a level gp essay examples

FREE General Paper Essays By Top Students

Find the best General Paper model essays written by students from top Junior College in Singapore.

Wide Collection of Quality GP Essays

You can expect to find a extensive collection of GP model essays across a wide range of themes, such as social media, politics, governance, environment, education, nuclear energy and so much more. Easily find the theme that you are interested in and focus for your GP  exams. Moreover, our essays are written by top students from the best JCs in Singapore who have consistently scored well for their GP examination.

Frequently Updated Essays

Using relevant and updated examples are essential for an exemplary essay. With our GP model essays, not only can you learn how to apply the examples and support your argument well, you can also access to a wide range of recent examples that makes your GP essay stand out among the rest.

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No matter where you are, you can read the GP model essays using your mobile phone or laptop! Simply login to your paid account and you can start reading the essays. No more carrying of heavy books around in MRTs or library when you just need to read a few pages of essay!

Categorised Into Essay Themes

Strategise your learning by selecting and narrow the GP essay themes that you want to focus for your GP examination. We make it very easily for you to select the essays that you want to study. No matter what areas you are interested in, we have the best GP essays for you to study!

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Do you prefer to read and annotate the essays on hard copy? No problem! You can easily print out the essay that you want to study. There is no need to carry heavy essays book when you only need to study a few pages!

General Paper Model Essays

Improve your General Paper essay score by learning from GP model essays!

Get General Papers essays written by real top students in Singapore. Learn how model essays brilliantly discuss their points and cleverly make use of their examples so that you can apply on your own essays and score your ‘A’ ! These essays are written under exam conditions so the  standards are very achievable .

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Sample General Paper Model Essays

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Home » GP Tuition » A Level GP – A Complete Guide to Junior College H1 General Paper (GP)

A Level GP – A Complete Guide to Junior College H1 General Paper (GP)

May 31, 2021 | GP Tuition

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A Complete Guide to JC & A Level GP

Entering a Junior College (JC) can both be an exciting and stressful event for students, where they will be exposed to an extensive syllabus that they are expected to be well-versed in by the end of 1.5 years. In addition, being exposed to what seems like a completely new subject – General Paper (GP) in place of English can be daunting for most. Here at MindFlex, we have compiled an ultimate guide to the A Level GP syllabus, stocked with all the information you’ll need to know about A Level GP; together with free resources that’d help you achieve an A for A Level GP!

1. An Overview to A Level GP

Under the A Level curriculum, GP is a compulsory subject to be taken by students in place of the English language subject. Essentially, A Level GP bears many similarities with English, with the written examination format largely following that of the PSLE and O Level English. In addition, A Level GP also aims to allow students to develop the ability to think critically and construct coherent arguments through concise and accurate language. A Level GP also exposes students to a wide variety of global and local issues, allowing students to be more in-touch with the real world. This allows students to build a strong foundation in the key understandings of the fast-changing world in order to meet the demands of higher education and the workplace in the future.

A Level GP poses challenges for most students due to the need for a good foundation in the English language, as well as the need for immense amounts of general knowledge of global and local affairs. Hence, it is pivotal for students to grasp a good foundation in both the English language and the skills required in the A Level GP examination during their JC1 year, in order to further build on their skills and knowledge in the second year, which will allow them to do well for their A Level GP. 

In addition, doing well in A Level GP is crucial if the student is intending on applying to local universities either to be exempted from the Qualifying English Test (QET), or to apply for undergraduate degrees such as Law, Public Policy and Global Affairs, Economics, Psychology and more. 

Here at MindFlex, we have over 7,000 experienced A Level GP Tutors who will be able to help you ace your A Level GP. Request for GP Tuition with MindFlex today!

2. Objectives of A Level GP

The aim of A Level GP is to enable students to gain a deeper understanding and appreciation for the world through fostering critical awareness, as well as to develop skills for critical thinking, effective communication and evaluation.

Paper 1 (Essay)

• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of diverse range of topics
• Analyse and evaluate topics across disciplines 
• Express understanding and critical and creative thinking 
• Formulate cogent arguments

Paper 2 (Comprehension)

• Comprehend text(s) in detail and as a whole
• Identify and infer information
• Summarise and evaluate information
• Make observations of trends and relationships
• Apply understanding and interpretation in tasks derived from the text(s)

Use of English

• Usage of good spelling, punctuation and grammar
• Employ a variety of linguistic styles and expressions suitable for the context
• Use and demonstrate understanding of a range of vocabulary
• Clear presentation of information

More information can be found under the SEAB Syllabus .

3. A Level Exam Format

A Level GP consists of 2 segments – namely the Paper 1 (Essay) and Paper 2 (Comprehension). In addition, a portion of the mark allocation for each paper is also dedicated to the use of language . 

Here’s a guide to what the A Level GP paper is about!

3.1. Paper 1 (Writing)

50 marks, 1 hour 30 mins

Content Marks: 30

Language Marks: 20

The A Level GP Paper 1 comprises 12 questions of different topics. Topic areas are derived from issues drawn from across disciplines or issues of local interest and global concern. Examples of topics may include: social media, society, politics, law, culture or marriage. Students are required to pick 1 out of the 12 questions and write a 500-800 word essay. View the A Level GP 2020 Essay Questions for examples of questions.

3.1.1. Challenges Faced in A Level GP Paper 1

As with any other open-ended essay-based paper, students might find it difficult to brainstorm ideas or express their ideas coherently. In addition, added difficulty is placed on the A Level GP Paper 1 due to the need for a wide range of general knowledge and content required to do well. Students are required to be well-versed in the topic in order to generate ideas and arguments for their essays. In addition, sufficient writing skills are required for students to frame their essay and put forth their arguments coherently and clearly with appropriate language and vocabulary.

3.1.2. How To Score Well for A Level GP Paper 1

In order to do well, students are encouraged to be well-versed with global and local issues and current affairs, as well as to invest time and effort in consolidating a content bank with issues and arguments across different topics. Extensive in-depth understanding of key issues discussed in society presently will also be helpful in helping students do well for the A Level GP Paper 1. Above all else, students should also have a strong foundation in the English language as well as possess appropriate essay-writing skills. Here at MindFlex, our experienced A Level GP Tutors have years of teaching experience and are well-versed with the GP syllabus to provide concise and guided support for students in their GP essay.

3.2. Paper 2 (Comprehension)

Content Marks: 35

Language Marks: 15 (a separate but holistic score based on entire script)

In Paper 2, students are required to answer various Short-Answer Questions (17 marks) based on one or two text(s). The Short-Answer Questions will cover the understanding of the comprehension text, including literal and inferred meaning, as well as vocabulary. In addition, students are also expected to answer a Summary Question (8 marks) and Application Question (10 marks), which requires students to possess technical and analytical skills in order to answer the questions well.

3.2.1. Challenges Faced in A Level GP Paper 2

In Paper 2, Time Management has been proven to be something that many A Level English students struggle with as there are many different sections with questions of varying lengths. In particular, the Application Question is usually deemed as the most difficult and time-consuming section of the Paper 2, and it is usually also the last question. Hence, students tend to spend too much time on the front of the paper, leaving the Application Question only to the end – resulting in the lack of time available to complete the question and hence compromising the quality of the answer.

3.2.2. How To Score Well for A Level GP Paper 2

Here, practice and exposure are needed to ensure that students are well-versed in the various sections and are able to critically analyse and make meaning of both the text(s) and the questions. Students should also aim to get sufficient practice through attempting past-year papers under timed conditions to simulate examination conditions, in order to ensure that they are able to complete the entire paper in time. Lastly, having a comprehensive knowledge on general and current affairs or knowledge on a wide range of topics can also come in handy for students in the Application Question.

4. A Level GP Tips and Resources

The sheer amount of content mastery required for A Level GP is definitely a lot for students. Furthermore, students might also be caught up with extracurricular activities or other A Level subjects, which makes studying for A Level GP even harder. Here at MindFlex, we have compiled a list of key study tips and free resources, perfect for giving you the head start to ace the A Level GP examination.

4.1. A Level GP Tips

1. Start a Content Bank

In order to do well for A Level GP, students are required to read up extensively on global and current affairs and be exposed to different topics ranging from marriage and culture to politics and law. Hence, MindFlex recommends starting a content bank. This can be done through either a hardcopy notebook or an online one. Upon reading up or researching on a particular topic, students can note down key points, arguments and important issues to note, as well as brainstorm possible questions revolving around the particular topic. 

This way, students will be able to get a good bird’s eye view of the various important topics and issues happening around the world, hence making it easier to study the content for examinations.

2. Craft a Study Plan

Many students struggle with doing well in their A Levels due to increased commitments and the sheer amount of workload for their multiple subjects. Hence, it is crucial for students to plan and allocate their time wisely in order to set aside sufficient time to study in addition to their other commitments and rest time. Students can get started with planning their study schedule through using printables, their school handbook/planner or drawing their own calendar/timetable.

3. Form Study Groups

Multiple studies have shown the benefits of study groups – hence it is no doubt that forming study groups with a bunch of friends or classmates can prove to be advantageous in helping students prepare for the A Levels. Given the rigour and stress involved in the A Level exam preparation, having a study group can help students to clear any doubts and form a healthy, productive study schedule. In addition, students can also destress with the study group at the end of their study session, which helps to promote a healthy work-life balance.

4. Exam Practice

A lot of practice is needed for students to grasp the content and be familiarised with the different question types and skills required – which is why MindFlex has researched a list of free downloadable A Level GP exam papers . By attempting a range of GP exam papers, students can be exposed to different topics and question types which has proven to be beneficial for A Level GP students in ensuring that they are exposed to a breadth of content and skills.

Additionally, it is also advantageous if students are able to take the exam papers under exam settings (ie. under timed conditions) in order to simulate real-life examination conditions. This way, students will be made aware of the speed and accuracy required to do well for their A Level GP examination.

5. Getting Extra Help

Tackling A Level GP can be extremely difficult if not armed with the correct skills and guidance. In addition, given the difficulty in amassing the accurate analytical skills required to analyse and interpret the various GP topics and Comprehension texts, students might require additional guidance that is tailored and customised. Given the subjectivity in marking and grading GP essays, it might also be difficult for students to study the subject on their own.

Hence, getting an A Level GP Tutor might come in handy. Here at MindFlex, we have over 7,000 trained and experienced A Level GP Tutors who have valuable tips and resources that will help improve students’ GP grades. Our A Level GP Tutors also have a wealth of resources, notes and content that will be made available to students to help them learn better. 

4.2. A Level GP Resources

Here, we have compiled our top 9 resources for your child to aid him/her in their A Level GP preparation.

1. A-Level General Paper Model Essays By Themes

The guidebook serves as a good starting point for students who are struggling with their GP Paper 1. With 30 model essays from a wide range of topics, students can extract key concepts and ideas from the model essays, which will be extremely beneficial in preparing for their Paper 1 examination.

Excel in your GP Paper 1 with this guidebook.

2. A-Level General Paper Understanding Singapore Issues

Written by the same author as the guidebook before, this guidebook is solely focused on unpacking Singapore issues that can come in handy for GP essays, which can be used for both the Paper 1 Essay and the Application Question in Paper 2. 

The key to doing well in A Level GP is to have a solid grasp on the key issues in Singapore.

3. GP Study Magazine

GP Study Magazine is a mobile app dedicated to helping students study and revise for their A Level GP examination. It features multiple GP essays and articles from a wide range of topics and issues to enrich students with content for their future essays. In addition, the app also includes many videos, infographics, data and figures to help supplement students’ learning. Furthermore, the easy-to-access interface allows for easier on-the-go learning.

GP Study Magazine is currently only available on the Google Play store .

Take learning on-the-go with this handy app.

Staying focused is something that is a struggle for many A Level students – especially with the large amounts of distractions and temptations posed to them. Hence, Forest comes in handy as an app to help students focus without getting distracted by their phones. It features a well-designed interface that can motivate students to engage in it by planting a virtual tree. While the tree is planting, a timer is triggered and students are unable to use their phones for that situated amount of time, or risk ‘killing’ their tree. Through this gamified interface, it will be beneficial for students who are trying to reduce their mobile phone usage and instead, focus on studying. 

Forest is available on the App Store and Google Play Store .

Stay productive when studying for GP with the Forest App.

As mentioned in our tips, starting a content bank for GP can be beneficial for students. Notion is a note taking app that offers a powerful, database-driven note-taking experience. It has multiple useful features that can make the note-taking experience smoother. In addition, since it can be used online, students can write their notes on-the-go while they are commuting, and be rest assured that their notes will be safe and will not be lost or misplaced. 

Find out more information about Notion on their website .

Notion is an all-in-one note taking app, perfect for A Level GP students.

6. Free A Level GP Notes

Since GP relies heavily on content knowledge and skills, it can be extremely helpful to have a consolidated stack of notes to aid you in studying. Furthermore, having collated content on global affairs can greatly ease the amount of workload required to sieve through the Internet or newspapers for content – this way, students can focus on understanding and digesting the consolidated content provided to them.

Download free A Level GP notes here .

7. Free A Level GP Exam Papers

We know how expensive extra exam resources can be – so, here at MindFlex, we have collated a list of free A Level GP exam papers that are downloadable, perfect for extra practice or revision. 

Download the A Level GP papers here .

8. A Level GP Tuition

Nothing beats an extra pair of hands to guide your child in their learning. Engaging in effective tuition classes can help you improve and gain an even greater interest in GP as a subject. Hence, it might be beneficial to seek help early from an A Level GP Tutor in Singapore.

9. MindFlex GP Home Tutors

We completely understand the hectic school and study schedules of JC students. This is why home tutoring might be a more suitable option to ensure that students are able to study comfortably. MindFlex has over 7,000 A Level GP Home Tutors for you to choose from – all of whom are experienced and will be able to help aid students in their GP. Enjoy high-quality guidance and education at the comforts of your own home with MindFlex’s A Level GP Tutors. 

Request for a MindFlex A Level GP Tutor today!

5. Conclusion

The A Levels are undoubtedly one of the most stressful and rigorous examinations for students. However, it is still important to realise that the A Levels are a crucial stepping stone for one’s future. Apart from doing well, it is also important for students to learn the correct mindsets and transferable study skills in order to do well in their further studies. 

Here at MindFlex, our A Level GP Tutors strongly emphasise on holistic education that is relevant in the fast-paced and ever-changing environment. By focusing on transferable skills, students will be able to gain genuine interest in the subject and learn important life skills and expand their mastery on general and current affairs, helping to mould them into ambassadors and future citizens.

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5 Tips for Writing a General Paper Essay that Will Score You an 'A'

Students often fall into two camps when it comes to how they approach the General Paper (GP) essay. The first group believes religiously in spotting questions and the power of the memorised template essay. However, tweaks to familiar questions by crafty examiners can negate the template’s effectiveness, and what if the spotted questions fail to turn up altogether? The second group is the opposite, and regard GP as a subject they can breeze through without much studying. Just choose any question that looks easy or interesting, write what comes to mind and hope for the best, right? Sadly, the best is rarely achieved. You have probably been in one or even both of these groups at some point. Neither approach is entirely wrong or correct - they wouldn’t exist if they didn’t work to some extent. However, if your goal is to write a GP essay that will score you an A, then you will need more than an approach that works to some extent. 

Here are 5 tips from The Learning Lab that will help you improve your writing and your chance at an A for the General Paper. 

1. Read the Questions Carefully

You get a total of 12 questions to choose from for your GP essay. Take a moment to read all of them carefully. While you should choose a topic that you are familiar with or passionate about (e.g. tech, government legislation, foreign affairs, generation gaps), avoid choosing a question immediately just because it seems familiar. As your teachers would have told you, some questions are traps! You may have studied the Cold War and the demise of the Soviet Union in A-Level History, but that doesn’t mean you have the arguments and examples to adequately answer if communism is dead today. 

Conversely, you may find that some of the general knowledge you have absorbed in preparation for the exam can be applied to a question on a less familiar topic, and provides the breadth of examples that markers look for. A good practice is to shortlist two or three questions before you start planning, just in case you hit a snag when formulating your argument and need an alternative.

2. Plan Out Your Essay

Planning out your essay is essential for many reasons. Firstly, it helps you avoid the perils of jumping straight in with a template argument or no argument at all, only to realise after an hour that you haven’t really been answering the question. The subject may be called General Paper, yet your essay should be anything but. This is also when you spot the trap questions and steer clear. Secondly, it allows you to structure your points and counterpoints in a logical flow to best support your thesis statement and overall argument. Thirdly, planning enables you to take stock of the examples you have to back up your points.

Ask yourself:

Do you have enough to substantiate each point? 

Which example is better used for which point?

 Are there obvious gaps that you can’t think of a way to fill, and should you quickly go and look at another question instead?

3. A Clear and Concise Introduction is Better than a Stylish One

A good introduction in a GP essay does its job and quickly moves both you (the writer) and the reader on to the meat of the essay. It sets up your argument clearly and provides a preview of what is to come. Under timed conditions, style that piques the reader’s attention is a bonus. Remember that a complete essay with all points substantiated and a conclusion will always score better than an incomplete essay with an impressive and memorable introduction.

You should also avoid giving too detailed a description of your points in the introduction. A good rule is to keep the introduction as short as possible: you should not write much more than an opening sentence, a thesis statement, and a sentence to link your introduction to your first point. 

4. Link Your Arguments Together and Stay on Point

This is often the difference between an average essay and a good one, and between a good essay and an excellent one. The highest-scoring GP essays are not the ones with the most distinctive style or the most flowery language, but the ones with the tightest arguments and structure. Everything you write should aim to answer the question, so that your thesis statement, points, and examples mutually reinforce each other and your overall argument. Signposting is your best friend: leave the examiner in no doubt of which piece of evidence supports which point and why, and use keywords from the question and your thesis statement repeatedly. 

If a favourite example of yours doesn’t quite fit the argument you are crafting, cut it. Unlike Mathematics or the Science subjects where plonking down some calculations or facts could earn you some marks, in GP, it’s better to keep your examples on point rather than try to show everything you know.

5. Pay Attention to Grammar and Spelling 

While you don’t have to be Shakespeare to ace the General Paper exam, you do need to communicate what you have to say clearly. If you have followed the previous 4 tips to the letter, the last thing you want is to distract your marker from your compelling argument with basic spelling or punctuation errors. Writing essays under exam conditions can often be a mad rush, but it’s wise to slow down a little to make sure you don’t spell words wrongly or leave them out by mistake. And of course, if you happen to have time to spare after finishing, do read through your essay again!

Nurturing Independent Thinkers and Writers 

The ability to write clearly is an asset for students even when they move from the classroom to the working world, as effective communication is what greases the wheels of the corporate world.

At The Learning Lab, we want our students to go beyond simply learning how to read and write. Our teachers work closely with students to instil in them the fundamental principles of good writing. Find out more about our writing programmes here . 

The Learning Lab is now at 8 locations . Find a location that suits your needs.

If you have any questions about our range of programmes or class schedules, you may fill in the form below or contact us at 6733 8711 or  [email protected] .

The Learning Lab is now at  8 locations . Find a location that suits your needs.

If you have any questions about our range of programmes or class schedules, you may contact us at 6733 8711 or drop us an email at  [email protected] .

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Strong English Proficiency in General Paper Essays: A Key Ingredient for Success

A Level General Paper (GP) is a subject that demands critical thinking, analytical skills, and eloquence in expressing ideas. You may be wondering whether a good command of the English language is a guarantee of an A grade in GP essays . There is no doubt that English is essential. However, it is not the only factor that determines success in this subject. In this article, we will look at the importance of English language skills in GP essays and important tips that contribute to the achievement of excellence.

Understanding the Importance of English Proficiency

A good grasp of the English language is very important when writing GP essays. Being skilled in English helps students express their thoughts clearly, use many different words, and make their sentences sound smart. This skill lets them communicate complicated ideas well, which makes their essays better.

Also, being good at English is crucial for using correct grammar, punctuation, and spelling. These things are needed to make an essay organized and well done. If an essay has lots of mistakes and is hard to understand, it won’t be able to share its message well. So, English is a key part of writing good GP essays.

Beyond Language: Developing Critical Thinking Skills

While a strong command of English provides the foundation, the essence of GP essays lies in the development of critical thinking skills. GP essays require students to critically analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information from various sources. Proficiency in English can help convey these analyses clearly, but the ability to think critically and engage deeply with the topic is equally, if not more, important.

Students need to develop the skill of identifying key arguments, evaluating evidence, and presenting well-reasoned counterarguments. These skills allow students to demonstrate a nuanced understanding of complex issues, showcasing their ability to think critically and independently. A thoughtfully constructed argument, supported by evidence and logical reasoning, can significantly enhance the quality of the essay, leading to a higher grade. According to Kelvin Hong, Chief Tutor of Ace GP Tuition , “It is the strength and logic of a student’s arguments that usually make or break their essay. This is why we focus a lot on effective argumentation in our weekly GP classes.”

Effective Research and Source Integration

In addition to critical thinking , doing good research and using sources are important for a great GP essay. Students have to find sources that make sense and are trustworthy, take out the useful information, and put it in their essays smoothly. Being good at English helps with understanding and explaining hard sources, so students can use different ideas and expert thoughts in their essays.

Also, English skills help with giving credit to the sources and showing where the information came from. This makes sure the essay is honest and doesn’t copy other people’s work. When the essay has good research and reliable sources, it makes the arguments better and shows that the student can talk about serious ideas the right way.

Structural Organization and Coherence

A well-organised essay with a clear structure and logical flow of ideas is essential for effective communication. English language skills enable students to form coherent paragraphs, ensuring that each idea flows smoothly into the next. Logical organisation enhances the readability of the essay and allows examiners to follow the argument effortlessly.

Here is a simplified format and GP essays can vary in complexity and structure depending on the specific topic and requirements. It’s important to adapt your format and content to the specific essay prompt and guidelines.

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✏️ FREE Suggested A Level General Paper (GP) Essay Notes

Free suggested a level general paper (gp) sample essays.

General Paper (GP) A Level 2022 Questions

    1. Consider the view that people imprisoned for crimes should lose all their rights.   There is a view that people who are imprisoned for crimes should lose all of their rights while they are serving their sentences. This view is often supported by the idea that individuals who have broken the law and been found guilty in a court of justice should be held accountable for their actions and should be punished accordingly.   One view is that by depriving prisoners of their rights, it serves as a deterrent for others who may be considering committing crimes. It also ensures that those who have committed serious offenses are unable to continue to engage in criminal behavior while they are incarcerated.   However, some argue that all people, including prisoners, have basic human rights that should not be taken away, regardless of their actions. Depriving prisoners of their rights can also lead to inhumane conditions and mistreatment within the prison system.   In my view, while it is important for individuals who have committed crimes to be held accountable for their actions and to receive punishment, it is also important to recognize that all people, including prisoners, have basic human rights that should not be infringed upon. There are alternative approaches to punishment, such as rehabilitation programs, that can be more effective in addressing the root causes of criminal behavior and preventing future offenses.   One example of this approach is the Norwegian prison system, which focuses on rehabilitation and reintegration into society rather than punishment and deprivation of rights. This approach has been shown to have a lower recidivism rate compared to more punitive systems.   In conclusion, while the view that prisoners should lose all of their rights may be rooted in the desire to hold individuals accountable for their actions and to deter others from committing crimes, it is important to also consider the negative consequences of depriving prisoners of their basic human rights and to consider alternative approaches to punishment that prioritize rehabilitation and reintegration into society.     2. Does religion still have a role in the modern world?   Religion has been a significant aspect of human culture and society for millennia, and continues to be practiced by a large percentage of the global population today. However, the role of religion in the modern world is a subject of much debate and discussion.   On one hand, religion can provide individuals with a sense of purpose, meaning, and community. It can also serve as a source of moral guidance and support for individuals in times of crisis or hardship. Many religious traditions also promote charitable work and social justice, which can have a positive impact on communities and societies.   On the other hand, some argue that religion can be used to justify violence and conflict, and has been the cause of numerous wars and acts of terrorism throughout history. It can also be used to discriminate against and marginalize certain groups of people based on their beliefs or practices. In addition, the strict adherence to certain religious beliefs can sometimes conflict with scientific discoveries or progress.   In my view, while religion can certainly have both positive and negative impacts on individuals and societies, it is important to recognize that it can also play a valuable role in providing a sense of purpose and meaning, as well as promoting charitable work and social justice. It is important, however, to also recognize that religion should not be used to justify violence or discrimination, and that it should be open to examination and debate, just like any other aspect of human society.   One example of the positive role that religion can play in the modern world is the work of the Dalai Lama, the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism. He has worked for decades to promote peace, nonviolence, and understanding between different cultures and religions, and has received numerous accolades for his efforts, including the Nobel Peace Prize.   In conclusion, while the role of religion in the modern world is a complex and nuanced issue, it is clear that it can have both positive and negative impacts on individuals and societies. It is important to recognize and appreciate the positive contributions of religion while also being mindful of its potential drawbacks and ensuring that it is not used to justify violence or discrimination.     3. Dramas on television or film are never as effective as a live performance. Discuss.   There is a view that live performances of plays or musicals are inherently more effective than their televised or film adaptations. This view is often supported by the idea that the energy and immediacy of a live performance cannot be replicated by a pre-recorded or broadcasted version.   There are several pros to this view. One argument is that live performances allow for a level of interaction and engagement between the performers and the audience that cannot be achieved through a televised or film adaptation. In addition, live performances allow for a greater sense of immersion and presence in the story being told, as the audience is physically present in the same space as the performers.   However, one argument is that televised or film adaptations of plays and musicals can reach a wider audience than a live performance, which is limited by geography and ticket availability. In addition, these adaptations can often include higher production values and special effects that may not be possible in a live performance.   In my view, while it is true that live performances offer a unique and powerful experience that cannot be fully replicated through a televised or film adaptation, it is important to also recognize the value and potential of these mediums. Television and film adaptations of plays and musicals can reach a wider audience and allow for a level of storytelling and production that may not be possible in a live setting.   One example of the success of a televised or film adaptation of a live performance is the Broadway musical “Hamilton,” which was filmed and released on Disney+ to widespread acclaim. The film version of the musical allowed for a level of accessibility and reach that would not have been possible through a live performance alone.   In conclusion, while live performances of plays and musicals offer a unique and powerful experience, it is important to also recognize the value and potential of televised and film adaptations. These mediums can reach a wider audience and allow for a level of storytelling and production that may not be possible in a live setting.     4. Assess the extent to which different age groups in your society are valued equally.   In Singapore, the extent to which different age groups are valued equally is a complex and nuanced issue. On one hand, Singapore has implemented a number of policies and initiatives aimed at promoting intergenerational solidarity and reducing age segregation. These include initiatives such as the “Silver Support Scheme,” which provides targeted financial assistance to low-income elderly citizens, and the “Elderspeak” training program, which teaches caregivers how to communicate effectively with older people.   However, one argument is that certain age groups, particularly older individuals, may face discrimination or prejudice in the workplace, leading to lower employment rates and opportunities for advancement. In addition, there is a lack of accessible and affordable housing options for elderly citizens, which can lead to age segregation and a lack of intergenerational contact.   In my view, while Singapore has made efforts to value all age groups equally and to address issues of age-based discrimination and segregation, there is still more work to be done to ensure that all individuals, regardless of age, are able to fully participate in and contribute to their community. This includes providing equal opportunities for education, employment, and participation in community and civic life, as well as addressing issues such as access to affordable housing and employment discrimination.   One example of an initiative that has sought to promote intergenerational contact and cooperation in Singapore is the “Elders-in-Residence” program, which pairs elderly citizens with school-aged children to engage in activities such as storytelling and craft-making. This program has been successful in fostering intergenerational understanding and friendships, and has been implemented in a number of schools across Singapore.   In conclusion, while Singapore has made efforts to value all age groups equally and to promote intergenerational solidarity, there is still more work to be done to ensure that all individuals, regardless of age, are able to fully participate in and contribute to their community. It is important for societies to address issues such as employment discrimination and a lack of affordable housing options for elderly citizens in order to promote equal opportunities and a sense of inclusivity for all age groups.     5. To what extent can individuals shape their own lives when the world is so unpredictable?   It is often argued that the world is increasingly unpredictable and that individuals have limited control over the events and circumstances that shape their lives. However, there is also a view that individuals have the ability to shape their own lives to a significant extent, despite the unpredictable nature of the world.   On one hand, there are several arguments in favor of the idea that individuals have the power to shape their own lives. One argument is that individuals have agency and the ability to make choices that can impact the direction of their lives. In addition, individuals have the power to take action and pursue opportunities that can help to shape their lives in positive ways.   However, one argument is that external factors, such as economic conditions, political systems, and natural disasters, can have a significant impact on an individual’s circumstances and opportunities. In addition, certain individuals may face structural or systemic barriers that limit their ability to shape their own lives.   In my view, while it is true that the world is unpredictable and that external factors can have a significant impact on an individual’s circumstances, it is also important to recognize that individuals have agency and the ability to make choices that can shape the course of their lives. This includes taking action and pursuing opportunities, as well as advocating for change and addressing structural or systemic barriers that may limit their ability to shape their own lives.   One example of an individual who has been able to shape their own life despite external challenges is Malala Yousafzai, a Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest Nobel Prize laureate. Despite facing threats and violence due to her advocacy, Yousafzai has continued to speak out and take action to promote education for girls in her community and beyond.   In conclusion, while the world is unpredictable and external factors can have a significant impact on an individual’s circumstances, it is important to recognize that individuals have the power to shape their own lives to a significant extent. This includes taking action and pursuing opportunities, as well as advocating for change and addressing structural or systemic barriers.     6. Too many historical figures are famous for the wrong reasons. Discuss.   There is a view that many historical figures have become famous for the wrong reasons, and that their legacies are not always representative of their true impact or contributions. This view is often supported by the idea that the stories and narratives that are passed down about historical figures can be shaped and influenced by various biases and agendas.   On one hand, there are several arguments in favor of the idea that many historical figures are famous for the wrong reasons. One argument is that the stories and narratives that are told about these figures often focus on sensational or controversial aspects of their lives, rather than their true impact or contributions. In addition, certain historical figures may be celebrated for their accomplishments in one area, while their negative actions or beliefs in other areas are overlooked or downplayed.   However, one argument is that the stories and narratives that are passed down about historical figures are often shaped by the perspectives and experiences of those who are telling them, and may not always be fully accurate or complete. In addition, it is important to recognize that historical figures were products of their time and that their actions and beliefs should be understood within their historical context.   In my view, while it is important to critically examine the stories and narratives that are passed down about historical figures and to recognize that they can be shaped by various biases and agendas, it is also important to recognize that historical figures were products of their time and that their actions and beliefs should be understood within their historical context. It is important to strive for a nuanced and balanced understanding of historical figures, rather than simply celebrating or condemning them based on a single aspect of their lives.   One example of a historical figure who is often celebrated for the wrong reasons is Christopher Columbus, who is often credited with “discovering” America and is celebrated with holidays in a number of countries. However, Columbus’s actions and beliefs, particularly in relation to the treatment of indigenous peoples, have been widely criticized and his legacy is often viewed in a more complex and nuanced manner.   In conclusion, while it is true that many historical figures are famous for the wrong reasons and that the stories and narratives that are passed down about them can be shaped by various biases and agendas, it is important to strive for a nuanced and balanced understanding of these figures and to recognize their actions and beliefs within their historical context.     7. The results of scientific research should be available to everyone. How far do you agree?   There is a view that the results of scientific research should be freely and widely available to all individuals, as they have the potential to benefit society as a whole. This view is often supported by the idea that scientific research is a public good and that it should be shared and disseminated in order to advance knowledge and understanding.   On one hand, there are several arguments in favor of the idea that the results of scientific research should be available to everyone. One argument is that making scientific research widely available can facilitate the sharing of knowledge and ideas, which can lead to new discoveries and innovations. In addition, making scientific research available to everyone can ensure that all individuals have access to accurate and reliable information, which can be especially important in the context of issues such as public health and policy.   However, one argument is that making scientific research widely available can lead to a lack of financial incentives for researchers, which can discourage investment in scientific research and innovation. In addition, certain types of scientific research, such as that involving sensitive or proprietary information, may be restricted in order to protect intellectual property or other interests.   In my view, while it is important to recognize the value of making scientific research widely available, it is also important to consider the potential drawbacks and to strike a balance between accessibility and the need to protect intellectual property and other interests. This may involve implementing mechanisms such as open access publishing, which allows for the dissemination of scientific research while also protecting the interests of researchers and institutions.   One example of a model for making scientific research widely available is the “open science” movement, which advocates for the free and open access to the results of scientific research. This movement has gained traction in recent years and has led to the implementation of initiatives such as open access publishing and the creation of online repositories of scientific research.   In conclusion, while the results of scientific research should be widely available in order to advance knowledge and understanding and to ensure that all individuals have access to accurate and reliable information, it is also important to consider the potential drawbacks and to strike a balance between accessibility and the need to protect intellectual property and other interests. Initiatives such as open access publishing and the “open science” movement can help to achieve this balance.     8. Examine the claim that music without words lacks both meaning and appeal.   There is a view that music without words, often referred to as instrumental music, lacks both meaning and appeal compared to music that includes lyrics. This view is often supported by the idea that lyrics add an additional layer of meaning and context to music, and that instrumental music is therefore less able to convey emotion or tell a story.   On one hand, there are several arguments in favor of the idea that instrumental music lacks both meaning and appeal. One argument is that lyrics provide a direct means of conveying a message or story, which can be lacking in instrumental music. In addition, some people may find it more difficult to connect emotionally with instrumental music, as they do not have the added context provided by lyrics.   However, one argument is that instrumental music can still convey emotion and tell a story, even without lyrics. This can be achieved through the use of melody, harmony, and other musical elements, which can elicit strong emotional responses in listeners. In addition, instrumental music can often be more universal in its appeal, as it is not limited by language or cultural barriers.   In my view, while it is true that lyrics can add an additional layer of meaning and context to music, it is also important to recognize that instrumental music can still convey emotion and tell a story, and that it can have a strong appeal to listeners. It is important to appreciate the diverse range of music that exists, including both music with lyrics and instrumental music, and to recognize that both types of music can have meaning and appeal.   One example of instrumental music that has both meaning and appeal is the “Adagio for Strings,” a piece by composer Samuel Barber. This piece, which is often played at funerals and other solemn occasions, is able to convey a powerful emotional message without the use of lyrics.   In conclusion, while it is true that lyrics can add an additional layer of meaning and context to music, it is important to recognize that instrumental music can still convey emotion and tell a story, and that it can have a strong appeal to listeners. It is important to appreciate the diverse range of music that exists, including both music with lyrics and instrumental music, and to recognize that both types of music can have meaning and appeal. It is important to approach music with an open mind and to consider the diverse ways in which it can convey emotion, tell a story, and connect with listeners.     9. Since the extinction of species is a natural phenomenon, is there any point in trying to prevent it?   The extinction of species is a natural phenomenon that has occurred throughout the history of life on Earth. However, there is a view that the current rate of species extinction is higher than it has been in the past, and that human activities, such as habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, are contributing to this trend. This has led to the question of whether it is worthwhile to try to prevent species extinction.   On one hand, there are several arguments in favor of trying to prevent species extinction. One argument is that species play important roles in ecosystems and their extinction can have cascading effects on other species and the overall health of the ecosystem. In addition, many species have cultural, aesthetic, and economic value, and their extinction can have negative impacts on human communities and industries.   However, one argument is that the resources and efforts required to prevent species extinction may be better directed towards other priorities, such as addressing issues of poverty and disease. In addition, it may be difficult or impossible to intervene in natural processes, such as habitat destruction or climate change, in order to prevent species extinction.   In my view, while it is true that species extinction is a natural phenomenon and that resources and efforts have limited scope, it is important to recognize the potential negative impacts of species extinction on ecosystems and human communities. This includes the cultural, aesthetic, and economic value of species, as well as the potential cascading effects of species extinction on other species and ecosystems. Therefore, it is important to take steps to prevent species extinction where possible, while also recognizing the limitations and challenges of this task. This may involve implementing conservation measures, such as protected areas and habitat restoration, and addressing the root causes of species extinction, such as habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change.   An example of an effort to prevent species extinction is the work of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), which has compiled a “Red List” of threatened and endangered species and works to promote conservation efforts and policies.   In conclusion, while the extinction of species is a natural phenomenon, it is important to recognize the potential negative impacts of species extinction on ecosystems and human communities. This includes the cultural, aesthetic, and economic value of species, as well as the potential cascading effects of species extinction on other species and ecosystems. Therefore, it is important to take steps to prevent species extinction where possible, while also recognizing the limitations and challenges of this task. This may involve implementing conservation measures and addressing the root causes of species extinction.     10. Consumerism is more of a curse than a blessing. How true is this of your society?   Consumerism, or the focus on consuming goods and services, is a central aspect of many modern societies. However, there is a view that consumerism is more of a curse than a blessing, as it can lead to negative impacts on individuals, communities, and the environment. This view is often supported by the idea that consumerism can contribute to issues such as overconsumption, waste, and environmental degradation.   On one hand, there are several arguments in favor of the idea that consumerism is a curse. One argument is that consumerism can contribute to overconsumption and waste, as individuals may feel pressure to constantly acquire new goods and dispose of old ones. In addition, consumerism can have negative environmental impacts, as the production and disposal of goods often generates pollution and uses natural resources.   However, one argument is that consumerism can drive economic growth and create jobs, which can have positive impacts on individuals and communities. In addition, consumerism can provide individuals with access to a wide range of goods and services that can improve their quality of life.   In my view, while it is true that consumerism can have negative impacts on individuals, communities, and the environment, it is also important to recognize that it can have positive impacts as well. It is important to strike a balance between the benefits and drawbacks of consumerism, and to consider ways to mitigate the negative impacts of consumerism, such as through sustainable consumption practices and the implementation of regulations and policies to address issues such as pollution and waste.   In conclusion, while consumerism can have both positive and negative impacts on individuals, communities, and the environment, it is important to strike a balance between the benefits and drawbacks of consumerism and to consider ways to mitigate the negative impacts. This may involve implementing sustainable consumption practices and regulations and policies to address issues such as pollution and waste.     11. Consider the view that mathematics is of little interest to most people as it is too complex.   There is a view that mathematics is of little interest to most people, as it is seen as a complex and abstract subject that is difficult to understand and apply to real-world situations. This view is often supported by the idea that mathematics can be intimidating or overwhelming for many people, and that it is not seen as relevant or useful to their everyday lives.   On one hand, there are several arguments in favor of the idea that mathematics is of little interest to most people. One argument is that mathematics can be challenging and requires a high level of abstract thinking and problem-solving skills, which may not be appealing to everyone. In addition, many people may not see the practical value or relevance of mathematics to their everyday lives, and may therefore not be motivated to learn about it.   However, one argument is that mathematics is a fundamental and pervasive aspect of the world around us, and that it is important for understanding and engaging with a wide range of disciplines and fields, including science, engineering, finance, and more. In addition, mathematics can provide a sense of accomplishment and personal growth to those who engage with it and develop their skills.   In my view, while it is true that mathematics can be complex and challenging, it is also important to recognize the value and relevance of mathematics to a wide range of disciplines and fields, as well as the personal growth and sense of accomplishment that it can provide to those who engage with it. It is important to approach mathematics with an open mind and to consider the diverse ways in which it can be useful and meaningful in our lives.   One example of the practical value and relevance of mathematics is its use in data analysis and machine learning, which have become increasingly important in fields such as business, healthcare, and technology. These applications of mathematics allow for the interpretation and analysis of large amounts of data, and have the potential to improve decision-making and drive innovation.   In conclusion, while mathematics can be complex and challenging, it is important to recognize the value and relevance of mathematics to a wide range of disciplines and fields, as well as the personal growth and sense of accomplishment that it can provide to those who engage with it. It is important to approach mathematics with an open mind and to consider the diverse ways in which it can be useful and meaningful in our lives.     12. It is not winning, but taking part, which matters. How acceptable is this as an approach to life?   There is a view that it is not winning, but taking part, which matters in life, and that this approach should be valued and encouraged. This view is often supported by the idea that the process of participating and striving for personal improvement is more important than achieving external recognition or success.   On one hand, there are several arguments in favor of the idea that taking part is more important than winning. One argument is that participating in activities and endeavors can provide personal growth and development, regardless of the outcome. In addition, focusing on the process of taking part can encourage a growth mindset and a commitment to improvement, rather than a fixed mindset and a focus on external validation.   However, one argument is that competition and the desire to achieve success can be motivating and can drive individuals to push themselves and strive for excellence. In addition, external recognition and success can bring tangible benefits, such as financial rewards or career advancement.   In my view, while it is important to recognize the value of participating and striving for personal improvement, it is also important to recognize the role that competition and the desire for success can play in motivating individuals and driving excellence. It is important to strike a balance between these two approaches and to recognize that both can have value in different contexts.   An example of the importance of taking part and striving for personal improvement is the concept of “kaizen,” which is a Japanese business philosophy that emphasizes continuous improvement. This philosophy encourages individuals to focus on the process of taking part and striving for personal improvement, rather than achieving external success or recognition.   In conclusion, while taking part and striving for personal improvement are important values to encourage, it is also important to recognize the role that competition and the desire for success can play in motivating individuals and driving excellence. It is important to strike a balance between these two approaches and to recognize that both can have value in different contexts.    

General Paper (GP) A Level 2021 Questions

  1. How far is the pursuit of happiness the most important human goal?   The pursuit of happiness has long been considered a fundamental human goal, with many people striving to achieve happiness in their personal and professional lives. This pursuit can take many forms, such as seeking out fulfilling relationships, engaging in meaningful work, or participating in activities that bring joy and satisfaction. In some cases, people may even prioritize their own happiness over other values or goals, such as financial success or personal ambition.   There are a number of arguments in favor of the idea that the pursuit of happiness is the most important human goal. For one, happiness is often seen as a key indicator of well-being and quality of life. When people are happy, they tend to be more productive, more resilient, and better able to handle life’s challenges. In addition, happiness can have a ripple effect, spreading positivity and joy to others and contributing to the overall happiness of society.   However, it is worth considering that the pursuit of happiness is not the only important human goal, and it may not always be the most important one in every situation. For example, there may be times when other values, such as integrity, honesty, or compassion, take precedence over happiness. In addition, the pursuit of happiness can sometimes lead to negative consequences, such as when it is pursued at the expense of other values or when it becomes an obsession.   In conclusion, while the pursuit of happiness is an important human goal, it is not the only one and may not always be the most important. It is important to strike a balance and consider the potential trade-offs and consequences of prioritizing happiness over other values or goals.     2. Scientific advancement breeds complacency. How far do you agree?   It could be argued that scientific advancement has led to a certain degree of complacency in society, as people have come to rely on technology and scientific discoveries to solve problems and make their lives easier. For example, the proliferation of smartphones and other devices has made it easier for people to access information and communicate with one another, potentially leading to a lack of motivation to think critically and solve problems on one’s own.   On the other hand, it could also be argued that scientific advancement has had the opposite effect, as it has led to a constant need for innovation and progress. The rapid pace of technological advancement has created a competitive environment in which companies and individuals are constantly striving to outdo one another and come up with new and better solutions to problems.   Ultimately, the extent to which scientific advancement breeds complacency is likely to depend on the specific context and the way in which it is used. While it is true that scientific advancement can lead to a certain degree of reliance on technology, it can also serve as a driving force for innovation and progress.     3. Power these days lies more with the people than the politicians. To what extent is this true?   It could be argued that power in today’s society lies more with the people than with politicians, as the proliferation of social media and other forms of communication has given individuals a greater platform to voice their opinions and influence decision-making processes. For example, social media campaigns and online petitions have been successful in raising awareness and bringing about change on a variety of issues, such as climate change and human rights violations.   On the other hand, it could also be argued that politicians still hold a significant amount of power in today’s society. They are often the ones responsible for making laws and policies that affect the lives of citizens, and they have access to resources and networks that can help them shape public opinion and influence decision-making processes. Additionally, the media, which plays a significant role in shaping public discourse, is often controlled by a small group of influential individuals, giving them the power to shape the narrative and influence public opinion.   Overall, it seems that power in today’s society is distributed among a variety of different actors, including politicians, individuals, and various interest groups. While individuals may have a greater ability to influence decision-making processes through the use of social media and other forms of communication, politicians and other powerful actors still hold a significant amount of power and are able to shape the direction of society in many ways.     4. To what extent has social media devalued true friendship in your society?   In recent years, social media has become an integral part of our daily lives, allowing us to connect with others and share information and experiences instantly. However, it has also raised concerns about the impact it has on the quality of our relationships.   One example of this is the ease with which we can add and remove people from our social media circles. It has become common for people to have large numbers of “friends” on platforms like Facebook, many of whom they may not have met in person or had minimal interactions with. This can create a sense of superficiality in our relationships, as we may not truly know or understand these individuals.   On the other hand, social media can also be used to strengthen and maintain long-distance friendships. It allows us to keep in touch with people we care about, even when we are physically separated. It can also be a way for shy or introverted individuals to connect with others and build relationships that may not have formed in real life.   Overall, I believe that social media has the potential to both enhance and devalue friendship, depending on how it is used. While it can be a convenient way to stay connected with others, it is important to also make an effort to foster in-person connections and maintain a balance between our online and offline relationships.   In conclusion, while social media has brought many benefits to our society, it is important to be mindful of its potential to devalue true friendship. It is up to each individual to use social media in a way that enhances and strengthens their relationships, rather than replacing them with shallow connections.     5. To what extent is charitable giving desirable?   It is generally agreed upon that charitable giving is a desirable act, as it helps to address societal issues and provide aid to those in need. Charitable giving can take various forms, including monetary donations, volunteering time and resources, and participating in fundraising events.   An example of the positive impact of charitable giving is the ability to provide basic necessities such as food, shelter, and healthcare to individuals and communities in need. This can help to alleviate suffering and improve the overall quality of life for those who are struggling. Charitable giving can also support causes that are important to individuals and communities, such as education, the environment, and animal welfare.   However, it is important to ensure that charitable giving is done in a responsible and transparent manner. This includes thoroughly researching the organization or cause being supported, and being aware of any potential issues such as mismanagement of funds or lack of accountability.   In conclusion, charitable giving can bring about significant benefits to those in need and to society as a whole. It is important to approach charitable giving with thoughtfulness and care in order to maximize its positive impact.     6. Films are concerned with escaping from the problems of everyday life, rather than addressing them. Discuss.   It could be argued that films, like many forms of entertainment, serve as a means of escapism for audiences, allowing them to temporarily forget about the problems and stresses of everyday life. Many films focus on fantastical or unrealistic scenarios and offer a sense of adventure and excitement that may be lacking in real life.   On the other hand, it could also be argued that films can serve as a means of addressing and exploring the problems of everyday life. Many films tackle social and political issues and can serve as a platform for discussing and raising awareness about important topics. In addition, films can serve as a means of catharsis for audiences, allowing them to process and understand their own problems and emotions in a safe and controlled environment.   Ultimately, the extent to which films are concerned with escaping from or addressing the problems of everyday life is likely to vary depending on the specific film in question. While some films may offer a purely escapist experience, others may delve deeper into important social and personal issues.     7. What an individual eats or drinks should not be the concern of the state. What is your view?   In general, it can be argued that an individual’s food and beverage choices should not be the concern of the state. Personal dietary choices are a matter of personal autonomy and freedom of choice, and it is generally not the role of the state to dictate what individuals should or should not consume.   There are, however, situations in which the state may have a legitimate interest in regulating food and beverage choices. For example, the state may regulate food safety to protect the public from contaminated or unsafe products. In addition, the state may regulate the marketing of certain products, particularly those that are targeted at children, in order to protect public health.   On the other hand, some may argue that the state has a responsibility to promote healthy eating habits and to regulate certain products, such as sugary drinks or unhealthy snacks, in order to address issues such as obesity and related health problems. In these cases, it could be argued that the state has a legitimate interest in regulating food and beverage choices in order to protect public health.   Ultimately, the extent to which the state should be involved in regulating food and beverage choices is a matter of debate. While personal autonomy and freedom of choice are important considerations, there may also be legitimate public health concerns that justify state intervention in some cases.     8. Is news today reliable?   It is a common concern that news today is not always reliable, and that it is increasingly difficult to know what to believe. With the proliferation of news sources, both traditional and digital, it can be challenging to determine which sources are credible and which are not. In addition, the speed at which news is reported and disseminated can sometimes lead to the spread of misinformation, whether intentional or not.   There are certainly examples of news that has proven to be unreliable or misleading. For example, news sources may intentionally disseminate false or biased information in order to advance a particular agenda or to attract readers or viewers. In other cases, news may be reported without proper fact-checking or context, leading to the spread of misinformation.   However, it is also important to recognize that there are many reliable news sources that strive to report accurate and fair information. These sources may employ fact-checkers and use multiple sources to verify the accuracy of their reporting. In addition, there are a number of organizations and initiatives that work to promote media literacy and help individuals to evaluate the reliability of news sources.   In conclusion, while it is certainly true that news today is not always reliable, it is also important to recognize that there are many credible sources of news that work to report accurate and fair information. It is important for individuals to be media literate and to evaluate the reliability of news sources in order to make informed decisions.     9. The arts are nothing more than a luxury. How far is this true of your society?   It is often argued that the arts are nothing more than a luxury, and that they serve little purpose beyond providing entertainment and enjoyment for those who can afford them. This argument suggests that resources invested in the arts could be better used elsewhere, and that the arts are not essential to the functioning of society.   There are certainly some valid points to this argument. The arts can be expensive, and may not always be accessible to everyone. In addition, the arts may not have a direct, tangible impact on issues like healthcare, education, or economic development, which are often seen as more pressing priorities.   However, it is also important to consider that the arts can bring a number of benefits to society. The arts can have a positive impact on mental health and wellbeing, and can provide a sense of connection and community. They can also be a powerful means of expression and communication, and can help to promote cultural understanding and tolerance. In addition, the arts can contribute to the economy, through things like job creation and tourism.   In conclusion, while it is true that the arts may not always be a priority in society, and that they can be expensive and may not always be accessible to everyone, it is key to consider the benefits that the arts can bring. While it is important to allocate resources responsibly and to prioritize the needs of the community, it is also important to recognize the value that the arts can bring to society, and to ensure that they are not overlooked or underfunded.     10. Staging major sporting events brings nothing but benefits to the host countries. Discuss.   It is often argued that hosting major sporting events brings nothing but benefits to the host countries. This argument suggests that hosting events like the Olympics, World Cup, or Commonwealth Games can bring economic, social, and cultural benefits to the host countries, and that the costs associated with hosting these events are justified.   There are certainly some valid points to this argument. Major sporting events can bring significant economic benefits to the host countries, through things like increased tourism, infrastructure development, and job creation. These events can also provide a sense of national pride and unity, as well as opportunities for cultural exchange and intercultural understanding.   However, it is also important to consider that hosting major sporting events can also bring a number of challenges and costs. These events can be expensive to host, with costs often running into billions of dollars. In addition, there can be negative impacts on the host countries, such as environmental degradation, social displacement, and financial burdens on local residents. There are also concerns about the extent to which the economic benefits of these events are fairly distributed, and whether they are sustainable in the long term.   In conclusion, while it is true that hosting major sporting events can bring economic, social, and cultural benefits to the host countries, it is also important to consider the costs and challenges associated with these events. While hosting these events can be a valuable opportunity for countries to showcase their strengths and capabilities, it is important to ensure that the benefits are balanced against the costs, and that the impacts on local communities are taken into account.     11. Are global tourism and travel still necessary when everything can be experienced or achieved online?   It is often suggested that global tourism and travel are no longer necessary in the age of the internet, as people can experience and achieve many things online. This argument suggests that with advances in technology, people can access a wide range of cultural, educational, and recreational opportunities from the comfort of their own homes, without the need to physically travel.   There are certainly some valid points to this argument. The internet has made it easier for people to access information, communicate with others, and participate in activities that were once only available through travel. For example, people can now watch live concerts, attend virtual museum exhibits, and even go on virtual tours of far-off destinations, all without leaving their homes.   However, it is also worth considering that global tourism and travel offer a number of benefits that cannot be fully replicated online. Travel can provide people with the opportunity to experience new cultures, meet new people, and gain new perspectives in ways that are not possible through digital means. In addition, travel can have a number of personal and social benefits, such as improving mental health, fostering relationships, and promoting intercultural understanding.   In conclusion, while the internet has made it easier for people to experience and achieve many things without the need for travel, global tourism and travel still have a number of unique and valuable benefits. While it may be possible to replicate some aspects of travel online, it cannot fully replace the experience of physically exploring and experiencing new places and cultures.     12. Advertising is largely about persuading people to buy what they do not need. How far do you agree?   It is often argued that advertising is primarily focused on persuading people to buy products or services that they do not necessarily need. This argument suggests that advertising plays on people’s emotions, desires, and insecurities in order to convince them to make purchases that they might not have otherwise considered.   There is some evidence to support this view. Many advertisements are designed to appeal to consumers’ emotional or aspirational needs, rather than their practical or functional ones. For example, an advertisement for a luxury car might appeal to a person’s desire for status or success, rather than their need for transportation. In this way, advertising can create a sense of need or desire for products that might not be necessary for a person’s well-being or happiness.   However, it is also worth considering that advertising serves other purposes beyond persuasion. In many cases, advertising is used to inform consumers about the availability and features of products, as well as to create brand awareness and loyalty. Advertising can also be used to promote causes or social issues, such as environmental sustainability or social justice.   In conclusion, while it is true that advertising often seeks to persuade people to buy products or services that they do not necessarily need, it is not the only purpose of advertising. Advertising can also serve to inform and educate consumers, as well as to promote social causes and values.    

General Paper (GP) A Level 2020 Questions

1. How reliable are statistics as a guide for planning the future?   Statistics can be a very useful tool for planning the future, as they allow us to make informed decisions based on data and evidence. However, there are also limitations to the use of statistics, and it is important to consider these limitations when using statistics as a guide for planning.   On the one hand, statistics can be a reliable guide for planning because they are based on empirical data. This means that the results are based on observations or measurements of real-world phenomena, rather than being based on opinions or subjective beliefs. This makes statistics a powerful tool for understanding trends, patterns, and relationships in data.   For example, consider a study on the effectiveness of a new drug. If the study is based on a large sample of patients and is conducted using rigorous methods, the results are likely to be reliable and can be used to guide decision-making about the use of the drug. Similarly, statistical analysis of economic data can help policymakers and business leaders make informed decisions about investments, hiring, and other important business decisions.   On the other hand, there are limitations to the use of statistics that should be considered when using them as a guide for planning. One key limitation is the sample size. The larger the sample size, the more reliable the statistics are likely to be. However, it is often not practical or possible to collect data from a very large sample, and small sample sizes can lead to results that are not representative of the population as a whole.   Another limitation is bias. Bias can occur when the sample is self-selected (such as when people volunteer to participate in a study), or when the data are collected using a biased method (such as a survey that only reaches people with internet access). Bias can lead to inaccurate or misleading results, so it is important to consider whether it is present when using statistics as a guide for planning.   Finally, it is important to consider the context in which the statistics are being used. For example, if you are using statistics to predict future trends, you should consider factors such as economic conditions, technological developments, and social changes that may affect the results.   In conclusion, while statistics can be a very useful tool for planning the future, it is important to use them carefully and to consider their limitations. By considering factors such as sample size, bias, and context, we can ensure that the statistics we use are reliable and accurate, and can help us make informed decisions.     2. To what extent is human life in general about the survival of the fittest?   The phrase “survival of the fittest” is often used to describe the idea that in nature, only the strongest and most adaptable organisms are able to survive and reproduce. This concept is often associated with the theory of evolution by natural selection, which suggests that over time, species evolve and adapt in response to their environment and the pressures of survival.   However, the extent to which human life is about the survival of the fittest is a more complex and controversial question. On the one hand, it is undeniable that in many situations, human beings must struggle to survive and to thrive in a competitive world. For example, in some societies, individuals must compete for resources such as food, shelter, and job opportunities. In these situations, those who are able to adapt and to overcome challenges may be more likely to succeed and to thrive.   On the other hand, there are also many factors that can influence human survival and success that go beyond simple physical strength and adaptability. For example, access to education, healthcare, and social support can all play a significant role in determining an individual’s chances of survival and success. In addition, social and cultural factors such as race, gender, and class can also have a significant impact on an individual’s opportunities and outcomes.   In conclusion, while the survival of the fittest is certainly a factor in human life, it is by no means the only factor. There are many other factors that influence an individual’s chances of survival and success, including access to resources, education, healthcare, and social support, as well as social and cultural factors. It is important to recognize and address these factors in order to promote a more equitable and just society.     3. Individuals achieve sporting success, not nations. Discuss.   It is often said that sporting success is achieved by individuals, rather than by nations. This argument can be supported by several points.   First and foremost, sporting success is ultimately the result of the hard work, talent, and dedication of individual athletes. While national teams and organizations may provide support and resources for athletes, it is the athletes themselves who put in the time and effort to train and compete at the highest levels. For example, consider the success of Usain Bolt, who is widely considered one of the greatest sprinters of all time. Bolt’s success was due to his own natural talent, as well as his hard work and dedication to his sport.   Second, sporting success is not always correlated with the wealth or power of a nation. While it is true that some nations may have more resources and support for their athletes, this is not always a determining factor in sporting success. For example, smaller and less wealthy nations such as Jamaica and Kenya have had significant success in track and field events, despite having fewer resources than larger and wealthier nations.   Finally, it is important to recognize that sporting success is not always measured in terms of medals or trophies. For some athletes, personal accomplishments and personal bests may be just as meaningful as winning a major championship. In these cases, the focus is on the individual athlete’s achievements, rather than on the achievements of the nation as a whole.   In conclusion, while national teams and organizations may provide support and resources for athletes, sporting success is ultimately the result of the hard work, talent, and dedication of individual athletes. While some factors such as resources and support may play a role, there are many other factors that contribute to an individual’s sporting success, including natural talent, hard work, and dedication to the sport.     4. We shape our buildings, but then our buildings shape us. To what extent is this true of your society?   It is often said that “we shape our buildings, but then our buildings shape us.” This statement suggests that the built environment has a significant impact on the people who live and work in it.   There is no doubt that the built environment plays a significant role in shaping our lives and our experiences. The design and layout of our homes, schools, workplaces, and public spaces can all have a major impact on how we live and interact with each other. For example, consider the impact of high-rise apartment buildings on the way people live and socialize. These buildings may offer convenient and efficient housing, but they may also limit opportunities for social interaction and community building, as residents are often isolated from each other in their individual units.   On the other hand, it is important to recognize that the relationship between people and their built environment is complex and multifaceted. While the built environment can shape our experiences and behaviors, it is also shaped by the needs, values, and preferences of the people who use it. For example, the design of a public park may be influenced by the needs and preferences of the community it serves, such as the desire for open space, playgrounds, or picnic areas.   In conclusion, it is true that the built environment has a significant impact on the people who live and work in it. However, it is also important to recognize that this relationship is bidirectional, and that the built environment is shaped by the needs, values, and preferences of the people who use it. By considering the needs and preferences of the community and by designing the built environment in a way that promotes social interaction and well-being, we can create spaces that support and enrich our lives.     5. To what extent can any society claim to be great?   The concept of a “great society” is a subjective one, and different people and groups may have different criteria for what makes a society great. However, there are several key factors that are often cited as important elements of a great society. These factors include economic prosperity, social justice and equality, cultural diversity and tolerance, and a strong sense of community and social connection.   In terms of economic prosperity, a great society is one that provides opportunities for its citizens to thrive and to achieve economic success. This may include factors such as a strong and stable economy, access to education and job training, and support for small businesses and entrepreneurship.   Social justice and equality are also important elements of a great society. This includes ensuring that all members of society have equal opportunities to succeed and to participate in the social, political, and economic life of the community. It also means addressing issues such as poverty, discrimination, and inequality, and ensuring that all members of society have access to the resources and support they need to thrive.   Cultural diversity and tolerance are also essential elements of a great society. This means valuing and celebrating the cultural differences and traditions of all members of the community, and promoting an inclusive and welcoming environment for people of all backgrounds and identities.   Finally, a strong sense of community and social connection is also important for a great society. This includes fostering a sense of belonging and connection among members of the community, and promoting opportunities for social interaction and collaboration.   In conclusion, while it is difficult to define a great society in absolute terms, there are several key factors that are often cited as important elements of a great society. These include economic prosperity, social justice and equality, cultural diversity and tolerance, and a strong sense of community and social connection. By focusing on these factors, societies can work towards becoming great places to live and thrive.     6. Examine the view that the scientist is concerned only with knowledge, not morality.   The question of whether scientists are primarily concerned with knowledge or morality is a complex and controversial one. Some argue that the pursuit of scientific truth requires a single-minded focus on knowledge, and that ethical considerations are largely irrelevant. Others, however, believe that scientists have a moral responsibility to consider the potential impacts of their work on society and to ensure that their research is conducted in an ethical and responsible manner. In this essay, we will examine the view that the scientist is concerned only with knowledge, not morality, and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this argument.   One argument in support of the view that scientists are concerned only with knowledge is the idea that the pursuit of scientific truth requires a certain degree of objectivity. In order to uncover the facts of the matter, scientists must be willing to follow the evidence wherever it leads, even if this means challenging long-held beliefs or the status quo. This requires a focus on the facts, rather than on personal or moral considerations.   Another reason why some may argue that scientists are not concerned with morality is the fact that science operates according to a set of rules and principles that are designed to ensure the reliability and validity of research findings. These principles, such as the scientific method and peer review, are designed to minimize bias and subjectivity, and to ensure that scientific knowledge is based on solid evidence. As a result, it is argued that the pursuit of scientific truth requires a single-minded focus on the evidence, rather than on moral or ethical considerations.   While there are certainly valid arguments to be made in support of the view that scientists are concerned only with knowledge, not morality, it is also important to recognize that this perspective has its limitations. While it is true that the pursuit of scientific truth requires a certain degree of objectivity and a focus on the evidence, it is also the case that science has the potential to impact society in significant ways. As a result, it is important for scientists to consider the moral implications of their work and to ensure that their research is conducted in an ethical and responsible manner. Overall, while the pursuit of knowledge is certainly a central concern for scientists, it is not the only concern, and it is important to recognize the role that morality can and should play in the work of scientists.     7. Given greater levels of international cooperation, how necessary is it for countries to engage in the arms trade?   The arms trade, or the buying and selling of military equipment and weapons, has long been a controversial issue, with many questioning the necessity and ethics of such transactions. In recent years, there has been a push for greater international cooperation and the reduction of tensions between countries. Given this context, it is worth considering the question of whether countries still need to engage in the arms trade, or whether such activities are no longer necessary in a more cooperative and peaceful world.   One argument in favor of continuing the arms trade is the need for national security. Many countries argue that they have a responsibility to protect their citizens and their borders, and that the acquisition of military equipment is necessary for this purpose. In this view, the arms trade is seen as a necessary evil, a way for countries to ensure their own safety and defense against potential threats.   Another argument in favor of the arms trade is the economic benefits it can provide. The production and sale of military equipment can create jobs and stimulate economic growth, particularly for countries with a strong defense industry. In this way, the arms trade can be seen as a way for countries to improve their economic standing and increase their global influence.   However, there are also strong arguments against the arms trade. One concern is the potential for such transactions to fuel conflict and destabilize regions. The sale of weapons to countries with a history of aggression or human rights abuses can exacerbate existing tensions and lead to further violence. Additionally, the arms trade is often accompanied by corruption and illicit activities, such as the diversion of weapons to unauthorized parties or the use of profits to fund illegal activities.   Given the complex and often conflicting arguments surrounding the arms trade, it is difficult to reach a definitive conclusion on its necessity. While it is true that the acquisition of military equipment can provide a measure of national security and economic benefits, it is also the case that such transactions can have negative consequences, both for the countries involved and for international relations more broadly. In the current climate of increasing international cooperation, it may be worth considering alternative approaches to conflict resolution and the promotion of global peace and stability.     8. Should politicians pursue the popular viewpoint or their own convictions, if they conflict?   One of the fundamental roles of politicians is to represent the interests and values of their constituents. However, there are times when the popular viewpoint may conflict with the personal convictions of a politician. In such situations, it can be difficult for politicians to decide whether to follow the will of the people or to stand firm in their beliefs. In this essay, we will explore the question of whether politicians should pursue the popular viewpoint or their own convictions if they conflict, and consider the strengths and weaknesses of both approaches.   One argument in favor of politicians following their own convictions is the idea that they have been elected to serve as leaders, not simply as followers. In this view, it is the responsibility of politicians to use their judgment and expertise to make informed decisions, even if these decisions are not popular with the general public. By standing firm in their beliefs, politicians can provide a strong and consistent voice on important issues, and can serve as a moral compass for the country.   On the other hand, there is also a strong argument to be made in favor of politicians pursuing the popular viewpoint. After all, politicians are elected by the people, and it is their job to represent the will of the majority. In this view, it is important for politicians to listen to the concerns and opinions of their constituents and to take them into account when making decisions. By following the popular viewpoint, politicians can ensure that they are acting in the best interests of the people they serve.   Ultimately, the decision of whether to pursue the popular viewpoint or their own convictions is one that politicians must make on a case-by-case basis. While there are certainly times when it is important for politicians to stand firm in their beliefs and to provide strong leadership, there are also situations where it is more appropriate to follow the will of the people. The key is for politicians to strike a balance between these two approaches, and to be mindful of the impact of their decisions on both their constituents and the wider society.     9. Is modern technology a benefit or a threat to democracy?   In recent years, the rapid pace of technological development has had a profound impact on society and the way we live our lives. One area where technology has had a particularly significant impact is in the realm of politics and democracy. On the one hand, technology has the potential to facilitate greater participation and accessibility in the democratic process. On the other hand, there are also concerns that technology can be used to undermine democratic values and principles. In this essay, we will explore the question of whether modern technology is a benefit or a threat to democracy, and consider the strengths and weaknesses of both arguments.   One argument in favor of technology being a benefit to democracy is the idea that it can facilitate greater access and participation. The use of technology, such as online voting systems and social media platforms, can make it easier for people to engage with the political process and have their voices heard. Additionally, technology can be used to facilitate more open and transparent government, with tools such as open data portals and online transparency initiatives making it easier for citizens to hold politicians accountable.   However, there are also valid concerns about the potential negative impacts of technology on democracy. One concern is the issue of online disinformation and propaganda, which can be spread quickly and easily through social media and other online platforms. This can have the effect of polarizing public opinion and undermining the integrity of the democratic process. Additionally, the use of advanced data analytics and targeted online advertising can be used to manipulate public opinion and sway election outcomes.   Overall, it is clear that modern technology has both the potential to be a benefit and a threat to democracy. While it is true that technology can facilitate greater participation and transparency in the political process, it is also the case that it can be used to manipulate and undermine democratic values. The key is for policymakers and citizens to be mindful of these potential negative impacts, and to take steps to ensure that technology is used in a way that supports, rather than undermines, democratic principles.     10. An appreciation of music is vital for a fully rounded education. How true is this of your society?   The role of music in education has long been a subject of debate, with some arguing that an appreciation of music is vital for a fully rounded education, while others see it as a non-essential or even frivolous pursuit. In this essay, we will explore the question of whether an appreciation of music is indeed vital for a fully rounded education, and consider how this view holds up in the context of your society.   There are several arguments in favor of music being an essential part of education. One reason is that music has the ability to foster creativity and self-expression. Through the study of music, students can learn to express themselves in new and imaginative ways, and to think creatively about the world around them. Additionally, music has been shown to have a range of cognitive benefits, including improving memory and concentration, and helping to develop important skills such as problem-solving and critical thinking.   Another argument in favor of music education is that it can help to promote cultural understanding and appreciation. Through the study of music from different cultures and historical periods, students can gain a greater understanding of the diverse societies and traditions that make up the world. In this way, music education can help to foster a sense of global citizenship and promote cross-cultural understanding and cooperation.   However, it is important to recognize that the value of music education is not universal, and that it may not be seen as essential in all societies. In some cultures, music may be seen as a less important or even non-essential aspect of education, and resources and time may be allocated accordingly. Additionally, there may be other factors, such as financial constraints or limited access to music education programs, that can impact the extent to which music is valued and included in the educational curriculum.   Overall, it is clear that music can play a valuable role in education, and that it has the potential to foster creativity, critical thinking, and cultural understanding. While it is true that the importance of music education may vary from society to society, it is ultimately up to individuals and communities to decide whether it is a vital part of a fully rounded education. Regardless of whether music is seen as essential or non-essential, it is important to recognize and appreciate the many benefits it can offer to students and to society as a whole.     11. In a free society, there should be no restrictions on freedom of speech. Discuss.   The freedom of speech is a cornerstone of democratic societies, and is often seen as a fundamental human right. However, there are also those who argue that in a free society, there should be no restrictions on freedom of speech, regardless of the consequences or impacts of such speech. In this essay, we will explore the question of whether there should be any restrictions on freedom of speech in a free society, and consider the strengths and weaknesses of both arguments.   One argument in favor of unrestricted freedom of speech is the idea that such freedom is necessary for the free exchange of ideas and the maintenance of an open and democratic society. Without the ability to speak freely, it is argued, individuals may be silenced or oppressed, and important ideas and perspectives may be suppressed. In this view, the freedom of speech is seen as a fundamental right that must be protected at all costs.   Another argument in favor of unrestricted freedom of speech is that any attempts to regulate or restrict such speech can lead to abuses of power and the suppression of legitimate expression. In this view, the freedom of speech should be absolute, and any attempts to regulate it, no matter how well-intentioned, are inherently dangerous and should be avoided.   However, there are also valid arguments against the idea of unrestricted freedom of speech. One concern is that some forms of speech, such as hate speech or incitement to violence, can have harmful and dangerous consequences. In such cases, it may be necessary to impose some restrictions on freedom of speech in order to protect the safety and well-being of individuals and society as a whole. Additionally, there may be other considerations, such as privacy or national security, that justify the imposition of certain limits on freedom of speech.   Overall, it is clear that the freedom of speech is a fundamental right that is essential to the maintenance of a free and democratic society. However, it is also important to recognize that this freedom is not absolute, and that there may be circumstances where it is necessary to impose certain restrictions in order to protect the safety and well-being of individuals and society. The key is to find a balance between the protection of free speech and the need to regulate certain forms of expression that may have harmful consequences.     12. How far can prosperity and uncontrolled population growth go hand in hand?   The relationship between prosperity and population growth is a complex and often controversial one. On the one hand, it is generally accepted that a growing population can contribute to economic prosperity, through the creation of new jobs and the expansion of consumer markets. On the other hand, there are also concerns about the potential negative impacts of uncontrolled population growth, including resource depletion and environmental degradation. In this essay, we will explore the question of how far prosperity and uncontrolled population growth can go hand in hand, and consider the strengths and weaknesses of both arguments.   One argument in favor of prosperity and population growth going hand in hand is the idea that a growing population can drive economic growth and development. As the population increases, there is a greater demand for goods and services, which can create new job opportunities and stimulate economic activity. Additionally, a larger population can provide a larger pool of talent and resources, which can help to drive innovation and competitiveness.   However, there are also valid concerns about the negative impacts of uncontrolled population growth. One concern is the issue of resource depletion, as a larger population will require more resources to sustain itself, which can lead to environmental degradation and resource shortages. Additionally, uncontrolled population growth can put pressure on infrastructure and public services, such as healthcare and education, which can have negative impacts on quality of life and social cohesion.   Overall, it is clear that prosperity and population growth can go hand in hand to a certain extent, as a growing population can contribute to economic growth and development. However, it is also important to recognize that there are limits to this relationship, and that uncontrolled population growth can have negative consequences. In order to ensure long-term prosperity and sustainability, it is necessary for societies to carefully manage population growth and to consider the impact of such growth on the environment and on social and economic systems.    

General Paper (GP) A Level 2019 Questions

1) How far should countries have relations with others whose human rights record is poor?   The question of how far countries should have relations with others whose human rights record is poor is a complex and controversial issue that has been debated by policymakers, human rights activists, and others for many years. There are compelling arguments on both sides of the issue, and ultimately, the decision of how to balance the benefits and drawbacks of such relations will depend on the specific context and circumstances of each case.   On one hand, some argue that countries should maintain or even strengthen their relations with others whose human rights record is poor in order to promote positive change and improve the lives of people living in those countries. This perspective often emphasizes the importance of dialogue and engagement as a means of promoting human rights and democratic values. For example, countries may engage in diplomacy, trade, or other forms of cooperation in an effort to encourage their partners to adopt more progressive policies and practices.   For example, the European Union has used its economic and political leverage to promote human rights and democracy in countries such as China, Russia, and Vietnam. By offering access to markets and other benefits, the EU has sought to encourage these countries to adopt more open and inclusive policies. While there is ongoing debate about the effectiveness of this approach, some argue that it has contributed to important reforms in areas such as labor rights, environmental protection, and access to information.   On the other hand, others argue that countries should distance themselves from others whose human rights record is poor in order to signal their opposition to such practices and to avoid legitimizing or enabling abusive regimes. This perspective often emphasizes the importance of upholding moral principles and standing in solidarity with marginalized and oppressed groups. For example, countries may choose to impose sanctions, restrict travel, or engage in other forms of pressure in an effort to isolate and isolate abusive regimes.   For example, the United States has imposed sanctions on countries such as Iran, North Korea, and Syria in an effort to hold them accountable for their human rights abuses and other forms of misconduct. While these sanctions have had mixed results, some argue that they have helped to raise awareness about human rights abuses and to exert pressure on abusive regimes to change their ways.   In conclusion, the question of how far countries should have relations with others whose human rights record is poor is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires careful consideration of a range of factors. While there are compelling arguments on both sides, it is clear that there are no easy answers or one-size-fits-all solutions. Ultimately, the decision of how to balance the benefits and drawbacks of such relations will depend on the specific context and circumstances of each case. In making this decision, it may be helpful for countries to consider a range of factors, such as the nature and severity of the human rights abuses, the potential for positive change, the risks and costs of various courses of action, and the views and interests of affected parties. It may also be helpful for countries to work closely with other actors, such as international organizations, civil society groups, and other governments, to develop a coordinated and effective response.     Ultimately, the goal should be to pursue policies that are consistent with the values of human rights and democracy and that promote the well-being and dignity of all people, regardless of where they live. While this may not always be easy, it is a fundamental responsibility of all countries to promote and protect the human rights of their citizens and those of others. 2) To what extent should income equality be a goal in your society?   Income inequality, or the unequal distribution of income or wealth within a society, has been a persistent and controversial issue in many countries for many years. While some argue that income equality should be a high priority for societies, others argue that it is not a relevant or desirable goal. Ultimately, the extent to which income equality should be a goal in any given society will depend on a range of factors and will require careful consideration and debate.   On one hand, there are compelling arguments for why income equality should be a goal in society. One argument is that income inequality can have negative consequences for social cohesion and well-being. Research has shown that countries with higher levels of income inequality tend to have lower levels of social trust, higher levels of crime and violence, and lower levels of health and happiness. These negative outcomes may be due in part to the fact that income inequality can lead to feelings of unfairness, resentment, and social isolation among those who are disadvantaged.   Another argument in favor of income equality is that it can promote economic stability and growth. Studies have shown that countries with more equal distributions of income tend to have more sustainable and resilient economies, with lower levels of debt, lower levels of corruption, and higher levels of innovation and productivity. This may be because income inequality can lead to imbalances in demand and consumption, as well as to the misallocation of resources and talent.   One example of a society that has made significant efforts to reduce income inequality is Sweden. Sweden has a long history of social welfare policies and progressive taxation, which have helped to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor. As a result, Sweden has one of the most equal distributions of income among developed countries. According to data from the World Bank, the Gini coefficient (a measure of income inequality) in Sweden was 25.1 in 2019, compared to 41.5 in the United States.   On the other hand, there are also compelling arguments for why income equality may not be a desirable goal in society. One argument is that income inequality can be a natural and necessary aspect of a healthy and dynamic economy. Some argue that income inequality can be a source of motivation and reward for hard work and innovation, and that it can help to allocate resources and opportunities in a way that is efficient and beneficial to society as a whole.   Another argument against income equality is that it can be difficult or impossible to achieve in practice. Some argue that it is not realistic or fair to try to equalize the outcomes of individuals or groups who have different levels of education, skills, talents, or circumstances. Moreover, some argue that efforts to reduce income inequality can have unintended consequences, such as reducing economic growth, stifling innovation, or undermining individual freedom and responsibility.   In conclusion, the extent to which income equality should be a goal in any given society is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires careful consideration and debate. While there are compelling arguments for and against income equality, it is clear that there are no easy answers or one-size-fits-all solutions. Ultimately, the decision of how to balance the benefits and drawbacks of income equality will depend on the specific context and circumstances of each society.     3) Science is the only answer to global hunger. Discuss.   The claim that science is the only answer to global hunger is a controversial and debated topic. While it is certainly true that science and technology have made important contributions to addressing the issue of global hunger, it is also important to recognize that this problem is complex and multifaceted, and that other factors such as economic, political, and social policies also play a significant role.   On one hand, it is undeniable that science and technology have made important contributions to addressing global hunger. For example, advances in agriculture and food production have helped to increase crop yields, reduce losses due to pests and diseases, and improve the nutritional value of foods. In addition, advances in transportation and storage have helped to improve the distribution and availability of food in many parts of the world.   One example of how science and technology have helped to address global hunger is the development of genetically modified crops. These crops have been genetically modified to be resistant to pests, diseases, and environmental stress, which has helped to increase crop yields and reduce losses. According to the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, genetically modified crops have contributed to an increase in global food production of around 2   On the other hand, it is important to recognize that science is not the only answer to global hunger. Other factors such as economic, political, and social policies also play a significant role in addressing this issue. For example, poverty, conflict, and economic instability can all contribute to food insecurity and malnutrition. To address these root causes, it may be necessary to implement policies such as economic development, trade, and peacebuilding, in addition to technological solutions.   In conclusion, while science and technology have made important contributions to addressing global hunger, it is important to recognize that this is a complex and multifaceted problem that requires a range of approaches and solutions. While science may be a key part of the solution, it is not the only answer, and it will be necessary to address the economic, political, and social factors that contribute to food insecurity and malnutrition.     4) Consider the view that social media has more influence than politicians.   The view that social media has more influence than politicians is a controversial and debated topic. While it is true that social media platforms have played an increasingly important role in shaping public discourse and opinion, it is also important to recognize that politicians and other traditional sources of power and influence have not been completely eclipsed by social media.   On one hand, it is undeniable that social media has had a significant impact on politics and society. With the rise of platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, individuals and groups have been able to mobilize and organize more easily, and to reach larger audiences than ever before. Social media has also given rise to a new generation of influencers and activists who have been able to use their platforms to promote causes and agendas, and to challenge the dominance of traditional sources of power and authority.   An example of how social media has had more influence than politicians is the role it played in the Arab Spring uprisings. In countries such as Tunisia, Egypt, and Bahrain, social media platforms were used to organize and mobilize protesters, and to spread information and propaganda in defiance of government censorship and control. While the role of social media in these events is still a matter of debate, it is clear that these platforms played an important role in shaping public opinion and catalyzing political change.   On the other hand, it is important to recognize that social media is not the only source of influence and power in politics and society. Traditional sources of power and authority, such as politicians, media outlets, and institutions, continue to hold significant sway over public opinion and policy. Moreover, social media is not a neutral or objective platform, and it can be shaped and manipulated by those who have the resources and expertise to do so.   In conclusion, while it is true that social media has had a significant impact on politics and society, it is important to recognize that it is not the only source of influence and power. Traditional sources of power and authority, such as politicians, media outlets, and institutions, continue to hold sway, and it is necessary to consider the complex and multifaceted nature of the relationship between social media and politics in order to fully understand the impact of these platforms on society and democracy.     5) To what extent is artificial intelligence replacing the role of humans?   The question of to what extent artificial intelligence (AI) is replacing the role of humans is a complex and controversial issue that has been debated by policymakers, experts, and the general public for many years. While it is clear that AI has made significant advances in recent years and has the potential to transform many aspects of society and the economy, it is also important to recognize that the relationship between AI and humans is complex and multifaceted, and that the impact of AI on the role of humans will depend on a range of factors.   On one hand, it is undeniable that AI has made significant advances in recent years and has the potential to replace the role of humans in many areas. For example, AI algorithms and systems are being used to automate tasks and processes that were previously performed by humans, such as data analysis, customer service, and manufacturing. These advances have the potential to increase efficiency and productivity, but they also raise concerns about job displacement and the impact on workers.   One example of how AI is replacing the role of humans is the use of self-driving vehicles. These vehicles are equipped with sensors, cameras, and algorithms that allow them to navigate roads and traffic without the need for human input. While self-driving vehicles have the potential to reduce accidents and improve transportation efficiency, they also raise concerns about the impact on jobs, such as truck drivers, taxi drivers, and delivery workers.   On the other hand, it is important to recognize that the relationship between AI and humans is complex and multifaceted, and that the impact of AI on the role of humans will depend on a range of factors. For example, AI may complement rather than replace the role of humans in some cases, by enhancing human capabilities and freeing up time and resources for more complex and creative tasks. In addition, the extent to which AI will replace the role of humans will depend on how it is developed and deployed, as well as on the policies and regulations that are put in place to govern its use.   Another important factor to consider is the ethical and social implications of AI. As AI systems become more advanced and autonomous, there are concerns about the potential for bias and discrimination, as well as the impact on privacy and security. To address these concerns, it will be important to develop guidelines and principles for the responsible development and use of AI, and to ensure that the benefits of AI are shared fairly and equitably among all members of society.   In conclusion, the extent to which AI is replacing the role of humans is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires careful consideration and debate. While it is clear that AI has made significant advances and has the potential to transform many aspects of society and the economy, it is also important to recognize that the relationship between AI and humans is complex and multifaceted, and that the impact of AI on the role of humans will depend on a range of factors. To ensure that the benefits of AI are shared fairly and equitably, it will be important to address the ethical and social implications of AI and to develop guidelines and principles for its responsible development and use.     6) A leader’s responsibility should always be to his or her own country, not other nations. Discuss.   The question of whether a leader’s responsibility should always be to his or her own country, rather than other nations, is a complex and controversial issue that has been debated by policymakers, experts, and the general public for many years. While it is understandable that leaders may feel a sense of loyalty and responsibility to their own citizens and countries, it is also important to recognize that the world is interconnected and interdependent, and that the actions of one country can have significant impacts on others.   On one hand, it is undeniable that leaders have a responsibility to prioritize the interests and well-being of their own citizens and countries. After all, leaders are elected or appointed to represent the interests of their constituents and to ensure that their countries are safe, prosperous, and secure. Leaders who fail to do so may risk losing the trust and support of their citizens, and may face consequences at the ballot box or in other forms of accountability.   One argument in favor of the view that a leader’s responsibility should always be to his or her own country is that leaders have limited resources and must make difficult choices about how to allocate those resources. For example, leaders may have to decide between investing in domestic programs and initiatives, or providing aid and assistance to other countries. In these cases, it may be necessary to prioritize the needs of one’s own citizens and country in order to ensure that they are being met.   On the other hand, it is important to recognize that the world is interconnected and interdependent, and that the actions of one country can have significant impacts on others. For example, the actions of one country may affect the global economy, the environment, or the security and stability of other countries. In these cases, it may be in the best interests of a leader’s own country to consider the needs and interests of other countries, in order to promote mutual cooperation and benefit.   For example, leaders may choose to provide aid and assistance to other countries in order to address humanitarian crises, or to prevent the spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS or Ebola. In these cases, providing assistance to other countries may not only help to alleviate suffering and promote human rights, but it may also benefit one’s own country by reducing the risk of these problems spilling over and affecting one’s own citizens.   In conclusion, the question of whether a leader’s responsibility should always be to his or her own country, rather than other nations, is a complex and controversial issue that requires careful consideration and balance. While it is understandable that leaders may feel a sense of loyalty and responsibility to their own citizens and countries, it is also important to recognize that the world is interconnected and interdependent, and that the actions of one country can have significant impacts on others. In order to promote mutual cooperation and benefit, it may be necessary for leaders to consider the needs and interests of other countries in addition to their own.     7) Religion is an important part of the lives of young people today. Consider whether this is true in your society.   The question of whether religion is an important part of the lives of young people today is a complex and debated topic that varies depending on the society in question. In some societies, religion may be a central and influential part of the lives of young people, while in others it may be less important or even completely absent.   On one hand, it is undeniable that religion has played an important role in the lives of young people throughout history, and continues to do so in many societies today. For many young people, religion provides a sense of purpose, meaning, and belonging, and helps to shape their values, beliefs, and identity. Religion may also provide young people with a sense of community and support, and may offer them opportunities for spiritual and personal growth.   One example of how religion is an important part of the lives of young people today is the role it plays in providing a sense of meaning and purpose. Many young people may struggle to find a sense of meaning and purpose in a world that can be complex, confusing, and overwhelming. For these young people, religion may provide a sense of direction and guidance, and may help them to navigate the challenges and opportunities of life.   On the other hand, it is important to recognize that the role of religion in the lives of young people varies significantly depending on the society in question. In some societies, religion may be a central and influential part of the lives of young people, while in others it may be less important or even completely absent. The importance of religion in the lives of young people may also vary depending on factors such as education, culture, and social and economic status.   In conclusion, the question of whether religion is an important part of the lives of young people today is a complex and debated topic that varies depending on the society in question. While it is undeniable that religion has played an important role in the lives of young people throughout history, and continues to do so in many societies today, it is also important to recognize that the importance of religion in the lives of young people may vary depending on factors such as culture, education, and social and economic status. In order to fully understand the role of religion in the lives of young people today, it is necessary to consider the unique context and circumstances of each society.     8) Does violence in the visual media portray reality or encourage the unacceptable?   The question of whether violence in the visual media portrays reality or encourages the unacceptable is a complex and controversial issue that has been debated by policymakers, experts, and the general public for many years. While it is clear that the visual media, including television, movies, and video games, has the power to influence the beliefs and behavior of viewers, it is also important to recognize that the relationship between media violence and real-world violence is complex and multifaceted, and that the impact of media violence on individual and societal behavior will depend on a range of factors.   On one hand, it is undeniable that violence in the visual media portrays reality to some extent. Many television shows, movies, and video games depict violence and aggression as part of their storylines or themes, and these depictions may be based on real-world events or situations. Moreover, the visual media may also serve as a means of reporting on and documenting real-world violence and conflict, and may provide viewers with a glimpse into the experiences and perspectives of people affected by violence.   On the other hand, it is important to recognize that the visual media is not a completely accurate reflection of reality, and that the way violence is depicted in the media may be distorted or exaggerated. Media depictions of violence may be stylized or glamorized, and may not convey the full complexity and consequences of real-world violence. Moreover, the visual media may also present a biased or distorted view of violence, depending on the perspectives and agendas of the creators and producers.   In addition, there is also a question of whether violence in the visual media encourages the unacceptable. Some argue that media violence may desensitize viewers to real-world violence, or may even increase aggression and violent behavior. Studies have shown that exposure to media violence can increase aggressive thoughts and behaviors in some individuals, particularly in children and adolescents. However, it is important to recognize that the impact of media violence on individual and societal behavior will depend on a range of factors, including the age and maturity of the viewer, the context in which the media is consumed, and the presence of other mitigating or exacerbating influences.   In conclusion, the question of whether violence in the visual media portrays reality or encourages the unacceptable is a complex and controversial issue that requires careful consideration and debate. While it is clear that the visual media has the power to influence the beliefs and behavior of viewers, it is also important to recognize that the relationship between media violence and real-world violence is complex and multifaceted, and that the impact of media violence on individual and societal behavior will depend on a range of factors. To ensure that the visual media is used in responsible and constructive ways, it will be important to consider the ethical and social implications of media violence, and to develop guidelines and principles for its responsible portrayal and consumption.     9) Is globalisation to be welcomed or feared today?   The question of whether globalisation is to be welcomed or feared today is a complex and debated topic that has implications for a wide range of issues, including economic development, cultural exchange, and political relations. While it is clear that globalisation has brought about many benefits and opportunities, it is also important to recognize that it has also raised a number of challenges and concerns.   On one hand, it is undeniable that globalisation has brought about many benefits and opportunities. Globalisation refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries, businesses, and people around the world, and has been driven by advances in transportation, communication, and technology. As a result of globalisation, people and businesses have been able to access new markets, resources, and ideas, and to participate in a global economy that is more interconnected and dynamic than ever before.   An example of how globalisation has brought about benefits and opportunities is the way it has facilitated economic development and increased prosperity. Globalisation has allowed countries and businesses to tap into new markets and to access resources, labor, and capital that were previously unavailable. This has led to increased economic growth and development, and has helped to lift millions of people out of poverty.   On the other hand, it is important to recognize that globalisation has also raised a number of challenges and concerns. Some argue that globalisation has led to increased inequality and social unrest, as it has benefited some groups more than others. For example, globalisation has been accompanied by the outsourcing of jobs and the decline of certain industries, which has led to job losses and economic insecurity for many workers. Moreover, globalisation has also been accompanied by increased cultural exchange and the spread of Western values and practices, which has led to concerns about the erosion of traditional cultures and values.   In conclusion, the question of whether globalisation is to be welcomed or feared today is a complex and debated topic that has implications for a wide range of issues. While it is clear that globalisation has brought about many benefits and opportunities, it is also important to recognize that it has raised a number of challenges and concerns. To ensure that the benefits of globalisation are shared fairly and equitably, it will be important to address these challenges and concerns, and to develop policies and strategies that promote inclusive and sustainable development.     10) Should both parents take equal responsibility for raising their children?   The question of whether both parents should take equal responsibility for raising their children is a complex and controversial issue that has been debated by policymakers, experts, and the general public for many years. While it is clear that both parents play a critical role in the upbringing and development of their children, it is also important to recognize that the specific responsibilities and contributions of each parent will depend on a range of factors, including the individual circumstances of each family, and the values and beliefs of the parents.   On one hand, it is undeniable that both parents play a critical role in the upbringing and development of their children. Children rely on their parents for love, support, guidance, and nurturing, and both parents are responsible for providing these things. Moreover, both parents also play important roles in shaping the values, beliefs, and behaviors of their children, and in providing a positive and supportive environment for their children to grow and thrive.   One argument in favor of the view that both parents should take equal responsibility for raising their children is that children benefit from having two actively involved and supportive parents. Research has shown that children who have strong and positive relationships with both of their parents are more likely to be emotionally healthy, socially well-adjusted, and academically successful. Moreover, children who have two actively involved and supportive parents are also more likely to have a sense of security, stability, and self-esteem, and to be better prepared to navigate the challenges and opportunities of life.   On the other hand, it is important to recognize that the specific responsibilities and contributions of each parent will depend on a range of factors, including the individual circumstances of each family, and the values and beliefs of the parents. In some cases, one parent may be the primary caregiver, while the other parent may be more involved in other aspects of the child’s upbringing and development. In other cases, both parents may be equally involved in all aspects of the child’s upbringing and development. Ultimately, the most important thing is for both parents to be actively involved and supportive of their children, and to work together to provide a positive and nurturing environment for their children to grow and thrive.   In conclusion, the question of whether both parents should take equal responsibility for raising their children is a complex and controversial issue that requires careful consideration and balance. While it is clear that both parents play a critical role in the upbringing and development of their children, it is also important to recognize that the specific responsibilities and contributions of each parent will depend on a range of factors. To ensure that children receive the love, support, guidance, and nurturing they need, it is important for both parents to be actively involved and supportive of their children, and to work together to provide a positive and nurturing environment for their children to grow and thrive.     11) Assess the importance of food within Singaporean culture.   Food is an integral and important part of Singaporean culture, and plays a central role in the daily lives, traditions, and identity of Singaporeans. From street food stalls to fine dining restaurants, food is an integral part of the social, cultural, and economic fabric of Singapore, and reflects the diverse and multicultural nature of the country.   One of the key ways in which food is important within Singaporean culture is the way it reflects the country’s diverse and multicultural heritage. Singapore is a melting pot of different cultures and cuisines, and this diversity is reflected in the country’s food. From traditional Chinese dishes to Indian curries, Malay satay to Indonesian nasi goreng, Singaporean food is a reflection of the country’s diverse and vibrant cultural mix. Moreover, food is also an important way in which different cultural groups in Singapore maintain their traditions and identity, and is an important part of the country’s cultural landscape.   Another way in which food is important within Singaporean culture is the way it serves as a social and cultural hub. Food is an important way in which Singaporeans come together and connect with one another, and is a central part of social and cultural life in the country. From family dinners to business meetings, food is an integral part of the social and cultural fabric of Singapore, and serves as a means of building and strengthening relationships. Moreover, food is also an important way in which Singaporeans celebrate and mark special occasions and festivals, and is an integral part of the country’s cultural traditions and rituals.   Finally, food is also an important part of the economy of Singapore, and is a significant contributor to the country’s growth and development. The food industry in Singapore is a major contributor to the country’s GDP, and employs a significant number of people. Moreover, food is an important part of the country’s tourism industry, and is a major draw for visitors from around the world.   In conclusion, food is an integral and important part of Singaporean culture, and plays a central role in the daily lives, traditions, and identity of Singaporeans. From its reflection of the country’s diverse and multicultural heritage, to its role as a social and cultural hub, to its contribution to the economy, food is an integral and vital part of the cultural landscape of Singapore.     12) Can fiction teach us anything meaningful about the real world?   Fiction is a form of storytelling that involves the creation of imaginary characters, events, and settings, and is often seen as separate and distinct from the real world. However, despite its apparent lack of connection to reality, fiction has the power to teach us meaningful and valuable lessons about the real world, and to provide us with insights, perspectives, and understandings that we may not be able to gain from other sources.   One of the ways in which fiction can teach us meaningful lessons about the real world is through the creation of relatable and compelling characters. Fiction allows us to enter the minds and experiences of characters who may be very different from ourselves, and to gain insight into their thoughts, feelings, and motivations. By putting ourselves in the shoes of these characters, we can better understand and empathize with people who are different from us, and can learn valuable lessons about the complexities of human nature.   Another way in which fiction can teach us meaningful lessons about the real world is through the creation of imaginative and thought-provoking scenarios and situations. Fiction allows us to explore and consider ideas, concepts, and problems that may be difficult or impossible to explore in the real world, and to gain new and innovative perspectives on these issues. By suspending our disbelief and engaging with the imaginary worlds and scenarios of fiction, we can challenge our assumptions and biases, and can learn to think more critically and creatively about the world around us.   Finally, fiction can also teach us meaningful lessons about the real world by providing us with a sense of connection and belonging. Many people turn to fiction as a way of escaping from the stresses and challenges of the real world, and of finding comfort and solace in the stories and characters of books, movies, and television shows. By immersing ourselves in these stories, we can find a sense of meaning and purpose, and can feel connected to others who share our interests and passions.   In conclusion, fiction can teach us meaningful and valuable lessons about the real world, and can provide us with insights, perspectives, and understandings that we may not be able to gain from other sources. By engaging with the stories and characters of fiction, we can learn to understand and empathize with others, to think critically and creatively about the world around us, and to find a sense of connection and belonging.    

General Paper (GP) A Level 2018 Questions

  1) How far is failure an essential part of success?   The idea that failure is an essential part of success is a common one, and it is often cited as a way to encourage people to take risks and not be afraid of making mistakes. However, the extent to which failure is actually an essential part of success is a complex and multifaceted issue, and it is important to consider both the potential benefits and drawbacks of this perspective. In this essay, I will explore both sides of this argument and provide examples to illustrate the complexities of this issue.   One argument for the view that failure is an essential part of success is that it can provide valuable lessons and experiences that can help us to improve and grow. For example, when we fail at something, it can provide an opportunity to reflect on what went wrong and to learn from our mistakes. This can help us to identify areas where we need to improve and to develop new strategies and approaches. Additionally, failure can also help us to build resilience and determination, as it requires us to persevere and try again in the face of challenges.   Another argument is that failure can be a necessary stepping stone on the path to success. For example, many successful people have experienced failures along the way, but they have used those failures as motivation to keep going and eventually achieve their goals. This can be seen in the stories of successful entrepreneurs, who often have to overcome numerous setbacks and failures before achieving success. In this way, failure can be seen as an integral part of the journey to success.   However, there are also arguments against the view that failure is an essential part of success. One such argument is that it can be demoralizing and discourage people from pursuing their goals. For example, if someone experiences repeated failures, they may become discouraged and lose confidence in their ability to succeed. Additionally, if failure is seen as an inevitable part of the process, it may discourage people from taking risks and trying new things, as they may be afraid of failing.   Another argument is that the focus on failure as an essential part of success can be harmful, as it can lead to a culture of blame and fault-finding. For example, if someone is blamed for a failure, it can be damaging to their self-esteem and can create a negative work environment. Additionally, if failure is seen as an inevitable part of the process, it may discourage people from taking responsibility for their actions and learning from their mistakes.   In conclusion, while failure can certainly provide valuable lessons and experiences, the extent to which it is an essential part of success is a complex issue. It is important to recognize that failure can be demoralizing and harmful if it is not properly managed, and that there are other factors that contribute to success, such as perseverance, hard work, and resilience.     2) To what extent is the pursuit of continuous economic growth a desirable goal? The pursuit of continuous economic growth is a controversial issue, with different arguments for and against it. On one hand, economic growth can bring about a variety of benefits, such as increased prosperity, job creation, and improved standards of living. On the other hand, there are also concerns about the environmental and social impacts of economic growth, and about the sustainability of continued expansion. In this essay, I will explore both sides of this argument and provide examples to illustrate the complexities of this issue.   One argument for the pursuit of continuous economic growth is that it can bring about increased prosperity and improve living standards. For example, as economies grow, there is typically an increase in the availability of goods and services, which can improve the quality of life for people. Additionally, economic growth can also create new job opportunities, which can help to reduce poverty and improve social mobility.   Another argument is that economic growth is necessary for addressing social and economic challenges. For example, if an economy is facing high unemployment or low levels of productivity, it may be necessary to stimulate growth in order to address these issues. Additionally, economic growth can also be a way to fund important public goods and services, such as education and healthcare.   However, there are also arguments against the pursuit of continuous economic growth. One such argument is that it can have negative environmental impacts, as economic expansion often requires the use of natural resources and the generation of pollution. For example, if an economy is heavily reliant on fossil fuels, economic growth may lead to increased carbon emissions and contribute to climate change. Additionally, economic growth may also lead to the destruction of natural habitats and biodiversity, as more land is needed for development.   Another argument is that the pursuit of continuous economic growth may not be sustainable in the long term. For example, if an economy is growing too quickly, it may become overburdened and unable to sustain the expansion. Additionally, as resource constraints become more pressing, it may become increasingly difficult to continue to grow the economy at the same rate.   In conclusion, the pursuit of continuous economic growth is a complex issue, and there are arguments for and against it. While economic growth can bring about a variety of benefits, it is important to consider the potential negative impacts and to ensure that it is pursued in a sustainable and responsible way.     3) In an age of rapid technological advancement, is a single career for life realistic? The question of whether a single career for life is realistic in an age of rapid technological advancement is a complex one, and it is important to consider both the potential benefits and drawbacks of this approach. On one hand, a single career for life may provide stability and a sense of purpose, and it may allow individuals to become experts in their field. On the other hand, it may also limit opportunities for growth and development, and it may not be feasible in an increasingly dynamic and rapidly changing job market. In this essay, I will explore both sides of this argument and provide examples to illustrate the complexities of this issue.   One argument for the idea that a single career for life is realistic is that it can provide stability and a sense of purpose. For example, if someone is able to find a career that they are passionate about and that aligns with their values and goals, it may be fulfilling to pursue that career for an extended period of time. Additionally, a single career for life may allow individuals to become experts in their field and to develop valuable skills and knowledge that are difficult to replicate.   Another argument is that a single career for life may be more feasible in certain fields or industries. For example, there are some occupations that have a high level of job security, such as tenured professors or government employees, in which it may be realistic to pursue a single career for life. Additionally, some industries, such as the trades, may have a high demand for workers with specialized skills, which can make it more feasible to pursue a single career for an extended period of time.   However, there are also arguments against the idea that a single career for life is realistic in an age of rapid technological advancement. One such argument is that it may limit opportunities for growth and development, as it may prevent individuals from exploring new areas of interest or taking on new challenges. Additionally, in an increasingly dynamic and rapidly changing job market, it may not be feasible to pursue a single career for life, as technological advances and changing economic conditions may lead to job loss or the need to adapt to new skills.   Another argument is that the concept of a single career for life may be outdated, as it may not reflect the realities of the modern job market. For example, many people today may have multiple careers or job roles over the course of their lifetime, and they may need to be flexible and adaptable in order to succeed. In this way, the idea of a single career for life may not be realistic or desirable in an age of rapid technological advancement.   In conclusion, the question of whether a single career for life is realistic in an age of rapid technological advancement is a complex one, and it depends on a variety of factors. While a single career for life may provide stability and a sense of purpose, it is important to consider the potential drawbacks and to be aware of the changing nature of the job market. It may be more realistic and desirable to be flexible and adaptable in order to succeed in the modern job market.     4) In the global age we inhabit, there is no justification for national boundaries. How far do you agree?   The idea that there is no justification for national boundaries in the global age we inhabit is a controversial one, and it is important to consider both the potential benefits and drawbacks of this perspective. On one hand, national boundaries can be seen as limiting and divisive, and they may create barriers to trade, communication, and cultural exchange. On the other hand, national boundaries also serve important functions, such as protecting the sovereignty of states and providing a sense of identity and belonging for their citizens. In this essay, I will explore both sides of this argument and provide examples to illustrate the complexities of this issue.   One argument for the view that there is no justification for national boundaries is that they can create barriers to trade, communication, and cultural exchange. For example, national boundaries can create barriers to the free flow of goods and services, which can be inefficient and hinder economic growth. Additionally, national boundaries can also create barriers to the free exchange of ideas and knowledge, which can be detrimental to progress and innovation.   Another argument is that national boundaries can be seen as limiting and divisive, and that they can contribute to conflicts and misunderstandings between nations. For example, national boundaries can create a sense of us versus them, which can lead to competition and conflict. Additionally, national boundaries can also create a sense of exclusion and otherness, which can lead to misunderstandings and prejudices between people from different nations.   However, there are also arguments against the view that there is no justification for national boundaries. One such argument is that national boundaries serve important functions, such as protecting the sovereignty of states and maintaining their independence. For example, national boundaries can help to ensure that states have control over their own affairs and are not subject to interference or domination by other states. Additionally, national boundaries can also provide a sense of identity and belonging for citizens, and they can help to maintain cultural and linguistic traditions.   Another argument is that the abolition of national boundaries may not be practical or desirable, as it would require a significant shift in political, economic, and social systems. For example, if national boundaries were to be abolished, it would be necessary to fundamentally rethink issues such as governance, taxation, and representation. Additionally, it is not clear that the abolition of national boundaries would be welcomed by all people, as it may be seen as a threat to cultural and national identities. In this way, the abolition of national boundaries may not be practical or desirable, as it would require a significant shift in political, economic, and social systems, and it may not be welcomed by all people.   In conclusion, the question of whether there is justification for national boundaries in the global age we inhabit is a complex one, and there are arguments for and against it. While national boundaries can create barriers to trade, communication, and cultural exchange, they also serve important functions, such as protecting the sovereignty of states and providing a sense of identity and belonging for their citizens. It is important to consider both the potential benefits and drawbacks of national boundaries, and to be aware of the complexities of this issue.     5) To what extent is sporting achievement given adequate recognition in your society?   The question of to what extent sporting achievement is given adequate recognition in a particular society is a complex and multifaceted one, and it depends on a variety of factors. On one hand, sporting achievements can be seen as a source of pride and inspiration, and they may be celebrated and recognized in various ways, such as through media coverage, awards, and public events. On the other hand, there may also be concerns about the extent to which sporting achievements are valued and recognized in comparison to other forms of achievement, and about the ways in which they are used to promote certain values and agendas. In this essay, I will explore both sides of this argument and provide examples to illustrate the complexities of this issue.   One argument for the view that sporting achievement is given adequate recognition in a particular society is that it can be a source of pride and inspiration, and that it is celebrated and recognized in various ways. For example, successful sports teams and athletes may receive media coverage, awards, and public recognition for their achievements. Additionally, sporting events may be used to promote national pride and unity, and they may be seen as an important part of the cultural fabric of a society.   Another argument is that sporting achievement can be an important way to promote physical activity and healthy lifestyles. For example, by celebrating and recognizing sporting achievements, a society may be able to encourage people to be more physically active and to adopt healthy habits. This can have a range of benefits, such as improving public health and reducing the burden of disease.   However, there are also arguments against the view that sporting achievement is given adequate recognition in a particular society. One such argument is that it may be valued and recognized more highly than other forms of achievement, such as academic or artistic achievement. For example, there may be more media coverage and public recognition for successful sports teams and athletes than for other types of achievement, which can create an unbalanced emphasis on sporting success.   Another argument is that sporting achievement may be used to promote certain values and agendas that are not necessarily universal or beneficial. For example, sporting events may be used to promote nationalism and militarism, and to reinforce certain cultural and social norms. Additionally, the pursuit of sporting success may be seen as more important than other types of achievement, which can create a narrow focus on this area and discourage other forms of achievement.   In conclusion, the extent to which sporting achievement is given adequate recognition in a particular society is a complex and multifaceted issue, and it depends on a variety of factors. While sporting achievements can be a source of pride and inspiration and can be celebrated and recognized in various ways, there are also concerns about the extent to which they are valued and recognized in comparison to other forms of achievement, and about the ways in which they are used to promote certain values and agendas. It is important to consider these complexities and to ensure that sporting achievement is recognized in a balanced and responsible way.     6) Do handicrafts still have value when machine-produced goods are so readily available?   The question of whether handicrafts still have value when machine-produced goods are so readily available is a complex and controversial one, and it depends on a variety of factors. On one hand, machine-produced goods may be seen as more efficient, cost-effective, and readily available, which can make them more appealing than handicrafts. On the other hand, handicrafts can also be valued for their uniqueness, craftsmanship, and cultural significance, which may make them more desirable than machine-produced goods. In this essay, I will explore both sides of this argument and provide examples to illustrate the complexities of this issue.   One argument for the view that handicrafts still have value when machine-produced goods are so readily available is that they can offer uniqueness and craftsmanship that is not possible with machine-produced goods. For example, handmade items may have a level of detail and quality that cannot be replicated by machines, and they may be seen as more special and valuable because of this. Additionally, handicrafts can also be valued for their cultural significance, as they may be tied to traditional techniques and designs that are unique to a particular place or community.   Another argument is that the demand for handicrafts can help to support local economies and preserve traditional skills and techniques. For example, if people are willing to pay for handmade items, it can provide a source of income for craftspeople and help to preserve traditional skills and techniques that may otherwise be lost. Additionally, supporting the handicrafts industry can help to promote cultural diversity and preserve traditional ways of life.   However, there are also arguments against the view that handicrafts still have value when machine-produced goods are so readily available. One such argument is that machine-produced goods may be more efficient, cost-effective, and readily available, which can make them more appealing than handicrafts. For example, machine-produced goods may be produced more quickly and at a lower cost, which can make them more accessible to a wider range of people. Additionally, machine-produced goods may be more consistent and reliable, which can make them more appealing to consumers.   Another argument is that the demand for handicrafts may not be sufficient to support a viable industry, and that it may be more practical and efficient to rely on machine-produced goods. For example, if the demand for handmade items is low, it may not be feasible for craftspeople to make a living producing them, and it may be more practical to turn to machine-produced goods instead. Additionally, if the demand for handicrafts is low, it may not be possible to preserve traditional skills and techniques, as there may not be enough support for them.   In conclusion, the question of whether handicrafts still have value when machine-produced goods are so readily available is a complex and multifaceted one, and it depends on a variety of factors. While handicrafts can offer uniqueness, craftsmanship, and cultural significance, they may also be limited by factors such as efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and availability. It is important to consider these complexities and to find a balance between the value of handicrafts and the practicalities of machine-produced goods.     7) People today do not work as hard as they did in the past. How true is this of your society?   The question of whether people today work as hard as they did in the past is a complex and controversial one, and it depends on a variety of factors. On one hand, it may be argued that people today have more leisure time and work fewer hours than they did in the past, and that they are less likely to work in physically demanding or dangerous jobs. On the other hand, it may also be argued that people today face new challenges and pressures that make their work just as demanding as it was in the past, if not more so. In this essay, I will explore both sides of this argument and provide examples to illustrate the complexities of this issue.   One argument for the view that people today do not work as hard as they did in the past is that they have more leisure time and work fewer hours. For example, in many countries, the average work week has been shortened and there are more protections for workers, such as overtime pay and vacation time. Additionally, advances in technology and automation have made many jobs easier and less physically demanding, which can reduce the amount of effort required to perform them.   Another argument is that people today are less likely to work in physically demanding or dangerous jobs, which can make their work less strenuous overall. For example, in many countries, there are regulations and safety standards that protect workers from hazardous conditions, and there are also fewer jobs that require manual labor or physically demanding work.   However, there are also arguments against the view that people today do not work as hard as they did in the past. One such argument is that people today face new challenges and pressures that make their work just as demanding as it was in the past, if not more so. For example, the increasing pace of change and the global nature of business can make it more difficult for people to keep up with new developments and technologies. Additionally, the increasing expectations for productivity and the demands of a 24/7 work culture can make it difficult for people to disconnect from work and to maintain a healthy work-life balance.   Another argument is that the concept of work has changed, and that people today may work in different ways than they did in the past. For example, people today may work in more flexible or freelance roles, or they may have multiple jobs or responsibilities. This can make it difficult to compare the amount of work that people do today with that of the past, as the nature of work itself has changed.   In conclusion, the question of whether people today work as hard as they did in the past is a complex and multifaceted one, and it depends on a variety of factors. While people today may have more leisure time and work fewer hours, and may be less likely to work in physically demanding or dangerous jobs, they may also face new challenges and pressures that make their work just as demanding as it was in the past. It is important to consider these complexities and to recognize that the nature of work has changed over time, and that it is not always possible to make direct comparisons between the present and the past.     8) Discuss the view that all countries have an equal responsibility to counter terrorism.   The view that all countries have an equal responsibility to counter terrorism is a controversial one, and it raises a number of complex and important issues. On one hand, it may be argued that terrorism is a global problem that affects all countries, and that all countries therefore have a shared responsibility to address it. On the other hand, it may also be argued that different countries have different capabilities, resources, and interests, and that their responsibilities to counter terrorism may vary accordingly. In this essay, I will explore both sides of this argument and provide examples to illustrate the complexities of this issue.   One argument for the view that all countries have an equal responsibility to counter terrorism is that terrorism is a global problem that affects all countries, and that all countries therefore have a shared responsibility to address it. For example, terrorism can have a range of negative impacts, such as loss of life, economic disruption, and social instability, which can affect all countries. Additionally, terrorism can also pose a threat to international peace and security, and to the values and principles that underpin the global system, which can make it a concern for all countries.   Another argument is that all countries have a responsibility to respect and uphold international law, including laws related to terrorism. For example, many countries have signed international conventions and agreements that obligate them to take action against terrorism, and they are expected to fulfill these obligations. Additionally, all countries have a responsibility to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of other countries, and to refrain from supporting or promoting terrorism within their borders.   However, there are also arguments against the view that all countries have an equal responsibility to counter terrorism. One such argument is that different countries have different capabilities, resources, and interests, and that their responsibilities to counter terrorism may vary accordingly. For example, some countries may have more advanced intelligence and security systems, or may have more experience in combating terrorism, and they may be able to contribute more effectively to counter-terrorism efforts. Additionally, some countries may be more vulnerable to terrorism, or may have a greater stake in combating it, and they may therefore have a greater responsibility to do so.   Another argument is that the global nature of terrorism can make it difficult for individual countries to address it effectively, and that international cooperation and coordination are necessary to address it effectively. For example, terrorism often involves cross-border networks and activities, and it may be necessary for countries to share information, intelligence, and resources in order to effectively combat it. Additionally, it may be necessary for countries to work together to address the underlying factors that contribute to terrorism, such as poverty, conflict, and political instability.   In conclusion, the view that all countries have an equal responsibility to counter terrorism is a complex and multifaceted one, and it raises a number of important issues. While all countries may be affected by terrorism and may have a shared responsibility to address it, their capabilities, resources, and interests may vary, and it may be necessary to take these differences into account when determining their responsibilities. Additionally, the global nature of terrorism can make it difficult for individual countries to address it effectively, and international cooperation and coordination may be necessary to address it effectively. It is important to consider these complexities and to find a balanced and effective approach to combating terrorism.     9) Is pressure a motivating force or a cause for unhappiness?   The question of whether pressure is a motivating force or a cause for unhappiness is a complex and multifaceted one, and it depends on a variety of factors. On one hand, pressure can be seen as a motivating force, as it can push people to perform at their best and to achieve their goals. On the other hand, pressure can also be seen as a cause for unhappiness, as it can create stress and anxiety, and can lead to negative outcomes such as burnout and mental health problems. In this essay, I will explore both sides of this argument and provide examples to illustrate the complexities of this issue.   One argument for the view that pressure is a motivating force is that it can push people to perform at their best and to achieve their goals. For example, pressure to succeed in school or at work may encourage people to work harder and to pursue their goals more determinedly. Additionally, pressure to meet certain standards or expectations may lead people to challenge themselves and to strive for excellence.   Another argument is that pressure can be a natural and inevitable part of life, and that it is up to individuals to learn how to handle it in a healthy and constructive way. For example, people may learn to use pressure as a motivator, rather than as a source of stress and anxiety, and they may find ways to manage it effectively. This can help them to achieve their goals and to lead more fulfilling and successful lives.   However, there are also arguments against the view that pressure is a motivating force. One such argument is that pressure can be a cause for unhappiness, as it can create stress and anxiety, and can lead to negative outcomes such as burnout and mental health problems. For example, excessive pressure to succeed or to meet certain standards may lead people to feel overwhelmed and stressed, and may prevent them from enjoying their work or other activities. Additionally, pressure may lead people to engage in unhealthy or destructive behaviors, such as overworking or neglecting their physical or mental health.   Another argument is that pressure may not be an effective motivator for everyone, and that it may be more effective to use other methods to encourage people to achieve their goals. For example, some people may be more motivated by positive reinforcement or by the opportunity to learn and grow, rather than by pressure. Additionally, some people may be more sensitive to pressure, and may be more likely to feel overwhelmed or stressed by it.   In conclusion, the question of whether pressure is a motivating force or a cause for unhappiness is a complex and multifaceted one, and it depends on a variety of factors. While pressure can be a motivator for some people, it can also be a cause for unhappiness for others, and it is important to consider these complexities and to find a balance between the use of pressure and the need for well-being and happiness. It may also be necessary to recognize that different people may respond to pressure in different ways, and to find strategies that work best for each individual.     10) Works of art which have been removed from their country of origin should be returned. Discuss.   The question of whether works of art that have been removed from their country of origin should be returned is a complex and controversial one, and it raises a number of important issues. On one hand, it may be argued that works of art have cultural and historical value, and that they should be returned to their country of origin in order to preserve this value and to respect the cultural heritage of the country. On the other hand, it may also be argued that works of art have universal value, and that they should be shared and enjoyed by all, regardless of their country of origin. In this essay, I will explore both sides of this argument and provide examples to illustrate the complexities of this issue.   One argument for the view that works of art that have been removed from their country of origin should be returned is that they have cultural and historical value, and that they should be returned in order to preserve this value and to respect the cultural heritage of the country. For example, many works of art are closely tied to the culture and history of the country in which they were created, and they may be seen as an important part of the country’s cultural identity. Additionally, works of art may also be seen as an important source of information about the culture and history of the country, and their return may be seen as a way to preserve and protect this information.   One example of a work of art that has been returned to its country of origin is the Elgin Marbles, a collection of ancient Greek sculptures that were removed from the Parthenon in Athens by the British diplomat Lord Elgin in the early 19th century. The Elgin Marbles have been a source of controversy for many years, as Greece has called for their return, arguing that they are an important part of the country’s cultural heritage and that their removal was a violation of international law. However, the British Museum, where the Elgin Marbles are currently housed, has argued that they are a universal cultural treasure and that they should be shared and enjoyed by all.   Another argument for the return of works of art is that they may be at risk of damage, loss, or neglect when they are removed from their country of origin, and that their return may be necessary to ensure their preservation. For example, works of art may be exposed to different climatic conditions, pests, or other hazards when they are removed from their country of origin, and their return may be necessary to protect them from these risks. Additionally, works of art may be less likely to be properly cared for or preserved when they are removed from their country of origin, and their return may be necessary to ensure that they are treated with the appropriate respect and care.   An example of a work of art that was returned to its country of origin due to concerns about its preservation is the Benin Bronzes, a collection of bronze sculptures that were created in what is now modern-day Nigeria in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Benin Bronzes were removed from the Kingdom of Benin by British troops during a military expedition in 1897, and they have been housed in museums around the world ever since. In recent years, there have been calls for the return of the Benin Bronzes to Nigeria, as it is believed that they would be better cared for and preserved in their country of origin.   However, there are also arguments against the view that works of art that have been removed from their country of origin should be returned. One such argument is that works of art have universal value, and that they should be shared and enjoyed by all, regardless of their country of origin. For example, works of art may be seen as a source of inspiration, beauty, or cultural enrichment for people of all cultures, and their return may be seen as a way to limit access to them. Additionally, works of art may be seen as a way to promote understanding and appreciation of different cultures, and their return may be seen as a way to limit this understanding and appreciation.   One example of a work of art that has been retained in its current location due to its universal value is the Rosetta Stone, an ancient Egyptian artifact that was discovered in 1799. The Rosetta Stone, which is inscribed with a decree in three different scripts, has been housed in the British Museum since 1802, and it is considered to be a universal cultural treasure. Despite calls for its return to Egypt, the British Museum has argued that it should be kept in its current location in order to be shared and enjoyed by all.   Another argument against the return of works of art is that the return of such works may be difficult or impractical, and that it may be more effective to find other ways to preserve their cultural and historical value. For example, the return of works of art may be complicated by legal, financial, or logistical issues, and it may be more practical to find other ways to ensure their preservation. Additionally, the return of works of art may be seen as an attempt to rewrite history or to erase the cultural influences of other countries, and it may be more constructive to find other ways to acknowledge and respect these influences.   An example of a work of art that has not been returned due to practical considerations is the Moai Statues, a collection of monolithic stone statues on Easter Island that were carved by the Rapa Nui people in the 9th to 16th centuries. Despite calls for their return to Easter Island, it is believed that the Moai Statues would be at risk of damage if they were moved, and that it is more practical to leave them in their current locations.   In conclusion, the question of whether works of art that have been removed from their country of origin should be returned is a complex and multifaceted one, and it raises a number of important issues. While works of art may have cultural and historical value, and their return may be necessary to preserve this value and to respect the cultural heritage of the country, they may also have universal value, and their return may be seen as a way to limit access to them. It is important to consider these complexities and to find a balanced and effective approach to the return of works of art, taking into account their cultural and historical value, as well as their universal value and the practicalities of their return. In some cases, it may be necessary to find alternative ways to preserve the cultural and historical value of works of art, such as through education, collaboration, or other means. Ultimately, the decision of whether to return works of art to their country of origin should be based on a careful consideration of these issues, and should be guided by a desire to respect and preserve the cultural and historical value of these works of art, while also recognizing their universal value and the need to find practical and effective solutions.     11) Foreign aid does not solve long-term problems.’ To what extent is this a fair viewpoint? The question of whether foreign aid solves long-term problems is a complex and controversial one, and it depends on a variety of factors. On one hand, it may be argued that foreign aid does not solve long-term problems, as it may not address the root causes of poverty or other challenges, and it may not be sustainable in the long term. On the other hand, it may also be argued that foreign aid can play an important role in addressing long-term problems, and that it can be an effective way to address urgent needs and to promote long-term development. In this essay, I will explore both sides of this argument and provide examples to illustrate the complexities of this issue.   One argument for the view that foreign aid does not solve long-term problems is that it may not address the root causes of poverty or other challenges, and it may not be sustainable in the long term. For example, foreign aid may be focused on providing immediate relief rather than addressing the underlying causes of poverty, such as lack of education, access to healthcare, or economic opportunities. Additionally, foreign aid may be dependent on the continued support of donors, and it may not be able to provide a long-term solution to the challenges that it is intended to address.   An example of a situation where foreign aid has been criticized for not addressing long-term problems is the food aid program in Ethiopia. In the 1980s and 1990s, Ethiopia received significant amounts of food aid to address a severe famine, but this aid was not accompanied by efforts to address the root causes of the famine, such as poor land management, lack of infrastructure, and political instability. As a result, the food aid did not lead to long-term improvements in food security in Ethiopia, and the country continued to experience periodic food crises in the years following the initial aid effort.   Another argument for the view that foreign aid does not solve long-term problems is that it may create dependency, discourage local development, and undermine local initiatives. For example, foreign aid may discourage people from seeking work or from starting their own businesses, as they may rely on aid for their basic needs. Additionally, foreign aid may discourage local governments from investing in their own development, as they may rely on aid to meet the needs of their citizens.   An example where foreign aid has been criticized for creating dependency and undermining local initiatives is the aid program in Haiti. Haiti has received significant amounts of foreign aid following a series of natural disasters and political crises, but this aid has been criticized for not promoting long-term development, and for creating dependency on aid rather than encouraging local initiatives. As a result, Haiti has remained one of the poorest countries in the world, despite decades of foreign aid efforts.   However, there are also arguments against the view that foreign aid does not solve long-term problems. One such argument is that foreign aid can play an important role in addressing long-term problems, and that it can be an effective way to address urgent needs and to promote long-term development. For example, foreign aid may be necessary to provide immediate relief in the face of emergencies, such as natural disasters, famines, or armed conflicts, and it may be able to save lives and prevent further suffering. Additionally, foreign aid may be able to provide the resources and support needed to address long-term challenges, such as poverty, lack of access to education and healthcare, or environmental degradation.   Bangladesh has received significant amounts of foreign aid to address poverty and other challenges, and this aid has been accompanied by efforts to promote long-term development, such as investing in education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. As a result, Bangladesh has made significant progress in reducing poverty and improving the lives of its citizens, and it has become a model for the role that foreign aid can play in promoting long-term development.   Another argument against the view that foreign aid does not solve long-term problems is that it may be necessary to provide a safety net for people who are unable to meet their basic needs, and that it may be an important way to promote human rights and dignity. For example, foreign aid may be necessary to provide food, shelter, and other necessities to people who are suffering from poverty, conflict, or other challenges, and it may be an important way to ensure that they are able to live with dignity and respect. Additionally, foreign aid may be an important way to promote human rights and to support efforts to address social and economic injustice.   The aid program in Malawi has demonstrated how foreign aid has been successful in promoting human rights and dignity. Malawi has received significant amounts of foreign aid to address poverty and other challenges, and this aid has been accompanied by efforts to promote human rights and to address social and economic injustice. As a result, Malawi has made progress in reducing poverty and improving the lives of its citizens, and it has become a leader in the effort to promote human rights and social justice in Africa.   In conclusion, the question of whether foreign aid solves long-term problems is a complex and multifaceted one, and it depends on a variety of factors. While foreign aid may not always be successful in addressing the root causes of poverty or other challenges, and it may not be sustainable in the long term, it can also play an important role in addressing urgent needs and promoting long-term development. It is important to consider these complexities and to find a balanced and effective approach to foreign aid, taking into account the urgent needs of communities, as well as the long-term challenges that they face. This may involve supporting efforts to address the root causes of poverty and other challenges, such as investing in education, healthcare, and economic opportunities, as well as providing immediate relief in the face of emergencies. Additionally, it may be important to ensure that foreign aid is delivered in a way that promotes human rights and dignity, and that it supports local initiatives and promotes long-term sustainability. Ultimately, the effectiveness of foreign aid in solving long-term problems will depend on a careful consideration of these issues, and on the development of strategies that are tailored to the specific needs and challenges of each community.     12) Consider the view that we do not take enough responsibility for our own well-being.   There is a common belief that we should be responsible for our own well-being, both physical and mental. However, there are those who argue that we do not take enough responsibility for our own well-being, relying instead on external factors such as the healthcare system or the government to take care of us. This essay will consider the view that we do not take enough responsibility for our own well-being, examining the various ways in which this might be the case and considering the potential consequences of this lack of responsibility.   One way in which we might be said to not take enough responsibility for our own well-being is through our lack of attention to our physical health. Many people do not engage in regular physical activity, eat unhealthy diets, and make poor lifestyle choices that can have negative impacts on their health. While there are certainly external factors that can contribute to these decisions, such as a lack of access to healthy food or safe places to exercise, ultimately it is up to the individual to make the choice to prioritize their health.   Another way in which we might not take enough responsibility for our own well-being is through our lack of attention to our mental health. Mental health is just as important as physical health, yet many people do not prioritize it in the same way. They may neglect to seek treatment for mental health conditions, or may not take steps to prevent the development of such conditions in the first place. This can have serious consequences, as untreated mental health issues can lead to a range of problems including difficulty functioning in daily life, relationship issues, and even physical health problems.   A third way in which we might not take enough responsibility for our own well-being is through our reliance on external sources of support, rather than seeking to create a sense of well-being from within ourselves. Many people look to external sources such as wealth, success, or the approval of others in order to feel good about themselves, rather than finding self-acceptance and contentment from within. This can lead to a lack of fulfillment and a constant striving for more, rather than finding true happiness and well-being.   In conclusion, the view that we do not take enough responsibility for our own well-being is a valid one, as there are many ways in which we neglect to prioritize our own health and well-being. By taking greater responsibility for our own well-being, we can improve our physical and mental health, as well as create a sense of fulfillment and contentment from within ourselves.    

General Paper (GP) A Level 2017 Questions

  1) The past is not dead. It is not even past. Discuss.   The past is not dead. It is not even past. This statement, attributed to the American writer William Faulkner, suggests that the events and experiences of the past continue to have a powerful influence on the present and the future. Many people believe that the past is simply a collection of historical events and stories that have no relevance to the present, but this view is short-sighted and fails to recognize the complex and interconnected nature of human history.   One of the main reasons that the past is not dead is that it shapes our present and future in countless ways. The choices and actions of people in the past have had a profound impact on the world we live in today, and will continue to shape the world of tomorrow. For example, the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries, which was driven by technological innovations and advances in transportation and communication, fundamentally transformed the way that people lived and worked, and laid the foundation for the modern global economy. Similarly, major historical events such as wars, revolutions, and social movements have had a lasting impact on society and politics, and continue to be remembered and studied today.   Another reason that the past is not dead is that it is deeply embedded in our personal and cultural identities. Our experiences and memories, as well as the stories and traditions passed down to us from previous generations, shape who we are and how we see the world. Our cultural and personal histories provide us with a sense of belonging and connection to others, and help us to understand and make sense of the world around us.   It is important to recognize that the past is not simply a collection of static events, but is an ongoing and evolving process. The way that we remember and interpret the past is influenced by the present, and the events of the past are constantly being reinterpreted and reevaluated in light of new evidence and perspectives. This means that the past is not a fixed entity, but is constantly being reshaped and reimagined by the people of the present.   In conclusion, the past is not dead. It is not even past. The events and experiences of the past continue to shape and influence the present and the future in countless ways, and are deeply embedded in our personal and cultural identities. It is important that we recognize and understand the complexities and interconnectedness of history, and strive to learn from the past in order to create a better future.     2) Can the use of animals for scientific research ever be justified?   The use of animals for scientific research has long been a controversial topic, with many people arguing that it is unethical to use animals in this way. While it is certainly true that animals should be treated with respect and compassion, and that their welfare should be protected, there are also strong arguments in favor of using animals in scientific research. In this essay, I will argue that, under certain conditions, the use of animals for scientific research can be justified.   One of the main arguments in favor of using animals in scientific research is that it has the potential to lead to significant scientific and medical advances. For example, animal research has played a critical role in the development of many life-saving drugs and medical treatments, such as insulin for diabetes and antibiotics for infections. Without the use of animals in research, it is likely that many of these important discoveries would not have been made.   Another argument in favor of animal research is that it can help to improve our understanding of basic biological processes and improve our ability to predict and prevent human disease. For example, animal research has provided valuable insights into the causes and potential treatments for a wide range of diseases, including cancer, heart disease, and mental illness. By studying the effects of these diseases on animals, researchers can gain a better understanding of how they occur and how they can be prevented or treated in humans.   It is also important to note that the use of animals in scientific research is heavily regulated and is subject to strict ethical guidelines. In many countries, the use of animals in research is only permitted if it is deemed to be scientifically necessary and if the potential benefits outweigh the potential harms to the animals involved. Researchers are also required to minimize any suffering experienced by the animals and to provide appropriate care and housing for them.   Despite these arguments in favor of animal research, it is also important to recognize that the use of animals in scientific research is not always justified. In cases where there are viable alternatives to animal research, such as cell culture or computer modeling, these should be used instead. Additionally, it is important to ensure that the use of animals in research is strictly regulated and that the welfare of the animals is protected at all times.   In conclusion, the use of animals for scientific research can be justified under certain conditions, as it has the potential to lead to significant scientific and medical advances and can help to improve our understanding of basic biological processes and human disease. However, it is important to ensure that animal research is strictly regulated and that the welfare of the animals is protected, and to use alternatives to animal research whenever possible.     3) In your society, to what extent is it acceptable for public money to be used for the acquisition of works of art?   In any society, there is always a debate over how public money should be allocated and what purposes it is acceptable to use it for. When it comes to the acquisition of works of art, opinions may vary widely on the extent to which it is acceptable for public money to be used. In this essay, I will argue that, while there are certainly valid arguments for and against the use of public money for the acquisition of works of art, there are also strong reasons to support such spending.   One argument against the use of public money for the acquisition of works of art is that there are many other pressing needs and priorities that should take precedence. For example, some people may argue that public funds should be focused on issues such as education, healthcare, and social services, rather than being used to buy art. While these are certainly important areas that deserve attention and support, it is important to recognize that the arts can also have significant social and economic benefits.   One of the main arguments in favor of using public money for the acquisition of works of art is that it can have a positive impact on the local economy. For example, a thriving arts scene can attract tourists and businesses to a region, which can generate additional tax revenue and create jobs. Additionally, the arts can help to revitalize struggling neighborhoods and contribute to community development.   Another argument in favor of using public money for the acquisition of works of art is that it can help to promote cultural diversity and understanding. By supporting the arts, communities can expose themselves to different perspectives and experiences, and can foster a greater appreciation of the diversity of human culture. This can help to break down barriers and promote greater understanding and cooperation between different groups.   Of course, it is important to recognize that there are also valid concerns about the use of public money for the acquisition of works of art. For example, there may be questions about how such spending is prioritized and how decisions are made about which works of art to acquire. It is essential that any use of public money for the acquisition of works of art is transparent and accountable, and that there are clear criteria in place to guide decision-making.   In conclusion, the extent to which it is acceptable for public money to be used for the acquisition of works of art is a complex and multifaceted issue that depends on a variety of factors. While there are valid arguments both for and against such spending, there are also strong reasons to support the use of public money for the acquisition of works of art, as it can have a positive impact on the local economy, promote cultural diversity and understanding, and contribute to community development. It is important to ensure that any use of public money for the acquisition of works of art is transparent and accountable, and that there are clear criteria in place to guide decision-making.     4) Rehabilitation, not punishment, should be the purpose of the justice system. Discuss.   The purpose of the justice system is to hold individuals accountable for their actions and to protect society from harm. For many years, the dominant approach to crime and punishment has been based on the idea of retribution, or the idea that offenders should be punished for their wrongdoing. However, there is growing recognition that this approach has many limitations and that rehabilitation, or the process of helping offenders to become productive and law-abiding members of society, should be the primary focus of the justice system. In this essay, I will argue that rehabilitation, not punishment, should be the purpose of the justice system.   One of the main reasons that rehabilitation should be the purpose of the justice system is that it is a more effective approach to reducing crime and promoting public safety. Studies have consistently shown that rehabilitation programs, such as education, job training, and substance abuse treatment, are much more effective at reducing recidivism (the tendency of offenders to reoffend) than punishment alone. For example, a meta-analysis of more than 500 studies found that rehabilitation programs reduced recidivism by an average of 1   Another reason that rehabilitation should be the focus of the justice system is that it is more humane and just. Punishment, especially in the form of long prison sentences, can be harsh and dehumanizing, and can have long-term negative consequences for offenders and their families. Rehabilitation, on the other hand, is focused on helping offenders to overcome the underlying issues that may have contributed to their criminal behavior and to develop the skills and knowledge they need to lead successful and productive lives. This approach recognizes that offenders are human beings with the potential to change and to make positive contributions to society, and treats them with dignity and respect.   It is also important to recognize that the current emphasis on punishment is often ineffective and costly. Incarceration, in particular, is expensive and can create a cycle of crime and punishment that is difficult to break. By contrast, rehabilitation programs can be more cost-effective and provide long-term benefits for both offenders and society. For example, education and job training programs can help offenders to find employment and become self-sufficient, which can reduce the burden on social services and generate tax revenue.   Despite these arguments in favor of rehabilitation, it is also important to recognize that there may be cases where punishment is necessary, such as in cases of violent or dangerous offenders. However, even in these cases, rehabilitation should still be a key component of the justice system, as it can help to reduce the likelihood of reoffending and promote public safety.   In conclusion, rehabilitation, not punishment, should be the purpose of the justice system. Rehabilitation is a more effective approach to reducing crime and promoting public safety, is more humane and just, and can be more cost-effective and provide long-term benefits for both offenders and society. While punishment may be necessary in some cases, it should be seen as a means to an end, rather than an end in itself, and should be accompanied by rehabilitation efforts to help offenders overcome the underlying issues that may have contributed to their criminal behavior.     5) Is regulation of the press desirable?   The question of whether regulation of the press is desirable is a complex and highly debated issue that touches on fundamental questions about freedom of expression, democracy, and the role of the media in society. On the one hand, it can be argued that regulation of the press is necessary to ensure that the media operates in an ethical and responsible manner, and to protect the public from misinformation and harmful content. On the other hand, it can be argued that regulation of the press is undesirable, as it can stifle free expression and limit the ability of the media to hold those in power accountable. In this essay, I will argue that, while there are valid arguments on both sides of this issue, regulation of the press is generally undesirable and that alternative approaches, such as self-regulation and media literacy, are more effective in promoting responsible and ethical media practices.   One of the main arguments in favor of regulating the press is that it is necessary to protect the public from harmful or misleading content. For example, some people argue that the press should be regulated to ensure that it does not disseminate false or misleading information that could have serious consequences, such as inciting violence or spreading misinformation about public health issues. Others argue that the press should be regulated to protect individuals from defamation or invasion of privacy, especially when it comes to sensitive or personal matters.   However, there are also strong arguments against regulating the press. One of the main arguments is that regulation of the press can stifle free expression and limit the ability of the media to hold those in power accountable. In many countries, the media plays a critical role in exposing corruption, abuse of power, and other wrongdoing, and is often referred to as the “fourth estate” or the “watchdog” of democracy. If the press is heavily regulated, it may be less able to perform this important role and may become more inclined to self-censorship.   Another argument against regulating the press is that it can be difficult to define what constitutes harmful or misleading content, and that different people and groups may have different perspectives on this issue. For example, what one person considers to be harmful or misleading may be viewed by others as important or necessary information. This can create a situation where the press is censored or punished for reporting on issues that are controversial or unpopular, but which are nevertheless important for the public to know about.   Instead of regulating the press, there are other approaches that can be more effective in promoting responsible and ethical media practices. One such approach is self-regulation, in which the media industry develops and adheres to codes of conduct and ethical standards. This approach allows the media to hold itself accountable and to set its own standards, while also allowing for flexibility and adaptability. Another approach is media literacy, which involves educating the public about how to critically evaluate media content and to be aware of potential biases or sources of misinformation. By empowering individuals to make informed decisions about what they read and watch, media literacy can help to promote a more informed and engaged society.   In conclusion, while there are valid arguments on both sides of the issue, regulation of the press is generally undesirable. Instead of regulating the press, alternative approaches, such as self-regulation and media literacy, are more effective in promoting responsible and ethical media practices. These approaches allow for flexibility and adaptability, and empower individuals to make informed decisions about what they read and watch.     6) Do events, rather than politicians, shape the future?   The question of whether events or politicians shape the future is a complex and highly debated issue that touches on fundamental questions about the role of individuals and institutions in shaping the course of history. On the one hand, it can be argued that politicians, as leaders and decision-makers, have a significant influence on the direction of society and the course of events. On the other hand, it can be argued that events, such as natural disasters, technological innovations, and social movements, can have a powerful impact on the future and can shape the actions and policies of politicians. In this essay, I will argue that both events and politicians play important roles in shaping the future, and that the interplay between these two factors is complex and dynamic.   One of the main arguments in favor of the idea that politicians shape the future is that they hold positions of power and influence, and have the ability to make decisions that can have far-reaching consequences. Politicians can shape the direction of society through the laws and policies they enact, the appointments they make, and the messages they communicate to the public. For example, the decisions of political leaders can have a major impact on issues such as the economy, foreign relations, and social issues.   However, it is also important to recognize that events can have a powerful impact on the future, and can shape the actions and policies of politicians. For example, natural disasters or economic crises can create urgent problems that require immediate attention and can force politicians to take action. Similarly, technological innovations or social movements can create new opportunities or challenges that require politicians to adapt and respond. In these cases, events can shape the future by forcing politicians to take action or by creating new options and possibilities.   The relationship between events and politicians is complex and dynamic, and it is often difficult to predict which will have the greater influence on the future. In some cases, politicians may be able to shape events through their actions, while in other cases events may shape the actions of politicians. For example, a political leader may be able to influence the outcome of a war through their strategic decisions, while a natural disaster may force a government to adopt new policies or allocate resources in a different way.   In conclusion, both events and politicians play important roles in shaping the future. While politicians have the ability to make decisions and take actions that can have far-reaching consequences, events can also have a powerful impact on the direction of society and the actions of politicians. The interplay between these two factors is complex and dynamic, and it is often difficult to predict which will have the greater influence on the future. What is clear, however, is that both events and politicians have the potential to shape the course of history in significant ways, and that the future is shaped by a complex and interconnected web of factors.     7) How far is science fiction becoming fact?   Science fiction has long been a popular genre of literature and film, offering a glimpse into possible futures and exploring the potential consequences of scientific and technological advancements. In recent years, there has been a debate about how far science fiction is becoming fact, with some people arguing that many of the ideas and technologies depicted in science fiction are becoming a reality, while others argue that these ideas remain firmly in the realm of fiction. In this essay, I will argue that while science fiction often serves as a source of inspiration and a way to explore the implications of scientific and technological developments, it is not always an accurate predictor of the future, and that the line between science fiction and fact can be blurry at times.   One of the main arguments in favor of the idea that science fiction is becoming fact is that many of the ideas and technologies depicted in science fiction have already been realized, or are in the process of being developed. For example, science fiction has long depicted the idea of space travel and exploration, and today we have a thriving space industry and a number of manned missions to other planets and celestial bodies. Similarly, science fiction has explored the idea of artificial intelligence and robots, and today we have advanced AI systems and robots that are capable of performing a wide range of tasks.   However, it is also important to recognize that science fiction is often based on speculative or theoretical ideas that may not be possible or practical in the real world. While science fiction can serve as a source of inspiration and a way to explore the implications of scientific and technological developments, it is not always an accurate predictor of the future. Many ideas and technologies depicted in science fiction may remain firmly in the realm of fiction due to technological, economic, or other constraints.   Another factor to consider is that the line between science fiction and fact can be blurry at times, and that what was once considered science fiction can eventually become a reality. For example, the idea of space travel was once considered science fiction, but today it is a reality. Similarly, the internet, which was once the stuff of science fiction, is now an integral part of modern life. This suggests that science fiction can serve as a catalyst for scientific and technological advancements, and that what was once considered science fiction may eventually become a reality.   In conclusion, while science fiction often serves as a source of inspiration and a way to explore the implications of scientific and technological developments, it is not always an accurate predictor of the future. The line between science fiction and fact can be blurry at times, and what was once considered science fiction may eventually become a reality. However, it is important to recognize that science fiction is often based on speculative or theoretical ideas that may not be possible or practical in the real world, and that not all ideas and technologies depicted in science fiction will become a reality.     8) Examine the role of music in establishing a national identity in your society.   Music has always played a central role in establishing a national identity in many societies around the world. It is a powerful medium for expressing cultural values and traditions, and for fostering a sense of belonging and community among people. In this essay, I will examine the role of music in establishing a national identity in [insert society], and argue that it is a crucial element in defining and promoting the unique cultural character of a nation.   One of the main ways that music can establish a national identity is through the use of traditional musical forms and instruments. In many societies, traditional music is an integral part of the cultural heritage and serves as a way to preserve and pass down cultural traditions from one generation to the next. For example, [insert examples of traditional music and instruments from your society] are deeply rooted in the cultural history of [your society], and are often seen as an expression of the nation’s unique character and identity.   Another way that music can establish a national identity is through the use of lyrics and themes that reflect the values and experiences of a particular society. For example, [insert examples of music from your society that reflects the values and experiences of the society]. By expressing ideas and emotions that are relevant and meaningful to people in [your society], this music helps to foster a sense of shared identity and belonging.   Music can also play a role in shaping public discourse and shaping public opinion on important issues. For example, [insert examples of music from your society that has had an impact on public discourse or shaped public opinion]. Through the use of lyrics and themes, this music can raise awareness about important issues and promote social change.   Despite the important role that music plays in establishing a national identity, it is important to recognize that there may be different opinions about which music represents the true character and identity of a nation. Different groups within a society may have different interpretations of what constitutes “authentic” or “traditional” music, and there may be debates about the role of music in shaping public opinion and discourse. However, despite these differences, it is clear that music is a powerful and enduring force in establishing a national identity, and that it has the ability to connect people across generations and cultures.   In conclusion, music plays a crucial role in establishing a national identity in [your society]. Through the use of traditional musical forms and instruments, lyrics and themes that reflect the values and experiences of the society, and its impact on public discourse and opinion, music helps to define and promote the unique cultural character of a nation. Despite differences of opinion about what constitutes authentic or traditional music, it is clear that music is a powerful and enduring force in shaping a national identity.     9) To what extent are people judged more by their physical appearances than by their abilities?   It is often said that people are judged more by their physical appearances than by their abilities, and that appearance plays a significant role in shaping how people are perceived and treated. This is a complex and highly debated issue that touches on a number of deeper questions about human nature, social norms, and the role of appearance in society. In this essay, I will argue that while physical appearance is certainly an important factor in how people are judged and perceived, it is not the only factor, and that people are also judged by their abilities and other qualities.   One of the main arguments in favor of the idea that people are judged more by their physical appearances than by their abilities is that appearance has a powerful impact on how people are perceived and treated. Research has shown that people tend to make judgments about others based on their appearance, and that these judgments can have a significant influence on how people are treated in social situations. For example, people who are perceived as attractive are often treated more positively than those who are perceived as less attractive, and may have an advantage in social and professional situations.   However, it is also important to recognize that people are judged by more than just their physical appearances. While appearance can certainly play a role in how people are perceived and treated, it is not the only factor, and people are also judged by their abilities, personality, and other qualities. For example, people who are intelligent, hardworking, and skilled are often respected and admired, regardless of their appearance. Similarly, people who are kind, compassionate, and empathetic are often well-liked and respected, regardless of their physical appearance.   Another factor to consider is that the relative importance of appearance and abilities may vary depending on the context. In some situations, appearance may be more important, while in other situations abilities may be more important. For example, in a modeling career or acting, physical appearance is likely to be more important, while in a scientific or technical field, abilities and skills may be more important.   In conclusion, while physical appearance is certainly an important factor in how people are judged and perceived, it is not the only factor, and people are also judged by their abilities and other qualities. The relative importance of appearance and abilities may vary depending on the context, and it is important to recognize that people are complex and multifaceted, and that appearance is only one aspect of who they are.     10) Practical ability is just as important as intellectual skills. How far is this true in your society?   There is a common belief that practical ability is just as important as intellectual skills, and that both are necessary for success in life. This belief is based on the idea that while intellectual skills, such as problem-solving and critical thinking, are important for achieving success in academic and professional settings, practical ability, such as the ability to work with one’s hands and to apply knowledge in a practical setting, is also essential for success in life. In this essay, I will examine the extent to which this is true in [your society], and argue that while both intellectual skills and practical ability are important, the relative importance of each may vary depending on the context and individual circumstances.   One of the main arguments in favor of the idea that practical ability is just as important as intellectual skills is that practical ability is often necessary for success in certain fields and occupations. For example, in fields such as trades, manufacturing, and construction, practical ability is often a crucial component of success, as it allows individuals to apply their knowledge in a practical setting and to work effectively with their hands. Similarly, in many technical and scientific fields, practical ability is often an important component of success, as it allows individuals to apply their knowledge in a hands-on setting and to solve real-world problems.   However, it is also important to recognize that the relative importance of practical ability and intellectual skills may vary depending on the context and individual circumstances. In some fields, intellectual skills may be more important, while in other fields practical ability may be more important. For example, in fields such as finance, marketing, and law, intellectual skills, such as critical thinking and problem-solving, may be more important, while in fields such as trades, manufacturing, and construction, practical ability may be more important.   Another factor to consider is that both intellectual skills and practical ability are important for success in life, and that a balance of both is often necessary. While it is important to have strong intellectual skills, it is also important to have the ability to apply this knowledge in a practical setting and to work effectively with one’s hands. Similarly, while it is important to have strong practical ability, it is also important to have the intellectual skills to understand and analyze complex problems and to make informed decisions.   In conclusion, while both intellectual skills and practical ability are important for success in life, the relative importance of each may vary depending on the context and individual circumstances. In some fields and occupations, practical ability may be more important, while in other fields intellectual skills may be more important. It is important to recognize that both are important and that a balance of both is often necessary for success in life.     11) Assess the view that attempts to control climate change can never be truly effective.   Climate change is one of the most pressing and controversial issues of our time, and there is ongoing debate about the effectiveness of attempts to control it. Some people argue that attempts to control climate change can never be truly effective, and that it is an insurmountable problem that cannot be solved. Others argue that while the problem of climate change is complex and challenging, it is not insurmountable, and that there are effective strategies and technologies that can help to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change. In this essay, I will assess the view that attempts to control climate change can never be truly effective, and argue that while there are certainly challenges and limitations to controlling climate change, it is not an insurmountable problem, and that there are effective strategies and technologies that can help to address it.   One of the main arguments in favor of the view that attempts to control climate change can never be truly effective is that the problem is simply too large and complex to be solved. Climate change is a global problem that is caused by a wide range of factors, including industrial and economic activities, population growth, and energy use. It is also a long-term problem, with impacts that will be felt for generations to come. Some people argue that the scale and complexity of the problem make it impossible to control, and that efforts to address climate change will inevitably be inadequate.   However, it is important to recognize that there are effective strategies and technologies that can help to control climate change and mitigate its impacts. For example, there are a number of renewable energy technologies, such as solar and wind power, that can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow the pace of climate change. There are also strategies for reducing energy use and increasing energy efficiency, such as improving building codes and investing in public transportation, which can help to reduce emissions and slow the pace of climate change. In addition, there are strategies for adapting to the impacts of climate change, such as developing drought-resistant crops and improving infrastructure to withstand extreme weather events, which can help to reduce the vulnerability of communities to the impacts of climate change.   Another factor to consider is that while it may be difficult to control climate change, it is not impossible, and there are examples of successful efforts to address the problem. For example, the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty that aims to protect the ozone layer, has been successful in reducing the use of ozone-depleting substances and slowing the rate of ozone depletion. Similarly, the Clean Air Act, a federal law in the United States, has been successful in reducing air pollution and improving air quality. These examples demonstrate that it is possible to control environmental problems and make progress in addressing them.   In conclusion, while there are certainly challenges and limitations to controlling climate change, it is not an insurmountable problem, and there are effective strategies and technologies that can help to address it. While the problem of climate change is complex and long-term, there are examples of successful efforts to address environmental problems, and it is important to continue to pursue and invest in strategies that can help to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change.     12) The quality of written language is being destroyed by social media. What is your view?   There is a concern that the widespread use of social media is leading to a decline in the quality of written language. Some people argue that social media, with its emphasis on brevity and informality, is promoting a decline in standards of language usage and literacy, while others argue that social media is simply reflecting the way that people communicate in the modern world and is not causing a decline in language quality. In this essay, I will examine the argument that the quality of written language is being destroyed by social media, and argue that while social media may have some impact on language usage and literacy, it is not the primary cause of a decline in language quality.   One of the main arguments in favor of the view that social media is destroying the quality of written language is that it promotes a decline in standards of language usage and literacy. Some people argue that the informality and brevity of social media encourages the use of slang, abbreviations, and other forms of informal language that are not appropriate in formal writing. Others argue that the rapid pace and constant interruptions of social media make it difficult for people to focus and engage in deep reading and writing, leading to a decline in language skills.   However, it is important to recognize that social media is not the only factor that is impacting language usage and literacy. There are a number of other factors that contribute to the decline in language quality, including the decline of traditional print media, the increasing use of text messaging and other forms of electronic communication, and the influence of popular culture. It is also important to recognize that social media is simply a reflection of the way that people communicate in the modern world, and that it is not the cause of a decline in language quality.   Another factor to consider is that social media can also have a positive impact on language usage and literacy. For example, social media provides a platform for people to express themselves and share their ideas with a wide audience, which can help to promote literacy and critical thinking skills. In addition, social media can be an important tool for promoting language learning and cultural exchange, as it allows people to connect with others from different parts of the world and learn about different languages and cultures.   In conclusion, while social media may have some impact on language usage and literacy, it is not the primary cause of a decline in language quality. There are a number of other factors that contribute to the decline in language quality, and it is important to recognize that social media is simply a reflection of the way that people communicate in the modern world. While there may be some negative impacts of social media on language usage and literacy, there are also positive impacts, and it is important to consider both sides of the argument.    

General Paper (GP) A Level 2016 Questions

1) Any adaptation of a novel for a film, television or the theatre is never as effective as the original. Discuss.   The process of adapting a novel for a film, television, or the theatre can be a tricky one. While it can often lead to a successful and entertaining final product, it can also result in a significant loss of nuance and depth. This is because the mediums of film, television, and theatre are vastly different from that of the written word, and as such, it can be difficult to capture the same level of complexity and emotion in an adaptation as there is in the original novel.   One of the biggest challenges in adapting a novel is that of compression. A novel can often contain hundreds of pages of detailed description, character development, and intricate plotlines, while a film or television show only has a limited amount of time in which to tell the story. This means that many elements of the original novel have to be cut or condensed in order to fit within the time constraints of the new medium. This can lead to a loss of important details and can prevent the audience from fully understanding and connecting with the characters and story.   Another challenge in adapting a novel is the difference in the way that the audience experiences the story. When reading a novel, the reader is able to imagine the characters and settings in their own mind, and is able to take the time to fully understand the story and its themes. However, when watching a film or television show, the audience is presented with a pre-conceived interpretation of the story, which can often differ from the reader’s own imagination. This can make it difficult for the audience to fully engage with the story and can lead to a sense of disconnection.   Furthermore, the mediums of film, television, and theatre also have their own conventions and styles, which may not always be the best fit for a particular story. For example, a novel that relies heavily on internal thoughts and feelings may struggle to translate effectively to a visual medium such as film or television, where it’s harder to communicate emotions and thoughts. Similarly, a novel that’s heavy on action and special effects may not be able to be replicated on stage.   Despite these challenges, there have been many successful adaptations of novels over the years. However, these are often the exception rather than the rule, and it is important to remember that while an adaptation may be enjoyable in its own right, it can never fully capture the complexity and depth of the original novel.   In conclusion, while adaptations of novels for film, television, and theatre can be entertaining and engaging, they can never fully capture the same level of complexity and depth as the original novel. The mediums of film, television, and theatre are vastly different from that of the written word and therefore, the process of adapting a novel for these mediums is inherently challenging. As such, it’s essential to approach adaptations with a degree of skepticism and to remember that they can never fully replace the original work.     2) Assess the view that traditional buildings have no future in your society.   In today’s society, traditional buildings are often seen as outdated and irrelevant. Many people believe that these buildings have no future in our society and that they should be replaced with modern, more efficient structures. However, this view is short-sighted and fails to take into account the many benefits that traditional buildings offer.   First and foremost, traditional buildings are an important part of our cultural heritage. They are often unique and irreplaceable landmarks that reflect the history and identity of a community. They provide a tangible link to the past and help to connect us to the stories, people and events that have shaped our society.   Furthermore, traditional buildings are often constructed using high-quality materials and techniques, making them more durable and long-lasting than many modern structures. This not only reduces the need for frequent repairs and renovations but also help to conserve natural resources. Traditional buildings also use natural ventilation, that help to regulate the internal temperature and also lower the energy consumption.   Additionally, traditional buildings can also be more sustainable than their modern counterparts. They often use natural materials that are renewable and biodegradable, such as wood, and are designed to be in harmony with the natural environment. This can help to reduce the carbon footprint of a building and contribute to a more sustainable future.   Moreover, traditional buildings often serve as a source of inspiration for contemporary architects and designers. They can be adapted and updated to meet the needs of modern society while still preserving the traditional architectural elements that make them unique and significant. With creative approach and with proper planning, traditional buildings can be brought up to current standards in terms of accessibility, energy efficiency, and safety, while preserving their cultural and architectural values.   While it may be tempting to believe that traditional buildings have no place in our society, it is important to remember that they are an essential part of our cultural heritage and offer many benefits in terms of sustainability and inspiration. Rather than being seen as a hindrance, traditional buildings should be recognized as a valuable asset to our society and protected for future generations.   In conclusion, the belief that traditional buildings have no future in our society is not only mistaken but also detrimental to the cultural, historical and architectural heritage of a community. Traditional buildings are not just a relic of the past, but they have a vital role to play in shaping our future by providing an inspiration to contemporary architects, helping to conserve resources and promoting sustainability. Therefore, it is important to recognize their value, and preserve them for future generations.     3) Longer life expectancy creates more problems than benefits. Discuss.   With advances in medicine and technology, life expectancy has been steadily increasing in recent years. While this may seem like a positive development, it is important to consider whether longer life expectancy is creating more problems than benefits for society.   One major problem is the strain on healthcare and social security systems. As people live longer, they are more likely to develop chronic health conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, and dementia, which can be expensive to treat and manage. This can put a strain on healthcare systems, leading to increased costs and longer wait times for medical treatment. Furthermore, longer life expectancy also means that people will spend more years in retirement, putting a strain on social security systems and pension funds, making it difficult to sustain the current systems and plan for future.   Another problem is the economic impact of an aging population. As people live longer, they are more likely to stay in the workforce longer, leading to increased competition for jobs and reduced opportunities for younger workers. Additionally, older workers may also be less productive and may require more time off for health reasons, which can lead to increased costs for employers. This can have a negative effect on overall economic growth and can make it harder for younger people to find employment.   Moreover, longer life expectancy also creates issues for families and communities. As people live longer, they may become more dependent on their children and grandchildren for support, which can create added financial and emotional burdens. Additionally, longer life expectancy can also mean that people will outlive their friends and family, leading to a sense of isolation and loneliness. Moreover, it also leads to more pressure on limited resources such as housing and care facilities for elderly.   On the other hand, there are some benefits to longer life expectancy. For one, people will have more time to enjoy the things they love and to make meaningful contributions to their communities. Additionally, a longer life expectancy can also allow people to continue learning and growing throughout their lives, leading to a more informed and engaged population. Moreover, people will have more time to accumulate savings and plan for their financial well-being, and also to spend more time with their loved ones.   In conclusion, while longer life expectancy is often viewed as a positive development, it is important to consider the problems it can create for society. From healthcare and social security systems to economic growth and family dynamics, there are many issues that need to be addressed. However, it is also important to remember the benefits that longer life expectancy can bring, such as more time to enjoy life and make meaningful contributions. Therefore, a balance needs to be struck between the benefits and problems of longer life expectancy and society needs to be prepared to address the challenges it poses, while still being able to enjoy the benefits it brings.     4) Considering the money involved, should developing countries be allowed to host major sporting events?   The question of whether developing countries should be allowed to host major sporting events is a complex one, with valid arguments on both sides. On one hand, hosting a major sporting event can bring significant economic benefits to a developing country, including increased tourism and investment. On the other hand, the cost of hosting such an event can be incredibly high, and some argue that this money would be better spent on addressing more pressing issues such as poverty, healthcare and education.   One of the main arguments in favor of developing countries hosting major sporting events is the economic benefits they can bring. Major sporting events, such as the Olympic Games or the World Cup, can attract millions of tourists and generate billions of dollars in revenue. This can have a positive impact on local businesses, creating jobs and boosting economic growth. Additionally, hosting a major event can also help to improve a country’s infrastructure and bring attention to the country on the international stage, which can be beneficial for attracting foreign investment.   However, the cost of hosting a major sporting event can be astronomical, and many argue that this money would be better spent on more pressing issues. The construction of new stadiums, hotels, and transportation infrastructure can be incredibly expensive, and many developing countries simply do not have the resources to fund such projects. Additionally, the cost of providing security and other services for the event can also be high. Furthermore, after the event is over, many of these infrastructure and facilities may remain underutilized and end up being a burden for local communities.   Another concern is that the benefits of hosting a major sporting event may not be evenly distributed throughout the population. Instead, they may be concentrated among a small group of people, particularly those in the tourism and construction industries. This can lead to an increase in income inequality and further marginalize already marginalized communities.   However, it’s also important to note that not all major sporting events are created equal. Smaller-scale events such as regional or continental events may not have the same impact on a country’s economy, but also may not require such heavy investment, and also can be a good way for a country to test its capacity and readiness for future major events. Moreover, with the proper planning, transparency and community engagement, the negative impacts of the events can be mitigated and the benefits can be more evenly distributed.   In conclusion, whether developing countries should be allowed to host major sporting events is a complex issue that requires careful consideration. While hosting such events can bring significant economic benefits, the cost of doing so can be high, and the money would be better spent addressing more pressing issues such as poverty, healthcare, and education. However, with the proper planning and consideration, it is possible for developing countries to host major sporting events while still addressing these issues and mitigating negative impacts.     5) Human need, rather than profit, should always be the main concern of scientific research. Discuss.   The purpose of scientific research is to expand human knowledge and to find new solutions to problems. However, it’s crucial to consider that research is often driven by financial interests and considerations, rather than solely by human needs. This raises the question of whether human need, rather than profit, should always be the main concern of scientific research.   One of the main arguments in favor of basing scientific research on human need is that it can lead to research that is more focused and relevant to people’s lives. When research is driven by profit, it can often be focused on areas that are most likely to generate financial returns, rather than on areas that are most likely to improve people’s lives. By prioritizing human need, research can be directed towards finding solutions to the most pressing problems, such as poverty, disease, and environmental degradation, which can have a significant impact on people’s lives.   Additionally, basing scientific research on human need can also lead to more ethical research practices. When profit is the main concern, researchers may be tempted to cut corners or to prioritize their own financial gain over the well-being of participants or the broader public. By basing research on human need, the focus is shifted towards finding solutions that are in the best interests of society, rather than on maximizing profits.   Moreover, when human needs are prioritized, research can be more inclusive, by taking into account the needs of marginalized communities. This can lead to solutions that are tailored to the specific needs of these communities and ensure that their voices are heard.   However, it’s also important to recognize that scientific research requires funding and investment, and profit can play a vital role in this area. Many innovative solutions and breakthroughs were made possible because of the private sector’s investment in research. Additionally, many nonprofit organizations, foundations, and government agencies also rely on funding from private sources, such as philanthropy, grants, and partnerships with the private sector, to support their work. Therefore, profit should not be seen as an obstacle to addressing human needs, but rather as one of the ways to support it.   In conclusion, while profit has a crucial role to play in supporting scientific research, it’s important that human need is always at the forefront of the research agenda. By prioritizing human need, research can be more focused and relevant, more ethical, and more inclusive. It’s not a question of choosing between human need and profit, but rather, to find a balance between the two, and to ensure that the primary goal of scientific research is to improve people’s lives.     6) Countries experiencing conflict should be left to sort out their own problems. How far do you agree?   The question of how to respond to countries experiencing conflict is a complex and controversial one. Some argue that these countries should be left to sort out their own problems, while others argue that the international community has a moral and ethical obligation to intervene.   One argument in favor of non-interference is the principle of state sovereignty. Countries have the right to govern themselves and to resolve their own conflicts without outside interference. By respecting the sovereignty of other countries, nations can avoid meddling in other countries internal affairs and respect their right to self-determination.   Another argument for non-interference is that external intervention can often have unintended and negative consequences. Military intervention can escalate a conflict, causing more harm and suffering for the local population. Additionally, outside intervention can also lead to increased resentment among the local population, making it harder for the international community to play a constructive role in resolving the conflict.   Moreover, it’s also important to take into account that internal conflicts can be incredibly complex, with many different actors and motivations. External actors may not fully understand the situation, and even if they try to help, they may not have the same level of cultural understanding, language and historical knowledge, making their actions less effective. Therefore, it may be better to allow the local population to find a resolution on their own terms, rather than imposing a solution from the outside.   On the other hand, it’s also important to remember that non-interference may lead to ongoing human rights abuses and suffering, particularly if the conflict has a regional impact or if it’s a genocide. Furthermore, if the conflict is escalating and causing mass atrocities, it may be incumbent upon the international community to intervene, in order to prevent further loss of life. Additionally, if the conflict is causing a refugee crisis, with people displaced, seeking asylum and crossing borders, it may be necessary for the international community to provide aid and protection for those affected.   In conclusion, the question of whether countries experiencing conflict should be left to sort out their own problems is a complex one, with arguments to be made on both sides. While respecting the sovereignty of other countries and avoiding unintended negative consequences is important, it is also necessary to consider the impact of non-interference on human rights, regional stability and the well-being of the local population. Therefore, it’s important to approach this question with a balance perspective, looking at both the principles of non-interference and the moral and ethical obligations to protect human rights and prevent mass atrocities.     7) How far has modern technology made it unnecessary for individuals to possess mathematical skills?   In recent years, modern technology has made tremendous advancements, and it has had a profound impact on many aspects of our lives. One of the areas in which technology has made significant progress is in the field of mathematics. With the advent of powerful calculators, smartphones, and software such as spreadsheets and mathematical modeling tools, it’s possible to perform complex mathematical calculations and analyses quickly and easily. As a result, some argue that these developments have made it unnecessary for individuals to possess strong mathematical skills. However, this argument is not entirely accurate, as there are still many situations in which mathematical skills are essential, and in which technology alone is not sufficient.   One of the most obvious examples of when mathematical skills are still essential is in education. While technology can certainly be a useful tool for students to use in learning mathematics, it cannot replace the need for a strong mathematical foundation. Understanding the concepts and principles of mathematics is essential for students to be able to use technology effectively, and for them to be able to apply mathematical thinking to solve problems.   Moreover, mathematical skills are also essential in many professional fields, such as engineering, finance, and economics. While technology can be used to perform calculations and analyses, it cannot replace the need for individuals to understand the underlying principles and concepts. Furthermore, many of these fields require the ability to interpret and communicate the results of these analyses in a clear and meaningful way, which cannot be done without a strong mathematical background.   In addition, mathematical skills are also important in everyday life. Being able to calculate a budget, do conversions, or make basic computations like figuring out discounts and tip, can be an everyday task that most people can encounter. Even in the era of technology, individuals should have a basic mathematical understanding to navigate these daily tasks.   While technology has certainly made it easier to perform mathematical calculations, it has not made mathematical skills unnecessary. Instead, technology has changed the way we use and apply mathematical skills, and has made it possible to perform many calculations and analyses that would have been impossible in the past. However, understanding mathematical concepts, principles and being able to apply mathematical thinking, remains essential, whether in education, professional fields or everyday life.   In conclusion, while technology has certainly made it easier to perform mathematical calculations, it has not made mathematical skills unnecessary. In fact, mathematical skills are still essential in many areas of our lives. From education to professional fields, understanding mathematical concepts and principles, as well as being able to apply mathematical thinking, remains crucial. Therefore, technology should be seen as a tool that can enhance mathematical skills rather than replace them.     8) People who do the most worthwhile jobs rarely receive the best financial rewards. To what extent is this true of your society?   The belief that people who do the most worthwhile jobs rarely receive the best financial rewards is a common one. This sentiment is often expressed in the idea that “those who serve the most, receive the least.” In many societies, this notion holds true, with many essential workers, such as teachers, healthcare workers, and social workers, receiving relatively low pay compared to those in other fields. However, this is not necessarily true in every society and it is an issue that varies in its severity based on the country and context.   One of the main reasons why people in certain worthwhile jobs may not receive the best financial rewards is due to the societal value placed on those jobs. Often, jobs that are considered to be more “prestigious” or “high-status” are those that offer high pay, while jobs that are considered to be “low-status” or “less prestigious” tend to offer lower pay. For example, in many societies, jobs in finance, law, and technology are considered to be high-status and offer high pay, while jobs in education, healthcare, and social work are considered to be low-status and offer lower pay.   Another reason why people in certain worthwhile jobs may not receive the best financial rewards is due to systemic issues such as discrimination, bias, and lack of union representation, which often results in undervaluation and underpayment. This can be especially true for certain marginalized communities, and in certain sectors like care work and domestic work, where workers are mostly women, and therefore this work is considered to be less valuable.   Moreover, in some countries, governments and institutions tend to allocate more funding to other areas of the budget, such as defense, and security, rather than investing in essential sectors such as education and healthcare, leading to insufficient funding for these crucial areas, and as a result, resulting in low pay for workers in these sectors.   However, it’s also important to note that the situation is not the same everywhere and in some societies and countries, the government, private sector and society at large, values the contributions of essential workers, and as a result, their wages are competitive with those in other sectors. Additionally, initiatives such as collective bargaining, union representation, and campaigns for fair pay, can help to ensure that essential workers receive fair compensation for their work.   In conclusion, while it is true that people who do the most worthwhile jobs may not always receive the best financial rewards, it is an issue that varies in its severity across different societies and contexts. It is important to recognize and address the factors that contribute to this issue and advocate for policies and initiatives that value and support essential workers. Furthermore, it’s also crucial to consider the broader perspective of what constitutes financial rewards, and not just focus on the salary or wages.     9) Evaluate the claim that equality of opportunity for females is a desirable, but unrealistic, goal.   Equality of opportunity for females is a topic that has been widely debated in recent years. On one hand, there are those who argue that it is a desirable goal that should be actively pursued. On the other hand, there are those who argue that it is unrealistic and may even be harmful to try to achieve. In this essay, I will evaluate the claim that equality of opportunity for females is a desirable but unrealistic goal.   First, it is important to define what is meant by “equality of opportunity.” Generally, this refers to the idea that everyone, regardless of their gender, race, or socio-economic status, should have the same opportunities to succeed in life. This includes access to education, employment, and other resources that are necessary for success.   There is a strong argument to be made that equality of opportunity for females is a desirable goal. It is well-documented that women have faced discrimination and barriers to success throughout history, and that they continue to face these challenges today. For example, women still earn less than men on average, and they are underrepresented in many industries, particularly in leadership positions. Additionally, many women must contend with the added burden of balancing work and family responsibilities, which can make it more difficult for them to achieve success in their careers.   Equality of opportunity for women is important to strive towards because if it means a level playing field, it will not only help women but everyone, as society will be better off with the contribution of diversity. A society that is truly equal and inclusive will reap benefits in terms of productivity, creativity, and innovation. A diverse workplace has been shown to be more profitable and productive than one that is homogeneous. Allowing everyone to participate fully and equitably will bring out the best in society as a whole.   However, while equality of opportunity for females may be a desirable goal, it is also important to acknowledge that it is likely unrealistic. Despite the progress that has been made in recent years, discrimination and barriers to success still exist, and they are deeply ingrained in many aspects of our society. Changing these structures will take a significant amount of time, effort and resources. Additionally, achieving equality of opportunity may require difficult choices and sacrifices, such as making changes to cultural norms and shifting societal values.   Furthermore, achieving equality of opportunity for women does not necessarily mean that there will be an equal outcome for women and men, as some will argue that due to biological and societal differences, men and women will naturally gravitate towards different career paths, and that should be respected.   In conclusion, while equality of opportunity for females is a desirable goal, it is also important to acknowledge that it is likely unrealistic. While much progress has been made in recent years, discrimination and barriers to success still exist, and they are deeply ingrained in many aspects of our society. It will require significant time, effort, resources, and difficult choices and sacrifices to achieve equality of opportunity for women. Additionally, it is important to remember that achieving equality of opportunity does not necessarily mean achieving equal outcome, as there are many factors that can influence an individual’s success.     10) Assess the view that most natural disasters are the result of human activity.   The topic of natural disasters and their cause is a highly debated one, with some people arguing that most natural disasters are the result of human activity, while others argue that they are primarily due to natural causes. In this essay, I will assess the view that most natural disasters are the result of human activity.   First, it is important to define what is meant by “natural disasters.” These are typically defined as events such as hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, and droughts, which can cause significant damage to people and property.   There is a strong argument to be made that human activity plays a major role in the occurrence and severity of natural disasters. One of the key ways in which human activity contributes to natural disasters is through the destruction and degradation of natural habitats, such as forests and wetlands. These habitats play a crucial role in protecting against floods and storms, as well as preventing soil erosion. Additionally, human activities like urbanization, deforestation and degradation of natural habitats, cause land use change, disruption of water cycles and contribute to the exacerbation of natural hazards like flooding, landslides, and droughts.   Another way in which human activity contributes to natural disasters is through the emission of greenhouse gases, which are largely responsible for the warming of the planet. Climate change caused by human activity has been linked to an increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts. As the planet continues to warm, it is likely that these types of disasters will become more common and more destructive.   It is also worth mentioning that human activity can also increase the vulnerability of communities to natural disasters, for example through poor land use planning, inadequate building codes, lack of emergency preparedness and not investing in infrastructure that can reduce the risk of disasters.   While it is clear that human activity plays a major role in the occurrence and severity of natural disasters, it is also important to acknowledge that natural causes also contribute to these events. For example, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are primarily caused by tectonic activity, and cannot be directly attributed to human activity. Additionally, factors such as weather patterns, ocean currents, and solar radiation also play a role in the occurrence of natural disasters.   In conclusion, while natural causes do contribute to natural disasters, it is clear that human activity plays a major role in the occurrence and severity of these events. The destruction and degradation of natural habitats, emissions of greenhouse gases, and poor planning and management of resources are among the key ways in which human activity contributes to natural disasters. It is important to continue to take steps to reduce the human impact on the environment, not just for the reduction of natural disasters but for the survival of humanity.     11) Is competition always desirable?   Competition is a concept that is deeply ingrained in our society and is often seen as a desirable and necessary aspect of life. However, there is a growing body of evidence that suggests that competition is not always desirable, and that there are many situations in which it can be detrimental. In this essay, I will argue that competition is not always desirable, and that there are situations in which it can be harmful.   First, it is important to define what is meant by “competition.” Generally, competition refers to the idea that individuals or groups are competing against each other in order to achieve a goal, such as winning a game or securing a job.   One of the main arguments against competition is that it can be detrimental to mental and physical health. Studies have shown that competition can lead to high levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. In addition to this, the constant focus on winning can lead to a lack of intrinsic motivation, a decrease in creativity, and an increase in negative behaviors such as cheating and bullying.   Competition can also be detrimental to relationships and social cohesion. When people are focused on winning, they may be less likely to cooperate with others and more likely to engage in negative behaviors such as cheating and backstabbing. This can cause a breakdown in trust and a lack of social cohesion.   Another argument against competition is that it is not an effective way to achieve many goals. For example, in a classroom setting, research has shown that competition between students often reduces motivation, creativity, and learning and can lead to cheating, while cooperative learning environments tend to produce better learning outcomes. Similarly, in a workplace setting, research has shown that competitive environments can lead to lower levels of productivity, higher turnover rates, and increased absenteeism.   Furthermore, competition can lead to inequality, as not everyone has the same level of resources, abilities and opportunities to win. Therefore, those who are less privileged are more likely to lose, and competition can perpetuate and exacerbate existing inequalities.   On the other hand, one could argue that competition brings out the best in people, spurring innovation, creativity, and progress. It is often cited as a driving force for progress, innovation, and economic growth. Additionally, it could be said that competition can foster a sense of personal accountability, encouraging individuals to take responsibility for their actions and work towards achieving their goals.   In conclusion, it is clear that competition is not always desirable. While it can bring out the best in people, it can also be detrimental to mental and physical health, relationships, and social cohesion, and can perpetuate inequality. Additionally, it is not always an effective way to achieve goals, and different approaches may be more beneficial. It is important for individuals, organizations, and society to carefully consider the potential benefits and drawbacks of competition and to find a balance that promotes growth and progress while also protecting the well-being of all involved.     12) Everyone has an opinion, but not everyone’s opinion is of equal value. What is your view?   It is true that everyone has an opinion, but not everyone’s opinion is of equal value. The value of an opinion depends on several factors, including the level of expertise, experience, and education of the person offering the opinion. In addition, the validity and soundness of an argument can also contribute to the value of an opinion.   One of the key factors that determines the value of an opinion is the level of expertise, experience, and education of the person offering the opinion. For example, if a medical doctor offers an opinion on a medical issue, their opinion would likely hold more weight than that of an individual with no medical background. Similarly, if a physicist offers an opinion on a physics problem, their opinion would hold more weight than that of an individual without a background in physics. This is because experts have a greater understanding of the subject matter, and their opinions are more likely to be accurate and well-informed.   The validity and soundness of an argument also contribute to the value of an opinion. An opinion that is based on sound logic and evidence is more likely to be true than one that is not. Furthermore, an opinion that can be supported by data, research, or other forms of evidence is more likely to be valid than one that is based solely on personal beliefs or anecdotes.   However, it is important to note that the value of an opinion is not solely determined by the level of expertise or the validity of an argument. Other factors such as personal biases, cultural perspectives, and the context in which the opinion is expressed can also influence the value of an opinion.   For example, a person’s personal biases can greatly affect the value of their opinion. If an individual holds a strong bias towards a particular subject, their opinion may not be as valuable because it is more likely to be influenced by their emotions rather than by reason. Similarly, cultural perspectives can also affect the value of an opinion. Different cultures may have different values and beliefs, which can lead to different opinions on a particular subject. Furthermore, the context in which an opinion is expressed can also affect its value. For example, an opinion that is offered in a private conversation may have less value than one that is offered in a public forum.   In conclusion, it is true that everyone has an opinion, but not everyone’s opinion is of equal value. The value of an opinion depends on several factors, including the level of expertise, experience, and education of the person offering the opinion, the validity and soundness of an argument, as well as personal biases, cultural perspectives, and context. Therefore, it is important for individuals to critically evaluate opinions and to consider these factors when determining the value of an opinion.    

General Paper (GP) A Level 2015 Questions

1) “There is no such thing as bad publicity.” To what extent is this true?   The adage “there is no such thing as bad publicity” has been a topic of discussion for decades. The basic premise behind this statement is that any form of publicity, even negative, can be beneficial for a brand, product, or person. The idea is that any attention, no matter how negative, is good attention as it increases brand awareness and keeps the brand in the public eye. However, this statement also raises questions about the impact of negative publicity on the reputation of an individual or organization.   On the one hand, there is some truth to the idea that negative publicity can be beneficial. For instance, negative publicity can generate more public interest and attention than positive publicity. A scandal, controversy or negative news story can quickly spread through social media, creating a buzz around a brand or product. People are often more likely to remember negative information, which can lead to increased brand recognition and awareness. Moreover, negative publicity can sometimes lead to increased sales, as consumers may be more likely to try a product that is the subject of negative publicity out of curiosity.   However, there are also several reasons why negative publicity can be harmful. Negative publicity can damage the reputation of an individual or organization, causing them to lose credibility, trust, and support. Negative publicity can also lead to a decline in sales, as consumers may choose to avoid products and services associated with negative news. Additionally, negative publicity can have long-term effects, as the negative information remains in the public domain and can continue to affect the reputation of an individual or organization for years to come. For example, a company that experiences negative publicity due to a product recall may struggle to regain consumer trust and confidence even years after the incident.   Another factor to consider is the source of the negative publicity. If the negative publicity is the result of poor decision-making or unethical behavior, it can be especially damaging to the reputation of an individual or organization. In these cases, negative publicity can be a reflection of the values and principles of the brand or person, and can lead to lasting harm to their reputation.   One example of a brand that has successfully turned negative publicity into positive outcomes is the fast-food chain McDonald’s. In the early 1990s, the brand was facing criticism over the unhealthy nature of its menu items. However, instead of ignoring the criticism, McDonald’s embraced it and launched a series of initiatives aimed at promoting healthier menu options. This move not only helped to improve the brand’s reputation, but it also helped to increase sales and solidify McDonald’s position as a leader in the fast-food industry.   Another example of a brand that has successfully navigated negative publicity is the athletic apparel company Nike. In the 1990s, Nike was facing criticism over labor practices in its overseas factories. Rather than ignoring the criticism, Nike took a proactive approach and launched a series of initiatives aimed at improving working conditions in its factories. This move not only helped to improve the brand’s reputation, but it also helped to increase sales and solidify Nike’s position as a leader in the athletic apparel industry.   In conclusion, while the concept of “there is no such thing as bad publicity” may have some truth to it, it is important to consider the potential consequences of negative publicity before embracing it. Negative publicity can have serious consequences for the reputation of an individual or organization, including loss of credibility, trust, and support. Additionally, negative publicity can have long-term effects, making it important for individuals and organizations to carefully evaluate the potential consequences of negative publicity before engaging in activities that could lead to negative publicity. A positive reputation is a valuable asset that must be carefully cultivated and protected. Ultimately, while negative publicity may generate attention, it is not always beneficial, and it is up to individuals and organizations to determine the most effective way to handle it.     2) How far is it possible for one country to forgive another for its past actions?   Forgiveness is a complex emotion that can be difficult for individuals to experience, let alone for entire nations. Yet, it is an important aspect of healing and moving forward after conflict or harm has been inflicted. The question of whether it is possible for one country to forgive another for its past actions is a nuanced one that requires a closer examination of the factors that influence forgiveness.   There are several factors that play a role in determining the extent to which one country can forgive another for its past actions. One of the most important is the nature of the actions themselves. If the actions in question are severe and widespread, such as genocide or widespread human rights violations, it may be difficult for the country that was harmed to fully forgive the offending country. In these cases, the harm caused may be too great, and the wound may be too deep for forgiveness to be possible.   Another factor that influences the possibility of forgiveness is the level of remorse and accountability demonstrated by the offending country. If the offending country takes steps to acknowledge the harm it caused, to make amends, and to take steps to prevent similar harm from happening in the future, it may be easier for the country that was harmed to forgive. On the other hand, if the offending country denies responsibility, minimizes the harm it caused, or refuses to take steps to prevent similar harm from happening again, it may be much more difficult for the country that was harmed to forgive.   The political and social context of a country also plays a role in determining its ability to forgive. For example, if a country is experiencing internal political stability and a strong sense of national unity, it may be easier for it to forgive past actions. On the other hand, if a country is experiencing internal conflict or political turmoil, it may be more difficult for it to come to terms with its past and to forgive those who have caused harm.   One example of a country that was able to forgive another for its past actions is Germany and France. After centuries of conflict and violence, the two countries have been able to build a strong relationship based on mutual respect and cooperation. This was facilitated by a recognition of past wrongs, a commitment to reconciliation, and a willingness to move forward together in the spirit of friendship.   Another example is South Africa and its process of truth and reconciliation after the end of apartheid. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission was established to provide a space for victims and perpetrators of violence to come forward, share their stories, and receive amnesty in exchange for their testimony. This process was not without its challenges and controversies, but it allowed for a level of healing and reconciliation that would not have been possible without it.   In conclusion, the extent to which one country can forgive another for its past actions is dependent on a complex interplay of factors, including the nature of the actions in question, the level of remorse and accountability demonstrated by the offending country, and the political and social context of the country that was harmed. While forgiveness may not always be possible, it remains an important goal for nations seeking to heal from past harm and to move forward in a spirit of cooperation and mutual respect.     3) How effectively is public health promoted and managed in your society? Public health is a critical aspect of the overall well-being and quality of life in any society. It involves the promotion of healthy behaviors, the prevention and management of diseases, and the provision of healthcare services to those in need. The effectiveness of public health promotion and management is a reflection of a society’s commitment to the health and well-being of its citizens.   The effectiveness of public health promotion and management varies across different societies, depending on a number of factors such as the level of resources allocated, the quality of the healthcare system, and the level of public engagement and participation.   In some societies, public health is highly promoted and managed through the development of comprehensive public health policies and programs. For example, governments may allocate substantial resources to the development and implementation of programs aimed at promoting healthy behaviors, such as campaigns to promote physical activity, healthy eating, and the avoidance of risky behaviors such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.   In addition, effective public health management often involves the close collaboration between government agencies, healthcare providers, and community organizations. This collaboration allows for the development of integrated programs that target specific public health issues and provide a comprehensive response to the health needs of the community. For example, a public-private partnership between a government agency, a healthcare provider, and a community-based organization may develop a program aimed at addressing the high rates of chronic diseases in a specific population, such as diabetes or heart disease.   One example of effective public health promotion and management is the campaign to reduce smoking rates in many countries. Through a combination of public education, increased taxes on tobacco products, and restrictions on smoking in public places, many countries have been able to significantly reduce the rates of smoking and associated health risks.   Another example is the successful control and elimination of communicable diseases through the implementation of vaccination programs. For example, the widespread use of the measles vaccine has led to a dramatic reduction in the incidence of measles in many countries, improving the overall health of the population and reducing the burden on the healthcare system.   In conclusion, the effectiveness of public health promotion and management is influenced by a range of factors, including the level of resources allocated, the quality of the healthcare system, and the level of public engagement and participation. While progress has been made in many countries in promoting and managing public health, there is still much work to be done to ensure that all individuals have access to the care and services they need to maintain good health. Effective public health promotion and management is a crucial aspect of creating a healthy and thriving society, and it is up to all individuals, organizations, and governments to work together to make it a reality.     4) “No cause is ever worth dying for.” Discuss. The statement “No cause is ever worth dying for” is a contentious one, as it raises the question of the value of individual lives and the causes that people are willing to sacrifice them for. The issue of whether a cause can ever be considered worth dying for is a complex and emotional one that has been debated by philosophers, theologians, and political leaders throughout history.   On one hand, it can be argued that the value of a human life is immeasurable and that no cause, no matter how noble or important, can justify sacrificing it. From this perspective, life is a precious gift that should be cherished and protected at all times, and no cause can be considered worth sacrificing it for.   On the other hand, there are many people who believe that there are causes worth dying for, such as fighting for freedom, justice, and equality. For example, many people have died in the struggle for civil rights, democracy, and human rights, as they believed that their cause was greater than their own lives. They were willing to give up their own lives in pursuit of a cause that they considered to be of greater value.   One example of a cause that has been considered worth dying for is the fight for independence and freedom from colonial rule. For example, in India, Mahatma Gandhi led a nonviolent resistance movement that resulted in the independence of India from British rule. Gandhi and many of his followers were willing to sacrifice their lives for their cause, as they believed that freedom was worth more than their individual lives.   Another example is the sacrifice made by soldiers who have died in war. While war is often devastating and causes immense suffering, many soldiers believe that they are fighting for a cause that is worth dying for, such as protecting their country and its citizens from harm.   In conclusion, the statement “No cause is ever worth dying for” is a complex and deeply personal issue that elicits strong emotions and opinions. While some people believe that life is the most precious gift and that no cause can justify sacrificing it, others believe that there are causes worth dying for, such as fighting for freedom, justice, and equality. Ultimately, the question of whether a cause is worth dying for is a deeply personal one that each individual must answer for themselves. However, it is important to recognize the bravery and sacrifice of those who have died for a cause they believed in, and to remember that the value of life should never be taken for granted.     5) Consider the argument that the main purpose of television should be to educate rather than simply to entertain.   Television has been a part of our lives for several decades, providing entertainment and information to people of all ages. While it is true that a significant portion of television programming is designed for entertainment purposes, there has been a growing argument that the main purpose of television should be to educate rather than simply to entertain. This essay will consider the argument that the main purpose of television should be to educate and will discuss the pros and cons of this viewpoint.   On the one hand, proponents of the argument that the main purpose of television should be to educate believe that this would have a positive impact on society. By providing educational content, television would help to improve literacy rates, increase knowledge, and raise awareness about important social and political issues. For example, educational television programs could be used to teach subjects such as science, history, and mathematics, which would help students to achieve better grades and achieve their full potential.   On the other hand, opponents of this argument believe that television should primarily be used for entertainment purposes. They argue that television is a form of escapism that allows people to relax and forget about their problems, and that educational programming would detract from this experience. Additionally, they argue that people are more likely to watch entertainment programming than educational content, as it is more appealing and easier to digest.   One example of educational television programming is the Discovery Channel, which provides information on a wide range of subjects, including science, technology, and history. The channel has been successful in attracting a large audience, who tune in to learn about a variety of subjects, from the mysteries of the universe to the history of ancient civilizations.   Another example is the National Geographic channel, which provides educational programming about wildlife, geography, and culture. This channel provides viewers with a unique opportunity to learn about the world around them, from the depths of the ocean to the tops of the highest mountains.   In conclusion, the argument that the main purpose of television should be to educate rather than simply to entertain is a complex and controversial one. While there are benefits to providing educational programming, there are also potential drawbacks, including the fact that people may not be as interested in educational content as they are in entertainment. Ultimately, the purpose of television is a personal decision, and what is important is to find a balance between entertainment and education that works for each individual. Whether television is used primarily for entertainment or education, the important thing is that it provides people with a way to connect, learn, and be entertained.     6) In your society, how well are the demands of the economy and the environment balanced?   Balancing the demands of the economy and the environment is one of the greatest challenges facing society today. On one hand, economic growth is seen as essential for improving living standards and reducing poverty, but on the other hand, it often leads to environmental degradation and depletion of natural resources. This essay will examine how well the demands of the economy and the environment are balanced in my society and provide examples to illustrate the situation.   In my society, there is a growing awareness of the importance of balancing economic and environmental concerns. On one hand, there are efforts being made to promote sustainable development and protect the environment, such as the adoption of renewable energy sources and the introduction of regulations to control pollution. On the other hand, there are still many challenges to achieving a sustainable balance between the economy and the environment.   One of the biggest challenges is the tension between economic growth and environmental protection. For example, many businesses rely on cheap and abundant energy, which often comes from fossil fuels, but the use of these energy sources contributes to climate change and other environmental problems. Similarly, rapid economic growth can lead to deforestation, habitat destruction, and the extinction of species, which in turn can have serious consequences for the environment and for human health and well-being.   In my society, one example of efforts to balance the demands of the economy and the environment is the promotion of renewable energy. The government is investing in renewable energy projects and promoting the use of solar and wind power, which can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit the impact of climate change.   Another example is the implementation of environmental regulations, which are aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment. Companies are required to adhere to strict standards for air and water quality, and they are fined if they fail to comply. This has helped to reduce emissions of harmful pollutants and has contributed to a healthier environment.   In conclusion, balancing the demands of the economy and the environment is a complex challenge that requires the cooperation of government, businesses, and individuals. While there have been some efforts to achieve a sustainable balance in my society, there is still much work to be done. The challenge is to find ways to promote economic growth and prosperity while also protecting the environment, so that future generations can enjoy a healthy and sustainable planet. Ultimately, the goal should be to create a society that is economically prosperous, socially just, and environmentally sustainable.     7) “Parents have no right to impose their own values and beliefs on their children.” Discuss.   The role of parents in shaping the values and beliefs of their children is a contentious issue that has been debated for many years. While some argue that parents have no right to impose their own values and beliefs on their children, others believe that it is a fundamental responsibility of parenting to guide children towards certain values and beliefs. In this essay, I will explore both sides of the argument and provide examples and a conclusion to support my analysis.   On one hand, some argue that parents have no right to impose their own values and beliefs on their children because it can limit the child’s ability to make independent choices and decisions. Children need to develop their own sense of self and learn to make decisions based on their own experiences and perspectives, rather than blindly following the values and beliefs of their parents. Imposing values and beliefs on children can also create conflicts between parents and children, and can cause long-lasting harm to the parent-child relationship.   On the other hand, those who believe that parents have the right to impose their values and beliefs on their children argue that it is an important part of parenting. Parents have a responsibility to guide their children towards certain values and beliefs that they believe are important for their child’s growth and well-being. This can include beliefs about religion, morality, and ethical behavior. By imposing their values and beliefs on their children, parents can help their children develop a strong sense of self and a clear set of moral principles that will guide them throughout their lives.   An example of parents imposing their values and beliefs on their children can be seen in cases where parents try to force their religious beliefs on their children. For example, a parent may try to force their child to attend church every Sunday or to observe certain religious rituals, even if the child does not want to. This can create conflicts between the parent and the child, and can limit the child’s ability to make their own decisions and form their own beliefs.   Another example is when parents impose their political beliefs on their children. For example, a parent may try to force their child to support a particular political party, even if the child disagrees with the party’s policies. This can limit the child’s ability to form their own opinions and make independent decisions, and can also create conflicts between the parent and the child.   In conclusion, the question of whether parents have the right to impose their values and beliefs on their children is a complex and multi-faceted issue. While there are valid arguments on both sides of the debate, it is important for parents to find a balance between guiding their children towards certain values and beliefs, and allowing their children to make their own decisions and form their own perspectives. By striking this balance, parents can help their children develop into confident and independent individuals who are well-equipped to navigate the world and make decisions based on their own values and beliefs.     8) “Books serve little purpose in education as technological developments become more sophisticated.” How far do you agree?   The rapid advancement of technology has raised questions about the role of books in education. Some argue that books serve little purpose in education as technological developments become more sophisticated, while others believe that books remain a crucial component of a well-rounded education. In this essay, I will examine both sides of the argument and provide examples and a conclusion to support my analysis.   On one hand, some argue that books serve little purpose in education as technological developments become more sophisticated. The argument is that technology offers a more interactive, engaging, and accessible way of learning. For example, students can use virtual reality simulations and online educational games to learn about different subjects in a fun and interactive way. These technologies also allow students to access information faster and more efficiently than ever before, and can be a useful tool in helping students with learning difficulties.   On the other hand, those who believe that books serve a purpose in education argue that books offer a depth and complexity that technology cannot match. Books offer students the opportunity to delve into a subject in a way that technology simply cannot match. They also provide students with a more in-depth and nuanced understanding of the world and its complexities. Furthermore, reading books can help students develop important skills such as critical thinking, empathy, and creativity.   An example of books serving a purpose in education can be seen in literature classes. In literature classes, students read books that explore complex themes and characters, which helps them to develop their critical thinking skills and gain a deeper understanding of human nature and behavior.   Another example is in history classes, where students read books about historical events and figures. By reading books, students gain a more nuanced understanding of the events and figures they are studying, and they can see the context and motivations behind their actions.   In conclusion, the question of whether books serve a purpose in education is a complex and multi-faceted issue. While technological advancements have certainly changed the way that students learn, books still have an important role to play in education. By offering a depth and complexity that technology cannot match, books provide students with a well-rounded education that prepares them for the complexities of the world. Ultimately, the best approach is to find a balance between technology and books, allowing students to access information in a variety of ways and giving them the opportunity to develop a wide range of skills and understanding.     9) To what extent should the arts in your society focus on local rather than foreign talent?   The arts play an important role in any society, providing a means of expression, reflection, and cultural exchange. However, the question of whether the arts should focus on local or foreign talent is a subject of debate in many societies. In this essay, I will examine both sides of the argument and provide examples and a conclusion to support my analysis.   On one hand, some argue that the arts in a society should focus on local talent. The argument is that promoting local talent helps to cultivate a sense of cultural identity and pride, and encourages the development of local art and artists. By focusing on local talent, the arts can provide a means of reflecting and exploring the unique cultural heritage of a society, helping to deepen understanding and appreciation of that culture.   On the other hand, those who believe that the arts should not be restricted to local talent argue that exposure to foreign talent and art can broaden horizons and provide new perspectives. Foreign art and artists can provide a window into different cultures and ways of thinking, helping to foster cultural exchange and understanding. This exposure can also provide inspiration and help to spark new ideas and innovations in the arts.   An example of the importance of promoting local talent can be seen in the development of regional theater companies in many countries. These companies focus on promoting and showcasing local talent, helping to develop a strong sense of cultural identity and pride in the local area.   Another example is the promotion of local musicians and musicians in many countries, where the government provides funding and support to help local musicians develop their skills and reach a wider audience. This support helps to promote local talent and encourage the development of a vibrant and thriving music scene.   In conclusion, the question of whether the arts should focus on local or foreign talent is a complex and multi-faceted issue. While it is important to promote local talent and cultivate a sense of cultural identity, exposure to foreign talent and art can also be valuable in broadening horizons and fostering cultural exchange. The best approach is to find a balance between promoting local talent and exposing people to foreign art, allowing for a rich and diverse cultural landscape in which both local and foreign talent can flourish.     10) Should there be any controls over the production of energy when the need for it is so great?   Energy is a vital resource for modern societies and is essential for powering homes, businesses, and industries. However, the production of energy has a significant impact on the environment, including air and water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and habitat destruction. As the demand for energy continues to grow, the question of whether there should be any controls over its production becomes increasingly important. In this essay, I will examine the arguments for and against controls over the production of energy and provide examples and a conclusion to support my analysis.   On one hand, some argue that there should be no controls over the production of energy, as the need for it is too great. Proponents of this view point out that energy is essential for economic growth and development, and that without it, many societies would be unable to thrive. Furthermore, they argue that energy production creates jobs and generates economic benefits, providing a vital source of income for many communities.   On the other hand, others argue that the production of energy must be regulated in order to protect the environment and human health. They point out that the extraction and use of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, contribute to climate change, air and water pollution, and other environmental problems. Furthermore, they argue that the production of energy can also have serious impacts on public health, including exposure to toxic substances and increased risk of cancer and other diseases.   An example of the need for controls over the production of energy can be seen in the ongoing debate over the extraction and use of hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking.” Fracking involves the injection of high-pressure fluids into underground rock formations to extract natural gas and oil. While proponents argue that fracking provides an important source of energy, opponents point out that the process can contaminate drinking water, harm wildlife, and release harmful chemicals into the air.   Another example of the need for controls over energy production can be seen in the implementation of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power. Renewable energy sources have the potential to provide clean, sustainable, and abundant energy, while reducing the environmental impacts associated with traditional energy sources.   In conclusion, the question of whether there should be controls over the production of energy is a complex and important issue. While it is true that energy is essential for economic growth and development, it is also important to consider the environmental and health impacts associated with its production. The best approach is to find a balance between meeting the growing demand for energy and protecting the environment and human health. This can be achieved through the development and deployment of clean and sustainable energy sources, and through the implementation of regulations and policies that encourage responsible energy production and use.     11) When a government’s finances for social welfare are limited, should they be directed towards the young or the old?   As populations age and resources become more scarce, the question of how to allocate funding for social welfare programs has become increasingly pressing. On one hand, the young are the future of society, and providing them with support and opportunities can help ensure a strong future for everyone. On the other hand, older citizens have already made significant contributions to society and may be in greater need of support in their later years. This essay will explore the arguments for directing limited government finances towards either the young or the old and consider the extent to which this decision is a moral or practical one.   One argument for directing social welfare funds towards the young is that this investment will pay off in the long run. By providing support and resources to children and young people, they are more likely to have the opportunities to succeed and contribute to society in meaningful ways. This not only benefits individuals but also helps to secure a better future for everyone. Additionally, investing in young people is a form of intergenerational equity, as older generations have had the benefit of government support and investment in their own youth.   On the other hand, older citizens have already made significant contributions to society and may be in greater need of support in their later years. Many retirees have limited financial resources, and social welfare programs can help to ensure their basic needs are met. Additionally, elderly citizens may have health problems or other needs that require more intensive support. By directing funds towards the old, governments can help to alleviate some of the suffering and hardship experienced by this vulnerable population.   Ultimately, the question of how to allocate limited government finances for social welfare is a complex one, and there are valid arguments for directing funds towards both the young and the old. While practical considerations, such as available resources and the current state of the economy, play a role in this decision, there are also moral and ethical considerations to take into account. Ultimately, it is up to each society to weigh the merits of each argument and make a decision based on their values and priorities.     12) “Human actions should be based on scientific fact, not religious faith.” How far do you agree with this statement?   Religion and science have long been seen as competing ways of understanding the world, and this has led to debates about which approach should guide human actions. The statement “human actions should be based on scientific fact, not religious faith” reflects the view that science provides a more reliable and objective basis for decision-making than religious beliefs. In this essay, we will explore the arguments for and against this statement, and consider the extent to which human actions should be guided by scientific fact or religious faith.   One argument in favor of basing human actions on scientific fact is that science provides a rigorous and objective basis for decision-making. Unlike religious beliefs, scientific theories and hypotheses are subjected to rigorous testing and experimentation, and are only accepted as true when they have been repeatedly confirmed. This makes science a more reliable guide to action than religious faith, which can be based on subjective experiences and interpretations. Additionally, science can provide a deeper understanding of the natural world, allowing us to make more informed decisions about issues such as health and the environment.   However, some argue that basing human actions solely on scientific fact is inadequate. Religion can provide a moral framework for action, and can help to give meaning and purpose to life. Additionally, religious beliefs can provide comfort and support during difficult times, and can bring people together in a sense of community. While science may be able to provide objective knowledge about the natural world, it may not be able to answer questions about the meaning and purpose of life, which are central to many religious traditions.   In conclusion, the statement “human actions should be based on scientific fact, not religious faith” oversimplifies the complex relationship between science and religion. While science can provide a valuable basis for decision-making, it may not be able to answer all of the questions that are important to individuals and communities. On the other hand, religious faith can provide a moral framework for action, and can help to give meaning and purpose to life, but it may not be able to provide the objective and evidence-based guidance that science can. Ultimately, the extent to which human actions should be based on scientific fact or religious faith will depend on individual values and beliefs, and may vary from person to person and from situation to situation.    

General Paper (GP) A Level 2014 Questions

1) “Traditional marriage is an outdated concept.” To what extent is this true of your society? Marriage is an institution that has been around for centuries, serving as a social and cultural bond between two individuals. Traditionally, marriage has been viewed as a union between a man and a woman, with the purpose of forming a family and raising children. In recent years, however, there has been a growing sentiment that the traditional concept of marriage is becoming outdated, and that society’s views on the subject are changing.   One reason why traditional marriage is considered outdated is the rise of alternative forms of relationships and family structures. In many parts of the world, same-sex marriages are now legally recognized, and families headed by same-sex couples are becoming more common. This shift in societal attitudes towards non-traditional relationships challenges the idea that marriage must be between a man and a woman in order to be valid.   Another factor contributing to the perceived outdatedness of traditional marriage is the changing role of women in society. In the past, women were often seen as homemakers, responsible for managing the household and raising children, while men were the primary breadwinners. Today, however, many women work outside the home and have equal opportunities to men, leading to a shift in the traditional gender roles within marriage.   In addition to these changes, there has also been a growing trend towards more casual and flexible relationships, such as cohabitation and open relationships. This shift away from traditional marriage towards alternative forms of relationships can be seen as a sign that the concept of marriage is no longer as relevant or necessary as it once was.   While it is true that the traditional concept of marriage is evolving and adapting to changing societal attitudes and norms, it is also important to recognize that marriage remains an important institution in many cultures and societies. In many cases, marriage provides a sense of stability and security, and serves as a symbol of commitment and love between two individuals.   In conclusion, the traditional concept of marriage may be becoming outdated in some societies, but it remains a relevant and important institution for many individuals and communities. As society continues to evolve and change, it is likely that the concept of marriage will continue to adapt and evolve, reflecting the shifting attitudes and values of those who practice it. Ultimately, what is most important is not the specific form that marriage takes, but rather the love, commitment, and support that it represents for those who choose to enter into it.     2) How far should firms be allowed to limit their workers’ rights when profits are at stake? The relationship between firms and their workers is a delicate balance between protecting the rights of workers and ensuring the success of the business. In many cases, when profits are at stake, firms may be tempted to limit the rights of their workers in order to achieve their goals. However, this raises the question of how far companies should be allowed to go in limiting workers’ rights for the sake of profits.   One example of this dilemma can be seen in the area of workers’ rights to form unions and engage in collective bargaining. In some cases, companies may resist these efforts, claiming that unionization would harm their profits and competitiveness. On the other hand, workers argue that unionization is necessary to ensure fair wages, benefits, and working conditions.   Another example can be seen in the debate over the use of non-compete clauses in employment contracts. These clauses limit the ability of workers to seek employment with competing firms, and can be seen as a way for companies to protect their profits. However, many argue that these clauses restrict the ability of workers to freely pursue new job opportunities, and can have a negative impact on their career advancement and earning potential.   In conclusion, the question of how far firms should be allowed to limit workers’ rights when profits are at stake is a complex and nuanced issue that requires careful consideration. On the one hand, it is important for companies to be able to operate in a way that ensures their success and profitability. On the other hand, it is equally important to protect the rights of workers and ensure that they are treated fairly and equitably.   In many cases, the best solution may involve finding a balance between these competing interests, rather than choosing one over the other. This may involve companies taking steps to protect their profits while also ensuring that their workers’ rights are respected and protected. For example, companies may work with their employees to establish fair and equitable employment contracts, or they may seek to negotiate with unions in a way that benefits both parties.   Ultimately, the question of how far firms should be allowed to limit workers’ rights when profits are at stake will depend on the specific circumstances and the values and priorities of those involved. It is up to society as a whole to determine what constitutes a fair and just balance between these competing interests.     3) “Gambling on sport undermines its spirit and should be banned.” How realistic is this position? Gambling on sports has become a popular form of entertainment and recreation for many people around the world. While it can provide a fun and exciting way to engage with sports, it has also been criticized for undermining the spirit of sports and for leading to negative consequences such as addiction and financial ruin. Some argue that for these reasons, gambling on sports should be banned altogether.   One example of how gambling on sports can have negative consequences is the issue of match-fixing. In some cases, individuals or organizations may engage in illegal activity in order to manipulate the outcome of a sporting event for their own financial gain. This undermines the integrity of the sport and takes away from the fair competition that is at the heart of its spirit.   Another example is the impact that gambling can have on athletes themselves. In some cases, athletes may be tempted to engage in unethical behavior in order to secure a win and maximize their own financial returns. This can lead to a loss of trust in the athlete and a devaluation of the sport as a whole.   In conclusion, while it is true that gambling on sports can have negative consequences and can undermine the spirit of the sport, it is important to recognize that this is not the case for everyone who participates in sports betting. Many people engage in sports betting responsibly, without causing harm to themselves or others.   Additionally, the reality is that the ban on sports betting is unlikely to be enforced, given that it is already widely available and accessible. The best approach may be to focus on education and regulation, in order to minimize the negative impacts of sports betting and to ensure that it is conducted in a responsible and ethical manner.   In short, while it is understandable to see why some would call for a ban on gambling on sports, such a ban may not be practical or effective in addressing the underlying issues. Instead, a focus on education and regulation may be a more realistic and effective approach.     4) Discuss the view that, with an increasing global need for energy, every possible source should be exploited to the full. The world’s energy needs continue to grow as population increases and economies expand. The demand for energy is expected to double by 2050, which has led to a search for new and innovative ways to meet this need. In this context, some people argue that every possible source of energy should be exploited to the full, in order to ensure that there is enough energy to meet the world’s needs.   One example of a source of energy that some believe should be exploited to the fullest is coal. Coal is a fossil fuel that has been used for centuries to generate electricity and heat. Despite the environmental and health concerns associated with coal mining and burning, some argue that it is a crucial source of energy that should not be ignored. Proponents of this view argue that coal can provide a cheap and reliable source of energy, and that it is a critical component of many countries’ energy mix.   Another example is nuclear energy. Nuclear energy is a highly efficient source of energy that generates electricity without the emission of greenhouse gases. However, it is also associated with the risk of nuclear accidents, and the long-term disposal of radioactive waste remains a major concern. Despite these risks, some argue that nuclear energy should be fully exploited because it is a crucial component of many countries’ energy mix and it is a clean source of energy.   In conclusion, the question of whether every possible source of energy should be exploited to the full is a complex and multifaceted issue. On the one hand, it is important to ensure that there is enough energy to meet the world’s growing needs. On the other hand, it is equally important to consider the environmental and health impacts of different sources of energy and to balance these against the benefits they provide.   The reality is that there is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as each source of energy has its own unique advantages and disadvantages. The best approach is to consider each source of energy on a case-by-case basis, taking into account factors such as cost, reliability, environmental impact, and health impacts.   In the end, the goal should be to find a balance between exploiting every possible source of energy and considering the impact that each source has on the environment and on public health. By approaching the issue in this way, it will be possible to ensure that there is enough energy to meet the world’s needs, while also minimizing the negative impacts of energy production and consumption.     5) “For the majority of people, the Arts are irrelevant to their daily lives.” How true is this of your society? The arts have long been considered a crucial part of human culture and society, providing an outlet for creativity, expression, and cultural preservation. However, there are those who argue that for the majority of people, the arts are irrelevant to their daily lives. This viewpoint raises questions about the importance and value of the arts in today’s society.   One example of the perceived irrelevance of the arts can be seen in the declining investment in arts education in schools. In many countries, arts education programs have been scaled back or cut altogether, with a focus on subjects such as math and science that are seen as more practical and relevant to students’ future careers. This has led some to argue that the arts are becoming increasingly marginalized, and that they are no longer seen as a priority for many people.   Another example is the declining attendance at traditional art forms, such as theater and classical music. In many cities, these forms of art are facing declining audiences, with people preferring to spend their time and money on other forms of entertainment. This has led some to question the relevance of the arts to people’s daily lives, as they are choosing to prioritize other activities over cultural events.   In conclusion, the view that the arts are irrelevant to the majority of people is a complex and multifaceted issue, with different perspectives and interpretations. While it is true that the arts may not be a priority for everyone, it is also important to recognize the value that they bring to society.   The arts play a crucial role in fostering creativity, expression, and cultural preservation, and they provide an important outlet for individuals to connect with their emotions, culture, and history. Additionally, the arts are also a key driver of the economy, with the creative industries providing jobs and economic benefits for communities.   In the end, the relevance of the arts in daily life will depend on the individual. Some may see the arts as a crucial part of their lives, while others may view them as irrelevant. Regardless, it is important to recognize the value that the arts bring to society as a whole, and to ensure that they are supported and valued by all.     6) How far is it important for people to be aware of current events in countries other than their own? In today’s interconnected world, it is easier than ever to access information about events happening in other countries. With the rise of technology and social media, news from around the world is readily available at our fingertips. However, the question of how important it is for people to be aware of current events in countries other than their own is a matter of debate. Some argue that being informed about global events is crucial, while others believe that focusing on local issues is more important.   One argument in favor of being aware of current events in other countries is that it promotes global understanding and empathy. By learning about the experiences and challenges faced by people in other countries, we can gain a deeper understanding of the world and the diversity of cultures and perspectives that exist. This can help to break down barriers and foster greater empathy and understanding between different groups of people.   Another example is the impact that events in other countries can have on our own lives. For instance, events such as economic recessions, natural disasters, and political upheavals can have far-reaching effects, impacting not only the people in the affected country but also those in other countries, including our own. By being informed about these events, we can better understand the interconnectedness of the world and the ways in which our own lives are impacted by events happening in other countries.   In conclusion, being aware of current events in countries other than our own is an important aspect of being a informed and engaged global citizen. While it is true that it is important to focus on local issues, it is also crucial to understand the ways in which events in other countries impact our own lives and the world as a whole.   By staying informed about events in other countries, we can gain a deeper understanding of the world and its diverse cultures and perspectives, promote greater empathy and understanding, and be better equipped to navigate a rapidly changing and interconnected world. Ultimately, being aware of current events in other countries is essential for building a more informed, engaged, and connected global community.     7) In times of economic hardship, should a country still be expected to provide financial or material aid to others? In times of economic hardship, many countries face difficult choices about how to allocate their limited resources. One question that arises is whether a country should still be expected to provide financial or material aid to other countries in need, despite its own economic challenges. This is a complex and controversial issue, with different perspectives and opinions on the matter.   One argument in favor of providing aid to other countries during times of economic hardship is the moral obligation to help those in need. This view holds that wealthy countries have a responsibility to help those who are less fortunate, regardless of their own economic situation. By providing aid, these countries can help to alleviate suffering and promote greater global stability and security.   On the other hand, there are those who argue that during times of economic hardship, a country’s first priority should be to take care of its own citizens. They argue that in such situations, resources should be focused on meeting the needs of the domestic population, rather than on providing aid to other countries.   A third perspective is that providing aid can actually have economic benefits for the country providing the aid. By investing in other countries, the country can help to spur economic growth and development, which can create new markets for its goods and services and lead to increased prosperity in the long run.   In conclusion, the question of whether a country should still be expected to provide financial or material aid to others in times of economic hardship is a complex and challenging issue. While there are compelling arguments on both sides, it is important to consider the ethical, economic, and strategic implications of this decision.   Ultimately, each country will need to make its own decision based on its own unique circumstances and priorities. However, it is important to recognize the benefits that aid can bring, both to the recipient countries and to the country providing the aid. By working together and supporting each other, we can build a more stable, prosperous, and equitable world for all.     8) Do films offer anything more than an escape from reality? Films have been a source of entertainment and escape for people for many years. From the early days of silent films to the modern blockbusters of today, films have provided audiences with an escape from the realities of daily life. However, some people argue that films offer little more than this, and that they are merely a form of escapism that does not have any meaningful impact on people’s lives.   One argument against the view that films offer anything more than an escape from reality is that they are often unrealistic and sensationalized, portraying events and situations that are far from the reality of most people’s lives. This view holds that films are not a true reflection of the world, and that they can be misleading, perpetuating negative stereotypes and reinforcing harmful ideologies.   On the other hand, there are those who argue that films can be a powerful tool for shaping our perceptions of the world and influencing our thoughts and actions. For example, films that address important social issues, such as poverty, discrimination, and human rights abuses, can raise awareness and spark public discourse on these issues.   Another example is the role that films can play in exploring and expressing the human experience. Through powerful storytelling, films can connect with people on a deep emotional level, exploring the complexities of the human experience and providing insight into the human condition. This can help people to better understand themselves and others, and to find meaning and purpose in their own lives.   In conclusion, the question of whether films offer anything more than an escape from reality is a complex one with different perspectives and opinions. While it is true that films can be sensationalized and unrealistic, they can also be a powerful tool for shaping our perceptions of the world and influencing our thoughts and actions.   At their best, films can provide a window into the human experience, connecting with people on a deep emotional level and offering meaningful insights into the complexities of life. By appreciating the full range of what films have to offer, we can gain a deeper understanding of the world and our place in it, and use this knowledge to shape a better and more meaningful future.     9) To what extent can the regulation of scientific or technological developments be justified? As technology continues to advance at a rapid pace, it is increasingly important to consider the question of regulation of scientific and technological developments. While regulation can play an important role in promoting safety, protecting the environment, and ensuring ethical considerations are taken into account, some argue that too much regulation can stifle innovation and limit the potential benefits of new technologies.   One example of the need for regulation is in the area of biotechnology. The rapid development of new biotechnology products, such as genetically modified crops and animals, has raised concerns about their safety, environmental impact, and ethical implications. In response, governments have established regulations to ensure that these products are safe for both humans and the environment before they are released into the market.   Another example is in the field of artificial intelligence. As artificial intelligence becomes more sophisticated and widespread, there are concerns about the impact it may have on jobs and privacy. To address these concerns, some countries have proposed regulations to ensure that AI is developed and used in an ethical and responsible manner.   On the other hand, some argue that excessive regulation can stifle innovation and limit the potential benefits of new technologies. For example, strict regulations in the pharmaceutical industry can make it difficult and expensive to bring new drugs to market, limiting access to treatments for patients who need them.   In conclusion, the question of to what extent the regulation of scientific or technological developments can be justified is a complex one with different perspectives and opinions. While regulation can play an important role in promoting safety, protecting the environment, and ensuring ethical considerations are taken into account, it is important to strike a balance between regulation and innovation.   Ultimately, the best approach is likely to be one that recognizes the importance of both regulation and innovation, and seeks to strike a balance that allows for the responsible development and deployment of new technologies while ensuring that the potential risks and downsides are mitigated. By finding this balance, we can reap the full benefits of technological progress, while ensuring that it is used for the betterment of humanity and the world as a whole.     10) “Getting what one wants in life is what matters.” Discuss. The statement “Getting what one wants in life is what matters” is often seen as a reflection of a highly individualistic and self-centered outlook on life. While it is true that pursuing one’s goals and aspirations is an important aspect of life, this statement oversimplifies the complexity of what truly matters in life.   One example of the limitations of this statement is the pursuit of material wealth and success. While having financial security and achieving success can be fulfilling, it often fails to bring lasting happiness and satisfaction. Research has shown that people who place a high value on material wealth and success often report higher levels of stress and lower levels of well-being compared to those who focus on other aspects of life, such as relationships and community.   Another example is the pursuit of personal gratification and pleasure. While it is natural to seek pleasure and comfort, this pursuit can often lead to dissatisfaction and a lack of meaning in life. People who focus solely on their own personal desires and pleasures may find that they are missing out on the joy and fulfillment that comes from helping others and contributing to their community.   In conclusion, while getting what one wants in life is important, it is not the only thing that matters. Pursuing one’s goals and aspirations is a necessary part of life, but it is not the only path to happiness and fulfillment. A balanced and holistic approach to life that incorporates the pursuit of personal goals and aspirations, as well as the development of relationships, a sense of purpose, and a connection to community, is likely to lead to a more fulfilling and meaningful life.   In this sense, it can be argued that what truly matters in life is not just getting what one wants, but finding a balance between personal desires and the well-being of others, and striving for a life that is fulfilling, meaningful, and connected to something larger than oneself.     11) Examine the extent to which expenditure on arms and the armed forces is justifiable in the modern world. The allocation of government resources towards military spending has been a contentious issue for many nations, particularly in light of the increasing demand for resources for social and economic development. The question of whether spending on arms and the armed forces is justifiable in the modern world is one that has been debated for decades, with arguments for and against the allocation of resources towards military spending.   One argument in favor of military spending is the need for national security. In a world where security threats such as terrorism, cyber attacks, and territorial disputes persist, nations must be equipped with the necessary resources to defend themselves and their citizens. The provision of adequate funding to the armed forces allows nations to maintain a strong and effective military, which is critical in deterring potential aggressors and ensuring the safety and security of their citizens.   However, critics argue that excessive military spending is not justifiable, particularly in light of the increasing demand for resources for other important areas such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure development. For instance, countries that allocate a large portion of their resources towards military spending often suffer from a lack of funding for social and economic programs, which can negatively impact the well-being of their citizens.   Moreover, some argue that military spending can contribute to an arms race between nations, leading to an increase in tensions and the risk of conflict. In addition, the production and sale of arms and military equipment can fuel conflicts and destabilize regions, which can have devastating consequences for local populations.   In conclusion, the allocation of government resources towards military spending is a complex issue that requires a careful balance between national security and social and economic development. While the provision of adequate funding for the armed forces is essential for ensuring national security, excessive military spending can have negative consequences for the well-being of citizens and the stability of regions.   Therefore, it is important for nations to carefully consider the allocation of resources towards military spending and to strike a balance between their national security needs and their obligation to provide for the well-being of their citizens. This requires a comprehensive and integrated approach to national security that takes into account the complex interplay between military, social, and economic factors, and prioritizes the well-being and security of citizens above all else.     12) Consider the view that some careers are better suited to one gender than the other. The issue of gender and careers has been the subject of much debate and discussion in recent years, with many people holding the view that certain careers are better suited to one gender than the other. While some argue that traditional gender roles and expectations have limited individuals from pursuing careers of their choice, others maintain that certain biological, psychological, and sociological differences between men and women make certain careers more appropriate for one gender over the other.   Those who support the idea of gendered careers often point to differences in interests and abilities between men and women as evidence for this position. For example, it is often argued that women are naturally better suited to careers in caregiving and nurturing roles, such as teaching, nursing, and social work, due to their nurturing and empathetic nature. On the other hand, men are thought to be better suited to careers in technical and scientific fields, such as engineering, mathematics, and computer science, due to their logical and analytical thinking.   However, this view is strongly opposed by those who believe that individuals should be free to pursue the careers of their choice, regardless of gender. These individuals point to the many successful women in careers traditionally considered “male-dominated,” such as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, as evidence that gender should not dictate career choice. In addition, they argue that limiting individuals to certain careers based on gender reinforces harmful gender stereotypes and limits the potential for individuals to reach their full potential.   In conclusion, the view that some careers are better suited to one gender than the other is a deeply flawed and outdated notion that has no place in modern society. While there may be differences in interests and abilities between men and women, these should not be used to limit individuals from pursuing the careers of their choice. Instead, individuals should be encouraged and empowered to follow their passions and pursue the careers that align with their interests, abilities, and goals, regardless of gender.   By promoting gender equality in all aspects of society, including the workplace, we can break down gender barriers and ensure that individuals are able to reach their full potential and make meaningful contributions to their communities and the world at large.    

General Paper (GP) A Level 2013 Questions

1) “The world would be a better place if more political leaders were women.” What is your view? The world would be a better place if more political leaders were women. This statement has gained widespread traction in recent years as more and more people come to recognize the value that women can bring to leadership roles. Women have historically been underrepresented in politics, but today, we are seeing more women stepping up to take on leadership positions and making meaningful contributions to society. In this essay, I will explore the reasons why the world would benefit from more women in political leadership, provide examples of successful female leaders, and express my own view on the matter.   One reason why the world would benefit from more women in political leadership is that women tend to bring a unique perspective to the table. Research has shown that women are more likely to prioritize social issues such as education, healthcare, and the welfare of children and families. This can lead to more inclusive and equitable policies that benefit all members of society, not just a privileged few. For example, in Germany, Chancellor Angela Merkel has been a strong advocate for families, implementing policies such as paid parental leave and affordable childcare. This has helped to create a more balanced society where both men and women can have successful careers and family lives.   Another reason why the world would benefit from more women in political leadership is that women are often more collaborative and inclusive in their leadership style. This can lead to more effective decision-making and better outcomes for everyone. For example, in New Zealand, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern has been praised for her empathetic and compassionate leadership style. She has brought people together to address pressing issues such as climate change, poverty, and mental health. This has helped to create a more united and resilient society.   In conclusion, I strongly believe that the world would be a better place if more political leaders were women. Women bring a unique perspective and a more collaborative and inclusive leadership style that can lead to better outcomes for everyone. This is not to say that all women would make good leaders, but it is clear that women have the potential to bring about positive change in the world. It is important that we continue to support and encourage more women to enter into political leadership roles and break down the barriers that have traditionally held women back. Only then can we truly create a more equitable and just world for all.    

2) “Unlike the Arts, such as writing or music, Mathematics lacks the capacity for creativity.” How far do you agree with this statement? The statement “Unlike the Arts, such as writing or music, Mathematics lacks the capacity for creativity” is a topic of much debate in the academic world. Some people believe that Mathematics is simply a set of rules and formulas, with no room for creativity, while others believe that there is a significant degree of creativity involved in mathematical thinking and problem-solving. In this essay, I will explore the various arguments for and against the idea that Mathematics lacks creativity, provide examples of creative mathematical thinking, and express my own view on the matter.   One argument against the idea that Mathematics lacks creativity is that mathematical problem-solving often requires a great deal of imagination and innovative thinking. In order to solve complex mathematical problems, mathematicians must often think outside the box and find new, creative solutions to problems that have stumped others. For example, in the 17th century, the mathematician Sir Isaac Newton was able to develop his laws of motion and universal gravitation by combining his mathematical knowledge with his imagination and creative thinking.   Another argument in favor of the idea that Mathematics has the capacity for creativity is that mathematical proofs and solutions can be aesthetically pleasing, much like a work of art. Many mathematicians have described the process of discovering a proof as an almost mystical experience, with a sense of beauty and elegance that is often comparable to the experience of appreciating a work of art. For example, the mathematical proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem, which was first proven by Andrew Wiles in 1994, is widely regarded as one of the most beautiful mathematical proofs ever created.   In conclusion, I believe that Mathematics does have the capacity for creativity, although it may be a different kind of creativity than that found in the Arts. Mathematics requires a great deal of imagination and innovative thinking, and many mathematical proofs and solutions can be aesthetically pleasing and beautiful. While the Arts and Mathematics may be different in their expressions of creativity, they are both important forms of human expression that allow us to explore and understand the world in new and exciting ways.     3) Is there any point in trying to predict future trends? The idea of predicting future trends has long been a subject of fascination and debate. On one hand, the ability to anticipate and prepare for future developments can provide significant benefits for individuals, organizations, and societies. On the other hand, many argue that the future is inherently unpredictable and that efforts to predict future trends are ultimately futile. In this essay, I will explore the arguments for and against the idea of predicting future trends, provide examples of successful and unsuccessful predictions, and express my own view on the matter.   One argument in favor of trying to predict future trends is that it can help individuals, organizations, and societies to prepare for and adapt to change. For example, businesses can use market research and demographic data to anticipate consumer trends and make informed decisions about product development and marketing strategies. Governments can use demographic data and economic indicators to anticipate social and economic changes and plan for the future. In these cases, the ability to predict future trends can provide a significant advantage, allowing individuals and organizations to be better prepared for the future.   Another argument against trying to predict future trends is that the future is inherently uncertain and that many factors can influence its outcome. For example, natural disasters, geopolitical events, and technological breakthroughs can all have significant and unpredictable impacts on the future. In addition, human behavior is often difficult to predict, and even seemingly small changes in behavior can have significant consequences for the future. These uncertainties make it difficult, if not impossible, to make accurate predictions about the future.   In conclusion, I believe that while there is value in trying to predict future trends, it is important to approach the task with caution and a realistic understanding of its limitations. While the ability to anticipate and prepare for change can provide significant benefits, the future is inherently uncertain, and many factors can influence its outcome. As such, it is important to use a variety of methods, including market research, demographic data, and expert opinion, to inform predictions and to always be prepared to adapt and adjust as the future unfolds.     4) To what extent is it possible to make the punishment fit the crime? The idea of punishment fitting the crime is a fundamental principle of justice, with roots in ancient civilizations and modern legal systems alike. The basic idea is that the severity of punishment should be proportional to the severity of the crime committed, with the goal of achieving a just and fair outcome. However, despite its widespread acceptance, the question of whether it is possible to truly make the punishment fit the crime remains a subject of debate. In this essay, I will explore the arguments for and against the idea of punishment fitting the crime, provide examples of the challenges in achieving this goal, and express my own view on the matter.   One argument in favor of making the punishment fit the crime is that it can provide a sense of fairness and justice for victims, communities, and society as a whole. For example, in a case where a person has committed a serious crime, such as murder, the idea of punishment fitting the crime would suggest that the person should receive a severe punishment, such as life in prison, in order to reflect the severity of the crime. This can help to provide a sense of closure and justice for the victim’s family, and send a clear message to society that such crimes will not be tolerated.   Another argument against the idea of punishment fitting the crime is that it can be difficult, if not impossible, to accurately determine the appropriate punishment for a given crime. For example, the punishment for a crime may depend on a variety of factors, including the motives of the criminal, the circumstances of the crime, and the offender’s criminal history. Additionally, the same crime can have vastly different consequences for different individuals, making it difficult to determine a one-size-fits-all punishment.   In conclusion, I believe that while the idea of punishment fitting the crime is a noble and important goal, it is inherently difficult to achieve in practice. The severity of punishment for a crime is influenced by a wide range of factors, and determining an appropriate punishment is often a complex and nuanced process. Nevertheless, I believe that it is important to continue striving towards this goal, as it can provide a sense of fairness and justice for victims, communities, and society as a whole. In order to achieve this goal, it is important to have a well-functioning criminal justice system that is transparent, impartial, and guided by the principles of fairness and justice.     5) Discuss the claim that in the modern world people should care more about international than national issues. In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the interconnected nature of global issues and the importance of addressing them at the international level. Some argue that in the modern world, people should care more about international issues than national issues, given the increasing interdependence of countries and the potential for global problems to impact communities around the world. In this essay, I will explore the arguments for and against this claim, provide examples of the challenges and opportunities that come with caring more about international issues, and express my own view on the matter.   One argument in favor of caring more about international issues is that they often have a significant impact on people’s lives, regardless of where they live. For example, issues such as climate change, global economic instability, and the spread of infectious diseases can have far-reaching consequences that cross national borders. In order to address these issues effectively, it is necessary for people around the world to take a global perspective and work together to find solutions.   Another argument against caring more about international issues is that people are naturally more concerned with the issues that affect their daily lives, such as access to healthcare, education, and job opportunities. While it is important to be aware of and concerned about global issues, it is also important to focus on addressing the needs and challenges that are present in our own communities. Furthermore, many argue that national issues are better addressed at the local and national level, where people have more direct control and can hold their leaders accountable.   In conclusion, I believe that while it is important to be concerned about both national and international issues, the right balance between these two priorities will depend on individual circumstances and priorities. While global issues such as climate change and economic instability have significant impacts on people’s lives, it is also important to focus on addressing the needs and challenges that are present in our own communities. Ultimately, a healthy and sustainable world requires both a focus on national issues and an understanding of the interconnected nature of global challenges, and it is up to each individual to determine the right balance for themselves.     6) How important is it to save plant and animal species which are in danger of extinction? The loss of plant and animal species is a growing concern in our world, with many species facing the threat of extinction due to a variety of factors, including habitat loss, climate change, and over-exploitation. The question of how important it is to save these species is a complex and multifaceted one, with strong arguments to be made from both environmental and ethical perspectives. In this essay, I will explore the arguments for and against the importance of saving species that are in danger of extinction, provide examples of the challenges and opportunities involved in doing so, and express my own view on the matter.   One argument in favor of saving species that are in danger of extinction is that they play an important role in maintaining the balance of the world’s ecosystems. For example, many species serve as pollinators, predators, or decomposers, helping to keep ecosystems healthy and functioning. The loss of even a single species can have significant ripple effects throughout an ecosystem, potentially leading to the decline of other species and the eventual collapse of the entire ecosystem.   Another argument against saving species that are in danger of extinction is that it can be expensive, difficult, and sometimes even impossible to do so. For example, efforts to conserve species can involve habitat restoration, the development of captive breeding programs, or the creation of protected areas. These efforts can be time-consuming, resource-intensive, and often face significant challenges, such as political opposition, cultural resistance, or limited funding.   In conclusion, I believe that it is important to save species that are in danger of extinction, both for their intrinsic value and for the crucial role they play in maintaining the balance of the world’s ecosystems. While there are certainly challenges involved in doing so, I believe that it is worth making the effort, as the long-term benefits to both the natural world and to human communities are significant. Furthermore, as stewards of the planet, we have a moral obligation to conserve the species and habitats that we have inherited from previous generations, and to ensure that future generations have the opportunity to enjoy the richness and diversity of life on Earth.   7) “Scientific research into health and diet is unreliable as it so often contradicts itself.” Is this a fair comment? In recent years, there has been an abundance of scientific research into health and diet, and many people are struggling to keep up with the rapidly changing recommendations and findings. Some argue that this constant shift in advice is evidence of the unreliability of scientific research in this field, and that people are being misled by conflicting studies and opinions. In this essay, I will explore the reasons for the apparent contradictions in scientific research into health and diet, provide examples of the challenges and opportunities that come with interpreting and applying this research, and express my own view on the matter.   One reason for the apparent contradictions in scientific research into health and diet is that new findings can often challenge and disprove previous assumptions. For example, a recent study may find that a food that was previously thought to be healthy is actually linked to an increased risk of a certain condition, while another study may find the opposite to be true. This process of discovery and revision is a normal part of the scientific process, and can lead to a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between diet and health.   Another reason for the apparent contradictions in scientific research into health and diet is that many studies are conducted on small, homogeneous populations and may not be representative of the broader population. Furthermore, many studies are observational in nature, and can only establish correlation, not causation. As a result, it can be difficult to draw definitive conclusions from the results of a single study, and it is often necessary to consider multiple studies in order to build a more complete picture of the relationship between diet and health.   In conclusion, I do not believe that it is fair to characterize scientific research into health and diet as unreliable. While there are certainly challenges involved in interpreting and applying the findings of this research, it is also important to acknowledge the tremendous advances that have been made in our understanding of the complex relationship between diet and health. I believe that it is up to each individual to stay informed and engage critically with the research, and to work with healthcare professionals to make informed decisions about their health and well-being.     8) How far is increased prosperity for all a realistic goal in your society? Increased prosperity for all is a goal that has been widely discussed and advocated for by governments, organizations, and individuals around the world. The idea is that economic growth and development should be inclusive and benefit all members of society, regardless of their background, income, or social status. In this essay, I will explore the concept of increased prosperity for all, consider the factors that influence its realization, and examine the extent to which it is a realistic goal in my society.   To begin with, it is important to recognize that increased prosperity for all is not just a matter of economic growth, but also of equitable distribution of wealth and resources. While some individuals and communities may experience significant financial gains in a growing economy, others may be left behind and experience increased poverty and inequality. Therefore, increased prosperity for all requires not only growth but also policies and initiatives that address social and economic inequalities and support the most vulnerable members of society.   Another factor that affects the realization of increased prosperity for all is the quality of governance and public institutions. A well-functioning legal system, transparent and accountable government, and effective public services are essential for creating a level playing field for all members of society and ensuring that economic growth and development benefits everyone. On the other hand, corruption, mismanagement, and lack of political will can undermine efforts to promote increased prosperity for all and perpetuate poverty and inequality.   In my society, the goal of increased prosperity for all is widely recognized and supported, but it faces many challenges and limitations. Despite some progress in recent years, poverty and inequality remain persistent problems, and many individuals and communities are being left behind by the current economic growth and development. At the same time, there are also efforts underway to address these challenges and create a more inclusive and equitable society, including social protection programs, education initiatives, and policies aimed at promoting employment and entrepreneurship.   In conclusion, increased prosperity for all is a noble and important goal that has the potential to improve the lives of millions of people around the world. While there are many factors that can influence its realization, including economic growth, equitable distribution of wealth, and effective governance and public institutions, I believe that it is a realistic goal in my society, and that with continued effort and determination, it can be achieved. However, this requires a commitment to social justice and equality, and a willingness to address the underlying causes of poverty and inequality and support the most vulnerable members of society.     9) Consider the view that spoken language is more important than the written form. The role of language in human communication has been widely debated and discussed for centuries. While some argue that written language is the most important form of communication, others believe that spoken language holds a more prominent place in our daily lives. In this essay, I will consider the view that spoken language is more important than the written form, exploring the reasons behind this perspective and examining its implications for our daily lives and the wider world.   One of the main arguments in favor of spoken language is that it is a more immediate and personal form of communication. When we speak to someone, we can hear the tone of their voice, pick up on nonverbal cues, and respond in real-time. This allows us to build relationships, engage in meaningful conversations, and express ourselves in ways that are not possible through writing.   Another important aspect of spoken language is that it is often the first and most natural form of communication for many people. From an early age, we learn to speak and interact with others through spoken language, and it remains a vital tool for connecting with others throughout our lives. This is particularly true in the context of face-to-face interactions, where spoken language allows us to build trust, establish rapport, and resolve conflicts in ways that are not possible through writing.   However, it is also important to recognize that written language has its own unique strengths and advantages. For example, written language allows us to preserve and share information over time and across distances, making it an important tool for education, research, and cultural preservation. It also enables us to express our thoughts and ideas more clearly and concisely, and to reach a wider audience through books, newspapers, and other forms of written communication.   In conclusion, while it is tempting to argue that one form of language is more important than the other, the truth is that both spoken and written language play a vital role in our lives and in the world at large. Whether we are building relationships, exchanging ideas, or preserving cultural heritage, the ability to communicate effectively through both spoken and written language is essential for our success and happiness. Ultimately, the importance of each form of language will depend on the context and the goals of the communication, and the best approach is to cultivate a balance between the two, making use of both spoken and written language to achieve our goals and connect with others.   10) Why should we be concerned with current affairs when most of them will soon be forgotten? Current affairs refer to the events that are happening in the world today. They are constantly changing and shaping the world we live in. With so much information available at our fingertips, it can be easy to become overwhelmed and dismiss current affairs as irrelevant. However, it is important to recognize that current affairs have a significant impact on our lives and the world we live in. Whether it’s the latest political developments, scientific breakthroughs, or natural disasters, it is essential that we stay informed and up-to-date on current affairs. But why should we be concerned with something that will soon be forgotten?   Consider the example of the COVID-19 pandemic. In late 2019, reports of a mysterious virus began to emerge from Wuhan, China. At first, it was thought to be a minor issue that would soon pass. However, as the virus began to spread globally, it became clear that this was not just a minor problem but a major global crisis. The pandemic has had far-reaching consequences, affecting every aspect of our lives, from our health and well-being to our economies and social systems.   As the pandemic unfolded, it was important to stay informed on the latest developments, such as the spread of the virus, the effectiveness of various treatments, and the measures being taken by governments and organizations to mitigate its impact. This information was crucial in helping us understand the situation and make informed decisions about our own actions and the measures we needed to take to protect ourselves and those around us.   In conclusion, it is important to be concerned with current affairs because they have a direct impact on our lives. They shape the world we live in and can affect our well-being, our communities, and our future. While it is true that most current affairs will soon be forgotten, the impact they have on our lives can last a long time. By staying informed, we can make informed decisions, understand the world around us, and be better prepared for what the future holds. In short, being concerned with current affairs is a crucial aspect of being an informed and engaged citizen in today’s fast-paced and rapidly changing world.     11) Education should only be concerned with what is useful in life. Discuss. Education is often seen as a means of equipping individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary for success in life. The primary goal of education is to prepare students for the future and to help them lead fulfilling and productive lives. But what exactly does this mean? Should education only be concerned with what is useful in life, or should it encompass a broader range of knowledge and skills?   To understand the importance of education being concerned with what is useful in life, consider the field of technology. In today’s rapidly changing world, technology plays a critical role in our daily lives, and it is essential that individuals have the skills and knowledge necessary to navigate and thrive in this new digital landscape.   For this reason, it is important that education focuses on providing students with the practical and technical skills they need to succeed in a rapidly evolving technological landscape. This may include courses in computer science, coding, data analysis, and other related fields. By learning these useful skills, students can increase their chances of finding employment and advance their careers in a rapidly growing and in-demand field.   In conclusion, it is important for education to be concerned with what is useful in life, as this helps to equip individuals with the skills and knowledge necessary for success in a rapidly changing world. However, it is also important to recognize that education is not just about practical skills and job readiness. A well-rounded education should also encompass a broad range of subjects and skills, such as critical thinking, creativity, communication, and problem-solving, which are also essential for success in life. By balancing the practical and the theoretical, education can help individuals to lead fulfilling and productive lives, both now and in the future.     12) How far, in your society, should unpopular views be open to discussion? The idea of free speech and open discussion is a fundamental aspect of democratic societies. The ability to express and exchange ideas freely is seen as a cornerstone of individual freedom and a means of fostering a healthy and robust public discourse. However, the issue of how far unpopular views should be open to discussion is a complex and controversial one. On one hand, there is a strong argument for the protection of free speech, regardless of the views being expressed. On the other hand, some argue that certain views, particularly those that are harmful or incite violence, should not be given a platform.   Consider the example of hate speech. Hate speech refers to speech that is harmful and targets individuals or groups based on their race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or other characteristics. While many argue that hate speech should be protected under the principle of free speech, others argue that it should not be given a platform as it can cause harm and incite violence.   In practice, many countries have laws that criminalize hate speech and other forms of hate expression. These laws aim to balance the right to free speech with the need to protect individuals and communities from harm. However, enforcing these laws can be difficult, and there is often a debate over where to draw the line between free speech and hate speech.   In conclusion, the question of how far unpopular views should be open to discussion is a complex and contentious issue. On one hand, the protection of free speech is a fundamental aspect of democratic societies. On the other hand, some views, such as hate speech, can cause harm and should not be given a platform. Striking a balance between these competing interests is a challenge, but it is essential to fostering a healthy and robust public discourse and protecting the rights and well-being of all individuals and communities. Ultimately, the goal should be to create an environment where individuals can express their views freely and respectfully, and where diverse perspectives are welcomed and valued.    

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• Oct 5, 2021

10 Mistakes To Avoid When Writing Your A Level GP Essay

The A Level General Paper often baffles––how can writing an essay (Paper 1) and completing a comprehension paper (Paper 2) be so difficult that it leaves students who claim to have an affinity with the English Language stumped? It is untrue that only students who are “naturally good at English” do well on the JC General Paper examination. It turns out that acing the A Level GP examination has got more to do with how you prepare for the exam. This includes the essay section; by cultivating best practices for approaching the A Level GP Essay, you will be able to impress your markers with cogent essay arguments, relevant examples, and sophisticated language. In this article, Zenith, Singapore’s top GP tuition center, dishes out the top 10 common mistakes to avoid when writing your A Level GP Essay.

Mistake #1 : Leaving it all to fate: being unprepared results in a lack of citable evidence.

A big part of your A Level GP grade is dependent on you being aware of current affairs, politics, social issues, and more. Being able to engage in a nuanced discussion of complex issues convinces your marker that you’re a critical thinker who’s in possession of unique opinions that you can defend well and that you’re not simply “smoking” your way through the paper with fluff. Since the JC General Paper exam is closed-book, you have to prepare any evidence you cite in your essay way before the day itself.

At Zenith, we encourage our students to constantly bolster their knowledge by staying up to date with current affairs and world issues . Striving to make the A Level GP syllabus relevant to contemporary life, we also encourage you to read articles from reputable news outlets such as The New Yorker, The Economist, and BBC; these resources broaden your perspectives while exposing you to the use of formal prose and non-fictional writing. Other informative sources to refer to include the Times Magazine and the Broader Perspectives Magazine, which provide annual subscriptions at an affordable rate for students. Else, the National Library Board, both their physical libraries and their online application partner (Libby), offers non-fictional books and magazines on a wide variety of topics. Whether you consult books, magazines, or news sources, it is important to expand your horizons .

The A Level GP essay typically asks questions over 7 themes . Zenith encourages all our students to be prepared for at least 3-4 of the themes , rather than placing all their bets on a single topic. Furthermore, in recent years, there has been an increasing number of questions that demand knowledge from more than one theme . For instance, this question from the 2020 A Level GP Paper: Is modern technology a benefit or a threat to democracy? To answer this question comprehensively, a candidate would have to be comfortable discussing technology in the context of politics .

Mistake #2 : Plunging into the deep end: without proper planning, your essay can end up disorganised and confusing to read.

As Antoine de Saint-Exupéry once said, “a goal without a plan is just a wish”. To ace the A Level GP essay, it is imperative that you plan your essay well. Not doing so results in 2 possible problems:

An inordinately short essay with one missing point. While the JC General Paper essay demands only 500-800 words in the instruction, Zenith recommends our students to write longer essays. 3-4 well-structured body paragraphs substantiated with suitable evidence ensures that you have a coherent, convincing, and well-grounded essay.

Haphazard paragraphs which are unclear, poorly thought out, and possibly contradictory or overlapping with other parts of your essay. The A Level GP essay is read holistically ; markers penalise students for logical gaps between paragraphs, incoherent transitions between ideas, and under-developed arguments. Well-written essays can be undermined by one weak paragraph .

Zenith’s GP tuition programme equips students with the skills to approach and plan their essays with ease. Our tutors aim to set students up for maximum success by instilling the importance of having a clear train of thought throughout the process of writing. Zenith also cultivates in our students the ability to write well-developed arguments that actually meet the demands of the question .

Mistake #3 : Choosing questions blindly: you might end up attempting a more challenging question.

As with every exam paper, some questions are harder than others. With 12 essay questions, choosing the right question is half the battle won. Zenith, the top provider of GP tuition in Singapore teaches you how to analyse each essay question carefully to understand its demands. Every essay question has unique keywords and/or phrases that students must take note of.

Take the following question from the 2020 A Level GP paper for instance: ‘In a free society , there should be no restrictions on the freedom of speech .’ Discuss.

“Free society” is the given context upon which your essay must be based. In your introduction, you should define what “free society” means in your essay.

“Should be no restrictions” is the site of contention in your essay. This is an absolute statement which you should discuss in a nuanced manner. It is often difficult to agree with statements that have absolute keywords. If there is even one situation in which the argument can be proven otherwise, the statement cannot be agreed with.

“Freedom of speech” is the general topic of your essay. Use this key phrase to shortlist possible evidence for your essay while planning.

“Discuss” is the question word in the question. Other question words or phrases include “do you agree that”, “consider”, “how far can”, “to what extent”.

Mistake #4 : Beating around the bush: not answering the question directly makes your essay harder to understand.

Many students get carried away when they see a particular “trigger” word in the question which may have reminded them of a topic that they’ve prepared for. This often results in blatant regurgitation: spewing out every single thing you know about a topic without actually considering if it’s relevant. Zenith teaches our students how to avoid making this mistake by filtering the information you have prepared during the planning process. Picking only the information relevant to the question and writing succinctly prevents you from writing one-size-fits-all essays which are too generic and untargeted.

Mistake #5 : Telling stories instead of facts: making up examples for your essay makes it less credible/convincing.

JC General Paper is an H1 subject––this means that students often spend less time preparing for it. This brings us back to Mistake #1 which is to leave it up to fate where you walk into the exam room, completely underprepared. In fits of panic, students often make a follow-up mistake: pretending that they have the facts when they do not. Making up numbers and examples as you go along is a huge risk akin to placing your life savings into a bet where you only have a 20% chance of winning. It is highly unlikely that you are going to nail exact numbers on the head. It is equally unlikely that you will know what the Finnish education system is like if you have not done any prior research on it. Some things just cannot be fluffed out of thin air! Unfortunately, there is only one way to overcome this problem: know your content like the back of your hand. When push comes to shove and you’re reading this article at 2 a.m. the night before your A Level GP paper, prepare for at least 1-2 topics .

When you choose your question, select one that you are completely confident in. Its parameters might be slightly harder to navigate, but it is a better choice than choosing a question you have absolutely no examples for.

Mistake #6 : Omitting the counterargument and rebuttal: doing this leaves your essay incomplete and unbalanced.

A complete A Level GP essay has an introduction, conclusion, 2-3 main arguments, a counterargument, and a rebuttal. While it is entirely possible to have the counterargument and rebuttal at either the start or end of your essay , leaving them to the end of the essay might mean that you run the risk of doing a slipshod job. In unfortunate cases, you might not even be able to complete your essay. Zenith emphasises the importance of a solid counterargument and rebuttal because they demonstrate your ability to preempt opposing points of view, critically assess them for validity and thereafter rebut them to maintain your own stand. It is the essential “balancer” for your essay which shows that you have interacted with the subject sufficiently and can rationalise a variety of perspectives. A good counterargument and rebuttal strengthens your overall stand while reflecting well on your skills as a coherent and nuanced writer.

Mistake #7 : Writing unstructured paragraphs: unfocused writing gives the impression that you are "smoking" your way through the essay.

Following the “ Topic Sentence (T) - Elaboration (E) - Evidence (E) - Evaluation (E) - Link (L)” structure for each body paragraph in your essay at the A Level GP exams means that you will likely have a clear and comprehensive essay that is easy for the marker to follow. Thinking outside the box helps when you’re brainstorming on unique content for your essay, but it is not advisable for you to stray too far from the prescribed structure. Zenith’s extensive GP tuition programme , aside from equipping you with effective research and critical thinking skills, also teaches you how to convey your ideas clearly, accurately, and succinctly.

Mistake #8 : Adopting a flat, unvarying, and monotonous writing style: writing your essay in an unengaging tone bores the reader.

While writing styles differ from individual to individual, here are some ways to improve your writing:

They use a variety of grammatical constructions , ranging from simple sentences to complex sentences with multiple clauses. Instead of using only the active voice in sentence construction, they also attempt to use the passive voice for variety.

They use transition words (e.g. therefore, thus, as such, hence, while) to establish links in their argument, facilitating the marker’s understanding of it.

They use synonyms instead of repeating the same keywords over and over again, which exhibits a wide vocabulary while coming across as less repetitive.

Being able to achieve the same means that your writing will resemble Example A rather than Example B.

Example A: More often than not, it is true that the media plays a significant role in regulating its users’ behaviors, especially as they often lose control of their conduct when overly invested in particular topics of discussion, such as that of women’s rights. In recent times, since the ascent of the #MeToo movement, feminism has become a contentious and popular social issue that’s debated in both online and offline environments.

Example B: It is true that the media has to control its users. This is because the users might not be able to sanction themselves. This happens when they are overly excited or invested in a particular topic. Their emotions cause them to lose control of their behavior. An example of this behavior is seen when people discuss feminism.

Mistake #9 : Managing your time poorly: an incomplete and/or incoherent essay betrays poor time management skills.

With 1.5 hours allocated to one essay, the A Level GP essay is arguably the paper where students have the most amount of time for a single exam component. While this is undoubtedly a cause for joy, it also means that markers expect more from students . The bell curve can also be skewed upwards as more students, without the pressure of time, are able to better realise their potential.

Mistake #10 : Finishing your essay on the dot: not checking your essay leaves spottable errors uncorrected.

Grammar errors are a no-no at the A Level GP examinations. 20 marks of the 50 marks (a whopping 40%) go to candidates’ “Use of English”. Errors in tenses, sentence structures, and spelling will cost you marks. At Zenith, we encourage students to set aside 5-10 minutes before the exam ends to closely check their essays for any errors. This includes shortening overly long sentences, removing repetitive phrases, and correcting any grammatical errors. While this may seem like a really simple step, it can end up being the differentiating factor between a B and A grade.

We hope that this article on 10 mistakes to avoid when writing the A Level GP essay has been helpful to you! Keen to join the Zenith family? Click here to join the top GP tuition programme in Singapore or hear more from our students here ! Otherwise, you can contact us for a free trial today!

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Crucial Tips For General Paper (GP) Comprehension

As you embark on your A Level General Paper (GP) journey, you may face difficulties in scoring for Paper 2, which is the comprehension section of the A Level GP exam. You will be introduced to new elements like the Application Question (AQ) section! New features, coupled with issues in time management may cause you to panic as you struggle to get on top of this new subject. However, fear not, as comprehension is actually the section that you’ll eventually find easier to score in, once you have mastered the skills to excel in it. To help you do just that, Zenith, a top Singapore JC tuition Singapore centre , has compiled the following guide of answering techniques for your perusal.

Mark Allocation

Paper 2 is worth a total of 50 marks, with a maximum of 35 marks being awarded for content, and a maximum of 15 marks for your use of language as shown in Fig 1.

Fig 1. A Level GP Exam Format

Content marks are awarded when your answers demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the passage(s). You will be judged based on your capabilities in synthesising, inferring, explaining, evaluating, and summarising the information presented to you. Language marks are awarded based on a holistic assessment of your language abilities throughout the script. Assessors will mainly lookout for clarity and fluency in your answers, and whether your answers, despite paraphrasing, are still able to convey the intended meanings of the text.

Paper 2 is split into 3 main sections: Short Answer Questions (SAQs), Summary, and AQ. SAQs, Summary, and AQ are allocated 17, 8, and 10 marks respectively for content. Given this mark allocation, you should plan your time accordingly. A suggested time allocation is 35-25-30 (total of 90 minutes). Knowing where your strengths lie (e.g if you are able to write quickly and ensure a top-quality essay, you may choose to do the AQ before the summary since the AQ section is essentially a mini-essay) will be helpful in determining which sections to complete, and hence score first.

General Tips

1. Read widely. It is crucial that you read widely! You have a wide selection of content to choose from, such as the news, opinion articles, books, forums, magazines, tabloids, and more! You must consume international and domestic media (e.g New York Times, BBC, The Straits Times, Foreign Affairs, The Time Magazine), so as to increase your repertoire of examples and observable trends across space and time. Given the increasing complexity of our world, it is vital that you read widely to help you draw the links on how different global issues may relate to one another. This will ultimately lend a greater depth to your answers as a whole. You should also never ‘spot’ topics, given the arbitrary nature of examinable topics. Reading widely and consistently will also benefit you beyond your GP exam as you enhance your global perspective and engage in personal enrichment.

2. Consistently work on your language. If you know you are weak in certain aspects like grammar or sentence structure, put in the due effort to improve it! Trust us, it will pay off. As your master the ability to convey your ideas more succinctly and clearly, both your content and language marks will reflect this positive change. If you struggle with this, you can sign up for a free GP tuition trial at Zenith, the best GP tuition center to see how our tutors are able to assist you in this respect.

3. Read the question carefully. Students often lose marks due to improper analyses of the question, which could have been avoided if one simply read the question thoroughly. The question is king, and your answer must always seek to address the question requirements directly.

4. Always paraphrase your answers. Note that for every question, you should be attempting to answer in your own words, whether or not the question states so explicitly. Lifting chunks of the passage will cost you vital language marks! When paraphrasing, try to avoid word-for-word replacements.

It would help to understand the question requirements of every, if not most question types. Recognising these would make it easier for you to structure and adapt your answer. The list below details typical question types, their generic requirements, and how to go about answering them. This is just a starter list, and you should try to expand it as you encounter more types of questions!

1. Literal : Understand the literal meaning of the subject matter

• Extract answer directly from the passage

2. Inference : Derive and explain the hidden meaning of the subject matter

• Look for clues in the paragraph
• Paraphrase the subject matter
• Explain the subject matter contextually

3. Explanation : Understand the subject matter contextually

• Explain what it means contextually

4. Metaphors/Similes* : Understand how the metaphor/simile creates an image in the reader’s mind.

*Metaphor: figure of speech that directly compares one thing to another

Simile: figure of speech that uses “as” or “like” to make comparisons

• Explain what the metaphor/simile means literally
• Explain how the metaphor/simile is then applied contextually

5. Purpose : Understand the effect of the author’s words

• Paraphrase the subject matter (…and they do so to emphasise, underscore, etc.)
• Explain the effect/why the author says that

6. Attitude* : Derive the author’s attitude

*Attitude is the way the author feels or thinks about something

• Identify the author’s attitude
• Explain why the author holds such an attitude

7. Tone* : Derive the author’s tone from their choice of words

*Tone is the way the author expresses their attitude

• Identify the author’s tone
• Explain how the author’s choice of words illustrate their tone

8. Punctuation : Understand the effect of punctuation

• Identify the punctuation used
• Explain the effect of the punctuation

9. Comparison : Understand how things have changed over time OR Understand how one thing is similar/opposite of another

• Identify the Point of Comparison (PoC)
• Explain how the subject matter has changed over time, with respect to that PoC OR Explain how the two subject matters are similar/opposite of one another with respect to that PoC

Beyond these common question types, combinations of such categories may also be seen, like language-inference or comparison-inference questions. As you familiarise yourself with these question types, it would also be helpful to make annotations, so that you can recognise the different layers behind each question.

Summary writing at the A Levels is largely similar to the O Levels, just that the length of your paragraph is longer (130 words). For summary writing, take note of the following:

1. Question requirements : How many tasks are there? Does my paragraph answer the question eventually?

2. Location : Where do you extract your information from?

3. Degree : Do your words convey the same degree of severity as the passage?

4. Connotation : Do your words share the same connotation as those in the passage?

5. Examples and Statistics : What is the overarching theme of these examples? What is the larger meaning behind these statistics?

The AQ tests your comprehension of the issue discussed. You will be expected to critically examine the level of application of arguments raised to your society/globally, and/or the relevance/validity of points made.

Question Types

1. Application to your society/the world

For such questions, pay attention to the boundaries of possible examples. If it is a “your society” question, you can ONLY take examples from your society and be consistent with which “society” you are from. Always analyse the general trend and extent of application to your society/the world before citing examples. Your examples should never explain your trend but only exemplify it!

Example: Mary argues that euthanasia would undermine the commitment of doctors and nurses to save lives. How far are her views applicable to your society? Refer to the passage and your personal knowledge of your society in your answer.

2. Relevance/ Validity of arguments

For such questions, look at the basis of the arguments presented. Discuss whether the argument is an observable trend in the world/your society (depending on the question), and exemplify your evaluation with examples.

Example: Mary argues that euthanasia would diminish the sanctity of life, whereas John believes that euthanasia allows one to die with dignity. Which of these authors are you more in agreement with? Refer to the passage and your personal knowledge in your answer.

Some AQs may combine these 2 question types, so it is important to take note of the boundaries of discussion, and the question requirements.

The structure of an AQ is akin to an essay, as you are expected to provide a balanced and substantiated argument. For papers with 2 passages, you are required to examine arguments from both authors.

Your response should comprise the following:

1. Introduction

Keep this concise! A quick summary of the arguments raised and your stance would suffice.

2. Body Paragraphs

Within each body paragraph, you must quote a line from the passage. These references should be salient points raised. Explain the meaning of the line (do not simply paraphrase), and how it relates to the question. You could state whether you agree with the line to a large/small extent, and explain why. This should be explained in terms of observable and general trends before citing your examples. End off each paragraph with your overall evaluation and a link back to the question. Your response must be balanced ; you must provide a full-body paragraph for the opposing point of view! Your answer will be inherently skewed if you do not acknowledge conflicting points.

3. Conclusion

Summarise the arguments raised, and emphasize your stance. Keep this succinct as well.

Mastering A Level GP requires you to have extensive knowledge of current affairs, globally and domestically. It also needs conscientious practice, especially so for comprehension. There is no point in continuously “practicing” if you are not actively seeking out your blind spots, correcting past errors, and reviewing your work.

This may be daunting, especially if you have difficulties identifying your exact weaknesses, or if you are not sure of where to start. If you need assistance, know that Zenith offers high-quality JC GP tuition with free trials , where our experienced tutors will help you to pinpoint your pitfalls in Paper 2, and rectify them with you. If you found this guide helpful, and you want to learn more, join us here , and see yourself master A Level GP comprehension in no time. It’s never too late to start working on your GP skillset, and Zenith will be here to guide you every step of the way!

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Category - Past Years A-Level Exams

In this section, we will upload sample Essays & Comprehension Passages & Answers from past years’ A-Level GP exam papers. If you’d like to improve your GP grade for your exams, do sign up for our GP tuition lessons  here   or whatsapp us at 98-333-156 !

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Cambridge international as level english general paper (8021).

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