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WAEC Agric Questions And Answers 2023 | Essay & Objective

WAEC Agric Questions and Answers 2023 | Essay and Objective is now online

Are you a candidate of the 2023 May/June WAEC Examination, Ensure that you do not take any information contained in article for granted. By the time you have read this article carefully to the end, you will have seen the complete WAEC Agricultural Science Questions and Answers for the 2023 Examination.

WAEC Agricultural Science is one of the easiest subjects that are taken in the examination. The reason why so many candidate do find it difficult is because they have not come across the kind of secret that I am about to reveal to you in this article.

If you are excited about this information and you would like to get more detailed information on WAEC Agric Questions and Answers 2023, kindly read this article to the end.

Updated May/June WAEC timetable for 2023 | Nigeria, Ghana, Gambia, Sierra Leone & Liberia

How To Check WAEC Result 2023 | Online & Offline

WAEC Agric Theory Questions 2023

All the Essay questions that you are going to see in this section are what you should expect in the 2023 WAEC Agricultural Science Examination.

Answer one question only from this section. 1. (a) State four benefits of agriculture to the economy of West African countries. [4 marks] (b) Enumerate four functions of agro-service centres in your country. [4 marks] (c) Outline four routine tractor maintenance practices. [4 marks] (d) State two functions of each of the following parts of the farm tractor: (i) three-point linkage; (ii) hydraulic lever. [4 marks] 2. (a) Explain the term farm mechanization. [2 marks] (b) Mention three advantages and three disadvantages of farm mechanization. [ 6 marks] (c) Give two merits of the use of draught animals in farm operations. [2 marks] (d) Outline three roles of science and technology in agricultural development under the following headings: (i) pest and disease control; (ii) meteorology and climatology. [ 6 marks]

Answer one question only from this section. 3. (a) Mention two sources of irrigation water. [2 marks] (b) Enumerate two advantages and two disadvantages of irrigating farmlands. [4 marks] (c) List two ways by which the soil loses nutrients. (d) Give two reasons for manuring in crop production. [2 marks] (e) State two ways by which each of the following environmental factors affect agricultural production: [2 marks] (i) temperature; (ii) soil micro-organisms; (iii) wind. [ 6 marks] (a) List three edaphic factors that influence crop growth. [3 marks] 4. (b) Explain the following terms as used in soil and water conservation: (i) gravitational water; (ii) hygroscopic water. (c) State two deficiency symptoms of each of the following nutrient elements in crops: [4 marks] (i) nitrogen; (ii) phosphorus; (iii) potassium. [ 6 marks] (d) State three benefits derived from draining farmlands. [3 marks]

Answer one question only from this section. (a) Define the term nursery as used in crop production. [2 marks] (b) Give three reasons for establishing a nursery in crop production. (c) Mention three characteristics of weeds that make them difficult to control. [3 marks] (d) List two methods of controlling weeds. [3 marks] (e) State three ways by which diseases are spread among crops. [2 marks] (f) Mention three effects of diseases on crops. [3 marks]

6. (a) List four cereal crops grown in West Africa.

[3 marks] (b) State three benefits of forests to the economic development of your country. [2 marks] (c) With the aid of a diagram, describe the life cycle of the variegated grasshopper.

[ 6 marks] (d) List three cultural methods of controlling crop pests. [3 marks] tops (e) Give two uses of oil palm. curata y [2 marks]

Answer one question only from this section. (a) Give three reasons why fish farming is important. warmer (0) [3 marks] (b) State three factors that influence the choice of a suitable site for a fish pond.0 [3 marks] (c) Mention two sources of each of the following feed nutrients: (i) water; (ii) proteins; (iii) carbohydrates; (vi) vitamins. [ 8 marks] (d) Mention two ways by which roundworm infestation is of economic anionet importance in livestock production. 8. (a) What is animal improvement? [2 marks] (b) Give three aims of animal improvement. [2 marks] (c) Define each of the following terms as used in animal reproduction: [3 marks] (i) parturition; (ii) gestation period. [4 marks] (d) Name three systems in the body of farm animals. [3 marks] (e) Mention four advantages of castration in animal production. [4 marks]

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WAEC Agric Past Questions and Answers in PDF Format

Click the link below to download a compiled WAEC Agricultural Science Past Questions and Answers in a PDF format.

1. The device which helps to regulate heat in an incubator is the A. thermometer. B. hygrometer. C. insulator. D. thermostat.

2. Which of the following statements about crop production is Not correct? A. Onions are commonly grown in the rainforest zones. B. Yam, cocoyam and cassava are grown in both the rainforest and the savanna regions. C. Some foreign vegetable crops are grown in and around urban centres. D. Carrots are commonly grown in the savanna and moist vegetation belts.

3. Which of the following is a disadvantage of surface irrigation? A. The quantity of water lost is high. B. Water is evenly distributed over the farmland C. It is very cheap to operate. D. The system is suitable for paddy rice cultivation.

4. Fine soil tilth is produced by the use of A. Harrow. B. Plough. C. Ridger. D. Mower.

5. The problems of farm mechanization in West Africa include the following except A. reduction of farm drudgery. B. small farm holdings. C. poverty of farmers. D. poor topography.

If you really want to Pass WAEC Agric Examination at one Sitting , I want to let you know that there are things that you must do to score very high in the examination. Those are what I have tag as “Tips on How To Pass WAEC Agric Examination”. They including the following:

Read according to the WAEC Agric Syllabus
Study past Questions Regularly
Learn How to Manage time well
Consult more than one Textbooks

Once you can put the above strategies into practice, your passing the examination is assured.

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INTERTRIBAL AGRICULTURE COUNCIL

Sep 23, 2023

2023 Youth Essay Contest

Each year, IAC offers youth scholarships to attend the Intertribal Agriculture Council (IAC) Annual Conference in Las Vegas, Nevada. Sixty essay contestants will be awarded a full travel scholarship to attend the 2023 IAC Youth Conference in Las Vegas, December 12th-14th, 2023, and three finalists will be selected as keynote speakers and honored at the IAC Annual Meeting in Las Vegas.

All applications are due by 11:59:59 pm PST, Monday, October 23, 2023.

HAVE YOU HEARD OF THE FARM BILL?

If yes , what do you know, how did you come across this information, would you like to learn more and be involved in decision making? If no , what are your thoughts after reading the provided materials? Would you like to learn more and be involved in decision making?

Utilizing the information you know and the provided resources below about the Farm Bill, choose 3 of the 12 Farm Bill titles outlined in Gaining Ground to expand on in relation to your needs, your family’s needs, community needs, and or the world’s needs.

PROVIDE EXAMPLES OF:

How your additions might overlap with future career and education goals.

What you think can be done today in preparation for the future generation’s ability to feed themselves utilizing the new Farm Bill?

Gaining Ground Report - view this link to download

Native Farm Bill Coalition - visit the website

Native Communities Priorities - video link

Roundtable on Native Priorities: 2023 Farm Bill Reauthorization - video link

Hearing on Native priorities: 2023 Farm Bill Reauthorization - video link

Animal Agriculture Stakeholder Priorities - video link

ESSAY GUIDELINES

The 2023 Essay Contest & Conference is open to Native American Youth (either enrolled in a Federally Recognized Tribe OR descendants living on Indian-owned land) and entering grades 9-12 during the 2023-2024 school-year.

Only one essay submission will be accepted per participant.

There should be no identifiable information within the essay itself. (EX. Name, Tribe, etc.)

The essay should be a minimum of 3 full pages and maximum of 5 full pages (excluding works cited), should be double-spaced with 12-point Arial font, and have 1-inch margins. The essay should be converted to a .pdf file and uploaded on the application portal.

A blinded committee will review eligible essays to select three finalists based on organization of information, spelling and punctuation. The finalists will be keynote speakers and honored at the IAC Annual Meeting in Las Vegas and awarded travel scholarships to attend the 2023 IAC Youth Conference in Las Vegas.

In addition, 60 essay contestants will be awarded a full travel scholarship to attend the 2023 IAC Youth Conference in Las Vegas, December 12th-14th, 2023

A full travel scholarship will offer a chance for the youth recipient and one designated chaperone* to fully participate in the respective 2023 IAC Annual Conference & Youth Meeting Sessions. The travel scholarship includes:

The most feasible travel accommodations for 1 youth and 1 chaperone (to be booked by the IAC);

Shared hotel accommodations, checking into the Palms Hotel - Las Vegas on Monday, December 11, 2022 and checking out on Friday, December 15, 2023.

2 total per diem gift cards (1 for youth essay contestant and 1 for designated chaperone);

Paid registration to fully participate in all 2023 IAC Annual Conference & Youth Conference Sessions.

All applications are due by 11:59:59 pm PST, Tuesday, October 23, 2023.

* Designated chaperone must be at least 21 years of age and willing to be responsible for themselves and their youth during the entire event. It is required that the designated chaperone participate fully in IAC Annual Conference and that they ensure their youth participates fully in IAC Youth Conference Programming. The chaperone should be confident in navigating travel, taxis, and hotel check-in. Once travel is booked, the designated chaperone can only be changed at the expense of the youth/chaperone.

** If you have a special learning style that will present a challenge to you in submitting your essay in adherence with the guidelines listed above, please reach out as soon as possible to learn of ways we can accommodate your submission.

Questions? Email [email protected]

WAEC Agricultural Science Questions and Answer Obj and Theory 2023/2024

WAEC Agric Questions and Answers for free to all Weac candidates In Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and The Gambia. On this page, all the Waec Agric questions and answers for 2023 and the most common questions and answers are released here.

Waec Candidates that applied for the West African Examination Council (WAEC) SSCE Examination will write their Waec Agric For general students. All details you need for you to be successful and pass this 2023 Waec Exam will also be given and make sure you read all through.

2023 Waec Agric Exam Papers

2023 Waec Agric Exam Papers Are

Waec Agricultural Science Essay Questions
Waec Agricultural Science Objectives Questions,

You are writing the 2 papers in only one day. In this post, the previous Year’s Waec questions and answers for Agricultural Science are released and the 2023 Waec Agric Exam Questions will also be released for those participating in the 2023 Waec examination.

2023 Waec Agric Questions and Answers Objective Questions (paper 1)

The 2023 Waec Agric questions and answers loading! 2023 Agricultural Science objective answers Loading!! 2023 Agric Science Theory Answers Loading!!! Kindly bookmark the website for the answers that will be released. or better still reload the site to check if the answers for the 2023 Waec Agricultural Science questions and answers have dropped.

Previous Year WAEC Agric Science Obj Answers.

1-10: BBCDBCAABC 11-20: DBABACADCA 21-30: AACBDDBBCA 31-40: CCBBBCBADB 41-50: DBCCDADBBD

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2023 Waec Agric Questions and Answers THEORY (paper 2)

The 2023 Waec Agric Theory questions and answers are loading! 2023 Agricultural Science Essay answers Loading!! 2023 Waec Agricultural Science Theory Answers Loading!!! Kindly bookmark the website for the answers that will be released. Better still reload the site to check if the answers for the 2023 Waec Agric Science questions and answers have dropped.

Previous year Agric Science Theory Answers

(1a) Subsistence Agriculture i) Farming practices in which crops are cultivated for local consumption. ii) Farms are small and food crops are cultivated such as rice and wheat. iii) Old tools and implements are used by the farmers. iv) Depends on monsoon and there is greater use of manpower. v)keep your family fed. Commercial Agriculture i) Farming practice in which goods produced are mainly for the market to get cash. ii) Farms are larger and cash crops are cultivated. Such as cotton, sugar-cane, jute. iii) Better implements are used and there are proper irrigation facilities. iv) Less of manpower is used. v)enables you to sell things like diamond mines and, in asia, tea or rubber plants.

(1b) INADEQUATE LAND i)Expand the budget for agriculture, the governmental investment in rural infrastructure and governmental land. ii)Plough back the revenues from till-land occupation tax and city maintenance fee into agriculture and rural economy INADEQUATE FINANCE i)Government can assist by setting up special local banks whose job is to extend credit to the rural farmers and will be announce on radio for adequate circulation of information. ii)The Federal Government established the Agricultural Co- operative and Credit Bank to serve this purpose. INCIDENCE OF DISEASE i)utilization of hospital services ii)vaccine efficacy (1c) agricultural ecology is the study of agricultural ecosystems and their components as they function within themselves and in the context of the landscapes that contain them. (1d) i)Pesticide leaching ii)Fertilizers iii)Organic contaminants iv)Soil erosion and sedimentation v)Tillage and nitrous oxide emissions

(2a) Farm surveying is the process by which measurement of land is made on farm by tables,plans or layout on a specific purpose. (2b) i)It is dangerous or fatal if carelessly handled. ii)It is very expensive. iii)It can cause fire hazards. iv)It is not always regular.

(2c) i)To maintain efficiency in operation. ii)To avoid damage. iii)To prevent the iron areas from corrosion. iv)To avoid breakage

(2d) Land according to agriculture refers to where productive activities such as growing of crops,rearing of animals and establishment of farmstead,etc are carried out. (2e) i)Population pressure;-When there is high population,there will be limited land for agriculture. ii)Mining;-Activities of mining r e nders the soil inadequate for agriculture iii)Topography;-Some lands are located in a place where they will not be favourable for some crops.

(3a) Staking is when yam is staked with strong stick or bamboo to ensure adequate exposure of the leaf surface to sunlight and increases yield (3b) The nusery needs of spacing 20cm x 20cm on a field of 3mx3m on a loamy soil containing organic matter in a filled up polythene bags.The seeds are sown with shade to prevent it from direct heating by the sun and water and weeding is done twice daily or every morning/ evening. (3c) i)To reduce the breakage of grains ii)It helps to bring vitamins to the outer layer of the grains iii)It reduces the labour requirement to remove husk iv)It saves time (3d) Advantages: i)It helps to increase the farmers income and standard of living ii)It gives access to forest product iii)It creates employment opportunities Disadvantages: i)Cultivation of selected crops ii)Reluctance in releasing fertile soil

6a) print i )newspaper ii)hand bills iii)pamplets media i)radio ii)televison iii)film show 6b) i)it is not at tendious as in the case of individual method ii)it enable extension workers to reach but to many farmers at a time iii)it saves time and money iv)it tends to show more intrest in what may be introduce 6c) assembling as a marketing function;this is the re-gathering of various produce brought form different sources.it is also involving the repackage of produce in readness for final consumption 6d) -maize streak symptom i)reduced yield control ii)destroy diseased plant iii) use resistant varieties -ground nut rosette symptoms i)yellow leaves with mosaic mottling control ii)early planting iii)uproot and burn infected plant 4a) -Artificial insemination:Is the process by which semen of a desired male animal is inserted into the vulva of the female ie no physical contact between two animals -Pen mating:Is the one which a group of male and female animals are allowed to mate at random without any preference -Individual mating:The farmer selects the mate and female animals to be material with preference

4b) DRAW THE DIAGRAM 4c) -They give beauty to the environment -They provide capital when sold -They help reduce green house effect -They are used for decoration purposes -They encourage pollination

Before you leave this page kindly make sure you understand and know how WASSCE grades your WAEC Subject. The reason why we are doing this, is not to frighten or scare you but to put you in check and see reasons why you need to be serious with your Agric science studies for the 2023 Agric Exam.

Waec Grading System For all Waec Candidates

Do you know that the West African Examination Council (WAEC) Board has published the Waec grading system of results? Kindly check below to see the meaning of the Waec Grading Result .

The table below shows candidates’ positioning of the Waec grading of results ranging from A1, B2, B3, C4, C5, C6, D7, E8, F9 are the complete list of Waec Grading Result. All Waec candidates must fall into one of the Waec Grading Systems.

WAEC Gradi n g Percentage Scores

A1 Excellent 75% – 100%
B2 Very good 70% – 74%
B3 Good 65% – 69%
C4 Credit 60% – 64%
C5 Credit 55% – 59%
C6 Credit 50% – 54%
D7 Pass 45% – 49%
E8 Pass 40% – 45%
F9 Failure 0% – 44%

If you have been wondering where to get the best and latest Waec news updates and guide about Waec 2023, how to pass Waec, a timetable for 2022/2023 Waec, free online and hardcopy Waec past questions, and hot topics to read for Waec, latest news updates and Waec CBT practice platform, then subscribe to the newsletter or join our Forum

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2024 WAEC GCE Agricultural Science Questions and Answers | Agric Expo (Runz)

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2024 WAEC GCE Agricultural Science Essay and Objective Questions and Answers, 2024 WAEC GCE Agric Expo, and 2024 WAEC GCE Agric Runz are now available at Examcode.net

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WAEC GCE Agric Practical Questions and Answers 2023/2024 | Alternative to Practical

WAEC GCE Agric Alternative to Practical Questions and Answers 2023. Many WAEC GCE candidates find it difficult to answer the WAEC GCE Alternative to Agriculture Practical Questions correctly due to not understanding the questions. I will show you the best way to answer WAEC GCE Agric Science Practical questions and get a good grade in your Agricultural Science examination 2023.

You need to understand the WAEC GCE Agriculture Practical marking scheme before attempting any question so as to present your answers in such a way that it will look attractive to the examiner to enable you to earn big marks.

Bear in mind that every single procedure is awarded marks. So, ensure you do not skip any step while reporting and presenting your practical results. And do not forget to remember that neat drawing and labeling are very important.

You will be expected to carry out an experiment and report your observations.

What you will see will not be far from the WAEC GCE Agric Specimen given to your school.

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WAEC GCE Agriculture Questions and Answers
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WAEC GCE Agric Practical Answers 2023 (EXPO)

Note: The 2023 WAEC GCE Practical Agriculture answers (expo) will be posted here during the WAEC GCE Agric Practical exam. Keep checking and reloading this page to know when the answers are posted. Do not forget to reload this page in order to see the answers.

Be patient while waiting in case the answers come late.

WAEC GCE Practical Agric Answers 2023 Loading…

Today’s WAEC GCE Practical Agric Answers:

A – Clay soil B- Sandy soil (1b) Sandy (1ci) Cylinder A: Percentage of water retained = (Water collected / Water added) x 100 = (10 cm³ / 30 cm³) x 100 = 33.33% (1cii) Cylinder B: Percentage of water retained = (Water collected / Water added) x 100 = (25 cm³ / 30 cm³) x 100 = 83.33% (1d) (PICK ANY TWO FROM EACH) A – wheat, barley,oats B – Carrots, radishes, sweet potatoes

(2a) I. Brooder box Uses: To keep the chicks warm during this crucial time. II. Poultry boning knife Uses: Used for removing bones from poultry meat. III. Syringe and needles Uses: for giving livestocks drug IV. Feedrack Uses: for giving livestocks feeds and water V. Weighing balance Uses: for measuring weight of livestocks (2b) The seeds are planted in the farm tool containing the required soil. The set up is placed in the sun with frequent supply of adequate water. After leaving for few weeks,the seeds starts to germinate and it’s then transplanted to the field properly.

(3a) The plant population of groundnut can be determined by using the formula: Plant Population = Area of Farmland / Spacing In the table, the area of farmland for groundnut is given as 3 hectares, and the spacing is given as 1m * 0.5m. First, let’s convert the area from hectares to square meters (1 hectare = 10,000 square meters): Area of Farmland (in square meters) = 3 hectares × 10,000 square meters/hectare =30,000 square meters Now, we can use the formula: Plant Population = 30,000 square meters / (1m × 0.5m) Plant Population = 30,000 square meters / 0.5 square meters Plant Population = 60,000 So, the plant population of groundnut is 60,000. (3b) To calculate the expected plant population for maize, we will use the formula: Plant Population= (Area of Farmland)/(Spacing) × Germination Percentage Given that the area of farmland for maize is 5 hectares (50000 square meters) and the spacing is 1m×1m, the formula becomes: Plant Population= (50000/1×1) ×0.9 = 45000 (3c) (i) Temperature (ii) Sunlight (iii) Rainfall (3d) (i) Crop rotation

(ii) Weed control (4a) I: Ovary II: Fallopian tube III: Uterus IV: Vagina V: Vulva

(4b) I: Produces eggs and hormones. II: Transports eggs from the ovary to the uterus. III: Nurtures and protects a fertilized egg during pregnancy. IV: Connects the uterus to the external environment serving as the birth canal. V: Protects the reproductive and urinary openings.

(4c) (PICK THREE ONLY) (i) Cow (ii) Pig (iii) Sheep (iv) Chicken (v) Horse (vi) Goat

(4d) (PICK TWO ONLY) (i) Estrogen (ii) Prolactin (iii) Progesterone

—————————————————————————————-

If you have any questions about the 2023 WAEC GCE Agric Practical 2023, kindly let us know in the comment box.

Last Updated on November 17, 2023 by Admin

91 thoughts on “WAEC GCE Agric Practical Questions and Answers 2023/2024 | Alternative to Practical”

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7 Major Themes for Agriculture in the Year Ahead: Gro’s 2023 Watchlist

A year ago we at Gro predicted shortages of many key agricultural commodities, from wheat to corn to vegetable oils, and resultant higher prices. In 2022 , we got that, and more, as the Russian invasion of Ukraine added fuel to the inflationary environment fire.

Today, supplies of some commodities, notably wheat, will continue to deteriorate in coming months. But there are also tentative signs of recovery in a few sectors.

Gro’s forecasts for the Top 7 major themes for global agricultural markets in 2023 are:

Food price inflation will moderate
Rising Chinese imports will pressure global inventories
The fuel versus food competition will intensify
Supplies of some staples will begin to recover
Little relief is in store for global wheat supplies
Fertilizer expenses will take a bigger bite out of farm operating costs
Don’t expect any bargains in protein prices

2023 will be a mixed bag of relief and big headwinds. War rages on in the Black Sea region, a major breadbasket. China’s economic path forward as Beijing lifts its zero-COVID restrictions will reverberate through the world’s supply and demand balance sheet. And a repeat of last year’s extreme weather events could upend the most carefully calculated projections for 2023 food production.

Amid so many uncertainties, forecasting the direction for global agricultural markets for the year ahead is fraught with risk. Nevertheless, Gro has used the data and our forecast models in the platform to assess the principal factors that will determine the direction of agricultural markets and inventories and project what 2023 holds in store.

Gro Intelligence analyzes the vast amounts of data on our platform to see around the corner of global agricultural developments and to produce machine learning-based predictive models that generate valuable knowledge and insights. Gro is the only platform showing the dynamic impact of climate, economic factors, and agricultural systems on each other.

Here are the details behind Gro’s forecasts for the Top 7 major themes for global agricultural markets in 2023:

Food Price Inflation Will Moderate

As the world enters a third year of high food inflation, there are glimmers of hope that price increases for some core food commodities will ease, at least by the second half of the year . While prices for many staples are still well above historical levels, they are down sharply from their peaks reached last spring. Prices of fertilizers, essential for maintaining adequate levels of crop production, also have subsided, though they too remain elevated. And global inventories of a few key commodities — notably soybeans and palm oil — are looking more promising than at this time last year.

For the US, Gro’s US Food Price Index — which has proved to be predictive of inflation trends as much as six weeks ahead of official government reports — indicates that price pressures on food and beverage companies may start to moderate in the next 3-6 months . The Index represents a consumption-weighted basket of food prices that excludes energy-linked ag products such as corn and vegetable oils and can be viewed using Gro’s Custom Price Index application.

Still, inflationary pressures abound, and risks of recession could make it harder for many people around the world to afford staple food items. The war in Ukraine has sharply reduced planted area, limiting export potential in 2023 regardless of the sustainability of the grain export corridor. Drought persists in wheat growing areas of the US southern Plains and has already sharply reduced the crop in Argentina. And prices for natural gas, a key input to synthetic fertilizers, remain volatile, propping up fertilizer prices at very high levels, which is expected to lead to lower use and hurt crop yields around the world.

Tight US monetary policy to combat domestic inflation strengthens the US dollar and adds additional costs in other countries as commodity trading is denominated in the US currency. This is particularly significant for food import-reliant regions like Africa and Southeast Asia.

While Gro expects food inflationary pressures, especially in the US, will moderate later in 2023, it will take more than one crop cycle for prices to begin easing from their current, historically high levels .

Rising Chinese Imports Will Pressure Global Inventories

If China succeeds in easing restrictions stemming from its zero-COVID policy without igniting widespread illness and economic slowdown, the resulting increase in import demand for grain, oilseeds, and proteins could have a momentous impact on global agricultural commodity supplies.

Even a gradual return to normal levels of demand would require China to significantly increase its agricultural imports, especially in the second half of 2023 when people vacation more. Gro’s China Pork Demand Model currently points to a 7% year-over-year increase in pork demand in 2023. That in turn will bolster imports of oilseeds, oilseed meal, and grains.

Also pointing to increased imports are China’s domestic grain prices , which are at historically high levels. Wheat and rice are often substituted for corn in animal feed, and watching their relative prices can help predict China’s appetite for grain imports. China recently opened its market to increased corn imports from Brazil in order to diversify sourcing from the US and Ukraine, China’s traditional suppliers, as Gro wrote about here .

China is the world’s biggest consumer of vegetable oils and pork, for which it needs to import large quantities of grains and soybeans as animal feed — China’s corn imports have soared tenfold in the past five years. But as millions of people were quarantined in cities across the country to prevent the spread of COVID in 2022, service industry businesses including restaurants and hotels slowed sharply amid waning demand.

Gro estimates that China’s domestic vegetable oil demand dropped by 20%, and pork demand fell by 9%, between April and November 2022 as a result of COVID restrictions. Vegetable oil imports plunged by nearly 50% in the 12 months through September 2022, as seen in this Gro display , and imports of other commodities also declined. Spiking global commodity prices following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine compounded the downturn in imports, as profit margins became squeezed.

The slowdown in domestic demand and imports have depleted China’s domestic vegetable oil inventories and pushed the stocks-to-use ratio, a measure of available supplies , to some of the lowest levels in years. Meanwhile, a sharp rise in domestic pork prices since last spring prompted farmers to expand their herds, as hog producer margins soared above levels seen before the 2018 African swine fever outbreak. as shown in this Gro display .

Fuel vs. Food Competition Will Intensify

US renewable diesel production capacity has doubled since the start of 2022, and there’s no sign of that slowing. Already, nearly half of all US soybean oil — a major feedstock — will go into making renewable diesel and other biofuels this year, and that share will increase further as renewable diesel production continues to grow apace.

Renewable diesel has become the fastest growing biofuel in the US, helped largely by California tax incentives. The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) projects capacity could more than double again to 5 billion gallons by 2025 if all renewable diesel projects currently being planned come online.

To put that in perspective, an additional 2.5 billion gallons of renewable diesel capacity by 2025 would consume approximately an additional 20 billion pounds of soybean oil. Currently, the US produces 26 billion pounds of soybean oil per year.

Renewable diesel’s heightened demand for soybean oil will maintain support for soyoil prices and keep soybean crush margins strong. The spot soybean oil futures contract , while down from an all-time record in the spring, is still far above historical levels.

Monthly soybean crushing volumes have been around the strongest in history over the past year — and are forecast to reach an all-time annual high for 2022/23, as shown in this Gro display of crushing industry data. Propelling the high volumes are robust crush margins — essentially the difference between the cost of inputs (i.e., soybeans) and revenues from product outputs, mainly soybean oil and soybean meal, which is used largely in animal feed.

Growing demand for soybeans to produce renewable diesel escalates a competition with food uses of the oilseeds , both directly for human consumption or as feedstock for animal proteins, as Gro wrote about here . As global soybean ending stocks rise in 2022/23, but drop sharply in the US , biofuel production represents a significant and growing source of demand for the oilseeds.

Supplies of Some Staples Will Begin to Recover

Gro forecasts that global inventories of some agricultural commodities will improve in 2023, although various supply chain shocks could upend the prospect of a tentative recovery. Meanwhile, inventories of other agricultural commodities, notably wheat, will remain under pressure.

In Brazil, the world’s biggest soybean exporter , a multiyear drought has eased and the outlook for the 2022/23 crop is optimistic, as shown in this display from Gro’s Climate Risk Navigator for Agriculture, underpinning expectations for a record-breaking soybean crop and increased global soybean supplies . Early readings on Brazil’s corn output also point to a rebound from last year, which would provide relief for countries previously reliant on Ukrainian exports.

Gro users can follow daily updates for Brazil’s crop prospects using Gro’s Corn and Soybean Monitors.

Global vegetable oil supplies are in considerably better shape than at this time last year. La Niña brought heavy rains to Indonesia and Malaysia, which bodes well for 2023 production of palm oil , the most widely used vegetable oil. A Gro analysis previously found that above-average precipitation in the two countries is often associated with higher palm oil yields 6-8 months later and possibly longer, as Gro wrote about here . Palm oil production is expected to set a new record high level in the year ahead with a 5% increase from this past year.

Some headwinds persist for other staples , however. In Argentina, worsening drought stemming from La Niña has already damaged the wheat crop and now threatens corn and soybean production. Argentina is the world’s third-largest corn exporter, and the country’s woes are helping to drag down forecasts for corn production and global ending stocks, as shown in this Gro display on corn .

In the US, corn supplies are also slated to shrink after the 2022/23 harvest produced the smallest crop of the past several years, as shown in Gro’s US Corn Monitor . If corn exports pick up after a weak start to the marketing year, supplies could tighten further. Ending stocks also will drop sharply for US soybeans on surging crush demand to produce animal feed and soybean oil for biofuels.

Little Relief in Store for Global Wheat Supplies

Worldwide wheat inventories will continue a multi-year decline in 2023.

Drought conditions in many key growing regions in 2022 are persisting into the new year , damaging winter wheat crop prospects from Argentina to southern Europe, and from the US to North Africa. Ongoing war in Ukraine means grain production will be sharply reduced and exports at best will be a fraction of normal levels.

For US hard red winter wheat (HRW) , which accounts for 40% of all US wheat, drought conditions are even worse than last year, when per-acre yields for the HRW crop was 15% below the 10-year average, as seen with the Gro Drought Index , weighted for wheat growing areas in the top HRW producing states using Gro’s Climate Risk Navigator for Agriculture. When the crop emerges from dormancy in the spring, Gro users can monitor crop prospects using Gro’s machine-learning US Hard Red Wheat Yield Model .

Wheat crops heading for harvest in the Southern Hemisphere also face troubles. Argentina has been hit by drought brought on by the return of La Nña for a third year in a row, as shown with this Gro Navigator display , and the country’s wheat exports could be down by half from last year. Australia , the other major southern wheat producer, should harvest a bumper crop this year, but excessive rainfall could reduce grain quality and decrease how much milling wheat is available versus animal feed grain, as Gro wrote about here .

India could help fill world wheat silos next year, after production in 2022 was reduced by a late-season heat wave. High wheat prices have encouraged Indian farmers to plant more acres and the crop is off to a strong start. Strong wheat production also could encourage India to lift a ban on wheat exports in place since May. Gro’s India Wheat Yield Model , which will go live later in December when the plants are established, can be used to follow the crop’s outlook.

Russia’s strong wheat production will partially offset shortfalls elsewhere. This summer, the country harvested its largest ever winter wheat crop — which represents 70% of total wheat — and Russia’s wheat stocks are at record levels. Russia, the No. 1 wheat exporter, is currently the cheapest origin for exports of the grain and can help fill global needs if logistics and geopolitical conditions permit.

Fertilizer Expenses Will Take a Bigger Bite Out of Farm Operating Costs

High fertilizer costs will continue to weigh down global agricultural yields in 2023. Gro forecasts that global fertilizer prices, while down from their mid-2022 peaks, will remain historically elevated in 2023 and beyond , bloating farmer production costs and threatening further cuts to food production in many countries.

In the US, fertilizer and other input expenses are projected to account for 49% of total operating costs for corn farmers in 2023, according to Gro’s US Farmer Profitability & Crop Budgets app . That’s on a par with 2022, but sharply above the average since 2015 of about 40%.

Prices and affordability of key macronutrients in 2023 will remain challenged by costs of natural gas — a key feedstock for nitrogen fertilizer production — as well as by uncertainty surrounding Russian exports , the strength of the US dollar, and Chinese export restrictions. US sanctions continue to curtail potash exports from Belarus, a major supplier, although Canadian producers plan to ramp up production in 2023-25.

Fertilizer supply availability will vary by region. North America and Europe will have adequate supplies. In the US, nitrogen use is expected to rebound in 2023, although consumption will ultimately be determined by farmer crop planting decisions and nutrient affordability. Fertilizer affordability will remain a pain point for farmers next year because dips in crop values have outpaced the rate of price declines in major fertilizer products.

However, in other countries, including in Latin America and Africa where currency depreciation has fueled high inflation, farmers will face difficulties securing a sufficient amount of fertilizers.

Key phosphate and urea fertilizer prices in November, while down by about a third from 2022’s peak, are still nearly double spot values two years ago. Potash prices from Vancouver, a major export hub, have sustained elevated prices from earlier this year and are up nearly threefold from November 2020.

Although Europe’s ammonia production costs are well below their 2022 highs — which led to regional production being curtailed by as much as 70%, as Gro wrote about here — they nevertheless are projected to remain 19%-25% above the running average since 2021.

As a result, farmers in many countries are projected to have cut fertilizer usage in 2022 , potentially reducing food production by as much as 216 trillion calories — nearly twice the annual output of staple grain commodities in Mexico — according to nitrogen fertilizer-usage scenarios in Gro’s Global Fertilizer Impact Monitor, which Gro built with support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and in partnership with the International Fertilizer Association and CRU Group.

Don’t Expect Any Bargains in Protein Prices

Retail beef and pork prices will remain high at least through the first half of 2023. Gro expects both beef and pork supplies to decline in the year ahead . As consumers look for comparative bargains in the poultry aisle, the increased demand will help to prop up chicken prices as well.

Underlying the high prices for all proteins: Animal feed costs , while down from their mid-2022 peaks, will remain at historically strong levels, bolstering costs of production and undermining producers’ confidence in profitability. For perspective: The last time US protein producers significantly expanded their animal counts started in 2015, when feed costs were, on average, 30% below the levels seen today.

In the case of beef, the decline in the size of the cattle herd — a consequence of drought-hit pastureland and high feed costs — is slowing from the rapid pace of the past two years, as shown in this Gro display . The upshot: a decrease in beef supplies coming to market in coming months with beef prices that are likely to remain steady or rise from current levels .

Hog herds , including breeding sows, also have been shrinking, due in part to uncertainty surrounding California’s Proposition 12 , which sets minimum animal welfare standards, and is currently under consideration by the US Supreme Court.

And while chicken flocks have expanded modestly in the wake of historically high chicken prices earlier in 2022, prices could remain supported as consumers seek value alternatives to beef and pork.

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U.S. farm production to increase in 2023 as economy cools

The U.S. economy will slow in the new year, constrained by sharply higher interest rates, at the same time that farmers and ranchers expand production.

The U.S. economy will slow in the new year, constrained by sharply higher interest rates, at the same time that farmers and ranchers expand production, projected the Agriculture Department on Monday. Prices for most commodities — including corn, soybeans, wheat and hogs — would decline somewhat from this year's elevated levels but remain comparatively high.

READ MORE: Strengthening your weed control can help save your fertilizer investment

With normal weather and trend-line yields, the corn and soybean crops would be the largest ever, following late-summer dryness in the Midwest and drought in the Plains that cut into yields this year. Per capita meat consumption, now 0.62 pounds per day, would rise annually for the next decade, reaching 0.65 pounds in 2032, according to USDA's long-term baseline. High retail prices for meat have not dented the American appetite.

Lower commodity prices could weigh on farm revenue despite the larger production; the USDA will make its first forecast of 2023 farm income in February. It has forecast net farm income at a record $147.7 billion this year, following $140.4 billion in 2021.

The FAPRI think tank at the University of Missouri said in September it expects farm income to decline in 2023 and 2024 as commodity prices recede more rapidly than input costs, which climbed by $67 billion this year, the largest year-on-year increase ever.

After a 3.1% growth rate this year, U.S. economic growth would be 2.7% in 2023 as the economy cools from its rapid recovery from the pandemic. Inflation would drop to 3.1% and petroleum prices would fall and the jobless rate would remain low but the bank prime rate would be 6.6%, up by 1.9 points from this year. At 3.2%, global GDP would expand faster than the U.S. economy and China, the No. 1 customer for farm exports, would post a 5.3% growth, said the USDA.

READ MORE: U.S. farm exports rise 14% to record high

However, the International Monetary Fund forecast global growth of 2.7% in 2023, down from 3.2% this year. "Global economic activity is experiencing a broad-based and sharper-than-expected slowdown, with inflation higher than seen in several decades," said the IMF in a quarterly outlook published last month. "The cost-of-living crisis, tightening financial conditions in most regions, Russia's invasion of Ukraine, and the lingering Covid-19 pandemic all weigh heavily on the outlook."

Growers were projected to plant 92 million acres of corn next year — an increase of 3.4 million acres — while trimming soybean plantings to 87 million acres, down by 500,000 acres. Wheat sowings would rise to 47.5 million acres, an increase of 1.8 million acres. Upland cotton plantings would drop by nearly a third, to 9.5 million acres, affected by drought losses and low market prices this year. Plantings of the eight major U.S. field crops, which also include rice, sorghum, barley and oats, would total 250.8 million acres, 1.3 million acres more than this year.

The corn crop was projected at a record 15.265 billion bushels, nearly 1.4 billion bushels more than this year. The crop would fetch an average $5.70 a bushel at the farm gate, compared to $6.80 this year, said the USDA. Soybean production of 4.480 billion bushels, also a record, would be 167 million bushels larger than this year. The season-average soybean price was projected at $13 a bushel, down by $1 a bushel from this year. The highest farm-gate price for corn was $6.89 a bushel for the 2012 crop and for soybeans, it was $14.40 a bushel, also for the 2012 crop.

This year's wheat crop is forecast by USDA to sell for a record $9 a bushel, bolstered by warfare in Ukraine, ordinarily a leading exporter. The season-average price would drop to $8 a bushel for the new crop, still the second-highest farm-gate price. Growers were projected to plant 47.5 million acres of wheat this year, producing 1.919 billion bushels. The Upland cotton crop was projected at 13.9 million bales weighing 480 pounds, slightly larger than this year. The season-average cotton price of 80 cents a pound for the 2023 crop, would be 10 cents lower than this year but the best price for years to come, said the USDA.

Beef production was forecast to drop by 6.3% in 2023, part of a brief decline in the cattle inventory that would boost market prices. Pork and chicken meat production was projected to expand slightly in 2023 while market prices for hogs and broiler chickens dipped.

Selected tables from USDA's long-term agricultural projections were available here .

March 19, 2024 Agriculture: Growing a Climate for Tomorrow

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MySchoolGist » Past Questions » WAEC Agric Science Past Questions | FREE DOWNLOAD

WAEC Agric Science Past Questions | FREE DOWNLOAD

WAEC Agric Questions – Free WASSCE past questions for Agricultural Science.

Here is collection of Agricultural Science past examination questions to assist you with your studies for the West African Senior School Certificate Examination ( WASSCE ) for both School and GCE candidates.

If you are in your last stage of Secondary School Education (May/June) or not in the School system (GCE), the importance of using old exam papers in preparing for your West African Senior School Certificate Examination ( WASSCE ), cannot be over emphasised. By using past exam papers as part of your preparation, you can find out what you already know. By the same token you also find out what you do not know well enough or don’t know at all.

See: WAEC Timetable for May/June Candidates and WAEC Timetable for GCE Candidates .

What is more, the WAEC past questions for Agric Science can also be used as an organisational tool to manage your time better, as you can plan according to each section of the paper.

As a matter of fact, revision is more better than memorising facts and going over notes. You can practise for your Agricultural Science WAEC Exam by answering real questions from past papers. This will give you a better chance of passing.

WAEC Past Questions for Agric

Click on the year you want to start your revision.

Agricultural Science Paper 2 (Objective Test and Essay) – November 2000
Agricultural Science Paper 2 (Objective Test and Essay) – June 2001
Agricultural Science Paper 2 (Objective Test and Essay) – November 2002
Agricultural Science Paper 2 (Objective Test and Essay) – June 2004
Agricultural Science Paper 2 (Objective Test and Essay) – November 2006
Agricultural Science Paper 2 (Objective Test and Essay) – June 2008
Agricultural Science Paper 2 (Objective Test and Essay) – November 2011

Do you have any other past question(s) other than the ones listed here? If yes, don’t hesitate to share them with others by sending it to [email protected] .

You have to keep trying more than one exam to increase your success in the forthcoming WAEC Exam.

Recommended:

WAEC Syllabus For Agricultural Science .
WAEC Sample Questions and Scheme For Agricultural Science .
WAEC Past Questions and Answers For Other Subjects .

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The General Certificate of Education (GCE) is a subject-specific family of academic qualifications that awarding bodies in England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Crown dependencies and a few Commonwealth countries, notably Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Malaysia and Singapore, confer on students

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WAEC Nov/Dec Agric Science Exam Date

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2023 NECO Essay and Objective Agric Questions and Answers

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Here is WAEC Agric Questions Answers 2022/2023:Objectives and Essay

Here is WAEC Agric Questions Answers 2022/2023:Objectives and Essay – WAEC Agric Questions and Answers 2022. Therefore, I will be showing you WAEC Agric Science objective and theory repeated questions for free. And, in fact, you will also understand how WAEC Agriculture questions are set and many more examination details.

Table of Contents

The West Africa Examination Council (WAEC)

This is an examination body in Nigeria that conducts the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. It also conducts the General Certificate in Education in May/June and November/December respectively.

WAEC Agricultural Science Objectives and Essay Answers

The questions below are the WAEC Agriculture Questions. Go through them and be ready to score high in your WAEC 2021 Agric Examination.

Paper 1 (Objective)

Which of the following statements about crop production is Not correct? A. Onions are commonly grown in the rainforest zones. B. Yam, cocoyam and cassava are grown in both the rainforest and the savanna regions. C. Some foreign vegetable crops are grown in and around urban centres. D. Carrots are commonly grown in the savanna and moist vegetation belts.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of surface irrigation? A. The quantity of water lost is high. B. Water is evenly distributed over the farmland C. It is very cheap to operate. D. The system is suitable for paddy rice cultivation.
Fine soil tilth is produced by the use of A. Harrow. B. Plough. C. Ridger. D. Mower.
The problems of farm mechanization in West Africa include the following except A. reduction of farm drudgery. B. small farm holdings. C. poverty of farmers. D. poor topography.
The device which helps to regulate heat in an incubator is the A. thermometer. B. hygrometer. C. insulator. D. thermostat.

Here is WAEC Agric Questions Answers

The problems associated with land tenure through inheritance include the following except

A. small land holdings for family members B. hatred among family members arising from land sharing C. right of individuals to free use and control of inherited land D. individuals being restricted to their plots E. difficulty to sell part of the inherited land

Soil texture is described as the A. distribution of the different sizes of soil particles B. arrangement of soil particles in a soil sample C. rate at which water moves through the soil D. degree to which air spaces aerate the soil E. distribution of soil particles in a sample
The alternate heating and cooling of rocks result in A. sublimation B. volatilization C. fragmentation D. solidification E. sedimentation
Which of the following factors influence agricultural production is biotic factor? A. parasite B. soil PH C. topography D. soil texture E. temperature
Granite is A. a sedimentary rock B. a weathered rock C. metamorphic rock D. an igneous rock E. a plutonic rock
Which of the following farm practices can prevent excessive evaporation from soil surfaces? A. liming B. mulching C. weeding D. harrowing E. ploughing
The type of rocks formed from the molten magma is known as A. sedimentary B. igneous C. metamorphic D. schist E. sandstone
The relationship between the microorganisms and plant in the nitrogen cycle is best described as A. parasitism B. commensalism C. competition D. symbiosis E. saprophytism
The type of energy obtained from the sun for agricultural uses is known as A. potential energy B. mechanical energy C. nuclear energy D. solar energy E. kinetic energy
A situation where only specified trees in a forest reserve are cut down is known as A. selection B. afforestation C. reforestation D. selective exploitation E. deforestation
The causative organism of maize rust is A. a fungus B. a virus C. a bacterium D. an insect E. a nematode
The reproductive cells of crops are called A. gametes B. genes C. chromosomes D. anthers E. zygotes
The agent of controlled pollination in plants is A. wind B. insect C. man D. bird E. water
The head of the tapeworm is known as the A. sucker B. rostellum C. scolex D. hook E. segment
A piece of land is said to be on lease to a farmer when the land is A. inherited from the father B. given to him as a gift C. given as compensation D. purchased on credit E. given for a specified period on rental basis

Here is WAEC Agric Questions Answers 2022/2023:Objectives and Essay

PAPER 2 [Essay] Answer any four questions. Write your answers on the answer booklet provided.

(a) Explain the term farm mechanization. (b) List six limitations of farm mechanization in West Africa. (c) Suggest eight possible ways of encouraging the use of farm mechanization to improve agricultural production in West Africa.
(a) Explain the term soil. (b) List four characteristics of loamy soil. (c) (i) Draw an annotated diagram of the water cycle. (ii) List the three types of soil water.
(a) (i) Explain the term agriculture. (ii) List three industries that utilize cereals as their raw materials. (b) Outline six problems that hinder the attainment of self-sufficiency in food production in West Africa. (c) Enumerate five benefits of commercial farming.
(a) Explain each of the following terms as used in crop production: (i) grafting; (ii) thinning; (iii) staking. (b) State two reasons for adopting each of the crop production activities listed in 4(a). (c) Mention the botanical names of two species of yam. (d) State two uses of ginger.
(a) (i) Explain the terms line breeding and inbreeding as used in animal improvement. (ii) State three advantages and three disadvantages of inbreeding. (b) State four factors that determine the amount of water required by farm animals. (c) Give four sources of calcium in the diet of livestock.
(a) What is fish farming? (b) Define the following terms as used in fish farming: (i) stocking rate; (ii) fingerlings; (iii) polyculture; (iv) fishing gears. (c) List four factors that influence the water requirements of farm animals. (d) Discuss foot-and-mouth disease under the following headings: (i) causal agent; (ii) symptoms; (iii) control.

7 . (a) Differentiate between land ownership by leasehold and land ownership by freehold. (b) Mention five ways in which non-governmental organizations contribute to agricultural development in West Africa. (c) State four ways in which rural-urban migration has hindered agricultural development in West Africa. (d) Mention three socio-economic uses of land. (e) Explain two ways by which each of the following environmental factors affect agricultural production: i. soil organisms; ii. soil texture.

ANS: (a) Leasehold involves the payment of fees for land used over a stated period of time under agreed specified conditions WHILE freehold is the outright purchase of land (permanent ownership) (c) Ways in which rural-urban migration has hindered agricultural development in West Africa – Shortage/ scarcity of farm labour – Causes high cost of farm labour – Poor quality of labour in rural areas resulting in low productivity – Decrease in food production/food insecurity – Decrease in export – Inadequate supply of raw materials to agro industries – Poor adoption of agricultural innovation due to ageing farming population.

(a) (i) List the four factors of agricultural production. (ii) State the reward for each factor you have listed in 8(a)(i). (b) Outline three functions of the wholesaler in agricultural marketing. (c) State two objective of agricultural extension. (d) Mention five examples of group extension teaching methods
(a) List four factors that affect the efficiency of agricultural labour. (b) Outline four ways in which capital is important in agricultural production. (c) List five agencies that are involved in agricultural extension programmes in West Africa. (d) Give three reasons why governments in West Africa should encourage agricultural extension services.
(a) Draw and label the digestive system of a ruminant animal. (b) Describe the process of digestion in the ruminant animal.
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Borderlands Mexico: U.S. Agricultural Imports from Mexico at $8B in 2024

The total represents a 9% year-over-year increase from the same period in 2023. The U.S. accounts for almost 90% of Mexico's export marketplace, importing about $8.1 billion during the first two months of 2024, followed by Canada and China.

Top agricultural and beverage exports from Mexico in January and February included beer ($1.06 billion), tomatoes ($630 million) tequila ($621 million), avocados ($594 million), strawberries and raspberries ($531 million), and peppers ($427 million).

Mexican exports that saw the largest increases overall during the first two months of 2024 included chocolate (72%), coffee and tea (64%), frozen orange juice (62%), guava, mango and mangosteens (49%), grapes (38%), and cattle (36%).

Exports from Mexico to the U.S. are expected to top $47.2 billion in fiscal year 2024, which is 5% higher than fiscal year 2023, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Fiscal year 2024 began on Oct. 1, 2023, and will end Sept. 30.

SADER also reported that Mexico imported a total of $7.5 billion in agricultural products in January and February, increasing by 2.3% over the same period in 2023.

The U.S. supplies Mexico with about 70% of the country's agricultural imports. Along with the U.S., Mexico also imports agricultural products from Canada, Brazil, Chile, China, Spain, the Netherlands, Peru, Guatemala and France.

According to the USDA, China is forecast to remain the largest market for U.S. agricultural exports at $28.7 billion in fiscal year 2024. U.S. exports to Mexico are forecast to rise by $500 million to a record $28.4 billion, while exports to Canada are forecast to increase $300 million to $28 billion in the fiscal year.

The post Borderlands Mexico: U.S. agricultural imports from Mexico at $8B in 2024 appeared first on FreightWaves .

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Guest Essay

Liz Cheney: The Supreme Court Should Rule Swiftly on Trump’s Immunity Claim

A black-and-white photo of the U.S. Supreme Court building, with trees in the foreground.

By Liz Cheney

Ms. Cheney, a Republican, is a former U.S. representative from Wyoming and was vice chairwoman of the Jan. 6 select committee in the House of Representatives.

On Thursday, the U.S. Supreme Court will hear Donald Trump’s arguments that he is immune from prosecution for his efforts to steal the 2020 presidential election. It is likely that all — or nearly all — of the justices will agree that a former president who attempted to seize power and remain in office illegally can be prosecuted. I suspect that some justices may also wish to clarify whether doctrines of presidential immunity might apply in other contexts — for example, to a president’s actions as commander in chief during a time of war. But the justices should also recognize the profoundly negative impact they may have if the court does not resolve these issues quickly and decisively.

If delay prevents this Trump case from being tried this year, the public may never hear critical and historic evidence developed before the grand jury, and our system may never hold the man most responsible for Jan. 6 to account.

The Jan. 6 House select committee’s hearings and final report in 2022 relied on testimony given by dozens of Republicans — including many who worked closely with Mr. Trump in the White House, in his Justice Department and on his 2020 presidential campaign. The special counsel Jack Smith’s election-related indictment of Mr. Trump relies on many of the same firsthand witnesses. Although the special counsel reached a number of the same conclusions as the select committee, the indictment is predicated on a separate and independent investigation. Evidence was developed and presented to a grand jury sitting in Washington, D.C.

The indictment and public reporting suggest that the special counsel was able to obtain key evidence our committee did not have. For example, it appears that the grand jury received evidence from witnesses such as Mark Meadows, a former Trump chief of staff, and Dan Scavino, a former Trump aide, both of whom refused to testify in our investigation. Public reporting also suggests that members of Mr. Trump’s Office of White House Counsel and other White House aides testified in full, without any limitations based on executive privilege, as did Vice President Mike Pence and his counsel.

The special counsel’s indictment lays out Mr. Trump’s detailed plan to overturn the 2020 election, including the corrupt use of fraudulent slates of electors in several states. According to the indictment, senior advisers in the White House, Justice Department and elsewhere repeatedly warned that Mr. Trump’s claims of election fraud were false and that his plans for Jan. 6 were illegal. Mr. Trump chose to ignore those warnings. (Remember what the White House lawyer Eric Herschmann told Mr. Trump’s alleged co-conspirator John Eastman on Jan. 7, 2021: “Get a great f’ing criminal defense lawyer. You’re gonna need it.”) There is little doubt that Mr. Trump’s closest advisers also gave the federal grand jury minute-to-minute accounts of his malicious conduct on Jan. 6, describing how they repeatedly begged the president to instruct the violent rioters to leave our Capitol and how Mr. Trump refused for several hours to do so as he watched the attack on television. This historic testimony about a former president’s conduct is likely to remain secret until the special counsel presents his case at trial.

As a criminal defendant, Mr. Trump has long had access to federal grand jury material relating to his Jan. 6 indictment and to all the testimony obtained by our select committee. He knows what all these witnesses have said under oath and understands the risks he faces at trial. That’s why he is doing everything possible to try to delay his Jan. 6 federal criminal trial until after the November election. If the trial is delayed past this fall and Mr. Trump wins re-election, he will surely fire the special counsel, order his Justice Department to drop all Jan. 6 cases and try to prevent key grand jury testimony from ever seeing the light of day.

I know how Mr. Trump’s delay tactics work. Our committee had to spend months litigating his privilege claims (in Trump v. Thompson) before we could gain access to White House records. Court records and public reporting suggest that the special counsel also invested considerable time defeating Mr. Trump’s claims of executive privilege, which were aimed at preventing key evidence from reaching the grand jury. All of this evidence should be presented in open court, so that the public can fully assess what Mr. Trump did on Jan. 6 and what a man capable of that type of depravity could do if again handed the awesome power of the presidency.

Early this year, a federal appeals court took less than a month after oral argument to issue its lengthy opinion on immunity. History shows that the Supreme Court can act just as quickly , when necessary. And the court should fashion its decision in a way that does not lead to further time-consuming appeals on presidential immunity. It cannot be that a president of the United States can attempt to steal an election and seize power but our justice system is incapable of bringing him to trial before the next election four years later.

Mr. Trump believes he can threaten and intimidate judges and their families , assert baseless legal defenses and thereby avoid accountability altogether. Through this conduct, he seeks to break our institutions. If Mr. Trump’s tactics prevent his Jan. 6 trial from proceeding in the ordinary course, he will also have succeeded in concealing critical evidence from the American people — evidence demonstrating his disregard for the rule of law, his cruelty on Jan. 6 and the deep flaws in character that make him unfit to serve as president. The Supreme Court should understand this reality and conclude without delay that no immunity applies here.

Liz Cheney, a Republican, is a former U.S. representative from Wyoming and was vice chairwoman of the Jan. 6 select committee in the House of Representatives.

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What is top of mind for dairy executives in 2024?

As the global population grows, agriculture systems everywhere must find ways to feed humankind sustainably. The US dairy industry is no exception. C-suite and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) leaders in the sector are shaping dairy’s path to a sustainable future, but at the same time, they are being asked to account for new innovations, regulations, and economic factors.

To gain insight into how dairy executives’ priorities have shifted over time, McKinsey and the International Dairy Foods Association conducted their sixth annual survey of dairy executives in fourth quarter 2023 (see sidebar, “About the research”). 1 To explore the results from last year’s survey, see Christina Adams, Ludovic Meilhac, Kate Toews, and Roberto Uchoa, “ Top priorities for dairy executives in 2023 ,” McKinsey, March 27, 2023. In interviews and responses to survey questions, respondents shared what excites them about dairy, emerging challenges in the sector, and more.

About the research

In fourth quarter 2023, the International Dairy Foods Association and McKinsey jointly surveyed nearly 80 executives and company leaders in the dairy industry, which included a poll and interviews with 38 industry leaders. Participants came from a variety of company types (processors, producers, retailers, packaging companies, and more), ranging in size from large to small. The companies represented are primarily headquartered in the United States but include organizations from other parts of North America, Europe, and Oceania.

To ensure that respondents were not being asked to give feedback on areas outside their expertise, the survey differentiated among respondents based on their role and whether their company has a sustainability or environmental, social, and governance (ESG) strategy. Only those in C-level and vice president roles from relevant fields (strategy and operations) were asked questions about the company’s business strategy and operations, a new area of inquiry in the 2023 survey, and only those with an ESG or sustainability strategy were asked about sustainability.

To quantify interview data, keywords mentioned in question responses were coded, grouped by subject, and compiled to form totals.

A number of new findings emerged from this survey. The previous survey showed that concerns were divided between growth, resilience, and sustainability, but sustainability has moved to the center of the conversation. We have seen progress on sustainability commitments and actions, but challenges with addressing farm-level emissions remain. Other findings indicate that although there is much work to be done, dairy executives are optimistic about the future of the industry.

What excites leaders in dairy?

Executives expressed excitement about many aspects of the dairy industry, from international opportunities to novel technologies. As in the 2022 survey, a few topics stood out during our interviews: growth, product nutrition, and innovation (Exhibit 1).

Dairy executives were most excited about growth, including growth in the industry, companies, and consumer demand. More than half of the executives we interviewed talked about the potential for growth, and more than 40 percent cited growth as their top source of excitement. This share of executives is similar to that of the 2022 survey, reflecting the sector’s overall momentum: the retail value of the overall dairy market in the United States grew by 9 percent from 2021 to 2022 and by 7 percent from 2022 to 2023. 2 Euromonitor US Retail Market Size Database, December 2023. According to our interviews, much of this growth was driven by pricing, though executives expect future growth to be propelled more by volume. Growth forecasts vary by product, but dairy overall is expected to grow 4 percent annually from 2024 through 2027, with most growth coming from cheese and yogurt. 3 Euromonitor US Retail Market Size Database, December 2023.

Dairy is just scratching the surface of unlocking value for consumers around the world. Dairy executive

Product nutrition and innovation

Almost 30 percent of dairy executives we interviewed were most excited about the nutrition or “goodness” of their products, from the high nutrient density of yogurt to the potential for dairy protein ingredients. In addition, one-third of the executives we interviewed were excited about product innovations that allow them to better harness the nutrition of dairy. Excitement about innovation is not new—as far back as the 2018 Executive Sentiment Survey, product innovation was the second-most-cited response to the question, “What do you believe is your company’s top source of competitive advantage?” (17 percent).

What keeps dairy leaders up at night?

Although there is much to be excited about in dairy, industry leaders do not wear rose-tinted glasses when looking toward the future. When we asked dairy leaders about their biggest concerns (what keeps them up at night), the most frequent answers were sustainability and regulation (Exhibit 2).

Sustainability

When asked what keeps them up at night, executives were most likely to cite sustainability (19 percent of interviewees). About three-quarters of survey respondents said their sustainability efforts are motivated by their customers (retailers and other dairy vendors), and just under half said the same of consumers. This finding is relatively consistent with 2022 results. However, interviewed executives said that consumers may not be willing to pay more for sustainable products, raising understandable concerns about the costs associated with decarbonization and other sustainability initiatives. Still, some signals suggest that ESG could be growing in importance for consumers. In a recent joint analysis with Nielsen IQ, McKinsey found that yogurt and cheese products with ESG-related claims outperformed products without those claims. 4 “ Consumers care about sustainability—and back it up with their wallets ,” McKinsey, February 6, 2023.

Consumers are extremely interested in sustainability, but they are not necessarily willing to pay more. I’m not sure if this will ever change. People will tell you they are willing to pay for it, but they won’t. Dairy executive

Great progress has already been made in reducing the carbon intensity of dairy. In the United States, emissions per kilogram (kg) of milk dropped by 27 percent from 1995 to 2015, from 0.75 kg CO 2 equivalent (CO 2 e) per kg of milk to 0.55 kg CO 2 e per kg of milk. 5 FAO. Emissions intensities. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Extracted from: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EI. Date of Access: April 1, 2024. However, US dairy production has outpaced this rate of change (a 34 percent increase over the same period to 208 billion pounds), resulting in increased emissions overall. 6 National Agricultural Statistics Service survey on national milk production, from “Quick stats,” US Department of Agriculture, accessed April 10, 2024. There also remains great uncertainty about how to address Scope 3 emissions—that is, upstream emissions outside a company’s direct operational control, such as enteric emissions from cows and emissions from manure. 7 For more on Scope 3 emissions, see “ The Scope 3 challenge: Solutions across the materials value chain ,” McKinsey, May 5, 2023. Scope 3 emissions are inherently difficult to measure, particularly at the farm level.

One challenge when it comes to sustainability is how we control the cost, from carbon credits to biodigesters. The more go-betweens you have between the farmer and the processor, the more expensive it gets. Dairy executive

Many dairy leaders also cited regulation as a topic on their minds (13 percent). This makes sense, given that in the United States, national legislation affecting the dairy industry, including the Federal Milk Marketing Orders and the Farm Bill, have recently and will be revisited and renewed. Of particular interest is the Farm Bill, which covers a large suite of conservation programs and associated funding, including the $18 billion expansion of funds granted in the Inflation Reduction Act for agricultural practices that can mitigate and reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). In addition, on March 6, 2024, the US Securities and Exchange Commission adopted rules to enhance and standardize climate related disclosures, adding pressure on sustainability transparency. 8 “SEC adopts rules to enhance and standardize climate-related disclosures for investors,” SEC, March 6, 2024.

The past few years have also seen new environmental regulations concerning dairy. For example, California Senate Bill 1383, enacted in 2020, requires dairies to reduce methane emissions by 40 percent from 2013 levels by 2030. Dairy leaders are also looking at environmental regulation abroad and considering what the impact could be if the United States follows suit. Examples include the European Green Deal and New Zealand’s upcoming carbon tax on farm emissions.

What priorities have changed in importance?

Since the 2022 survey, dairy executives’ leading priorities have shifted toward ESG topics. Talent saw the biggest increase in priority, rising from fourth to second place (Exhibit 3). Sustainability experienced the second-highest increase (sixth to fifth place), trading places with supply chain, one of 2022’s critical topics.

In the 2023 interviews, 45 percent of executives noted that talent is less of a concern now than it was in the past few years. This may be because leaders were particularly concerned about talent in 2022, with about 70 percent of executives sharing their concerns about labor in 2022 interviews. However, survey results indicate that the past year’s concern is this year’s strategic priority: in 2023, 60 percent of executives cited talent as a strategic priority, moving it two places up the rankings.

We also noted a shift in how executives view the labor challenge. One executive said, “It is more a generational change. I doubt the new people we hire will retire here.” In fact, a 2022 McKinsey survey of 1,763 Gen Z Americans (aged 18 to 24) found that 77 percent of them are searching for a new job. 9 “ How does Gen Z see its place in the working world? With trepidation ,” McKinsey, October 19, 2022. At the same time, dairy companies are trying to make the workplace more appealing to potential employees. Our interviews with dairy leaders revealed three common approaches to managing labor issues: compensation, culture, and process. Dairy companies are considering increasing wages and benefit packages, focusing on company culture, and investing in operational technology to help attract and retain talent.

We are focusing on making this a great place to work, connecting to purpose and values. Dairy executive

Environmental sustainability

In addition to keeping executives up at night, sustainability is a strategic priority. For example, 60 percent of processors said that reducing GHG emissions was a top three issue in their sustainability strategy, particularly since addressing Scope 3 and farm-level emissions is so challenging. According to our survey, 71 percent of companies are measuring farm emissions, but only 27 percent are changing procurement based on emissions, and an even smaller portion—7 percent—are mandating that farms inset their emissions reductions (rather than sell outside the value chain).

Sustainability is very high on our agenda. A mentality shift is needed to decarbonize the industry, and for a while, there has been talk but no action. Now we are seeing things intensify. Dairy executive

Companies are also considering their impact on natural capital. Forty-five percent of companies cited water usage as a top three issue in their sustainability strategy. And when asked about how they are addressing nature and natural capital, 44 percent said they were sourcing feed grown with regenerative-agriculture practices, and 20 percent said they were incorporating recommendations from the Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures.

To build and enact sustainability strategies, almost 90 percent of the surveyed dairy companies currently have a sustainability or ESG lead on staff. Of these leads, 77 percent are dedicated full-time employees, up from about 60 percent in 2022. These sustainability leaders will need their companies to support them in taking concrete actions if they want to reach net-zero emissions.

What’s next?

Moving forward, sustainability looms large. Indeed, decarbonization of the dairy industry is already intensifying. At the UN Climate Change Conference (COP28) in 2023, several dairy companies (representing about 5 percent of global milk intake) announced the formation of the newly established Dairy Methane Action Alliance. This effort builds on prior industry sustainability efforts, such as the US Dairy Net Zero Initiative, launched in 2020. 10 “U.S. Dairy Net Zero Initiative,” Dairy Management, accessed April 3, 2024. Members of the Dairy Methane Action Alliance plan to address methane from across their dairy supply chains, including Scope 3 emissions. 11 Simon Harvey, “COP28 - Nestlé, Danone among food signatories to Dairy Methane Alliance,” Just Food, December 5, 2023.

Alongside sustainability, companies are taking steps to address labor needs and a challenging inflationary environment, which will likely remain necessary for the foreseeable future. As we look to 2024 and beyond, executives should consider the following areas:

A path to net zero, including measuring and addressing Scope 3 emissions, is complex. Meeting the dairy industry’s goal of net zero by 2050 will require industry-wide alignment and meaningful actions, such as working with farms to reduce emissions via initiatives like manure management or novel feed additives. Companies can help push the industry forward by building out transparency and measurement capabilities, such as via integrated enterprise resource planning systems (ERPs).
The forces pushing sustainability in the industry include consumer preferences, shareholder and lender pressure, and regulatory action. Companies should carefully track shifts across these dimensions and stay ahead of trends and requirements.
The labor market is shifting. Taking steps to appeal to the current generation of workers will be critical. This may include offering flexible work schedules and staying up to date on best-in-class benefit offerings.

With exciting prospects on the horizon, the dairy industry has an opportunity to seize the moment and develop a more sustainable approach to dairy production. Global pushes such as the newly announced Dairy Methane Action Alliance, requirements from shareholders and retailers, and consumer preferences mean that the time is now for the dairy industry to develop a unified plan to tackle some of its biggest sustainability obstacles. If leaders can lean into innovations and make progress on emissions, they can set themselves up well in the years to come.

Rudolf Henkell-von Ribbentrop is an associate partner in McKinsey’s Washington, DC, office; Ludovic Meilhac is a partner in the Stamford office; and Emmy Moore is a consultant in the Bay Area office.

The authors wish to thank Christina Adams, Melanie Lieberman, and Elizabeth Yablon for their contributions to this article.

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Volatility in lumber prices has come off record highs the market experienced during the coronavirus pandemic, but questions around supply and demand still remain. Housing demand suffered from increased interest rates and skyrocketing construction costs , while supply fell off in traditional production regions due to climate issues like wildfires.

Given that consumer demand has started to see some modest growth while supply remained somewhat depressed, lumber prices have ticked slightly higher in 2024 than the lows experienced through periods of 2023.

Among this continued uncertainty, saw mills, logging companies, retail lumber yards and others with exposure to physical lumber prices have had the ability to manage their risk with Lumber futures .

The redesigned CME Group Lumber contract, launched in 2022, draws from broader areas of supply and centralizes pricing at one source, while also allowing for more flexibility with a smaller contract size. The Lumber contract recently hit a record 10,000 contracts in open interest – the number of trades not yet settled – and reached a trading volume record of 3,298 on April 22 on the heels of lower-than-expected March housing starts.

We spoke with three lumber market participants, who share their experience with managing uncertainty and their outlook on the broader lumber market.

What do you see as the biggest risk facing the lumber market in 2024?

Stinson dean, owner, deacon lumber company.

I think the idle capacity at the sawmills is laying in wait. Much more strength in prices and we’ll see the mills increase production to capture higher numbers.

John Brady, Futures Program Manager, LMC

The biggest risk is the divergence of the different species. There are many challenges facing the SPF (spruce, pine and fir) markets in 2024. Over the last six years, European spruce imports had helped to change the quality and availability landscape. We are expecting less European product coming into the states this year. Last summer was the worst forest fire season in my career. The industry will not see the true effect of these fires until later this year.

Michael Almond, General Manager, SPF Sales, Canfor

Supply constraints appear to be the prominent risk in 2024 for the North American lumber market. In Canada, recent events have limited the availability of wood fiber and impacted mill production, in the short and long term. Moreover, the record wildfire season in 2023 in Canada has yielded a short term, widespread salvage effort, with further adjustments forthcoming to future harvest levels.

Why do you think lumber futures are continuing to grow in popularity?

Stinson dean.

The recent volatility in the seasonal spring rally has brought in great opportunities to hedge. And then for speculators, the improvement in interest rates at the end of 2023 had given reason to be long on the view of improving housing starts for the first half of 2024.

The market volatility, starting in 2018, created a lot of angst across the lumber industry. We had become accustomed to a lumber market that changed very little month to month, year to year. The industry finally has a little bit of fear. Fear is healthy, especially for the growth of hedging. The legacy futures contract had become prohibitive to many of those that wished to participate in the market. The lumber market is often resistant to change, but the enhancements to the futures product were necessary.

Michael Almond

The increasing participation in the CME Group Lumber contract is very encouraging. The key changes in the ‘new’ contract with smaller truckload volumes, expanded species and Chicago delivery, have created a more inclusive trading platform for lumber risk management. More generally, resiliency in housing demand amid a higher interest rate environment, has renewed interest and optimism in the lumber market.

“We needed a contract that was more representative of the lumber market at large.”

— John Brady

Why do you think hedging your lumber exposure through the futures market is important.

Lumber is one of the most volatile commodities out there. The Lumber futures contract allows me to be nimble in hedging and lifting hedges on a truck-by-truck basis so I can capture every dollar of gains possible.

Lumber buyers and sellers are the most risk tolerant group of commodity traders. This is our culture; it will take many more years of volatility to create wholesale change. However, the business landscape is changing so rapidly that retailers and other lumber consumers need to grasp at every opportunity to be unique and have an edge. Producer consolidation is ramping up and will likely not stop.

Retailer consolidation is a constant, especially with private equity money building larger company portfolios. The Lumber futures contract is an opportunity to be unique, to set yourself apart from your competition. Pennies and single points of margin matter more now than ever and will be exponentially important in years to come.

We experienced some extreme volatility during the pandemic years and lumber risk management was a critical function. The Lumber futures contract offers the ability to forward hedge in a longer window against the physical cash market, and the ability to transfer hedges by EFP (exchange of futures for physical) into real order file.

Are there any ways in which the smaller size and delivery location of LBR have advantaged your business?

The ability to take hedges on and off in the same manner I sell most of my lumber, via truck, has made it easier to service smaller customers that only buy one truck while also have the liquidity to lift four contracts (four truckloads worth) at a time for bigger transactions.

LMC represents members across every aspect of the home building industry in the United States. Our over 400 members, with 1,800 locations, are quite diverse in terms of size, scope and demographic. As such, we needed a contract that was more representative of the lumber market at large. For us, it is not about SPF, it is about the flexibility that a truckload sized contract brings to a hedging program. The price in Chicago was daunting at first, but our years of data has helped our members see through the additional freight factor.

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OpenMarkets is an online magazine and blog focused on global markets and economic trends. It combines feature articles, news briefs and videos with contributions from leaders in business, finance and economics in an interactive forum designed to foster conversation around the issues and ideas shaping our industry.

All examples are hypothetical interpretations of situations and are used for explanation purposes only. The views expressed in OpenMarkets articles reflect solely those of their respective authors and not necessarily those of CME Group or its affiliated institutions. OpenMarkets and the information herein should not be considered investment advice or the results of actual market experience. Neither futures trading nor swaps trading are suitable for all investors, and each involves the risk of loss. Swaps trading should only be undertaken by investors who are Eligible Contract Participants (ECPs) within the meaning of Section 1a(18) of the Commodity Exchange Act. Futures and swaps each are leveraged investments and, because only a percentage of a contract’s value is required to trade, it is possible to lose more than the amount of money deposited for either a futures or swaps position. Therefore, traders should only use funds that they can afford to lose without affecting their lifestyles and only a portion of those funds should be devoted to any one trade because traders cannot expect to profit on every trade. BrokerTec Americas LLC (“BAL”) is a registered broker-dealer with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, is a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. ( www.FINRA.org ), and is a member of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation ( www.SIPC.org ). BAL does not provide services to private or retail customers.. In the United Kingdom, BrokerTec Europe Limited is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. CME Amsterdam B.V. is regulated in the Netherlands by the Dutch Authority for the Financial Markets (AFM) ( www.AFM.nl ). CME Investment Firm B.V. is also incorporated in the Netherlands and regulated by the Dutch Authority for the Financial Markets (AFM), as well as the Central Bank of the Netherlands (DNB).

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USDA Proposes Rule to Establish Free and Restricted Percentages of Tart Cherries for the 2023-24 Crop Year

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is proposing a rule to establish the free and restricted percentages of tart cherries that handlers may purchase from, or handle on behalf of, growers during the 2023-24 crop year. The proposed rule would apply to tart cherries grown in Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin.

This action would set the free percentage of tart cherries at 94% and restricted percentage at 6%. The free percentage represents the proportion of the crop that may ship to any market. The restricted percentage of cherries represents the proportion that must be held in reserve, diverted in the orchard or at the processing plant, or used in secondary markets. The Cherry Industry Administrative Board recommended this action to balance expected supply and demand for the 2023-24 crop year.

The proposed rule for this action was published in the Federal Register on April 19, 2024. Written comments are due by May 20, 2024. All comments on the proposed rule submitted by the deadline will be made available for public review and will be considered before publication of a final rule.

More information about the marketing order regulating the handling of tart cherries is available on the 930 Tart Cherries webpage on the Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) website.

Authorized by the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, marketing orders are industry-driven programs that help producers and handlers achieve marketing success by leveraging their own funds to design and execute programs that they would not be able to do individually. AMS provides oversight to fruit vegetable and specialty crops marketing orders to ensure fiscal accountability and program integrity.

USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer, and lender

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WAEC Agric 2023 question and answer: This page contains both the WAEC Agricultural Science Objective and Essay Questions and Answers for the 2023 West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE). The WAEC Agric will be written on 26th May, 2023 at 9:30am - 12:15pm, Essay & OBJ.
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B. 2023 WAEC GCE AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE ESSAY (THEORY) ANSWERS | 1ST DECEMBER, 2023. (1ai) Finance: (i) The lack of credit facilities or the high interest rates on available loans can hinder farmers from purchasing essential inputs. (ii) Inssuficient allocation of funds by the governments and private sectors to support agricultural development.
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WAEC Agric Theory Questions 2023. All the Essay questions that you are going to see in this section are what you should expect in the 2023 WAEC Agricultural Science Examination. SECTION A. Answer one question only from this section. 1. (a) State four benefits of agriculture to the economy of West African countries. [4 marks]
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Each year, IAC offers youth scholarships to attend the Intertribal Agriculture Council (IAC) Annual Conference in Las Vegas, Nevada. Sixty essay contestants will be awarded a full travel scholarship to attend the 2023 IAC Youth Conference in Las Vegas, December 12th-14th, 2023, and three finalists will be selected as keynote speakers and honored at the IAC Annual Meeting in Las Vegas. All ...
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Waec Agricultural Science Essay Questions; Waec Agricultural Science Objectives Questions, You are writing the 2 papers in only one day. In this post, the previous Year's Waec questions and answers for Agricultural Science are released and the 2023 Waec Agric Exam Questions will also be released for those participating in the 2023 Waec ...
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Note: The 2023 WAEC GCE Practical Agriculture answers (expo) will be posted here during the WAEC GCE Agric Practical exam. Keep checking and reloading this page to know when the answers are posted. Do not forget to reload this page in order to see the answers. ... WAEC Agric Questions and Answers 2023/2024 (Essay and Objectives) ...
7 Major Themes for Agriculture in the Year Ahead: Gro's 2023 Watchlist
Gro's forecasts for the Top 7 major themes for global agricultural markets in 2023 are: Food price inflation will moderate. Rising Chinese imports will pressure global inventories. The fuel versus food competition will intensify. Supplies of some staples will begin to recover. Little relief is in store for global wheat supplies.
U.S. farm production to increase in 2023 as economy cools
Lower commodity prices could weigh on farm revenue despite the larger production; the USDA will make its first forecast of 2023 farm income in February. It has forecast net farm income at a record $147.7 billion this year, following $140.4 billion in 2021. The FAPRI think tank at the University of Missouri said in September it expects farm ...
National Ag Day
National Ag Day is March 19, 2024. Ag Day is organized by the Agriculture Council of America (ACA). ACA is a nonprofit organization composed of leaders. top of page. March 19, 2024 ... The winners of the 2024 Video Essay Contest have been announced. View the top three winning videos here. ... ©2023 Agriculture Council of America. All rights ...
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2023 WAEC AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE ESSAY OR THEORY ANSWERS. (1a) (PICK ANY ONE. Credit in agricultural finance involves the provision of loans that must be repaid by borrowers, while subsidies are grants or direct payments provided by the government to support specific agricultural objectives without the requirement of repayment. OR.
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WAEC Agric Questions - Free WASSCE past questions for Agricultural Science. Here is collection of Agricultural Science past examination questions to assist you with your studies for the West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) for both School and GCE candidates.If you are in your last stage of Secondary School Education (May/June) or not in the School system (GCE), the ...
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NECO GCE AGRIC SCIENCE (ESSAY) ANSWERS 2023: (i) Duration of tenure: Leasehold is a land tenure system where the land is leased or rented for a specific period of time, typically ranging from a few years to several decades. This feature allows for flexibility in land use as the tenant has the right to use the land for a fixed period of time but ...
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Here is WAEC Agric Questions Answers 2022/2023:Objectives and Essay. PAPER 2 [Essay] Answer any four questions. Write your answers on the answer booklet provided. (a) Explain the term farm mechanization. (b) List six limitations of farm mechanization in West Africa. (c) Suggest eight possible ways of encouraging the use of farm mechanization to ...
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2023 AP ® English Language ... Vertical farms are indoor agricultural facilities in which plants are grown, often in a hydroponic ( soilless) environment, on tall stacks of shelves. ... Write an essay that synthesizes material from at least three of the sources and develops your position on the value , if any, of vertical farms to the future ...
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The 2023 Agricultural Year in Review
This spring, prices averaged $1,100 per ton and have been around $850 per ton in recent weeks. From a budget perspective, corn fertilizer expenses were more than $270 per acre in 2022 and $202 for the 2023 planted crop, and they have fallen to $150 per acre this fall. A.I.
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As the global population grows, agriculture systems everywhere must find ways to feed humankind sustainably.The US dairy industry is no exception. C-suite and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) leaders in the sector are shaping dairy's path to a sustainable future, but at the same time, they are being asked to account for new innovations, regulations, and economic factors.
Behind the Renewed Interest in Lumber Markets
A record wildfire season in 2023 is still revealing its effects on the market, one factor driving hedging in lumber futures. Interest in the CME Group Lumber contract launched in 2022 soared to a record 10,000 in open interest amid increasing uncertainty over supply and demand. Volatility in lumber prices has come off record highs the market ...
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The Cherry Industry Administrative Board recommended this action to balance expected supply and demand for the 2023-24 crop year. The proposed rule for this action was published in the Federal Register on April 19, 2024. Written comments are due by May 20, 2024. ... Authorized by the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, marketing ...

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