work’s title in parentheses.

If you are interested in learning more about how to handle works that were accessed via academic research databases, see Section 9.3 of the Publication Manual.

In-text citation examples :

• Parenthetical citation : (Trotman, 2018)
• Narrative citation : Trotman (2018)

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year Published). Title in sentence case [Degree type thesis or dissertation, Name of institution]. Name of archive or collection. URL

Kim, O. (2019). Soviet tableau: cinema and history under late socialism [Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh]. Institutional Repository at the University of Pittsburgh. https://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/37669/7/Olga%20Kim%20Final%20ETD.pdf

Stiles, T. W. (2001). Doing science: Teachers’ authentic experiences at the Lone Star Dinosaur Field Institute [Master’s thesis, Texas A&M University]. OAKTrust. https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2001-THESIS-S745

It is important to note that not every thesis or dissertation published online will be associated with a specific archive or collection. If the work is published on a private website, provide only the URL as the source element.

In-text citation examples:

• Parenthetical citation : (Kim, 2019)
• Narrative citation : Kim (2019)
• Parenthetical citation : (Stiles, 2001)
• Narrative citation : Stiles (2001)

We hope that the information provided here will serve as an effective guide for your research. If you’re looking for even more citation info, visit EasyBib.com for a comprehensive collection of educational materials covering multiple source types.

If you’re citing a variety of different sources, consider taking the EasyBib citation generator for a spin. It can help you cite easily and offers citation forms for several different kinds of sources.

To start things off, let’s take a look at the different types of literature that are classified under Chapter 10.6 of the Publication Manual :

• Undergraduate thesis
• Master’s thesis
• Doctoral dissertation

You will need to know which type you are citing. You’ll also need to know if it is published or unpublished .

When you decide to cite a dissertation or thesis, you’ll need to look for the following information to use in your citation:

• Author’s last name, and first and middle initials
• Year published
• Title of thesis or dissertation
• If it is unpublished
• Publication or document number (if applicable; for published work)
• Degree type (bachelor’s, master’s, doctoral)
• Thesis or dissertation
• Name of institution awarding degree
• DOI (https://doi.org/xxxxx) or URL (if applicable)

Since theses and dissertations are directly linked to educational degrees, it is necessary to list the name of the associated institution; i.e., the college, university, or school that is awarding the associated degree.

To get an idea of the proper form, take a look at the examples below. There are three outlined scenarios:

• Unpublished thesis or dissertation
• Published thesis or dissertation from a database
• Thesis or dissertation published online but not from a database

American Psychological Association. (2020a). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

American Psychological Association. (2020b). Style-Grammar-Guidelines. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles/parenthetical-versus-narrative

Published August 10, 2012. Updated March 24, 2020.

Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Elise Barbeau. Michele Kirschenbaum is a school library media specialist and the in-house librarian at EasyBib.com. Elise Barbeau is the Citation Specialist at Chegg. She has worked in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing.

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To cite a published thesis in APA style, it is important that you know some basic information such as the author, publication year, title of the thesis, institute name, archive name, and URL (uniform resource locator). The templates for an in-text citation and reference list entry of a thesis, along with examples, are given below:

In-text citation template and example:

Use the author surname and the publication year in the in-text citation.

Author Surname (Publication Year)

Cartmel (2007)

Parenthetical:

(Author Surname, Publication Year)

(Cartmel, 2007)

Reference list entry template and example:

The title of the thesis is set in sentence case and italicized. Enclose the thesis and the institute awarding the degree inside brackets following the publication year. Then add the name of the database followed by the URL.

Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Title of the thesis [Master’s thesis, Institute Name]. Name of the Database. URL

Cartmel, J. (2007). Outside school hours care and schools [Master’s thesis, Queensland University of Technology]. EPrints. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/17810/1/Jennifer_Cartmel_Thesis.pdf

To cite an unpublished dissertation in APA style, it is important that you know some basic information such as the author, year, title of the dissertation, and institute name. The templates for in-text citation and reference list entry of an online thesis, along with examples, are given below:

Author Surname (Year)

Averill (2009)

(Author Surname, Year)

(Averill, 2009)

The title of the dissertation is set in sentence case and italicized. Enclose “Unpublished doctoral dissertation” inside brackets following the year. Then add the name of the institution awarding the degree.

Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Title of the dissertation [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Name of the Institute.

Averill, R. (2009). Teacher–student relationships in diverse New Zealand year 10 mathematics classrooms: Teacher care [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Victoria University of Wellington.

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Erin Wright Writing

Writing-Related Software Tutorials

How to Insert Citations in Microsoft Word (Step-by-Step)

By Erin Wright

Managing citations for research papers, theses, dissertations, and other nonfiction works can be overwhelming. However, you can ease the process by learning how to insert citations in Microsoft Word using the software’s citation and bibliography tools.

This tutorial covers six topics:

• How to select a citation style
• How to insert citations for new sources
• How to insert citations for existing sources
• How to edit sources
• How to use citation placeholders
• How to insert bibliographies, reference lists, or works cited lists

Important Note: At the time this tutorial was published, Microsoft Word did not offer the most up-to-date formatting for several of our primary style guides , including APA, Chicago, MLA, and Turabian. Therefore, I encourage you to review the available styles before using the citation and bibliography tools. We will cover the steps to customize citation and bibliography styles in a separate tutorial.

This tutorial is also available as a YouTube video showing all the steps in real time.

Watch more than 200 other writing-related software tutorials on my YouTube channel .

The images below are from Word in Microsoft 365. The steps are the same in Word 2021, Word 2019, and Word 2016. However, your interface may look slightly different in those older versions of the software.

How to Select a Citation Style in Microsoft Word

• Select the References tab in the ribbon.

• Select your citation style from the Style menu in the Citations & Bibliography group.

How to Insert Citations for New Sources in Microsoft Word

• Place your cursor where you want to insert the citation.

• Select the References tab in the ribbon (see figure 1).
• Select the Insert Citation button in the Citations & Bibliography group.

• Select Add New Source from the drop-down menu.

• Select the source type from the Type of Source menu in the Create Source dialog box.

• Enter the source information into the bibliography fields.

• (Optional Step) Select Show All Bibliography Fields if you need to add additional information.

• (Optional Step) Enter the source information into the additional fields.

• Select the OK button.

Your citation should appear in your text.

How to Insert Citations for Existing Sources in Microsoft Word

Once you enter a source, as shown in the section above, you can create additional citations for that source without reentering the information.

• Place your cursor where you want to insert the citation (see figure 3).
• Select the Insert Citation button in the Citations & Bibliography group (see figure 4).
• Select the source from the drop-down menu.

Your citation should appear in your text (see figure 11).

How to Edit Sources in Microsoft Word

When you edit an existing source, you will also edit any existing citations for that source in your current document.

• Select the Manage Sources button in the Citations & Bibliography group.

• Select the source you want to edit in the Master List or the Current List in the Source Manager dialog box.

Pro Tip: The Master List is stored in your computer and is accessible in all your documents. The Current List is part of your current file and is only accessible in that file. By default, Word stores new sources in the Master List and the Current List.

• Select the Edit button.

• Enter your edits in the Edit Source dialog box. (Select Show All Bibliography Fields , if necessary.)

• Select Yes or No in the alert box stating that you will be updating the source in both the Master List and the Current List. (Strongly consider selecting Yes to update both lists if you plan to cite this source in future documents.)

• Select the Close button in the Source Manager dialog box.

How to Use Citation Placeholders in Microsoft Word

You can use placeholders if your source information is not available.

• Place your cursor where you want to insert the citation placeholder.
• Select Add New Placeholder from the drop-down menu.

• (Optional Step) Change the name of the placeholder in the Placeholder Name dialog box.

Pro Tip : You can use the same placeholder in the future by selecting it from the Insert Citation drop-down menu (see figure 12).

• When you are ready to replace the placeholder with a source, complete the steps in How to Edit Sources above.

How to Insert Bibliographies, Reference Lists, or Works Cited Lists in Microsoft Word

These steps will only work if you inserted your sources using Word’s citation and bibliography tools.

• Place your cursor where you want to insert the bibliography, reference list, or works cited list.
• Select the Bibliography button in the Citations & Bibliography group.

• Select Bibliography , References , or Works Cited from the drop-down menu.

Your bibliography, reference list, or works cited list should appear in your document.

Related Resources

How to Create Hanging Indents in Microsoft Word

How to Insert Footnotes and Endnotes in Microsoft Word

How to Convert Individual Footnotes to Endnotes in Microsoft Word (and Individual Endnotes to Footnotes)

How to Create a Cover Page in Microsoft Word (Built-In and Custom)

How to Add Citations and a Bibliography in Google Docs

Updated May 21, 2023

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How To Reference In Microsoft Word

Step-By-Step Video Tutorial With Examples

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Expert Reviewer: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | March 2024

In this video tutorial, you’ll learn how to use Microsoft Word’s referencing function for in-text citations and bibliographies. In it, we cover selecting citation styles , adding sources , using placeholders , creating reference lists or bibliographies , and managing sources through Word’s Source Manager. We also discuss some free alternative reference managers like Mendeley and Zotero for more style options and flexibility.

Overview & timestamps

00:00 Introduction to Microsoft Word’s Referencing Function 01:00 Understanding the Reference Management Functionality 01:25 Setting the Citation Style 01:57 Adding and Editing Citations 03:55 Using Placeholders in Citations 04:28 Creating a Reference List or Bibliography 05:35 Understanding the Source Manager 07:07 Conclusion and Additional Resources

Key resources

• Mendeley tutorial
• Zotero tutorial
• Free templates and resources

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APA Style 7th Edition: Citing Your Sources

• Basics of APA Formatting
• In Text Quick View
• Block Quotes
• Books & eBooks
• Thesis/Dissertation

Standard Format

Formatting rules, various examples.

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• Academic Integrity and Plagiarism
• Additional Resources
• Reference Page

Adapted from American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed).  https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Formatting:

• Italicize the title
• Identify whether source is doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis in parentheses after the title

See Ch. 10 pp. 313-352 of APA Manual for more examples and formatting rules

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Citation guides

All you need to know about citations

How to cite a dissertation in APA

• Google Docs

To cite a dissertation in a reference entry in APA style 6th edition include the following elements:

• Author(s) of the dissertation: Give the last name and initials (e. g. Watson, J. D.) of up to seven authors with the last name preceded by an ampersand (&). For eight or more authors include the first six names followed by an ellipsis (…) and add the last author's name.
• Year of publication: Give the year in brackets followed by a full stop.
• Title of the dissertation: Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns are capitalized.
• URL: Give the full URL where the document can be retrieved from.

Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of a dissertation in APA style 6th edition:

Author(s) of the dissertation . ( Year of publication ). Title of the dissertation (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from URL

If the dissertation is available from a database, archive or any online platform use the following template:

• Author(s) of the dissertation: Give the last name and initials (e. g. Watson, J. D.) of up to 20 authors with the last name preceded by an ampersand (&). For 21 or more authors include the first 19 names followed by an ellipsis (…) and add the last author's name.
• Publication number: Give the identification number of the dissertation, if available.
• Name of the degree awarding institution: Give the name of the institution.
• Name of platform: Give the name of the database, archive or any platform that holds the dissertation.
• URL: If the dissertation was found on a database, omit this element.

Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of a dissertation in APA style 7th edition:

Author(s) of the dissertation . ( Year of publication ). Title of the dissertation ( Publication number ) [Doctoral dissertation, Name of the degree awarding institution ]. Name of platform . URL

If the dissertation has not been published or is available from a database use the following template:

• Location: Give the location of the institution. If outside the United States also include the country name.

Author(s) of the dissertation . ( Year of publication ). Title of the dissertation (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Name of the degree awarding institution , Location .

If the dissertation is not published, use the following template:

Author(s) of the dissertation . ( Year of publication ). Title of the dissertation [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Name of the degree awarding institution .

APA reference list examples

Take a look at our reference list examples that demonstrate the APA style guidelines for a dissertation citation in action:

A dissertation found in an online platform

Guo, J . ( 2018 ). Trust-based service management of internet of things systems and its applications ( Doctoral dissertation ). Retrieved from https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/82854

Guo, J . ( 2018 ). Trust-based service management of internet of things systems and its applications [ Doctoral dissertation , Virginia Tech ]. ETDs: Virginia Tech Electronic Theses and Dissertations . https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/82854

An unpublished doctoral dissertation

Neel, B. L . ( 2017 ). Three flute chamber works by Alberto Ginastera: Intertwining elements of art and folk music ( Unpublished doctoral dissertation ). University of Nebraska-Lincoln , NE .

Neel, B. L . ( 2017 ). Three flute chamber works by Alberto Ginastera: Intertwining elements of art and folk music [ Unpublished doctoral dissertation ]. University of Nebraska-Lincoln .

This citation style guide is based on the official Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association ( 6 th edition).

More useful guides

• APA Referencing: Theses
• Reference List: Other Print Sources
• APA 6th Edition Citation Style

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Basic format to reference a thesis or dissertation.

• Referencing theses: Examples

The basics of a reference list entry for a thesis or dissertation:

• Author. The surname is followed by first initials.
• Year (in round brackets).
• Title (in italics ).
• Level of Thesis or Dissertation [in square brackets].
• University, also in [square brackets] following directly after the Level of Thesis, for e.g. [Doctoral dissertation, Victoria University]
• Database or Archive Name
• The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is indented 5-7 spaces.

Mosek, E. (2017). Team flow: The missing piece in performance [Doctoral dissertation, Victoria University]. Victoria University Research Repository. http://vuir.vu.edu.au/35038/

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How to cite a dissertation in apa 7, published by steve tippins on june 25, 2020 june 25, 2020.

Last Updated on: 3rd June 2022, 04:25 am

The specific guidelines for how to cite a dissertation in APA style depend on a few factors. We’ll go over those below. However, no matter the specifics of the citation, the title of the dissertation is always written the same way.

The dissertation’s title should be written in sentence case and in italics. The first word of the title should be capitalized, and all other words should be in lower case, except for proper nouns.

With that in mind, let’s dive into the specifics of how to cite a dissertation in APA.

How to Cite a Dissertation in APA

In Text Citation

The guidelines for how to cite a dissertation in APA are the same for writing an in-text citation, paraphrase, and quotation; only the format for the reference list differs.  

(Name of Author, year)

(Stanford, 2016)

Horace Mann developed the common school, which was a free, non-sectarian, public institution (Stanford, 2016).  

According to Stanford (2016), “the common school was the best educational institution to help Americans achieve moral and socioeconomic uplift” (p. 46). 

Reference List

P ublished Dissertations

Published dissertations and theses are on databases, such as Pro-Quest Dissertations and Theses Globa, a university archive, or a website.

Author’s last name, initial of first name. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis (Publication number). [Type of dissertation or thesis, Academic Institution]. Name of database.

Howard, B. (2017). The new media and literary structures . (Publication No. 1076483) [Doctoral dissertation or Master’s Thesis, University of Virginia]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Unpublished Dissertations

Unpublished dissertations and theses are usually only available in print form. 

Author’s last name, initial of first name. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis (Unpublished doctoral or master’s thesis). Academic Institution.

Stanford, C. (2016). Horace Mann (1796–1859) and nineteenth-century educational reform . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ohio State University. 

Note: For dissertations and theses published or unpublished in countries other than the United States, you have to provide the location.  

Howard, B. (2017). The new media and literary structures . (Publication No. 1076483) [Doctoral dissertation or Master’s Thesis, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Dissertation From an Academic Institution’s Online Archive

There is only one difference in the guidelines for how to cite a dissertation from an online archive or repository and other ones. The name of the institution’s repository or archive and link needs to be provided. It should be written at the end of the other publication information.

In-text citation

Template (Name of Author, year) 

Example (Howard, 2017)

Paraphrase Literary structure is the arrangement of text elements, written in a way that ensures the author’s meaning is conveyed (Howard, 2017).  

Quotation  According to Howard (2016), “technological advances have resulted in a change in the paradigm regarding literature structures” (p. 46). 

Howard, B. (2017). The new media and literary structures . (Publication No. 1076483) [Doctoral dissertation or Master’s Thesis, University of Virginia]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. University of Virginia Archives. https://uovarchives.net/10389/11814

How to Cite a Dissertation Published Online (Not in a Database)

The guidelines for how to cite a dissertation or thesis published online are similar to those of published and unpublished ones, except for the format in the reference list.  

Reference list

Author’s last name, initial of first name. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis (Publication number). [Type of dissertation or thesis, Academic Institution]. URL.

Howard, B. (2017). The new media and literary structures . (Publication No. 1076483) [Doctoral dissertation or Master’s Thesis, University of Virginia]. https://uv.edu/Howard /10288/

Note: You can find more information about how to cite a dissertation or thesis in APA 7th editionon pages 333-334.

How to Cite a Dissertation in APA Style: Final Thoughts

Citing a dissertation is relatively simple. As long as you adhere to the rules above, you should have no problem generating the correct citations.

If you need of assistance with APA style, feel free to take a look at our Dissertation Editing services.

Steve Tippins

Steve Tippins, PhD, has thrived in academia for over thirty years. He continues to love teaching in addition to coaching recent PhD graduates as well as students writing their dissertations. Learn more about his dissertation coaching and career coaching services. Book a Free Consultation with Steve Tippins

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APA 7th Referencing Style Guide

• Theses and dissertations
• Referencing & APA style
• In-text citation
• Elements of a reference
• Format & examples of a reference list
• Conferences
• Reports & grey literature
• Figures (graphs and images)

Terminology - Thesis, dissertation or exegesis?

Published theses and dissertations, unpublished theses and dissertations.

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• Frequently asked questions

Thesis and dissertation can mean different things depending on where the degree is awarded. Always check the title page, or subsequent pages, to determine exactly what the work is and use the information for your reference. ​

Auckland University of Technology (and other NZ universities)

• Thesis is either for a doctoral or a master's degree.
• Dissertation is either for a master's or a bachelor's degree with honours.
• Exegesis is the written component of a practice-based thesis where the major output is a creative work;  e.g., a film, artwork, novel.

Other parts of the world

• In North America and some other countries, dissertation is used for a doctoral degree and thesis for a master's degree.

Theses available in a database, a university archive or from a personal website.

Reference format

Theses published online (e.g. in institutional repositories), theses from proquest dissertations and theses global.

Find how to cite in text on the  In-text citation  page.

 Unpublished thesis or dissertations are usually sourced directly from the university in print form.

 Reference format

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Reference List: Basic Rules

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

This resourse, revised according to the 7 th  edition APA Publication Manual, offers basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper. Most sources follow fairly straightforward rules. However, because sources obtained from academic journals  carry special weight in research writing, these sources are subject to special rules . Thus, this page presents basic guidelines for citing academic journals separate from its "ordinary" basic guidelines. This distinction is made clear below.

Note:  Because the information on this page pertains to virtually all citations, we've highlighted one important difference between APA 6 and APA 7 with an underlined note written in red.  For more information, please consult the   Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , (7 th  ed.).

Formatting a Reference List

Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.

Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page "References" in bold, centered at the top of the page (do NOT underline or use quotation marks for the title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.

Basic Rules for Most Sources

• All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
• All authors' names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first).
• For example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith would begin with "Smith, J. M."
• If a middle name isn't available, just initialize the author's first name: "Smith, J."
• Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to and including 20 authors ( this is a new rule, as APA 6 only required the first six authors ). Separate each author’s initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author’s name.
• Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
• For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
• Note again that the titles of academic journals are subject to special rules. See section below.
• Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so on).
• Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as chapters in books or essays in edited collections.

Basic Rules for Articles in Academic Journals

• Present journal titles in full.
• Italicize journal titles.
• For example, you should use  PhiloSOPHIA  instead of  Philosophia,  or  Past & Present   instead of  Past and Present.
• This distinction is based on the type of source being cited. Academic journal titles have all major words capitalized, while other sources' titles do not.
• Capitalize   the first word of the titles and subtitles of   journal articles , as well as the   first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and   any proper nouns .
• Do not italicize or underline the article title.
• Deep blue: The mysteries of the Marianas Trench.
• Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication

Please note:  While the APA manual provides examples of how to cite common types of sources, it does not cover all conceivable sources. If you must cite a source that APA does not address, the APA suggests finding an example that is similar to your source and using that format. For more information, see page 282 of the   Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7 th  ed.

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Microsoft Word for Dissertations

• Introduction, Template, & Resources
• Formatting for All Readers
• Applying a Style
• Modifying a Style
• Setting up a Heading 1 Example
• Images, Charts, Other Objects
• Footnotes, Endnotes, & Citations
• Cross-References
• Appendix Figures & Tables
• Table of Contents
• List of Figures/Tables
• Chapter and Section Numbering
• Page Numbers
• Landscape Pages
• Combining Chapter Files
• Commenting and Reviewing
• The Two-inch Top Margin
• Troubleshooting
• Finalizing Without Styles
• Preparing Your Final Document

How to Handle Appendices

There are several scenarios around Appendices and how to handle them. Here they are:

If you have no appendices  and you're using our template, then go ahead and delete the List of Appendices and the Appendices sections. For each section, be sure you've deleted the title, any content after the title, and the Section Break found at the end.

If you only have one Appendix , you don't need to bother doing anything fancy.  With our template, just rename the "Appendices" section heading with the name of your appendix (double-checking it is still formatted with the Heading 1 style) and ensure that there's a "Section Break (Next Page)" just before the title so it's given the required 2-inch top margin. Then it will appear in your Table of Contents as it should.

If you have more than one Appendix,  they should not appear in the Table of Contents. Instead, Rackham requires that you have a List of Appendices listing them all, and only the "Appendices" section heading should appear in the Table of Contents. If you're using our template, see the instructions in there for how all of this works.

** Note: If each of your Appendices is only relevant to a particular chapter, consider making "Appendix" a section (Heading 2) within those chapters. This will save you the trouble of creating a List of Appendices, as they will instead appear under each chapter in the Table of Contents. **

If you have multiple Appendices, but each of them is only relevant to a particular chapter , check out our suggestion in the last section at the bottom of this page.

If you are not using our template, we explain below how to set up your Appendices to number themselves automatically (like we've done with Chapters).  It's even a little more complicated than it looks, and of course, we've already set this up in the ScholarSpace dissertation template, so please consider this another reason to use our template .

Setting up Appendices if you're not using our template

Here's the rough outline of what we suggest you do for Appendices, if you're comfortable modifying styles and want to set it up yourself.  Please note that while using the Heading 7 style is not ideal when creating accessible digital documents (screen readers may interpret them as sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sections, rather than “appendices”), we have found it’s the most reliable way to proceed.

• Modify Heading 7 to reflect the font settings that match your chapter headings (perhaps Times New Roman, Bold, 12-point, centered).
• Modify the paragraph spacing for Heading 7 to add 72 pt (or 1 in) of space BEFORE, and 24 pt AFTER.  This helps give you the two-inch margin Rackham requires for the first page of each Appendix
• Apply Heading 7 to the titles of each of your appendices
• If you don't see a two-inch margin at the top of each Appendix page, place your cursor just before the title and insert a Section Break (Next Page). 
• When you first create this, it will ask if you want to replace the (real) Table of Contents, so you can reply No to that. You're creating a 2nd, custom, Table of Contents that just includes Heading 7s.

See our Appendix Figures & Tables section to learn how to handle those.

Are each of your Appendices only relevant to a particular chapter?

First off, be sure to check to see if your Style Guide (or your advisor) has requirements about how to handle Appendices. That takes precedence over anything we say below.

If each of your appendices is relevant only to a particular chapter, then here's something to consider which will make things much easier. We see a lot of people who will create a section (Heading 2) at the end of each chapter called something like, "Appendix for Chapter X", or "Supplemental Materials", or merely "Appendix". And so each appendix just goes there at the end of the particular chapter it supports.

The benefit to doing this is that – since each appendix is a section in the chapter – they show up appropriately in the ToC, and there's no need for a List of Appendices.  Additionally, you can continue to use the regular Figure and Table numbering scheme, and don't have to set up new labels or do anything tricky.

• Free Tools for Students
• Harvard Referencing Generator

Free Harvard Referencing Generator

Generate accurate Harvard reference lists quickly and for FREE, with MyBib!

🤔 What is a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style.

It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.

The generated references can be copied into a reference list or bibliography, and then collectively appended to the end of an academic assignment. This is the standard way to give credit to sources used in the main body of an assignment.

👩‍🎓 Who uses a Harvard Referencing Generator?

Harvard is the main referencing style at colleges and universities in the United Kingdom and Australia. It is also very popular in other English-speaking countries such as South Africa, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. University-level students in these countries are most likely to use a Harvard generator to aid them with their undergraduate assignments (and often post-graduate too).

🙌 Why should I use a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator solves two problems:

• It provides a way to organise and keep track of the sources referenced in the content of an academic paper.
• It ensures that references are formatted correctly -- inline with the Harvard referencing style -- and it does so considerably faster than writing them out manually.

A well-formatted and broad bibliography can account for up to 20% of the total grade for an undergraduate-level project, and using a generator tool can contribute significantly towards earning them.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Harvard Referencing Generator?

Here's how to use our reference generator:

• If citing a book, website, journal, or video: enter the URL or title into the search bar at the top of the page and press the search button.
• Choose the most relevant results from the list of search results.
• Our generator will automatically locate the source details and format them in the correct Harvard format. You can make further changes if required.
• Then either copy the formatted reference directly into your reference list by clicking the 'copy' button, or save it to your MyBib account for later.

MyBib supports the following for Harvard style:

🍏 What other versions of Harvard referencing exist?

There isn't "one true way" to do Harvard referencing, and many universities have their own slightly different guidelines for the style. Our generator can adapt to handle the following list of different Harvard styles:

• Cite Them Right
• Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU)
• University of the West of England (UWE)

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

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Thesis or dissertation

• A-Z of Harvard references
• Citing authors with Harvard
• Page numbers and punctuation
• References with missing details
• Secondary referencing
• Example reference list
• Journal article
• Magazine article
• Newspaper article
• Online video
• Radio and internet radio
• Television advertisement
• Television programme
• Ancient text
• Bibliography
• Book (printed, one author or editor)
• Book (printed, multiple authors or editors)
• Book (printed, with no author)
• Chapter in a book (print)
• Collected works
• Dictionaries and Encyclopedia entries
• Multivolume work
• Religious text
• Translated work
• Census data
• Financial report
• Mathematical equation
• Scientific dataset
• Book illustration, Figure or Diagram
• Inscription on a building
• Installation
• Painting or Drawing
• Interview (on the internet)
• Interview (newspaper)
• Interview (radio or television)
• Interview (as part of research)
• Act of the UK parliament (statute)
• Bill (House of Commons/Lords)
• Birth/Death/Marriage certificate
• British standards
• Command paper
• European Union publication
• Government/Official publication
• House of Commons/Lords paper
• Legislation from UK devolved assemblies
• Statutory instrument
• Military record
• Film/Television script
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• Play (live performance)
• Play script
• Song lyrics
• Conference paper
• Conference proceedings
• Discussion paper
• Minutes of meeting
• Personal communication
• PowerPoint presentation
• Published report
• Student's own work
• Tutor materials for academic course
• Unpublished report
• Working paper
• Referencing glossary

To be made up of:

• Year of submission (in round brackets).
• Title of thesis (in italics).
• Degree statement.
• Degree-awarding body.
• Available at: URL.
• (Accessed: date).

In-text citation: 

(Smith, 2019)

Reference List:  

Smith, E. R. C. (2019). Conduits of invasive species into the UK: the angling route? Ph. D. Thesis. University College London. Available at: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10072700 (Accessed: 20 May 2021).

Quick links

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• Last Updated: Feb 28, 2024 12:08 PM
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Why more people watch women’s basketball, plus the dumbest NBA play you’ll see

The Pulse Newsletter 📣 | This is The Athletic’s daily sports newsletter. Sign up here to receive The Pulse directly in your inbox.

Good morning! A jam-packed newsletter today. No time to waste:

The Final Word: What the viewership numbers really mean

Let’s get this out of the way first: The men’s national championship game between UConn and Purdee averaged 14.8 million viewers , a teeny uptick from last year’s modern low of 14.69 million viewers — and four million fewer than Sunday’s women’s title game . 

This is a huge talker this week. Let’s parse some reasons why these numbers are what they are: 

• In college, the women’s game is simply a better product than the men’s right now. And I’m not talking about the on-court play — y’all can argue about that — but the level to which we can invest in the personalities and stories. .
• Think of it like any TV show you love. In the women’s game, we’ve spent years — sometimes even four or five — with these superstar players. Game after game, episode after episode, building parasocial relationships with the best players in the sport. On the men’s side, the superstars largely aren’t even here, and when they are, we spend maybe 10 or 15 meaningful games with them. It’s hard to build momentum that way.
• Another huge factor: exposure and investment. Women’s players have always stayed longer, but it wasn’t until recently that ratings changed, as our Richard Deitsch pointed out . Platform is important — the women’s title game was on ABC, while the men’s was on TNT/TBS/truTV. Also, NIL is a factor — Caitlin Clark is on our screens 24/7. That helps.
• This is not a bad thing for anyone. It’s the reality of the larger landscape in both men’s and women’s basketball. Everyone is making money, and the game is more equitable than ever. 

Maybe that changes next year when top recruits Cooper Flagg and Khaman Maluach arrive at Duke, but those guys are almost surely one-and-dones, too, right? Or maybe we actually get a challenger for UConn next season and, of course, maybe that’s Duke. And maybe this all changes with Clark gone, though the women still have Paige Bueckers, JuJu Watkins and Flau’jae Johnson.

Anyway. Moving on:

Allow Me to Reintroduce Myself: Porziņģis’ reinvention tour

Kristaps Porziņģis is just 28, but has already embodied so many NBA archetypes. 

In the beginning he was a 7-foot-2 wunderkind superstar, setting Madison Square Garden crowds ablaze as a rookie. He then turned into something of a talented journeyman, playing for mediocre/bad teams while worrying about the arc of his career. Would he become an empty stats vehicle, a gifted offensive player not valued by any contender? 

The answer was no , as Jay King chronicles in a great piece today on the resurgent Porziņģis , an offseason Celtics acquisition who has helped Boston become the best team in the league. How? Porziņģis became a simp for data: 

• A trade from Dallas, where his pairing with Luka Dončić failed, to Washington brought clarity to Porziņģis , who sought help on how to become a better — and importantly, more efficient — post player.
• He found his answer in advanced analytics , which ironically were why he’d lost favor in Dallas. As then-Mavericks coach Rick Carlisle had said, the numbers showed the Mavs risking points every time they allowed Porziņģis to post up on offense. It was a big reason they moved him.
• So he listened. He stopped shooting fadeaways in the post, especially against smaller defenders. He committed to limiting his dribbles down there — the numbers showed that multiple dribbles usually ended poorly for him. He and his personal coach, a former Latvian national squad teammate, eliminated about 50 percent of the unnecessary moves from Porziņģis’s game. 

The success has translated, for both Porziņģis and team. Porziņģis became an unguardable force in Washington, though few noticed because the team was so bad. Boston did though, and now the ninth-year veteran is one of the most efficient post-up players in the NBA, playing for its title favorite. 

The full article is worth a read today , including a fascinating history on how Porziņģis found his way to the numbers — and how stubborn he was before doing so. Now don’t be surprised when you see him terrorizing Eastern Conference defenders in a couple of weeks.

News to Know

Holliday gets the call File this under things that probably should’ve happened already: The Baltimore Orioles are calling up Jackson Holliday, ranked No. 1 on Keith Law’s prospect list , to the big leagues. The shortstop is just 20, but has obliterated Triple-A pitching this year after a red-hot spring training. See the full scouting report on him here . I’m so excited to watch him play.

Advertisement

Wait, 6 HR in 7 AB? Wake Forest first baseman Nick Kurtz had a bad start to the season. An injury plus the yips gave pause to many who watched the top MLB prospect closely. All those fears are gone now: Kurtz has homered six times in his last seven at-bats, capped by two homers last night against Coastal Carolina. It feels impossible. Read more on Kurtz’s infernal hot streak here .

Calipari officially announces exit Kentucky coach John Calipari said in a video yesterday that he is leaving the program , adding that Kentucky “probably needs to hear another voice.” Everything points to Calipari taking the vacant Arkansas job, though that’s still not official. It’s rare to see a program icon depart on such weirdly amicable terms, even while he still has plenty of coaching ahead of him. Nice?

• Also announcing an exit: Stanford women’s coach Tara VanDerveer , the winningest coach in college basketball’s history.
• We saw two entertaining draws in the Champions League quarterfinals yesterday. See the best goals from each game .
• A judge ruled that Grizzlies star Ja Morant acted in self-defense when he punched a teenager in 2022 .
• Chiefs superfan “Chiefsaholic” was ordered to pay $10.8 million in damages to a bank teller he threatened with a gun.

Fails You Need to See: A Tuesday two-fer

Yesterday was a day of failure in two sports. The clips below were so painful, yet so hilarious, that I simply could not choose only one. 

Our first comes from MLB, where we are somehow still talking about the bad new jerseys . Just look at how the new pants — which have already been decried for being see-through — ripped as Tigers outfielder Riley Greene slid into home:

the pants seam different this year pic.twitter.com/L1733yVAqd — Codify (@CodifyBaseball) April 9, 2024

Next up are the Chicago Bulls, who somehow produced this out of a three-on-zero fast break:

This fast break by the Chicago Bulls was something else… 🎥 @BleacherReport pic.twitter.com/RArHCOT9sN — The Athletic (@TheAthletic) April 10, 2024

Take a bow, everyone. Let’s hope the Bulls got that out of the way before the Play-In. That might be the dumbest basketball play I’ve ever seen.

Watch This Game

NHL : Golden Knights at Oilers 8:30 p.m. ET on TNT Edmonton has its playoff spot sewn up, and Vegas is close to clinching , but I want to watch the defending champs here. It has not been the season they envisioned, yet the good feelings have returned r ecently . 

NBA : Timberwolves at Nuggets 10 p.m. ET on ESPN Just a huge, huge game, both for seeding purposes (these two are tied atop the Western Conference ) and for testing the temerity of a Minnesota team still missing Karl-Anthony Towns.

Pulse Picks

We’ll have a ton of Masters coverage tomorrow, but for now, peep our slickly designed Masters 2024 Big Board , with scouting reports on each player. 

Catch up on some early-season baseball with our latest MLB Power Rankings . We’re not ready to crown the Red Sox just yet. 

Ian Mendes traveled to Salt Lake City for one reason: to find out why Utah Jazz owner Ryan Smith is hellbent on bringing an NHL team to SLC . 

Most-clicked in the newsletter yesterday : Next year’s men’s college basketball top 25 . As mentioned above, Duke should be really, really fun. 

Most-read on the website yesterday : Cristiano Ronaldo is having a weird time in Saudi Arabia. Tim Spiers asks: What is he even doing?

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Chris Branch is a staff writer for The Athletic's daily newsletter. Before joining The Athletic, he covered the Phillies for The News-Journal and worked as a content strategist for various industries. He graduated from LSU, where he worked for The Daily Reveille. Follow Chris on Twitter @ cbranch89

April 2, 2024, update for Word 2016 (KB5002571)

This article describes update 5002571 for Microsoft Word 2016 that was released on April 2, 2024.

Be aware that the update in the Microsoft Download Center applies to the Microsoft Installer (.msi)-based edition of Office 2016. It doesn't apply to the Office 2016 Click-to-Run editions, such as Microsoft Office 365 Home. (See  What version of Office am I using? )

Improvements and fixes

Updates OLE linking to better match the support for an extended range of characters.

How to download and install the update

Microsoft Update

Use  Microsoft Update  to automatically download and install the update.

Download Center

This update is also available for manual download and installation from the Microsoft Download Center. 

Download update 5002571 for 32-bit version of Word 2016

Download update 5002571 for 64-bit version of Word 2016

If you're not sure which platform (32-bit or 64-bit) you're running, see  Am I running 32-bit or 64-bit Office?  Additionally, see  more information about how to download Microsoft support files .

Virus-scan claim

Microsoft scanned this file for viruses by using the most current virus-detection software that was available on the date that the file was posted. The file is stored on security-enhanced servers that help prevent any unauthorized changes to it.

Update information

Prerequisites

To apply this update, you must have Microsoft Word 2016 installed.

Restart information

You may have to restart the computer after you install this update.

More information

How to uninstall this update.

Windows 10 and Windows 11

Go to  Start , enter Control Panel in the search box, and then press Enter.

Enter Installed Updates in the Control Panel search box.

Select  View installed updates in the search results.

In the list of updates, locate and select  KB5002571 , and then select  Uninstall .

File information

The English (United States) version of this software update installs files that have the attributes that are listed in the following tables. The dates and times for these files are listed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The dates and times for these files on your local computer are displayed in your local time together with your current daylight saving time (DST) bias. Additionally, the dates and times may change when you perform certain operations on the files.

Learn about the standard  terminology  that is used to describe Microsoft software updates.

The  Office System TechCenter contains the latest administrative updates and strategic deployment resources for all versions of Office. 

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Country star Morgan Wallen arrested, accused of throwing chair from bar roof

Wallen’s arrest in nashville is the latest incident for the country star, whose career was put in a brief timeout after he was recorded using a racial slur several years ago.

Morgan Wallen was booked into jail early Monday morning for allegedly hurling a chair from the sixth-floor roof of a downtown Nashville bar and concert venue — the latest in a string of public incidents for the red-hot country music star.

Wallen faces three felony counts of reckless endangerment, as well as a disorderly conduct charge, according to Nashville police , who posted a grinning mug shot of the 30-year-old chart-topper on X. The chair crashed onto the Broadway strip, not far from two police officers.

Officers reviewed video showing Wallen “lunging and throwing an object over the roof” of Chief’s bar, a new honky tonk in Nashville’s entertainment district, according to an arrest report obtained by WTVF . He was seen laughing after the incident, according to witnesses described in the report.

Wallen “is cooperating fully with authorities,” his attorney Worrick Robinson said in a brief statement.

The Style section

Chief’s, which just opened last week, is a venture from Wallen’s friend and fellow country superstar Eric Church. (It’s a few blocks from where Wallen has plans to open his own downtown Nashville bar later this year.) Church and Wallen recently went into business together when they teamed up to buy the Field & Stream retail brand and relaunch the print magazine.

Wallen has exploded into mainstream popularity over the last few years, with 2023’s “One Thing at a Time” and 2021’s “Dangerous” topping Billboard charts and setting records. But his rise has been accompanied by a series of public incidents.

He was arrested at a different Nashville bar for disorderly conduct in 2020 . Wallen issued a public apology afterward, then released a photo of himself smiling next to the bar’s owner, Kid Rock.

Wallen apologized again after social media videos showed him partying without a mask in the early months of the coronavirus pandemic, an incident that briefly disrupted his plans to perform on “Saturday Night Live.”

His career looked to be in serious jeopardy for a time in early 2021, after TMZ published footage of Wallen calling a friend the n-word outside his home. Wallen’s record label swiftly suspended him, he was banned from awards shows, and hundreds of radio stations dropped his music.

But the singer’s career recovered after he issued a statement to “sincerely apologize for using the word” and promised to “do better.” When The Washington Post covered the launch of Wallen’s headlining tour a year after the scandal , many fans were eager to forgive him, if they thought he needed forgiveness at all.

It wasn’t immediately clear what penalties Wallen could face after Monday’s arrest. He was released after posting a $15,250 bond, according to WTVF. The station noted that his next court appearance is set for May 3, the same day he is scheduled to play at Nashville’s Nissan Stadium.

Emily Yahr contributed to this report.

• The hero March 16, 2024 The hero March 16, 2024
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Elon Musk’s X is at war with the old Twitter.com — and it's creating an opportunity for scammers

X owner Elon Musk has made it no secret that Twitter, the former name of the social media company he bought for $44 billion in 2022, is no more. He’s sold off the company’s famous blue bird memorabilia, eliminated the word “tweet” from the platform, and is now apparently trying to change all references made to Twitter.com to X.com without asking users.

The change was first reported by Mashable , which spotted posts from disgruntled and concerned users about the change on X. A few days ago, some users started noticing that X was automatically changing mentions of the Twitter.com URL to X.com on the social network’s iOS app. The change was made no matter where “Twitter” was in the URL, which means that URLs such as “NetfliTwitter.com” appeared as “Netflix.com” in posts.

However, as you might imagine, even if X automatically changed NetfliTwitter.com to Netflix.com in posts, users who clicked on the link were taken to NetfliTwitter.com—not the real Netflix home page.

While at first glance this may simply appear to be an annoying change instituted by the company, users quickly pointed out that the situation created an ideal situation for scammers. By buying up domains like NetfliTwitter.com, scammers were given a perfect opportunity to conduct phishing campaigns and steal users’ login credentials.

The X user @yuyu0127_ preemptively bought the NetfliTwitter.com domain to prevent it from being used by hackers and posted the following warning:

“As of April 8, 2024, the iOS Twitter (now X) client automatically replaces the text ‘twitter.com’ in posts with ‘x.com’ as part of its functionality. Therefore, for example, a URL that appears to be ‘netflix.com’ will actually redirect to ‘netflitwitter.com’ when clicked. Please be aware that there is a potential for this feature to be exploited in the future, by acquiring domains containing ‘twitter.com’ to lead users to malicious pages. This domain, ‘netflitwitter.com,’ has been acquired for protective purposes to prevent its use for such malicious activities.

Mashable noted that another X user, @amasato_mochi , bought the domain “seTwitter.com,” which X was changing to “sex.com.” The user also aimed to protect the unsuspecting public from phishing attacks. The “seTwitter.com” domain currently redirects to another page with a similar warning to the one issued by @yuyu0127_.

“Please do not access suspicious URLs!” @amasato_mochi wrote. “On April 8, 2024, a dangerous feature was implemented in the iOS client for Twitter (now X) that forcibly replaces the string twitter.com in tweet contents with x.com if it is included. Consequently, there might be an increase in individuals acquiring domains that include “some string”twitter.com, and depending on the acquirers’ intentions, this could lead to malicious websites being linked.”

As of Tuesday, it appeared that X had reversed course and was no longer automatically changing “NetfliTwitter.com” to “Netflix.com” on iOS. However, Mashable noted that there were still many instances of other references of words being changed to resemble authentic websites, though it did not provide specific examples.

Gizmodo reached out to X for comment on the change on Wednesday morning but did not immediately receive a response.

A version of this article originally appeared on Gizmodo .

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