merger and acquisition case study framework

Hacking the Case Interview

Merger & acquisition (M&A) cases are a common type of case you’ll see in consulting interviews. You are likely to see at least one M&A case in your upcoming interviews, especially at consulting firms that have a large M&A or private equity practice.

These cases are fairly straight forward and predictable, so once you’ve done a few cases, you’ll be able to solve any M&A case.

In this article, we’ll cover:

• Two types of merger & acquisition case interviews
• The five steps to solve any M&A case
• The perfect M&A case interview framework
• Merger & acquisition case interview examples
• Recommended M&A case interview resources

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Two Types of Merger & Acquisition Case Interviews

A merger is a business transaction that unites two companies into a new and single entity. Typically, the two companies merging are roughly the same size. After the merger, the two companies are no longer separately owned and operated. They are owned by a single entity.

An acquisition is a business transaction in which one company purchases full control of another company. Following the acquisition, the company being purchased will dissolve and cease to exist. The new owner of the company will absorb all of the acquired company’s assets and liabilities.

There are two types of M&A cases you’ll see in consulting case interviews:  

A company acquiring or merging with another company

A private equity firm acquiring a company

The first type of M&A case is the most common. A company is deciding whether to acquire or merge with another company.

Example: Walmart is a large retail corporation that operates a chain of supermarkets, department stores, and grocery stores. They are considering acquiring a company that provides an online platform for small businesses to sell their products. Should they make this acquisition?

There are many reasons why a company would want to acquire or merge with another company. In making an acquisition or merger, a company may be trying to:

• Gain access to the other company’s customers
• Gain access to the other company’s distribution channels
• Acquire intellectual property, proprietary technology, or other assets
• Realize cost synergies
• Acquire talent
• Remove a competitor from the market
• Diversify sources of revenue

The second type of M&A case is a private equity firm deciding whether to acquire a company. This type of M&A case is slightly different from the first type because private equity firms don’t operate like traditional businesses.

Private equity firms are investment management companies that use investor money to acquire companies in the hopes of generating a high return on investment.

After acquiring a company, a private equity firm will try to improve the company’s operations and drive growth. After a number of years, the firm will look to sell the acquired company for a higher price than what it was originally purchased for.

Example: A private equity firm is considering acquiring a national chain of tattoo parlors. Should they make this investment?

There are a few different reasons why a private equity firm would acquire a company. By investing in a company, the private equity firm may be trying to:

• Generate a high return on investment
• Diversify its portfolio of companies to reduce risk
• Realize synergies with other companies that the firm owns

Regardless of which type of M&A case you get, they both can be solved using the same five step approach.

The Five Steps to Solve Any M&A Case Interview

Step One: Understand the reason for the acquisition

The first step to solve any M&A case is to understand the primary reason behind making the acquisition. The three most common reasons are:

• The company wants to generate a high return on investment
• The company wants to acquire intellectual property, proprietary technology, or other assets
• The company wants to realize revenue or cost synergies

Knowing the reason for the acquisition is necessary to have the context to properly assess whether the acquisition should be made.

Step Two: Quantify the specific goal or target

When you understand the reason for the acquisition, identify what the specific goal or target is. Try to use numbers to quantify the metric for success.

For example, if the company wants a high return on investment, what ROI are they targeting? If the company wants to realize revenue synergies, how much of a revenue increase are they expecting?

Depending on the case, some goals or targets may not be quantifiable. For example, if the company is looking to diversify its revenue sources, this is not easily quantifiable.

Step Three: Create a M&A framework and work through the case

With the specific goal or target in mind, structure a framework to help guide you through the case. Your framework should include all of the important areas or questions you need to explore in order to determine whether the company should make the acquisition.

We’ll cover the perfect M&A framework in the next section of the article, but to summarize, there are four major areas in your framework:

Market attractiveness : Is the market that the acquisition target plays in attractive?

Company attractiveness : Is the acquisition target an attractive company?

Synergies : Are there significant revenue and cost synergies that can be realized?

Financial implications : What are the expected financial gains or return on investment from this acquisition?

Step Four: Consider risks OR consider alternative acquisition targets

Your M&A case framework will help you investigate the right things to develop a hypothesis for whether or not the company should make the acquisition.

The next step in completing an M&A case depends on whether you are leaning towards recommending making the acquisition or recommending not making the acquisition.

If you are leaning towards recommending making the acquisition…

Explore the potential risks of the acquisition.

How will the acquisition affect existing customers? Will it be difficult to integrate the two companies? How will competitors react to this acquisition?

If there are significant risks, this may change the recommendation that you have.

If you are leaning towards NOT recommending making the acquisition…

Consider other potential acquisition targets.

Remember that there is always an opportunity cost when a company makes an acquisition. The money spent on making the acquisition could be spent on something else.

Is there another acquisition target that the company should pursue instead? Are there other projects or investments that are better to pursue? These ideas can be included as next steps in your recommendation.

Step Five: Deliver a recommendation and propose next steps

At this point, you will have explored all of the important areas and answered all of the major questions needed to solve the case. Now it is time to put together all of the work that you have done into a recommendation.

Structure your recommendation in the following way so that it is clear and concise:

• State your overall recommendation firmly
• Provide three reasons that support your recommendation
• Propose potential next steps to explore

The Perfect M&A Case Interview Framework

The perfect M&A case framework breaks down the complex question of whether or not the company should make the acquisition into smaller and more manageable questions.

You should always aspire to create a tailored framework that is specific to the case that you are solving. Do not rely on using memorized frameworks because they do not always work given the specific context provided.

For merger and acquisition cases, there are four major areas that are the most important.

1. Market attractiveness

For this area of your framework, the overall question you are trying to answer is whether the market that the acquisition target plays in is attractive. There are a number of different factors to consider when assessing the market attractiveness:  

• What is the market size?
• What is the market growth rate?
• What are average profit margins in the market?
• How available and strong are substitutes?
• How strong is supplier power?
• How strong is buyer power?
• How high are barriers to entry?

2. Company attractiveness

For this area of your framework, the overall question you want to answer is whether the acquisition target is an attractive company. To assess this, you can look at the following questions:

• Is the company profitable?
• How quickly is the company growing?
• Does the company have any competitive advantages?
• Does the company have significant differentiation from competitors?

3. Synergies

For this area of your framework, the overall question you are trying to answer is whether there are significant synergies that can be realized from the acquisition.

There are two types of synergies:

• Revenue synergies
• Cost synergies

Revenue synergies help the company increase revenues. Examples of revenue synergies include accessing new distribution channels, accessing new customer segments, cross-selling products, up-selling products, and bundling products together.

Cost synergies help the company reduce overall costs. Examples of cost synergies include consolidating redundant costs and having increased buyer power.

4. Financial implications

For this area of your framework, the main question you are trying to answer is whether the expected financial gains or return on investment justifies the acquisition price.

To do this, you may need to answer the following questions:  

• Is the acquisition price fair?
• How long will it take to break even on the acquisition price?
• What is the expected increase in annual revenue?
• What are the expected cost savings?
• What is the projected return on investment?

Merger & Acquisition Case Interview Examples

Let’s put our strategy and framework for M&A cases into practice by going through an example.

M&A case example: Your client is the second largest fast food restaurant chain in the United States, specializing in serving burgers and fries. As part of their growth strategy, they are considering acquiring Chicken Express, a fast food chain that specializes in serving chicken sandwiches. You have been hired to advise on whether this acquisition should be made.

To solve this case, we’ll go through the five steps we outlined above.

The case mentions that the acquisition is part of the client’s growth strategy. However, it is unclear what kind of growth the client is pursuing.

Are they looking to grow revenues? Are they looking to grow profits? Are they looking to grow their number of locations? We need to ask a clarifying question to the interviewer to understand the reason behind the potential acquisition.

Question: Why is our client looking to make an acquisition? Are they trying to grow revenues, profits, or something else? 

Answer: The client is looking to grow profits.

Now that we understand why the client is considering acquiring Chicken Express, we need to quantify what the specific goal or target is. Is there a particular profit number that the client is trying to reach?

We’ll need to ask the interviewer another question to identify this.

Question: Is there a specific profit figure that the client is trying to reach within a specified time period?

Answer: The client is trying to increase annual profits by at least $200M by the end of the first year following the acquisition.

With this specific goal in mind, we need to structure a framework to identify all of the important and relevant areas and questions to explore. We can use market attractiveness, company attractiveness, synergies, and financial implications as the four broad areas of our framework.

We’ll need to identify and select the most important questions to answer in each of these areas. One potential framework could look like the following:

Let’s fast forward through this case and say that you have identified the following key takeaways from exploring the various areas in your framework:

• Chicken Express has been growing at 8% per year over the past five years while the fast food industry has been growing at 3% per year
• Among fast food chains, Chicken Express has the highest customer satisfaction score
• Revenue synergies would increase annual profit by $175M. This is driven by leveraging the Chicken Express brand name to increase traffic to existing locations
• Cost synergies would decrease annual costs by $50M due to increased buyer power following the acquisition

At this point, we are leaning towards recommending that our client acquire Chicken Express. To strengthen our hypothesis, we need to explore the potential risks of the acquisition.

Can the two companies be integrated smoothly? Is there a risk of sales cannibalization between the two fast food chains? How will competitors react to this acquisition?

For this case, let’s say that we have investigated these risks and have concluded that none of them pose a significant threat to achieving the client’s goals of increasing annual profit by $200M.

We’ll now synthesize the work we have done so far and provide a clear and concise recommendation. One potential recommendation may look like the following:

I recommend that our client acquires Chicken Express. There are three reasons that support this.

One, Chicken Express is an attractive acquisition target. They are growing significantly faster than the fast food industry average and have the highest customer satisfaction scores among fast food chains.

Two, revenue synergies would increase annual profit by $175M. The client can leverage the brand name of Chicken Express to drive an increase in traffic to existing locations.

Three, cost synergies would decrease annual costs by $50M. This is due to an increase in buyer power following the acquisition.

Therefore, our client will be able to achieve its goal of increasing annual profits by at least $200M. For next steps, I’d like to assess the acquisition price to determine whether it is reasonable and fair.

More M&A case interview practice

Follow along with the video below for another merger and acquisition case interview example.

For more practice, check out our article on 23 MBA consulting casebooks with 700+ free practice cases .

In addition to M&A case interviews, we also have additional step-by-step guides to: profitability case interviews , market entry case interviews , growth strategy case interviews , pricing case interviews , operations case interviews , and marketing case interviews .

Recommended M&A Case Interview Resources

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Ace Your M&A Case Study Using These 5 Key Steps

• Last Updated November, 2022

Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are high-stakes strategic decisions where a firm(s) decides to acquire or merge with another firm. As M&A transactions can have a huge impact on the financials of a business, consulting firms play a pivotal role in helping to identify M&A opportunities and to project the impact of these decisions. 

M&A cases are common case types used in interviews at McKinsey, Bain, BCG, and other top management consulting firms. A typical M&A case study interview would start something like this:

The president of a national drugstore chain is considering acquiring a large, national health insurance provider. The merger would combine one company’s network of pharmacies and pharmacy management business with the health insurance operations of the other, vertically integrating the companies. He would like our help analyzing the potential benefits to customers and shareholders.

M&A cases are easy to tackle once you understand the framework and have practiced good cases. Keep reading for insights to help you ace your next M&A case study interview.

In this article, we’ll discuss:

• Why mergers & acquisitions happen.
• Real-world M&A examples and their implications.
• How to approach an M&A case study interview.
• An end-to-end M&A case study example.

Let’s get started!

Why Do Mergers & Acquisitions Happen?

There are many reasons for corporations to enter M&A transactions. They will vary based on each side of the table. 

For the buyer, the reasons can be:

• Driving revenue growth. As companies mature and their organic revenue growth (i.e., from their own business) slows, M&A becomes a key way to increase market share and enter new markets.
• Strengthening market position. With a larger market share, companies can capture more of an industry’s profits through higher sales volumes and/or greater pricing power, while vertical integration (e.g., buying a supplier) allows for faster responses to changes in customer demand.
• Capturing cost synergies. Large businesses can drive down input costs with scale economics as well as consolidate back-office operations to lower overhead costs. (Example of scale economies: larger corporations can negotiate higher discounts on the products and services they buy. Example of consolidated back-office operations: each organization may have 50 people in their finance department, but the combined organization might only need 70, eliminating 30 salaries.)
• Undertaking PE deals. Private equity firms will buy a majority stake in a company to take control and transform the operations of the business (e.g., bring in new top management or fund growth to increase profitability).
• Accessing new technology and top talent. This is especially common in highly competitive and innovation-driven industries such as technology and biotech. 

For the seller, the reasons can be: 

• Accessing resources. A smaller business can benefit from the capabilities (e.g., product distribution or knowledge) of a larger business in driving growth.
• Gaining needed liquidity. Businesses facing financial difficulties may look for a well-capitalized business to acquire them, alleviating the stress.
• Creating shareholder exit opportunities . This is very common for startups where founders and investors want to liquidate their shares.

There are many other variables in the complex process of merging two companies. That’s why advisors are always needed to help management to make the best long-term decision.

Real-world Merger and Acquisition Examples and Their Implications

Let’s go through a couple recent merger and acquisition examples and briefly explain how they will impact the companies.

Nail the case & fit interview with strategies from former MBB Interviewers that have helped 89.6% of our clients pass the case interview.

KKR Acquisition of Ocean Yield

KKR, one of the largest private equity firms in the world, bought a 60% stake worth over $800 million in Ocean Yield, a Norwegian company operating in the ship leasing industry. KKR is expected to drive revenue growth (e.g., add-on acquisitions) and improve operational efficiency (e.g., reduce costs by moving some business operations to lower-cost countries) by leveraging its capital, network, and expertise. KKR will ultimately seek to profit from this investment by selling Ocean Yield or selling shares through an IPO.

ConocoPhillips Acquisition of Concho Resources

ConocoPhillips, one of the largest oil and gas companies in the world with a current market cap of $150 billion, acquired Concho Resources which also operates in oil and gas exploration and production in North America. The combination of the companies is expected to generate financial and operational benefits such as:

• Provide access to low-cost oil and gas reserves which should improve investment returns.
• Strengthen the balance sheet (cash position) to improve resilience through economic downturns.
• Generate annual cost savings of $500 million.
• Combine know-how and best practices in oil exploration and production operations and improve focus on ESG commitments (environmental, social, and governance).

How to Approach an M&A Case Study Interview

Like any other case interview, you want to spend the first few moments thinking through all the elements of the problem and structuring your approach. Also, there is no one right way to approach an M&A case but it should include the following: 

• Breakdown of value drivers (revenue growth and cost synergies) 
• Understanding of the investment cost
• Understanding of the risks. (For example, if the newly formed company would be too large relative to its industry competitors, regulators might block a merger as anti-competitive.) 

Example issue tree for an M&A case study: 

• Will the deal allow them to expand into new geographies or product categories?
• Will each of the companies be able to cross-sell the others’ products? 
• Will they have more leverage over prices? 
• Will it lower input costs? 
• Decrease overhead costs? 
• How much will the investment cost? 
• Will the value of incremental revenues and/or cost savings generate incremental profit? 
• What is the payback period or IRR (internal rate of return)? 
• What are the regulatory risks that could prevent the transaction from occurring? 
• How will competitors react to the transaction?
• What will be the impact on the morale of the employees? Is the deal going to impact the turnover rate? 

An End-to-end BCG M&A Case Study Example

Case prompt:

Your client is the CEO of a major English soccer team. He’s called you while brimming with excitement after receiving news that Lionel Messi is looking for a new team. Players of Messi’s quality rarely become available and would surely improve any team. However, with COVID-19 restricting budgets, money is tight and the team needs to generate a return. He’d like you to figure out what the right amount of money to offer is.

First, you’ll need to ensure you understand the problem you need to solve in this M&A case by repeating it back to your interviewer. If you need a refresher on the 4 Steps to Solving a Consulting Case Interview , check out our guide.

Second, you’ll outline your approach to the case. Stop reading and consider how you’d structure your analysis of this case. After you outline your approach, read on and see what issues you addressed, and which you didn’t consider. Remember that you want your structure to be MECE and to have a couple of levels in your Issue Tree .

Example M&A Case Study Issue Tree

• Revenue: What are the incremental ticket sales? Jersey sales? TV/ad revenues?
• Costs: What are the acquisition fees and salary costs? 
• How will the competitors respond? Will this start a talent arms race?  
• Will his goal contribution (the core success metric for a soccer forward) stay high?
• Age / Career Arc? – How many more years will he be able to play?
• Will he want to come to this team?
• Are there cheaper alternatives to recruiting Messi?
• Language barriers?
• Injury risk (could increase with age)
• Could he ask to leave our club in a few years?
• Style of play – Will he work well with the rest of the team?

Analysis of an M&A Case Study

After you outline the structure you’ll use to solve this case, your interviewer hands you an exhibit with information on recent transfers of top forwards.

In soccer transfers, the acquiring team must pay the player’s current team a transfer fee. They then negotiate a contract with the player.

From this exhibit, you see that the average transfer fee for forwards is multiple is about $5 million times the player’s goal contributions. You should also note that older players will trade at lower multiples because they will not continue playing for as long. 

Based on this data, you’ll want to ask your interviewer how old Messi is and you’ll find out that he’s 35. We can say that Messi should be trading at 2-3x last season’s goal contributions. Ask for Messi’s goal contribution and will find out that it is 55 goals. We can conclude that Messi should trade at about $140 million. 

Now that you understand the up-front costs of bringing Messi onto the team, you need to analyze the incremental revenue the team will gain.

Calculating Incremental Revenue in an M&A Case Example

In your conversation with your interviewer on the value Messi will bring to the team, you learn the following: 

• The team plays 25 home matches per year, with an average ticket price of $50. The stadium has 60,000 seats and is 83.33% full.
• Each fan typically spends $10 on food and beverages.
• TV rights are assigned based on popularity – the team currently receives $150 million per year in revenue.
• Sponsors currently pay $50 million a year.
• In the past, the team has sold 1 million jerseys for $100 each, but only receives a 25% margin.

Current Revenue Calculation:

• Ticket revenues: 60,000 seats * 83.33% (5/6) fill rate * $50 ticket * 25 games = $62.5 million.
• Food & beverage revenues: 60,000 seats * 83.33% * $10 food and beverage * 25 games = $12.5 million.
• TV, streaming broadcast, and sponsorship revenues: Broadcast ($150 million) + Sponsorship ($50 million) = $200 million.
• Jersey and merchandise revenues: 1 million jerseys * $100 jersey * 25% margin = $25 million.
• Total revenues = $300 million.

You’ll need to ask questions about how acquiring Messi will change the team’s revenues. When you do, you’ll learn the following: 

• Given Messi’s significant commercial draw, the team would expect to sell out every home game, and charge $15 more per ticket.
• Broadcast revenue would increase by 10% and sponsorship would double.
• Last year, Messi had the highest-selling jersey in the world, selling 2 million units. The team expects to sell that many each year of his contract, but it would cannibalize 50% of their current jersey sales. Pricing and margins would remain the same.
• Messi is the second highest-paid player in the world, with a salary of $100 million per year. His agents take a 10% fee annually.

Future Revenue Calculation:

• 60,000 seats * 100% fill rate * $65 ticket * 25 games = $97.5 million.
• 60,000 seats * 100% * $10 food and beverage * 25 games = $15 million.
• Broadcast ($150 million*110% = $165 million) + Sponsorship ($100 million) = $265 million.
• 2 million new jerseys + 1 million old jerseys * (50% cannibalization rate) = 2.5 million total jerseys * $100 * 25% margin = $62.5 million.
• Total revenues = $440 million.

This leads to incremental revenue of $140 million per year. 

• Next, we need to know the incremental annual profits. Messi will have a very high salary which is expected to be $110 million per year. This leads to incremental annual profits of $30 million.
• With an upfront cost of $140 million and incremental annual profits of $30 million, the payback period for acquiring Messi is just under 5 years.

Presenting Your Recommendation in an M&A Case

• Messi will require a transfer fee of approximately $140 million. The breakeven period is a little less than 5 years. 
• There are probably other financial opportunities that would pay back faster, but a player of the quality of Messi will boost the morale of the club and improve the quality of play, which should build the long-term value of the brand.
• Further due diligence on incremental revenue potential.
• Messi’s ability to play at the highest level for more than 5 years.
• Potential for winning additional sponsorship deals.

5 Tips for Solving M&A Case Study Interviews

In this article, we’ve covered:

• The rationale for M&A.
• Recent M&A transactions and their implications.
• The framework for solving M&A case interviews.
• AnM&A case study example.

Still have questions?

If you have more questions about M&A case study interviews, leave them in the comments below. One of My Consulting Offer’s case coaches will answer them.

Other people prepping for mergers and acquisition cases found the following pages helpful:

• Our Ultimate Guide to Case Interview Prep
• Types of Case Interviews
• Consulting Case Interview Examples
• Market Entry Case Framework
• Consulting Behavioral Interviews

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A blueprint for M&A success

Large mergers and acquisitions (M&A) tend to get the biggest headlines, but, as McKinsey research  indicates, executives should be paying attention to all the small deals, too. These smaller transactions, when pursued as part of a deliberate and systematic M&A program, tend to yield strong returns over the long run with comparatively low risk. And, based on our research, companies’ ability to successfully manage these deals can be a central factor in their ability to withstand economic shocks. 1 Martin Hirt, Sven Smit, Chris Bradley, Robert Uhlaner, Mihir Mysore, Yuval Atsmon, and Nicholas Northcote, “ Getting ahead of the next stage of the coronavirus ,” April 2020.

The execution of such a programmatic M&A strategy is not easy, however. Consider the situation at one global cosmetics company (a hypothetical case based on real-world experiences). Enthusiastic executives all had different ideas about which M&A opportunities the company should pursue (exhibit).

Undue influences

The hypothetical case of the global cosmetics company points to two common cognitive biases that can emerge when any company attempts to pursue programmatic M&A: the shiny-object syndrome and Maslow’s hammer.

The shiny-object syndrome —also known as extreme distraction. Companies that continually chase down the next new thing run the risk of pursuing initiatives in the wrong order, skipping foundational tasks, or duplicating efforts and investments.

The M&A team at the cosmetics company, for instance, was reactive. It was swayed by deals sourced by third parties, and it ended up inventing growth strategies around possible, exciting targets without a clear understanding of how they could generate value.

Maslow’s hammer. In his 1966 book The Psychology of Science (HarperCollins), psychologist Abraham Maslow stated, “I suppose it is tempting, if the only tool you have is a hammer, to treat everything as if it were a nail.” This is the approach the cosmetics company favored—establishing a well-organized M&A team but then using it to drive almost all growth rather than applying it only to those opportunities best suited to be bought, not built.

Without an M&A blueprint to provide an incontrovertible fact base and action plan, the cosmetics company’s efforts to implement programmatic deal making turned into a quixotic, time-wasting effort.

The CEO was pushing for a big bet on digital given the company’s superior financial position. Some senior leaders proposed expansion in greater China, the fastest-growing market for premium cosmetics. Other business-unit leaders saw poten­tial in the markets for organic products and men’s grooming. All had their own agendas (see sidebar, “Undue influences”).

Propelled by a healthy dose of FOMO (or fear of missing out) but lacking a clear set of priorities, the M&A team made multiple small bets on a range of businesses—even on some unexpected targets in adjacent markets (such as pet grooming). But the team did not have a clear plan for creating value from these targets nor for integrating them into the current business structure. The result? The organization ended up wasting time and resources on deals that were mostly unsuccessful, and its executives unintentionally created an unwieldy portfolio of businesses.

The M&A blueprint prompts business leaders to conduct a thorough self-assessment along with a comprehensive market assessment.

As this example illustrates, success in programmatic M&A requires much more than just executing on a long string of deals. Acquirers must articulate exactly why and where they need M&A to deliver on specific themes and objectives underlying their overarching corporate strategies. In addition, they must give careful thought as to how they plan to pursue programmatic M&A—including constructing a high-level business case and preliminary integration plans for each area in which they want to pursue M&A.

Taken together, these factors combine into what we call an M&A blueprint. In this article we discuss how it can be implemented to help organizations remain unrelentingly focused on their investment thesis throughout the deal process. Having a clear M&A blueprint is even more critical as com­panies begin to consider how to rebound from COVID-19. Without an M&A blueprint, it will be more difficult for companies to distinguish between through-cycle opportunities  that are consistent with their corporate strategy and “low hanging, distressed asset” deals that are not.

M&A blueprint: The building blocks

The M&A blueprint can help executives answer three main questions: Why and where should we use programmatic M&A to achieve our corporate strategy? And how should we use programmatic M&A to achieve our corporate strategy? Answering these questions will require asking still more clarifying questions about specific organizational strengths and capabilities, resources available, and other inputs to effective deal making.

Understanding ‘why’ and ‘where’

The M&A blueprint prompts business leaders to conduct a thorough self-assessment along with a comprehensive market assessment. The self-assessment helps establish the baseline from which to identify gaps in corporate ambitions as well as the opportunities for M&A to fill these gaps. It involves examining a company’s key sources of competitive advantage and testing their scalability to determine whether they would still play to the company’s advantage after a transaction. For its part, the market assessment acts as a “sense check” for business leaders, ensuring that the company’s M&A strategy capitalizes on the most recent and relevant trends, accounts for potential disruptions, and acknowledges competitors’ likely actions and reactions.

An M&A blueprint should also define any boundary conditions, or limits to the company’s use of M&A. These conditions, which are typically imposed by the CFO or the board investment committee, provide an important reality check: they define the con­straints on certain types or sizes of deals, thereby further narrowing the scope of potential targets. In setting these conditions, business leaders should account for preexisting financial hurdles—for instance, a rule that “deals must be accretive in the first year” likely would not apply to deals targeting growth and might therefore overly constrain M&A activity. Establishing these boundary conditions at the outset—with explicit agreement from the CFO and the board—can help put teeth into investment commitments and align everyone on negotiable and nonnegotiable terms.

Taken together, the self-assessment, market assessment, and review of boundary conditions can help executives understand the circumstances under which the pursuit of M&A makes the most sense, as well as the markets they are best positioned to enter. Indeed, the output of business leaders’ discussions about “why and where” will be a set of M&A themes that reflect the company’s best value-creation opportunities—those for which the company has the capabilities and resources to achieve intended strategic goals.

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What does a good M&A theme entail? For each theme, senior leaders should identify important deal criteria (categorizing potential targets by geog­raphy, sales channel, product type, and so on) as well as standard screening metrics like company size, number of employees, revenue growth, product port­folio, ownership, and so on. With this detailed information, organizations and M&A deal teams can continually cultivate potential targets within focused M&A themes while still being opportunistic about deals that present themselves.

Once these themes have been identified, business leaders should test them to ensure that they can execute against them—for instance, are there enough targets available, and do the right targets exist to fill gaps in the company’s capabilities? The M&A blueprint will be particularly critical in target-rich environments to help narrow down the list of potentials.

A “gold standard” M&A blueprint is detailed and focused on critical competitive information (value-creation levers, company capabilities, and so on). To understand whether their companies’ M&A themes are detailed enough, business leaders should consider whether they would be comfortable broadcasting those themes to competitors. The answer should be “no.” If the answer is “yes,” more work on the blueprint will be needed, as it and the related themes are likely not specific enough to be useful to M&A teams.

Understanding ‘how’

An M&A blueprint also prompts senior leaders to come up with a plan for “how” they will use M&A to further their overarching corporate strategies. Specifically, the M&A blueprint should delineate the high-level business case and preliminary integration plans associated with each M&A theme.

The business case should explain how the acqui­ring company plans to add value to the target or targets within a given M&A theme—for instance, the capital and operating expenditures needed (beyond the acquisition price) to integrate and scale the asset or assets. It should also outline the operational changes and capabilities that will be required to integrate the new assets—for instance, the creation of a new business unit or a set of new business processes to manage an acquired digital platform.

One large US healthcare company had committed to a strategy of building scale in its services businesses through M&A. First, it consolidated existing disparate service businesses under a new brand and organized them into three distinct units: pharmacy-care services, diversified health and wellness services, and data-analytics and tech­nology services. These became their three M&A themes. Then, over a ten-year period, this program­matic acquirer closed more than 60 deals, spending well over $20 billion, as it sought to fill out its portfolio along these three themes. The organization knew where it wanted to play and how.

Of course, the business case should include a preliminary integration plan for the acquired asset or assets that is consistent with the deal’s value-creation thesis—for instance, all shared services will be absorbed by the acquirer, and the target company’s product portfolio will be cross-sold to the acquirer’s existing customers.

Through their use of the M&A blueprint, business leaders can stay focused on those parts of the deal that can create the most value—especially impor­tant when companies are pursuing multiple deals within the same M&A theme. What’s more, they can prepare functional leaders, suppliers, and others well in advance for the actions they may need to take to integrate an asset or multiple assets.

How lots of small M&A deals add up to big value

M&a blueprint: putting it all together.

An M&A blueprint cannot and should not be developed based on “gut instinct” by a single execu­tive or defined post hoc to validate the theory behind an exciting deal. An executive or business-unit leader should lead its development but should be supported by corporate-strategy and corporate-development executives. The blueprint itself can take the form of a frequently updated and disseminated written report, or it can be a standing agenda item in every M&A and corporate-strategy meeting. Regardless of format, it can help decision makers assess critical factors relating to deal sourcing, due diligence, and integration planning before making any moves and taking steps to identify targets.

Looking back at the case of the cosmetics company, it becomes clear how an M&A blueprint could have helped the organization prioritize a bunch of scattershot ideas into a comprehensive programmatic M&A strategy.

With its market assessment, for instance, it might have seen that the market for digital cosmetics is projected to grow five times faster than the market for nondigital cosmetics. What’s more, market data might have revealed that customers want and expect to buy cosmetics through digital channels, and that there is no clear leader in the space. In its self-assessment, the M&A team might also have seen a gap in the company’s product portfolio com­pared with peers. And a look at boundary conditions might have revealed the time and latitude required to pay off initial acquisition investments, enabling the team to look beyond “base hit” deals with lower acquisition costs.

The M&A blueprint would have led the cosmetics company to a different outcome—perhaps a laser focus on acquiring the set of assets and capabilities needed to build a digital platform for selling cosmetics.

Spending time up front creating an M&A blueprint will pay off over the long term—particularly given the volume of deals associated with a programmatic M&A strategy. With M&A themes and criteria well defined and understood by all, companies can not only be more proactive but also more opportunistic. The top team will be aligned on strategy and focused on deal must-haves prior to reaching out to potential targets. Negotiations with potential targets can be grounded in the business case. Diligence processes can be accelerated and focused only on the most critical sources of value. Integration planning can begin early, with a focus on realizing the strategic intent of the deal rather than just stabilizing companies, people, and processes in the wake of change. Most important, the M&A blueprint can help executives tell a compelling story (inside and outside the company) about its deal-making strategy and its vision for the future.

Sophie Clarke is a consultant in McKinsey’s New Jersey office, where Liz Wol is an associate partner; Robert Uhlaner is a senior partner in the San Francisco office.

The authors wish to thank Anthony Chui, Jack Gordon, Steve Santulli, and Lexi Wang for their contributions to this article.

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Deciphering the M&A Case Study Framework: A Comprehensive Guide

Looking to master the art of M&A case study analysis? Look no further than our comprehensive guide! From understanding the key components of a successful framework to analyzing real-world case studies, this article has everything you need to become an expert in M&A strategy.

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Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are an essential aspect of the modern business world, where companies are looking for ways to expand their operations, increase their market share, and diversify their product offerings. M&A can take many forms, including mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures, and strategic alliances. This comprehensive guide aims to provide a detailed understanding of the M&A case study framework and the critical factors that influence the success of M&A transactions.

What is M&A and Why is it Important in Today's Business Landscape?

Mergers and acquisitions refer to the process of combining two or more companies or businesses. M&A is typically used as a growth strategy as it enables companies to expand their market share, reduce their costs, gain access to new technologies or products, and achieve economies of scale. M&A is also used as a way for companies to enter new markets, diversify their product offerings or strategic partnerships and collaborations.

M&A is a critical aspect of today's business landscape, as it enables companies to maximize value creation and improve their competitiveness in the global marketplace. Successful M&A transactions can lead to better financial performance, increased shareholder value, and enhanced market position.

However, M&A transactions can also be risky and complex, requiring careful planning, due diligence, and execution. Companies must consider various factors such as cultural differences, regulatory requirements, and potential legal issues that may arise during the process. Poorly executed M&A transactions can result in financial losses, damage to reputation, and even legal consequences.

Moreover, M&A activity is influenced by various external factors such as economic conditions, political instability, and technological advancements. For instance, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted M&A activity, with many companies delaying or canceling their transactions due to the uncertainty and economic downturn caused by the pandemic.

Understanding the Different Types of M&A Transactions

There are several different types of M&A transactions that companies can use as a growth strategy, such as horizontal, vertical, and conglomerate mergers and acquisitions.

Horizontal mergers involve the combination of two companies that operate in the same industry or market. Such mergers aim to increase market share, reduce competition, and achieve economies of scale.

Vertical mergers refer to the combination of two companies that operate in different levels of the value chain of the same industry. Vertical mergers aim to increase efficiency, reduce the cost of raw materials, and improve supply-chain management.

Conglomerate mergers involve the combination of two unrelated companies that operate in different industries or markets. Such mergers aim to diversify the product portfolio, reduce business risk, and achieve economies of scale.

Another type of M&A transaction is a reverse merger, which involves a private company acquiring a public company. This allows the private company to go public without having to go through the lengthy and expensive process of an initial public offering (IPO).

Finally, there are also friendly and hostile takeovers. A friendly takeover is when the target company agrees to be acquired by the acquiring company, while a hostile takeover is when the acquiring company makes an offer to the target company's shareholders without the approval of the target company's management.

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Identifying the Key Players in M&A Case Studies

There are several key players involved in M&A transactions, including the acquiring company, the target company, the board of directors, the shareholders, and the investment bankers and advisors. The acquiring company is the buyer of the target company, while the target company is the company that is being acquired. The board of directors plays a crucial role in the approval of the transaction, while shareholders have the power to vote and approve the deal. Investment bankers and advisors are usually responsible for facilitating the transaction and advising on the best strategy for the acquiring company.

It is important to note that the role of each key player can vary depending on the specific M&A case. For example, in a hostile takeover, the target company and its board of directors may resist the acquisition, while the acquiring company may need to work with its investment bankers and advisors to come up with a more aggressive strategy. Additionally, the shareholders may have different opinions on the deal, and it is important for the acquiring company to communicate effectively with them to gain their support. Understanding the unique dynamics of each M&A case is crucial for identifying the key players and their roles.

Analyzing the Financial Aspects of a M&A Deal

Financial analysis is a critical step in evaluating M&A transactions. Companies need to conduct a thorough financial analysis to determine the value of the target company and the potential benefits of the acquisition. The financial analysis should consider the financial statements of both the acquiring and target companies, including income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements. Additional financial metrics such as net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) can also be used to evaluate the financial viability of the transaction.

Another important aspect of financial analysis in M&A deals is the consideration of potential risks and uncertainties. Companies need to assess the potential risks associated with the acquisition, such as changes in market conditions, regulatory changes, and integration challenges. This analysis can help companies develop strategies to mitigate these risks and ensure a successful acquisition.

Furthermore, financial analysis can also help companies identify potential synergies between the acquiring and target companies. Synergies can arise from cost savings, revenue growth, and increased market share. By identifying these synergies, companies can better evaluate the potential benefits of the acquisition and develop a plan to realize these synergies post-merger.

Examining the Legal and Regulatory Implications of M&A Transactions

Legal and regulatory due diligence is a necessary step for any M&A transaction. Companies need to ensure that they comply with legal and regulatory requirements and that their transaction does not violate any antitrust, anti-bribery, or data protection laws. Legal and regulatory due diligence can also include assessing licenses, patents, and intellectual property rights.

Additionally, legal and regulatory due diligence can also involve reviewing the target company's contracts, leases, and other legal agreements to identify any potential liabilities or risks. This can include analyzing the terms of employment contracts, supplier agreements, and customer contracts to ensure that they are favorable and do not pose any legal or financial risks to the acquiring company. It is important for companies to conduct thorough legal and regulatory due diligence to avoid any legal or financial consequences that may arise from a poorly executed M&A transaction.

Assessing the Strategic Motivations for M&A Deals

Companies engage in M&A transactions for various strategic reasons such as increasing market share, diversifying the product portfolio, gaining access to new technologies, reducing costs, or achieving economies of scale. It is essential to assess the strategic motivations behind the transaction to determine if the deal makes sense and will add value to the acquiring company.

One of the most common strategic motivations for M&A deals is to gain access to new markets. By acquiring a company that has a strong presence in a particular market, the acquiring company can quickly establish itself in that market and gain a competitive advantage. This can be particularly beneficial for companies that are looking to expand internationally.

Another strategic motivation for M&A deals is to acquire talent. In some cases, a company may be interested in acquiring another company primarily for its employees. This can be especially true in industries where there is a shortage of skilled workers. By acquiring a company with a talented workforce, the acquiring company can quickly build its own team and gain a competitive advantage.

Evaluating the Risks and Benefits of M&A Transactions for Businesses

M&A transactions are not without risks. These risks include the integration of different corporate cultures and management styles, the potential loss of key employees, legal and regulatory compliance issues, and financial risks. On the other hand, M&A transactions can offer significant benefits such as improved market position, greater economies of scale, access to new technologies, and increased shareholder value. It is essential to evaluate the risks and benefits of M&A transactions for businesses and to mitigate risks to ensure a successful transaction.

Developing a Successful M&A Strategy: Tips and Best Practices

Developing a successful M&A strategy requires careful planning and execution. A well-designed strategy can help companies achieve their financial and strategic goals. Some best practices for developing a successful M&A strategy include conducting thorough due diligence, setting clear objectives, identifying potential risks, and developing a post-merger integration plan.

Real-World Examples of Successful M&A Deals and Lessons Learned

There are many examples of successful M&A transactions, including Disney's acquisition of Marvel Entertainment, Procter & Gamble's acquisition of Gillette, and Facebook's acquisition of WhatsApp. By studying these examples, we can learn valuable lessons about the factors that contribute to successful M&A transactions, including proper due diligence, clear strategic objectives, and effective post-merger integration plans.

Common Pitfalls to Avoid When Engaging in a M&A Transaction

M&A transactions can be complex, and there are several common pitfalls that businesses should avoid. These pitfalls include overvaluing the target company, inadequate due diligence, poor communication with stakeholders, and underestimating integration challenges. Avoiding these common pitfalls can help ensure a successful M&A transaction.

The Role of Due Diligence in M&A Case Studies: A Step-by-Step Guide

Due diligence is a critical component of any M&A transaction. Due diligence involves conducting a comprehensive review of the target company to assess its financial, legal, and operational status. A step-by-step guide to due diligence includes analyzing financial statements, reviewing contract agreements, assessing intellectual property rights, and evaluating employee relations and management processes.

How to Measure the Success of Your M&A Deal: Key Performance Indicators to Track

Measuring the success of an M&A transaction is essential to determine if the deal has added value to the acquiring company. Key performance indicators (KPIs) can help companies assess the success of the transaction. These KPIs include financial performance metrics such as revenue growth and profitability, market share, employee satisfaction, and customer satisfaction.

The Future of M&A: Trends, Innovations, and Challenges

The future of M&A transactions is rapidly evolving, driven by technological advancements, changing market conditions, and global economic shifts. Developments such as big data, artificial intelligence, blockchain, and cloud computing are transforming the way companies approach M&A transactions. As the business landscape continues to evolve, businesses will need to embrace innovation and adapt to new challenges to succeed in today's competitive market.

The M&A case study framework is complex, but by understanding the key factors that contribute to a successful transaction, companies can execute M&A deals that create long-term value. The critical success factors for M&A transactions include a well-designed M&A strategy, due diligence, proper financial analysis, and effective post-merger integration planning. By following best practices and learning from real-world examples, businesses can achieve their strategic and financial goals through M&A transactions.

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A detailed look at m&a case interviews with a sample approach and example.

M&A motivations | Approaching M&A cases | M&A question bank | Example case walk-through #1 | Example case walk-through #2

Acquisitions are exciting and make for great headlines, but the decision to pursue one is serious business - and makes for a great case interview topic!

For example, consider mega deals like Salesforce acquiring Tableau for $15.7B or Kraft and Heinz merging at a combined valued of $45B. Mergers and acquisitions (often abbreviated as M&A) are some of the splashiest business decisions, often due to the large size of the deals and ability to quickly shake up market share.

Like profitability or market entry cases , M&A questions will often come up during a case interview, either as the primary topic or as a component of a broader case.

Typical motivations for M&A activity (Top)

Before jumping into case interviews, let's talk about why a company might pursue a merger or an acquisition in the first place. There are 3 main factors that drive M&A decisions: growth, competition, and synergies.

M&A for growth purposes

When determining a long-term growth strategy, companies have several options they tend to consider: build, buy, or partner. Amazon's growth into the grocery industry is a great example of a company implementing both build and buy strategies.

Amazon began by leveraging their existing capabilities to build their offering internally, adding food products to their platform and same-day food delivery. However, in 2017 they announced the acquisition of Whole Foods . By purchasing an existing player in the grocery space, they were able to acquire not only the Whole Foods brand, customer base, and retail footprint, but also the employees, supplier relationships, and industry know-how. The acquisition allowed them to grow at a quicker pace than they would have been able to otherwise.

M&A for competitive purposes

Competition can be another big driver behind M&A activity. Consider Uber and Didi's merger in 2016. Both companies were spending enormous amounts of money to gain market share (Uber's losses were estimated at ~$2B), but were still not achieving profitability. By coming to a merger agreement, Uber and Didi were able to end the destructive competition in China and move forward as partners with a shared interest in each other's success.

M&A for synergy gains

Other companies pursue mergers or acquisitions due to the complementary nature of combining two businesses. These complementary aspects are called synergies and might include things like the ability to cut out redundant overhead functions or the ability to cross-sell products to shared customers.

The value of potential synergies is typically estimated prior to doing a deal and would be one of the biggest points of discussion for the buyer. Note that the task of estimating the value of synergies is often more art than science, and many companies overvalue the expected synergies they'll get from a deal. This is just one of the reasons more than 70% of M&A deals fail .

The synergies that can be realized through a merger or acquisition will be different for any given pair of companies and will be one of the primary determining factors in a purchase price. For example, the synergies between a mass retailer buying a smaller clothing company will be much larger than if a restaurant were to buy that same clothing company. Common cost structures and revenue streams often result in greater synergies. For example, two similar businesses that merge will be able to streamline their finance, HR, and legal functions, resulting in a more efficient operation.

M&A framework (Top)

Mergers and acquisitions are not entered into by companies lightly. These are incredibly strategic decisions that are enormously expensive, from both a time and resource perspective, so any leadership team will want to do their due diligence and consider these decisions from multiple angles.

While each M&A scenario will have its own unique factors and considerations, there are some recurring topics you'll most likely want to dive into. We'll cover these in five steps below.

💡 Remember that every case is unique. While these steps can apply to many M&A cases, you should always propose a framework tailored to the specific case question presented!

Step 1: Unpack the motivations

Before recommending a merger or acquisition, the first step is to understand the deeper purpose behind this strategic decision. The motivation might be hinted at in your case prompt, or it might be apparent given general knowledge of a particular industry.

For example, if the question is "Snack Co. is looking to expand into Asia and wants to determine if an acquisition of Candy Co. would be successful", you can tell that the underlying motivation for acquisition is growth through geographic expansion. If the question is about an airline looking to buy another airline, the drivers are likely the competitive nature of the industry and potential synergies in the cost structure.

Once you understand what's driving the M&A desire, you'll know what lens to apply throughout the remainder of the case. You'll also be able to weave in your business acumen in your final recommendation.

Step 2: Evaluate the market

As with many case interviews, a well-rounded market analysis is typically a good place to start. In this scenario, the market we're evaluating is that of the target company. The goal here is to develop a broad understanding of the attractiveness of the market, as the client is essentially investing in this space through M&A activity. For this step, consider:

• Size and forecasted growth of the market
• Barriers to entry such as regulations
• The competitive landscape
• Supplier and buyer dynamics

This step should not be skipped, even in the case of a merger between two companies in the same market. It can't be assumed that the market is attractive just because the buyer is in it already. Rather, if the market evaluation proves unattractive, the buyer should not only avoid the deal, but also address their existing strategy internally.

Step 3: Assess the target company

If the market is deemed to be attractive, the next question is if the target is the optimal company to acquire or merge with in that market. The main points to address here are:

• Is the target financially stable e.g. profitable with growing revenues?
• Does it have a large market share or growing customer base?
• Does it have a capable and experienced team?
• Does it have other intangible assets such as a powerful brand or a valuable patent?

Step 4: Identify potential benefits and risks

Next, consider the pros and cons of doing the deal. Where might the buyer be able to realize synergies with the target? What are the biggest risks to doing the deal? What might derail the integration? For this part, consider these key questions:

• Are there cost or revenue synergies between the two companies?
• What are the primary risks to integrating the two companies?
• Are there concerns around cultural fit (95% of executives say this is vital to a deal's success )?

Step 5: Present your recommendation

Finally, pull all of your findings together and share your final recommendation. Make sure to support your argument with data from the earlier steps and note what you would want to look at if you had more time.

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M&A question bank (Top)

Below, you'll a see list of M&A case questions sourced from a top candidate - Ana Sousa , an ex-McKinsey Business Analyst currently pursuing her MBA at OSU.

Case A background :

Our client, NewPharma, is a major pharmaceutical company with USD 20 billion in annual revenue. Its corporate headquarters is located in Germany, with sales offices around the world. NewPharma has a long, successful record in researching, developing, and selling “small molecule” drugs. This class represents the majority of drugs today, such as aspirin. They would like to enter a new, fast-growing segment of biological drugs, which are made with large and more complex molecules, and can treat conditions not addressable by conventional drugs. The Research and Development (R&D) associated with biological molecules is completely different from small molecules. In order to acquire these capabilities, a pharma company can build them from scratch, partner with startups, or acquire them. Competition is already many years ahead of NewPharma, so they are looking to jumpstart their own program by acquiring BioAdvance, a leading biologicals startup headquartered in San Francisco. BioAdvance was founded 10 years ago by renowned scientists and now have 200 employees. It is publicly traded, and at current share price, they are worth around USD 2 billion.

Example interview question #1: You are asked to evaluate this potential acquisition and advise on the strategic fit for NewPharma. What would you consider when evaluating whether NewPharma should acquire BioAdvance?

Example interview question #2: let’s explore the setup with bioadvance after a potential acquisition. bioadvance’s existing drug pipeline is relatively limited, however, newpharma is more interested in leveraging bioadvance as a biological research “engine” that, when combined with newpharma’s current r&d assets, would produce a strong drug pipeline over the next 10 years. what are your hypotheses on major risks of integrating the r&d functions of both companies, example interview question #3: in the case of an acquisition, newpharma wants to consolidate all biologicals r&d into one center. there are two options to do so: combine them at newpharma’s headquarters in germany, or at bioadance’s headquarters in san francisco. currently, newpharma does not have any biological facilities or operations in germany, so new ones would need to be built. how would you think about this decision.

Case B background :

Total Energy Inc. (TEI) is a private, medium-sized company with a strong history of drilling and producing natural gas wells in Pennsylvania. They own an ample, and believe valuable, set of land assets where more wells could be drilled. The company is well capitalized but has seen profits decline for the last few years, with a projection of loss for the next year. One of the main drivers is the price of natural gas, which has dropped considerably, mainly because companies like TEI have perfected unconventional drilling techniques, leading to an oversupply of the North American market. Current prices are at a five year low. A larger competition has approached TEI’s leadership about acquiring them for an offer of USD 250 million.

Example interview question #1: TEI’s leadership would like your help in evaluating this offer, as well as identifying alternative strategies. How would you assess this matter?

Example interview question #2: the exploration team at tei has found that there is an oil field in texas that they could acquire, and immediately start drilling. drilling is one of the core competencies and strengths of tei. how would you think about this option in comparison to the selling offer.

Case C background :

Tech Cloud has developed a new research engine designed to increase online retail sales by reshaping customer search results based on real-time customer data analysis. An initial assessment indicates outstanding results in increasing sales, and therefore a tremendous potential for this product. However, Tech Cloud is a small startup, so they do not currently possess the capabilities to sell and install their algorithm in large scale. A major tech company has approached Tech Cloud with a partnership offer: to help them make the new product scalable, offering to pay $150M for it as is, and asking for 50% of profits on all future sales of the new research engine.

Example interview question #1: How would you assess whether Tech Cloud should or should not take this partnership offer?

Example interview question #2: what risks would you outline in this partnership, and how would you recommend tech cloud to mitigate them.

Case D background :

Snack Hack is the fifth largest fast-food chain in the world in number of stores in operation. As most competitors, Snack Hack sells fast-food combo meals for any time of the day. Although Snack Hack owns some of its store, it is mainly operating under a franchising business model, with 85% of its operating stores owned by franchisees. As part of a growth strategy, Snack Hack has been analyzing Creamy Dream as a potential acquisition target. Creamy Dream is a growing ice cream franchise with a global presence. While they also operate by franchising, there is a difference: Snack Hack franchises restaurants (stores), while Creamy Dream franchises areas or regions in which the franchisee is required to open a certain number of stores.

Example interview question #1: What would you explore in order to determine whether Snack Hack should acquire Creamy Dream?

Example interview question #2: what potential synergies can exist between snack hack and creamy dream, example interview question #3: one of the potential synergies that our team believes has great potential is increasing overall profitability by selling creamy dream ice cream at snack hack stores. how would you evaluate the impact of this synergy in profitability, example m&a case #1 (top).

We'll now use our framework to tackle one of the example questions we listed above. Let's focus on Case A and answer the following question:

You are asked to evaluate this potential acquisition and advise on the strategic fit for NewPharma. What would you consider when evaluating whether NewPharma should acquire BioAdvance?

Unpacking: why do they want to acquire.

Following our recommended framework, the first step is to identify the underlying purposes of the acquisition. In this case, you can tell from the context information that their strategic motivation is to enter a new type of drug market. The case has already stated your alternatives outside of this M&A: to build capabilities from scratch or make a partnership/acquisition of a different target.

Evaluating the market: is it an attractive space?

Step 2 in our framework is to evaluate the market. You are told the biological segment is fast-growing, and does not overlap with NewPharma current products, therefore there is no risk of cannibalization. You still need to know who currently competes in this segment, what is the general profitability of these drugs and how it compares to small molecule drugs, and deep dive on the regulation for these drugs, since pharma industry is strongly regulation-driven.

Assessing the target: is it a good company?

Next, we jump into step 3, which is assessing the target. This is where we were given the smallest amount of information, so there is much to cover. R&D is a time-consuming process, and NewPharma will not see profits for drugs they start developing together in case of an acquisition in many years, maybe decades. Therefore, the first thing to look at is the value of BioAdvance’s current drug pipeline, or, in other words, what drugs are they currently developing, their likelihood of success, and their expected revenues and profits.

Another key factor is their capabilities, which is what NewPharma is mostly interested in. What does BioAdvance bring to the table in terms of scientific talent, intellectual property, and research facilities? We also want to look at whether they have current contracts or partnerships with other competitors.

Furthermore, besides their main capability which is research, NewPharma should also learn about their marketing and sales capabilities, to identify any synergies in global sales, and also to understand how they currently promote biologicals, since NewPharma has no experience in this. A great structure would also consider any gaps BioAdvance might have, both in R&D and marketing capabilities. Lastly, NewPharma needs to conduct a due diligence to assess the value of BioAdvance, and therefore the acquisition price.

Identify risks and benefits

Step 4 is identifying the risks and benefits. In a high level, the risks include potential of them having a weak pipeline, which would mean not seeing any profits for years. In addition, NewPharma is a European country, while BioAdvance is from California, which means there is a risk of cultural barriers between both their leaderships and their R&D scientists. In addition, there is the risk that entering this new drug market is not aligned with NewPharma’s strategy or core competencies. The benefits include quickly adding R&D capabilities to catch up with their competitors and addressing a new segment of customers that they currently do not serve.

Example M&A case #2 (Top)

Let's walk through another example M&A case to illustrate how the framework we've introduced might be applied in practice. We'll lay out the thought process a candidate would be expected to demonstrate in a case interview. Here's our prompt:

"Our client, Edu Co., is a publishing company that has historically focused on K-12 curriculum and printed educational materials. They're looking at acquiring a startup that's developed digital classroom materials and assessments. How should they evaluate this opportunity?"

Our first step is to consider why Edu Co. is pursuing an acquisition. From the prompt, we can see that they're an established business looking to acquire a newer entry to the market. Edu Co. has focused on their core capabilities - content and printing - but has not invested in a digital product.

Edu Co. is clearly eyeing the startup target as a way to accelerate their growth into the edtech space. Rather than investing in building a digital product themselves, Edu Co. is looking to buy a company that already has a strong product, customer base, and team.

To begin, we would want to evaluate the digital education market. We might ask for more information on the size and growth rate to start. If we find out the market is large and forecasted to grow at 10% per year, that tells us it's a fairly attractive market.

In terms of barriers to entry, there is limited regulation around K-12 content and assessment. In the edtech space, the main concern is around the secure storage of information having to do with minors.

The competitive landscape is something we would want to ask for more information about. We would want to know how many other companies were pursuing these products and which had the most market share. If the market is highly fragmented, it means there is still room for a clear winner to emerge.

Regarding customer dynamics, we would want to know about any indications of changing preferences. For example, the push towards remote learning during COVID-19 would be relevant, as teachers and students have quickly become more comfortable with digital products.

Once we've determined that the market for digital education is attractive, we'll want to turn our attention to the target company. We would start by asking the interviewer for any information on the company's finances, team, market share, and other assets.

Assume the interviewer gives us revenue, profit, and market share data for the past 3 years. As part of our due diligence, we would want to ensure that all three of these metrics were either stable or growing. If we saw dips in this data, it would be important to dive deeper and understand why their performance had declined.

We would also want to know what their organizational structure looked like. If their staff was primarily sales & marketing (meaning they had outsourced their engineering work), they would be a less attractive target, as acquiring the tech personnel was one of the big reasons Edu Co. was looking to buy the business.

Finally, we would want to understand the technology they had developed. It would be important to understand the strengths and weaknesses of their product as well as any patents or IP.

Next, we would want to lay out any risks or benefits to acquiring the company.

The biggest risk we see is that the two company cultures are very different - Edu Co. is large, slower to make changes, and has an older workforce, whereas the other is much smaller, more agile, and younger. If we tried to integrate these two companies, there may be friction between the two working styles.

On the benefits side, there is potential for both cost and revenue synergies. On the cost side, we would be able to cut redundant administrative roles out, such as HR and finance. On the revenue side, Edu Co. may be able to leverage their customer relationships to cross sell digital products.

Present your final recommendation

Eventually, the interviewer would ask if Edu Co. should pursue the acquisition. Here, we would want to pull all the findings together and lay out our reasoning. Start with the answer first:

Recommendation: "Edu Co. should acquire the edtech startup. It's an attractive market that's growing rapidly and doesn't have a clear leader yet. Furthermore the startup appears to be well-positioned in the market: their revenues, profits, and market share have been growing. As Edu Co. looks to grow into the digital education space, this acquisition will give them a leg-up on competitors. Edu Co. will also be able to leverage their customer relationships to rapidly expand the use of this new digital product. However, Edu Co. will want to develop a robust integration plan to mitigate the risk of culture clash. They may want to consider letting the startup remain in their existing HQ to retain their agile working style."

Summary: putting it all together (Top)

As discussed, M&A cases are fairly common because they have the potential to cover a lot of ground, relevant business challenges.

Realize that in a real M&A case, the due diligence on the target alone could take weeks. It's likely your interviewer will have you dive deeper into one specific step to observe your thought process. In that case, stick with your structure, follow their lead, and always lay out the next steps you would follow if you had more time.

Finally, keep in mind that M&A doesn't just come up because it's fun to analyze; it's also an important source of revenue for the firms - Bain's private equity group does hundreds of due diligence cases annually and BCG's post-merger intergration (PMI) practice makes good money helping firms execute a merger successfully.

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Frameworks for the Case Interview (Part II: Mergers and Acquisitions Framework)

• Post author By Mike Ni
• Post date May 21, 2018
• No Comments on Frameworks for the Case Interview (Part II: Mergers and Acquisitions Framework)

Another framework you should know is the Mergers & Acquisitions framework (M&A framework). The reason that this framework is worth introducing is due to the increasing frequency of M&A cases confronting candidates in the case interview. Needless to say, M&A deals are notoriously complicated financial activities, which makes candidates panic when they are prompted with an M&A case. However, you will find out in this article why you have no need to worry, as long as you can remember just a few fundamental principles of this type of case.

To start with, what is M&A? For those who are not familiar with this term, M&A refers to a situation where one company buys part or all of the business of another company. If one company takes a controlling interest in the other, it is regarded as an acquisition. If the two companies combine their businesses and shareholders, it is regarded as a merger. Of course, financial experts have many detailed definitions of M&A. Here, you just need to remember this simple description.

For the sake of M&A cases, candidates are usually asked to be an advisor for the buyer rather than the seller. So, what you should really think about are things from the buyers’ perspective.

As M&A is a highly professional service, don’t bother trying to understand the roots or origins of why the M&A framework stands as it is. Rather, let’s jump into the framework and explore each component.

The M&A framework is set out below.

The framework splits an M&A case into two main chunks: Financial and Non-Financial. Yes, M&A is not all about finance! The financial part mostly involves quantitative analysis while the non-financial part focuses on business acumen.

In the financial part, the underpinning logic is for an M&A deal to make sense for the buyer the benefits it gains should be greater than the cost it pays. The benefits come from the value of the target company and any synergies that result from combining the two businesses together.

There are three main valuation methods you can use to estimate the value of the company:

• Discounted Cash Flow ,
• Comparable Companies , and
• Comparable Transactions .

In most cases, you should expect to use any of these three methods to estimate the target company’s value. To be efficient, I would recommend that you click the three links above and read the articles in order to understand each valuation method. These articles are written by professionals in a reader friendly language; you will definitely appreciate them.

The second source of benefits are ‘synergies’. Synergies to the buyer in an M&A deal come from either revenue growth or cost reduction. You should use your basic business common sense to find out whether there are synergies and where they come from for the specific deal you are considering. You can find a summary list of possible synergies below. The list is not exhaustive, you may find other sources of synergies depending on the details of the case.

Moving on now to consider Costs. There are two main costs that need to be considered: the acquisition price and integration costs. The acquisition price is quite straight forward, how much is the buyer willing to pay? In most cases, this will be a number that candidates can get from the interviewer. If not, candidates can easily assume a starting price level by multiplying the number of shares outstanding by the share price.  Integration costs include costs incurred for integrating IT systems, operational processes, and organizational structure.

Once you have analysed the Benefits and Costs of the M&A deal, review whether the benefits are greater than the costs. If they are then you have reason to assess the non-financial aspects. If not, then you can make a conclusion. No M&A deal will be made without sufficient financial incentives for the buyer.

Next, let’s have a look at the second chunk of the M&A framework: the non-financial part. Here is where your business acumen kicks in. Non-financial issues include cultural and organizational fit, and regulatory fit.

Understanding cultural and organizational fit requires you to consider the culture, leadership, and organizational structure of the two companies. There are other issues you can explore, however I believe these three are the most important. You can find a summary of the main issues below.

The final non-financial issue to consider is regulatory fit. This will vary from country to country. But at a high level, candidates should talk about major regulatory concerns such as antitrust law, shareholder regulation, tax law, and government supervision. Candidates are not required to know everything about possible regulatory issues, especially if they are interviewing in a country with which they are not familiar. But it is important to highlight the above common areas that are worth looking into.

In summary, keeping the M&A framework in mind is not difficult for most candidates. And once remembered, you just need to follow the steps to solve the case. Since the M&A case is usually regarded as a difficult one, the interviewer will not push you to use a detailed valuation method or to consider regulatory issues that are not well known to all candidates. For management consultants, M&A does not involve the same work as for an investment banker. The important thing is to have a logical break down of the M&A deal and know what each part is about.

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How to master M&A consulting case studies?

M&A deals can involve huge sums of money. For instance, the beer company AB InBev spent $130bn on SAB Miller, one of its largest competitors, in 2015. As a comparison, South Africa's GDP was ~$300bn the same year.

These situations can be extremely stressful for companies' executives both on the buying and selling sides. Most CEOs only do a handful of acquisitions in their career and are therefore not that familiar with the process. If things go wrong, they could literally lose their job.

As a consequence, management consultants are often brought into these situations to help. Most top firms including McKinsey, BCG and Bain have Partners specialised in helping CEOs and CFOs navigate M&A.

There is therefore a good chance that you will come across an M&A case study at some point in your consulting interviews . Preparing for this situation is important. Let's first step through why companies buy each other in the first place. Second, let's discuss how you should structure your framework in an M&A case interview. And finally, let's practice on an M&A case example.

Click here to practise 1-on-1 with MBB ex-interviewers

Why do companies buy each other.

Imagine you are the CEO of a large beer company called AB InBev. What are the reasons you would decide to buy your competitor SAB Miller? Let's step through the three most common ones.

Reason #1: Undervaluation

The first reason you might decide to buy SAB Miller is that you think it is undervalued by the stock market. For instance, SAB Miller owns leading beer brands in Africa and China. And your analysis might suggest that beer consumption in these markets is going to grow even faster than everyone else expects. The stock market might value SAB Miller at $130bn, but you think it is actually worth $150bn because of the insights you on have on Africa and China. If that's only reason you are buying, you would behave as a pure financial investor.

Reason #2: Control

The second reason you might buy SAB Miller is that you think it is poorly managed and you can do a better job than the current management if you get control. For instance, you might think that SAB Miller's marketing team really isn't doing a good job. The current revenues of the company are $50bn, but you estimate that you can grow these revenues to $55bn by adjusting the marketing messages and without spending additional money. In that case, you'll pay $130bn for SAB Miller today, but once you've adjusted the marketing strategy and increased revenues, it will be worth much more.

Reason #3: Synergies

The final reason you might buy SAB Miller for $130bn is that you think you can create value by combining it with your own company. Let's assume AB InBev was worth $200bn at the time of the purchase. As the CEO you could have reasons to believe that the combination of both companies would be worth MORE than the individual parts; i.e. more than $330bn ($200bn + $130bn). For instance, if you combine both entities, you might decide to keep the AB InBev marketing team and to let go the SAB Miller one. The combined entity would maintain the same revenues but have lower costs and therefore higher profits. This is what's called synergies.

Having a high-level understanding of the three concepts above is more than enough for the purpose of case interview preparation . But if you are interested in the topic and would like to read more about it, we would recommend the following McKinsey article about successful acquisition strategies .

M&A case framework

Right, now that you have a high-level understanding of why companies buy each other in the first place, let's discuss the framework you should use to analyse the transaction.

Partners at McKinsey, BCG and Bain typically look at 4 areas when working on M&A cases. Let's step through them one by one and list the questions you'd want to answer in each.

1. The market

The first area consultants typically analyse in M&A cases is the market. This is extremely important because a big part of the success or failure of the acquisition will depend on broader market dynamics. Here are some of the questions you could look into:

• Are both companies (buyer / target) in the same markets (e.g. geographies, customers, etc.)?
• How big is the market? And how fast is it growing?
• How profitable is the market? And is its profitability stable?
• How intense is the competition? Are there more and more players?
• How heavily regulated is the market? Are there barriers to entry?

2. The target

The second important area to analyse is the company you are thinking of acquiring (i.e. the target). Your overall objective here will be to understand how attractive it is both financially and strategically.

• What is the current and future financial position of the target (e.g.: revenues, profits, etc.)? Is it under / overvalued?
• Does the target own any assets (e.g.: technology, brands, etc.) or capabilities (e.g.: manufacturing know-how) that are strategically important to the buyer?
• What's the quality of the current management? Do we believe we can add value by getting control and running the company better?
• Is the target company's culture very different? If so, are we confident it could still integrate well with the buyer?

3. The buyer

The third area consultants typically analyse is the buyer (i.e. the company buying the target). It is important to have a good understanding of what's motivating the purchase the target and whether the buyer has adequate financial resources.

• What's the acquisition rationale? Undervaluation, control, synergies or a combination?
• Can the buyer easily finance the acquisition? Or will it need to lend money?
• Does the buyer have any experience in integrating companies? Was it successful in the past?
• Is this the right time for the buyer to acquire another player? Does it risk losing focus?

4. Synergies and risks

And finally, the last area to analyse is the synergies and risks related to the acquisition. This is usually the hardest part of the analysis as it is the most uncertain.

• What is the value of the individual and combined entities?
• Are there cost synergies (e.g.: duplication of roles, stronger buying power, etc.)?
• Are there revenue synergies (e.g.: product cross-selling, using the target's distribution channels for the buyer's products, etc.)?
• What are the biggest risks that could make the acquisition fail (e.g. culture fit, regulation, etc.)?

It is almost impossible to cover all these aspects in a 40mins case interview. Once you will have laid out your framework, your interviewer will then typically make you focus on a specific area of the framework for the rest of the case. This is usually the market, or the target company. But can also sometimes be the other two points.

M&A case examples

Ok, now that you know how to analyse M&A situations, let's step through a few real life examples of acquisitions and their rationale. For each example, you should take a few minutes to apply the framework you've just learned. Once you have done that, you can then read the actual acquisition rationale.

Situation #1: At the beginning of the 2010s, IBM went on an acquisition spree and purchased 43 companies over 3 years for an average of $350 million each. All of these companies had smaller scale than IBM and slightly different technology.

Rationale: The main reason IBM decided to buy these 40+ companies is that they could all benefit from the firm's global sales force. Indeed IBM has a presence in the largest software markets in the world (e.g. North America, Europe, etc.) that smaller companies just don't have. IBM estimates that thanks to its footprint it could accelerate the growth of the companies it purchased by more than 40 percent over the two years following the acquisition in some cases. This is a typical product distribution synergy.

Situation #2: In 2010, Apple decided to buy Siri, its now famous voice assistant. And in 2014, it decided to purchase Beats Electronics which had just launched a music streaming business. Both acquisitions were motivated by similar reasons.

Rationale: In both the Siri and Beats cases, Apple had the capabilities to develop the technology / product it was purchasing itself. It could have built its own voice assistant, and its own music streaming business. But it decided not to. The reason they thought it would be better to buy a competitor is that it was going to enable them to offer these solutions to their customers QUICKER. To be more precise, they probably estimated that offering these products quicker was worth more money than the savings they would make by developping the technology on their own. This is a typical revenue synergy that's widespread in the technology space.

Situation #3: Volkswagen, Audi and Porsche have been combined companies since 2012. Mergers are common in the automative industry and usually motivated by a central reason.

Rationale: The cost to develop a new car platform is really high. It takes years, hundreds of people and millions of dollars. By belonging to the same group, Volkswagen, Audi and Porsche can actually share car platforms and reuse them for different models with different brands. For instance, the Audi Q7, the Porsche Cayenne and the VW Tourage all run on the same underlying platform. This is a typical cost synergy.

Acquisitions are high-stake situations during which CEOs often feel they need the support of consultants. You should therefore expect to come across M&A cases at some point during your interviews. That being said, your interviewer won't expect you to be an M&A expert. Having a high-level understanding of what motivates companies to buy each other as well as knowing the framework listed above should be sufficient M&A knowledge.

After all, M&A cases, are normal case interviews. What will determine if you succeed or not is your ability to think and communicate in a structured way, not your detailed knowledge of how M&A works. So it's a good idea to spend some time on M&A cases, but don't let it distract you from your broader case interview preparation.

Mock interviews

The best way to improve at case interviews is to practise interviewing out loud, and you can do that in three main ways:

• Interview yourself (out loud)
• Practise interviewing with friends or family
• Practise interviewing with ex-interviewers

Practising by yourself is a great way to get started, and can help you get more comfortable with the flow of a case interview. However, this type of practice won’t prepare you for realistic interview conditions. 

After getting some practice on your own, you should find someone who can do a mock interview with you, like a friend or family member.

We’d also recommend that you practise 1-1 with ex-interviewers from top consulting firms . This is the best way to replicate the conditions of a real case interview, and to get feedback from someone who understands the process extremely well.

Click here to book your mock case interview.

Use Our Resources and Tools to Get Started With Your Preparation!

Mergers & acquisitions (m&a) are often an answer to broader problems during case interviews, merger & acquisition cases are best practiced using mock interviews.

Many  growth strategy  case studies eventually lead to M&A questions. For instance, companies with excess funds, searching for ways to grow quickly might be interested in acquiring upstream or downstream suppliers (vertical integration), direct competitors (horizontal integration), complementary businesses, or even unrelated businesses to diversify their portfolio. The most important requirement for an M&A is that it must increase the shareholders' value, and it must have a cultural fit even when the decision financially makes sense. 

Analogous to making a purchase at a grocery store, M&A can be viewed as a "buying decision". In general, we know that a consumer first determines the "need" to buy a product, followed by analyzing whether he or she can afford the product. After analyzing the first 2 critical factors, the consumer might look at the long/short term benefits of the product. Applying similar logic in M&A cases:

• Why does the company want to acquire?
• How much is the target company asking for its purchase price & is it fair (see cost-benefit analysis )? Can the acquiring company afford to pay the valuation? Financial valuation will generally include industry & company analysis.
• Benefits - potential synergies.
• Feasibility and risks (cultural and economical).

Key areas to analyze: assets, target, industry, and feasibility 

When you are sure that it is an M&A case, proceed with the following analyzes after structuring the case as discussed above: 

Analyze the client’s company

• (a) Strategic (market position, growth opportunities, diversification of product portfolio)
• (b) Defensive (acquisition by another competitor could make the competitor unconquerable)
• (c) Synergies/value creation (cost-saving opportunities such as  economies of scale , cross-selling, brand)
• (d) Undervalued (ineffective management, unfavorable market, and the client has the power to bring the target company to its potential value)
• In which industry does the client operate?
• Which other businesses does the client possess? Look out for synergies ?
• What are the client’s key customer segments?

Analyze the target industry 

Once it's clear why the client is interested in acquiring a particular company, start by looking at the industry the client wants to buy. This analysis is crucial since the outlook of the industry might overshadow the target's ability to play in it. For instance, small/unprofitable targets in a growing market can be attractive in the same way as great targets can be unattractive in a dying market.

Potential questions to assess are:

• Can the market be segmented, and does the target only play in one of the segments of the market?
• How big is the market?
• What are the market’s growth figures?
• What is the  focus ? Is it a high volume/low margin or a low volume/high margin market?
• Are there barriers to entry ?
• Who are the key competitors in the market?
• How profitable are the competitors ?
• What are possible threats ?

Analyze the target company

After analyzing the target industry, understand the target company. Try to determine its strengths and weaknesses (see SWOT analysis ) and perform a financial valuation to determine the attractiveness of the potential target.  You are technically calculating the NPV of the company, but this calculation likely is not going to be asked in the case interview . However, having the knowledge of when it is used (e.g., financial valuation) is crucial. Analyze the following information to determine the market attractiveness: 

• The company’s market share
• The company’s growth figures  as compared to that of competitors
• The company’s profitability  as compared to that of competitors
• Does the company possess any relevant patents or other useful intangibles (see Google purchasing Motorola)?
• Which parts of the company to be acquired can benefit from synergies?
• The company’s key customers

Analyze the feasibility of the M&A 

Finally, make sure to investigate the feasibility of the acquisition. 

Important questions here are:

• Is the target open for an acquisition or merger in the first place? If not, can the competition acquire it?
• Are there enough funds available (have a look at the balance sheet or cash flow statement )? Is there a chance of raising funds in the case of insufficient funds through loans etc.?
• Is the client experienced in the integration of acquired companies? Could a merger pose organizational/management problems for the client?
• Are there other risks associated with a merger? (For example, think of political implications and risks of failure, like with the failed merger of Daimler and Chrysler.)

Key takeaways

You should now be able to evaluate the venture’s financial and qualitative attractiveness for the client. If you conclude that the client should go on with the M&A, make sure to structure your conclusions in the end. Your suggestions should also include:

• potential upsides of the merger
• potential risks and how are we planning to overcome/mitigate them

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Michigan Journal of Economics

The Death of SPACs

Written by Max Brzozowski

The stock market killed it first, but now the SEC has picked up a shovel and buried SPACs for good. On Wednesday January 24th, the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) announced the adoption of new regulations regarding Special Purpose Acquisition Companies, commonly known as SPACs. These shell companies climbed to a mountainous peak in 2020 and 2021, grossing nearly $250 billion in deals (WSJ). Public investors have been bullish on these 846 companies during this two-year run before turning the cold shoulder in 2022-2023 with a 93.2% drop in funding. Although public sentiment on SPACs turned sour over a year ago, the recently announced SEC regulations seek to reel in this capital-raising strategy on the grounds of investor protection. This analysis will take a look at the anatomy of a SPAC, the performance of notable SPACs and the regulatory needs surrounding these funds.

Beginning as an innovative circumvention to the traditional Initial Public Offering (IPO), regulatory loopholes were the founding principle of SPACs. Before the rise of SPACs, any company aiming to go public would hire a bank to underwrite their first round of public stock via an IPO. The basic purpose of a SPAC is to serve as an alternative vehicle for a privately held company to become publicly traded. A SPAC’s life cycle begins with the IPO of a shell company. Every SPAC reaches an IPO share price of $10 to fund their merger with the target company. It is through the merger of this newly created publicly traded shell company (the SPAC) and the targeted private company that allows the private company to become market-accessible. Once the publicly traded SPAC has merged with the private company, the SPAC dissolves and leaves the former private company to be the sole company available on the public market under a new ticker. Theoretically, this strategy allows for the private company to receive vital capital quicker than an IPO with less fees and occasionally a higher valuation.

At the onset, the SPAC would appear to be the future of mergers and acquisitions. Its framework allows for the shell company to essentially absorb the risks and complications of an IPO for its future target company. The benefits of going public via a SPAC versus an IPO are generated by the loose regulations for SPAC mergers. Taking the SPAC route appealed especially to younger companies that are hungry for much needed capital but are still in pre-revenue stages. This is due in part to the latitude that SPAC mergers afford the target company in its valuation. In the regulatory gaps of SPAC mergers, the target company is allowed to present comparably stronger forward-looking projections through the permissible use of pro forma calculations.

Although not included in GAAP standards, the pro forma style of calculation in financial statements provides leeway in projections and reporting for new companies. For example, a new company could use pro forma principles to project revenue based on very favorable assumptions surrounding the launch of a product that it might be planning to release. This system is clearly advantageous for a young company to be afforded this forward-looking valuation of what the company will grow to rather than its non-existent historical performance. The IPO process, when viewed as an alternative option to the SPAC merger, is comparatively demanding in the areas of reporting and costs. For the majority of new companies that are looking to grow or die and need new capital, the SPAC route clearly presented the best road to public capital. 

To understand the rise of SPACs in M&A, notable successful SPAC mergers to consider are the DraftKings and QuantumScape. In the case of DraftKings, the sports betting company was brought public through a merger with Diamond Eagle Acquisition Group on April 24th, 2020. Diamond Eagle was able to raise roughly $350 million in capital when it released an IPO and reached its target share price of $10/share. After deploying its $350M in capital to merge with DraftKings, Diamond Eagle dissolved, leaving DraftKings (DKNG) to grow 339% in share value to 43.88 as of Feb. 13, 2024. The second case-study of SPAC success, QuantumScape, is a lithium battery company that received several sources of invested capital. QuantumScape was brought public through its merger with the SPAC Kensington Capital Acquisition Corp. in which it was awarded a $3.3 billion enterprise valuation. However, the deal becomes more interesting with the $1 billion joint investment from Volkswagen and the Qatar Investment Agency. The newly listed QS stock allowed QuantumScape the opportunity to reach its $131 peak share price in 2021.

The strengths of the SPAC, however, quickly grew into its weaknesses. As mentioned earlier, going public via SPAC afforded companies latitude in projections and reporting. This latitude in reporting would quickly grow into latitude for fraud in many cases for bullish SPACs. In instances such as the merger of Stable Road Acquisition Company and Momentus Inc. Momentus Inc. planned to go public via merger with Stable Road at a valuation of approximately $1.2 billion. The failures of the SPAC model were underscored by the absence of due diligence and inflation in the lofty valuation. Momentus had claimed, and Stable Road endorsed this claim, that its space propulsion technology had cleared testing. In reality, however, the technology had failed several times. In July 2021, the SEC filed formal charges against both the SPAC and target company for their roles in misleading the shareholders and negligence in public filings. The deal had raised over $175 million from shareholders for this merger.

So how does the SEC plan to clean up the SPAC scene? Per chairman Gary Gensler, the commission’s new rules and amendments will enhance investor protection in a multi-layered approach. The new rules will tighten regulations around projections in a SPAC merger, most likely targeting the pro forma valuations. Secondly, the new rules will enhance disclosure and obligation standards in these transactions so as to avoid catastrophes in reporting such as the Momentus merger.

The outlook on the future of SPACs is uncertain, as of February 13, 2024, there have been 26 IPOs in the US. Of those 26, only 3 have been Special Purpose Acquisition Companies. This ratio compares to the 631 SPACs that released IPOs out of 2021’s 1035 total IPOs. There are several ways to read into these figures, some may consider it a brief pause in the creation of SPACs to assess the SEC’s new regulations. Others may view it as the new status quo for SPACs with the threat of new regulations serving as a filter to illegitimate funds. One thing is certain, though, that the SPAC-mania of 2020-2022 is dead.

Brenneman, Adam. (2021, August 6). SEC Brings Enforcement Action and Signals More to Come. Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance . SEC Brings SPAC Enforcement Action and Signals More to Come (harvard.edu)

Corporate Fact Sheet (2020, November). QuantumScape Investor Relations . QS-Fact-Sheet-Nov-2020.pdf (3mscape.com)

Kiernan, Paul. (2024, January 24). SPAC Mania is Dead. The SEC wants to Keep it That Way. Wall Street Journal . SPAC Mania Is Dead. The SEC Wants to Keep It That Way. – WSJ

Klausner, Michael. (2022). A Sober Look at SPACs. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law . Law Journal Library – HeinOnline.org

Newman, Neil. (2022). Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACS) and the SEC. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law . Law Journal Library – HeinOnline.org

Rossanov, Nikolai. (2021, May 4). Why SPACs are Booming. Knowledge at Wharton: University of Pennsylvania . Why SPACs Are Booming – Knowledge at Wharton (upenn.edu)

Renaissance Capital. (2020, April 24). DraftKings lists on the Nasdaq following SPAC merger; up more than 5% in early trading. Nasdaq News and Insight . DraftKings lists on the Nasdaq following SPAC merger; up more than 5% in early trading | Nasdaq  

SEC Adopts Rules to Enhance Investor Protections Relating to SPACs, Shell Companies, and Projections. (2024, January 24). Securities Exchange Commission . SEC.gov | SEC Adopts Rules to Enhance Investor Protections Relating to SPACs, Shell Companies, and Projections