paraphrasing strategy for reading comprehension

Paraphrasing to Support Reading Comprehension

by Kaia Cunningham

October 12, 2021

I love stories. I love getting lost in a narrative and using the magic of words to imagine another place, time, and life. It can be so powerful, and it’s an experience that I love sharing with my students.  

Vocabulary knowledge and background information are the cornerstones of reading comprehension. They are the necessary foundations on which understanding is built and a mental movie is created. That said, vocabulary knowledge and background information can present a roadblock to reading comprehension for students with dyslexia, who can often present with sizable gaps that thwart their path to understanding. Students with dyslexia read less than their peers and, thus, are exposed to fewer words. As a result, fewer words become a part of their vocabulary. This limited vocabulary can impact their ability to recall parts of history, geography, or political events that often set the stage for the literature that we read in school. 

Reflect back on the first pages of To Kill a Mockingbird . They make many references to American history and relevant locations in the American south: Andrew Jackson, “Creeks up the creek,” Battle of Hastings, Mobile, Montgomery, and the list goes on. Imagine trying to make a mental movie of the setting of this novel if you thought Andrew Jackson was not a prominent and controversial American president, but a character in the novel? Or if you mistook Mobile for Mobil and assumed the text was referring to a gas station not a city in Alabama? It would be a muddled setting at best and it would be challenging to be drawn into a story where the scene didn’t make any sense. 

It is important to note that a limited vocabulary is not the single story of our students; I have been corrected more than once for making the assumption that students with dyslexia don’t like reading and that laborious reading does not equate to a disinterest in learning or stories. Our older students who are diagnosed with dyslexia often crave these complicated texts with big moral questions. And herein lies the problem: high and school and middle school students with dyslexia or other SLDs often have the cognitive capacity and desire to understand complex texts like To Kill a Mockingbird , The Bell Jar , and other widely anthologized texts, but they are often tripped up by a lack of memory or exposure to important words and concepts. 

So what do we do? What is an effective strategy for students to be able to gain entry to these interesting and complex texts? This is a problem that I have grappled with for nearly 20 years of teaching. It is impossible to make sure that every word, concept, and reference is explained and taught in novels. When I have attempted that, it has been a spectacular failure: the pacing was excruciating and the excitement of the story was lost. 

A solution can be found in a simple study skills strategy: paraphrasing. The skill of paraphrasing asks students to take a passage and restate it in their own words, making sure to keep all the essential information intact. To do this with fidelity, students must know the meaning of all the words in the given passage: the figurative language, all the references and concepts. Missing one of these essential pieces can result in the student missing essential pieces of information in the passage or walking away with only the gist of the meaning. 

For example, in the first few pages of The Bell Jar , the protagonist, Esther says: “Only I wasn’t steering anything, not even myself. I just bumped from my hotel to work and to parties and from parties to my hotel and back to work like a numb trolley bus. I guess I should have been excited the way most other girls were, but I couldn’t get myself to react. I felt very still and very empty, the way the eye of a tornado must feel moving dully along in the middle of the surrounding hullabaloo” ( Plath p. 3 ). 

At first glance, there are only a few words to which an 11th grade student wouldn’t at least have been exposed, but when asked what the word trolley means in this context, a student must examine how the figurative language explains Esther’s feelings. Engaging students in this wide and deep language study can inspire authentic conversations and discussions about words and their multiple meanings and roles, as well as give a solid foundation to explore Esther’s emotional state. Paraphrasing passages frequently and early in the reading of a text can also help students narrow their focus when reading. Thinking back to the Bell Jar , knowing early on that Esther is feeling numb, that she feels that she is moving without thinking, and that, most importantly, she feels as though she isn’t reacting to a situation the way she believes she should can help explain and frame many of her later decisions within the novel. 

Not only does this type of skill work provide a framework for understanding, but when students are asked to put the events and meaning of a quote into their own words, they are also working on written expression. This is a lucky consequence, as not only is their understanding of the novel improved, but also their ability to write clearly about complicated information.   

As with all language-based education, it is important to coach students through the process. Tell them what it means to paraphrase and why it’s an effective tool to boost comprehension.  

Check out the attachment, which provides a sample of how this strategy can be used in the high school or middle school classroom. 

Kaia has been at Landmark since 2006. In addition to her work for Outreach, she has been a language arts teacher at Landmark High School. Previously, her roles and responsibilities included assistant director of the preparatory program, academic advisor, and full-time teacher and tutor. Kaia graduated from The College of Santa Fe with her bachelor’s in English, and she earned her master’s degree in special education from Simmons College.

Paraphrasing Example

Recommended for you.

Free Landmark Teaching Strategies

Handwriting and literacy development.

The Simple View of Reading

Dyslexia: What to Know

Support your students with sld.

Receive free teaching resources, information about professional development opportunities, and alerts about promotions

• First Name *
• Last Name *
• Comments This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

Check Out Our Blog

A blog for busy teachers.

Learn about our new updated blog format that will combine our monthly newsletter and Free Teaching Strategies into one resource!

Primed To Learn

Embark on Your Learning Journey

The Art of Understanding: 8 Proven Strategies for Reading Comprehension

Introduction

Mastering the art of reading comprehension isn’t just about cruising through a novel on a lazy Sunday afternoon. It’s a fundamental skill that shapes our learning, communication, and understanding of the world around us. But, let’s face it, we’ve all encountered that one dense, near-impenetrable wall of text that leaves us more confused at the end than when we started. This article will delve into practical, effective strategies for reading comprehension that can transform that uphill struggle into a smooth, enjoyable ride.

Reading comprehension goes beyond just reading words on a page; it’s about understanding the underlying ideas, opinions, and messages that the writer is trying to convey. It’s a critical skill that influences not only academic success but also our day-to-day functioning.

From interpreting complex legal documents, following a recipe, to understanding news articles and blog posts, reading comprehension is at the heart of most of our textual interactions. It also encourages critical thinking, broadens our worldviews, and fosters empathy by allowing us to delve into different perspectives.

Consequently, it’s clear why strategies for reading comprehension are not just helpful but essential tools for success.

Pre-Reading Strategies for Reading Comprehension

1. activate prior knowledge.

Before diving into a text, it’s beneficial to tap into our existing knowledge base, a strategy known as ‘activating prior knowledge’. This method acts as a springboard for understanding new concepts, since making connections between what we already know and what we’re about to learn can enhance comprehension.

There are several ways to activate prior knowledge. For instance, take a moment to reflect on the topic, ask yourself what you already know about it, or engage in a discussion with peers. If the text relates to a historical event, try recalling related events or figures. For a scientific text, think about related scientific principles you are familiar with. Visualizing the topic at hand or creating a KWL chart (What I Know, What I Want to Know, and What I’ve Learned) can also be effective. These strategies for reading comprehension, such as activating prior knowledge, can provide a lucrative starting point, easing the learning process by creating a link between the familiar and the unfamiliar.

2. Set a purpose for reading

Another pivotal pre-reading strategy is defining your reading goals. This step involves pinpointing what you hope to achieve by the end of your reading session. Are you reading for enjoyment, to gather specific information, or to understand a complex concept in depth?

Identifying your purpose beforehand enables you to focus your attention and approach the text in a way that’s most conducive to achieving your goal. You might need to adjust your reading speed, take more detailed notes, or re-read certain sections, depending on your unique objectives.

Having a clear purpose in mind brings several benefits to reading comprehension. Firstly, it keeps you motivated and engaged with the text, as you’re no longer just passively consuming words, but actively hunting for specific information or insights.

Secondly, it boosts your efficiency, saving time and effort by preventing aimless reading, and allowing you to focus on sections of the text most relevant to your goal. Finally, it enhances your understanding and retention of the material.

By actively searching for and processing information related to your purpose, you’re more likely to remember and internalize it. In a nutshell, defining reading goals is a strategy for reading comprehension that not only optimizes your reading experience but also amplifies the learning outcomes.

During Reading Strategies for Reading Comprehension

3. active reading techniques.

Incorporating the practice of annotating and highlighting text is a powerful strategy for reading comprehension. This active reading technique involves marking sections of the text that stand out to you – be it because they’re particularly important, confusing, or thought-provoking.

You might underline key sentences, jot down reflections or questions in the margins, or use a highlighter to mark essential ideas. This method of annotating and highlighting serves two purposes.

Firstly, it requires you to engage deeply with the text, analyzing and evaluating the material rather than just passively reading it. Secondly, it creates a visual roadmap of the text, making it easier for you to recall information and track your thoughts and reactions.

Another effective strategy for reading comprehension is asking questions while you read. As you navigate a text, pose questions to yourself about the material. These questions might pertain to the author’s intentions, the implications of a concept, the validity of an argument, or connections to other topics you’ve studied.

This questioning approach transforms reading into an active, dialogic process, where you’re not just absorbing information, but actively engaging with it. This critical interaction fosters deeper understanding and promotes long-term retention of the material.

These questions can also direct your focus and provide clear targets for note-taking and discussion. In essence, asking questions while reading is a potent strategy for reading comprehension, optimizing engagement and understanding.

4. Visualizing text

Creating mental images is another powerful strategy to enhance reading comprehension. Visualization involves forming pictures in your mind based on the text you’re reading. This strategy, often used unconsciously by experienced readers, can significantly improve understanding and recall of information. As you read, try to imagine the characters, settings, and events in the text. Picture these elements in as much detail as possible, using all of your senses.

Improving comprehension through visualization goes hand-in-hand with creating mental images. When you visualize, you’re building a mental model of the text, which integrates new information with your existing knowledge. This helps you grasp the meaning of the text, remember key details, and make predictions about what might happen next. Visualization can also make abstract concepts more tangible and relatable.

Incorporating visualization into your reading routine can be as simple as pausing periodically to picture what you’ve just read. As you become more comfortable with this strategy, you’ll find that it becomes an automatic part of your reading process, enhancing your comprehension and enjoyment of the text.

5. Monitoring comprehension

A proactive strategy for reading comprehension is to engage in regular self-assessment and reflection. This involves taking a moment to pause, reconsider the material read, and evaluate one’s understanding of it.

Self-assessment can be as simple as asking oneself, “Do I understand what I just read?” or “Can I summarize this in my own words?” This reflective approach can help identify areas of confusion, allowing you to revisit difficult passages and further clarify your understanding.

Utilizing strategies for checking understanding is a crucial step in the reading comprehension process. These strategies may include paraphrasing, summarizing, or even teaching the material to someone else.

Paraphrasing involves rewording the text in your own language, which forces you to understand the core message. Summarizing requires you to condense the material into its main points, helping you to distill key information.

Teaching the concept to someone else is an excellent way to check understanding as it requires you to simplify and explain the material in clear, easy-to-understand terms. These strategies not only help to confirm comprehension of the text but also improve memory retention of the material.

Post-Reading Strategies for Reading Comprehension

6. summarization.

Summarization is a powerful post-reading strategy that involves distilling the main ideas of a piece of text into a concise overview. There are different methods to approach this, two of which are outlining and the use of graphic organizers.

Outlining is a method where you break down the text into its main components, subtopics, and supporting details. This helps in understanding the structure and flow of the text, enabling you to capture the essence of the material without losing important details.

Graphic organizers, on the other hand, visually map out the relationships within the text. They can take various forms, such as flow charts, Venn diagrams, or mind maps. These tools help in visually organizing information, promoting a holistic understanding of the text.

The benefits of summarization are multi-fold. It reinforces understanding by compelling you to process the information in your own words. This practice also aids in information retention, as the process of summarizing involves deep engagement with the text that strengthens memory recall. Additionally, summarization equips you with a handy reference of the main points that can be reviewed at a later date, thereby promoting long-term retention and understanding of the material.

7. Discussion and reflection

Joining reading groups.

Joining a reading group is another effective strategy that aids in enhancing reading comprehension. Reading groups foster a social environment where learners can engage in discussions about the text, thereby facilitating deeper understanding. Participation in these interactive sessions often encourages readers to think critically about the text and articulate their thoughts, which bolsters comprehension and retention.

The diverse perspectives offered within the group can expose readers to various interpretations of the text, broadening their understanding and appreciation of the material. Simply put, the collaborative nature of reading groups nurtures active learning, making them a valuable strategy for reading comprehension.

Critical Thinking and Analysis

Critical thinking and analysis are integral components of effective reading comprehension. This strategy involves scrutinizing the text beyond its literal meaning, and delving into its underlying themes, arguments, and assumptions.

Critical thinking is about questioning what you read, examining the author’s viewpoints, and drawing your own conclusions from the text. This process encourages active engagement with the text, as opposed to passive reading. A crucial aspect of critical thinking is the analysis of language, style, tone, and structure, which can reveal deeper meanings and enhance understanding of the text.

In essence, critical thinking and analysis transform reading from a mere decoding of words to an exciting exploration of ideas, making it a vital strategy for reading comprehension.

8. Re-reading

Re-reading is another significant strategy for improving reading comprehension. It is not uncommon to miss out on certain details or nuances during the initial reading of a text. This is where re-reading comes into play; it allows readers to revisit the text, catch previously overlooked information, and gain a more comprehensive understanding of the content.

Re-reading is especially beneficial when tackling complex materials that demand a deeper level of comprehension, such as academic articles, philosophical writings, or intricate novels. Likewise, it is useful when studying for exams, as it can aid in the retention of information.

Techniques for effective re-reading

• Focused Re-reading: Instead of re-reading the entire text, focus on the sections that you found challenging or confusing during the initial read. This targeted approach saves time and increases comprehension.
• Highlighting and Notetaking: While re-reading, highlight key points or jot down notes in the margins. This active engagement with the text aids memory recall and comprehension.
• Questioning: During your re-read, ask questions about the text. This practice of inquisitive thinking fosters a deeper understanding of the material.

Re-reading is a worthwhile reading comprehension strategy that aids in the thorough understanding of text and can be made more effective through focused reading, highlighting, notetaking, and questioning.

Vocabulary Building

Having a strong vocabulary is essential for successful reading comprehension. A robust vocabulary equips readers with the necessary tools to interpret and understand the text efficiently. When readers encounter unfamiliar words, it can hinder comprehension and disrupt the flow of reading, leading to confusion, frustration, or misinterpretation.

A rich vocabulary bolsters the ability to grasp the context, subtext, and nuances embedded within the text, enhancing the overall reading experience. For instance, knowing a wide array of synonyms can give readers deeper insights into the author’s intentions, perspectives, and tone.

In addition, vocabulary building can also improve communication skills, expanding one’s ability to express thoughts and ideas more precisely and convincingly. In essence, vocabulary is a pivotal building block in the foundation of reading comprehension.

Vocabulary enhancement techniques

Context clues.

A fundamental strategy for vocabulary expansion is the use of context clues. Context clues are hints found within a sentence or paragraph that help the reader infer the meaning of unfamiliar words. These hints may come in various forms such as synonyms, antonyms, examples, or descriptions embedded in the surrounding text.

For instance, if you come across a sentence like “The arduous journey up the mountain left them exhausted”, even if you don’t know the meaning of ‘arduous’, the rest of the sentence gives you a context that suggests it relates to something challenging or strenuous.

Utilizing context clues not only aids in understanding unfamiliar words but also enhances the overall comprehension of the text. It allows for a more fluent reading experience and encourages active engagement with the text, making it a highly effective strategy for improving reading comprehension.

Word lists and flashcards

Another effective technique for vocabulary enhancement is the use of word lists and flashcards. Word lists contain sets of related words, often categorized by their meaning, usage, or complexity. Studying these lists can help readers familiarize themselves with new vocabulary and reinforce their knowledge of similar words.

Flashcards, on the other hand, employ an interactive approach to learning. They typically feature a new word on one side and its definition, or a sentence using the word, on the other. The act of flipping the card to reveal the meaning prompts active recall, a process that strengthens memory retention and aids in embedding the word into the learner’s vocabulary.

This method enables learners to study at their own pace, providing the flexibility to focus on problematic words until their meanings become second nature. Both word lists and flashcards are very efficient strategies for improving reading comprehension, helping learners to grasp the meaning of new words and the context in which they are used.

Application of new vocabulary in reading

Applying new vocabulary in reading is an essential step in consolidating language acquisition and enhancing reading comprehension. One practical way to achieve this is through ‘contextual reading.’ This involves selecting various texts, such as articles, books, or online content that align with the learner’s interests and contain the new vocabulary. Reading these texts allows learners to see the new words in context, reinforcing their understanding and usage.

Another method is the ‘sentence creation’ technique. This requires learners to construct their own sentences using the newly learned vocabulary. It’s an active process that promotes deeper understanding as learners have to consider the meaning, syntax, and appropriate usage of the word.

Lastly, ‘shared reading’ can also be beneficial. In this activity, learners participate in a group reading session, exchanging ideas, and discussing the usage of new vocabulary. This collaborative environment can enhance understanding and retention of new words, all while promoting a culture of learning and curiosity. These practical methods emphasize the active application of new vocabulary, a crucial strategy for improving reading comprehension.

Making Inferences

Inference is a critical skill in the realm of reading comprehension. It is the process by which readers ‘read between the lines,’ drawing conclusions and deciphering meanings that are not explicitly stated in the text. This cognitive function allows readers to link together various pieces of information, using their knowledge and understanding to fill in the gaps.

The ability to make inferences is vital for a deep and nuanced understanding of a text. It enhances the reading experience, making it more engaging and insightful. Inferences connect the text to the reader’s personal experiences and knowledge, creating a richer understanding of the content. This can be particularly beneficial when the reader is encountering complex or unfamiliar concepts.

Furthermore, making inferences can aid retention by encouraging active engagement with the text, rather than passive reading. It is more than just understanding the words on the page; it’s about delving deeper, unraveling hidden meanings, and fostering a greater appreciation of the text. As such, it ranks highly among the most effective strategies for boosting reading comprehension.

Strategies for making inferences

Drawing from the text.

This technique involves carefully analyzing the information explicitly presented within the text and using it as a foundation for additional understanding. Readers can pull together multiple pieces of information, link them using logic and reasoning, and derive more profound implications that aren’t directly stated in the text.

This method requires a keen eye for detail, as often, the smallest elements in the text can lead to significant inferences. Key details could include character actions, dialogue, descriptions, or even the setting of a story. When pieced together, these details can provide insights into character motivations, themes, or future plot developments.

Practicing this strategy can strengthen a reader’s analytical skills and improve their overall reading comprehension. It encourages active engagement with the text, prompting readers to question, reflect, and delve deeper into the material, making the reading experience more enriching and rewarding.

Using context clues

Context clues can serve as powerful tools for making inferences and enhancing reading comprehension. They are pieces of information within a text that, when combined with one’s own knowledge, can help determine the meaning of unfamiliar words or phrases. There are several types of context clues including definitions, examples, synonyms, antonyms, and general sense of the text.

Harnessing context clues involves paying careful attention to the words, phrases, and sentences surrounding an unfamiliar element in the text. For instance, if a character is described as “abstemious” in a text, a reader could infer its meaning by observing that the character often declines food or drink, or chooses modest portions.

This strategy not only aids in vocabulary enrichment but also deepens the understanding of the text. It promotes active reading, where the reader is continually decoding and constructing meanings, transforming the reading process into a dynamic interplay between the reader and the text. By developing the skill of using context clues, readers can navigate complex texts more fluently, enhancing their reading comprehension.

Practicing inference skills

Practicing inference skills is essential for reading comprehension. Making inferences involves using your personal judgment to come up with conclusions that are not explicitly stated in the text. This process combines your previous knowledge with clues given in the text.

One effective way to practice inference skills is by reading a variety of genres, as diversity in reading material can stretch your ability to infer by exposing you to a wide range of contexts. Another way is by practicing intentional questioning. You can ask yourself questions like, “Why did the author choose to include this information?” or “What can I infer from these descriptions or events?” Discussing these questions with others can also be beneficial as it exposes you to different perspectives.

Also, engaging in activities that require critical thinking, such as solving riddles or puzzles, can help boost inference skills. This is because these activities often require you to go beyond what is directly provided to find a solution.

Lastly, remember that practice makes perfect. The more you read and actively engage with the text, the more your inference skills will improve. Over time, you’ll find yourself naturally making inferences as you read, which will significantly enhance your reading comprehension.

Critical Thinking Skills

Developing critical thinking in reading.

Critical thinking in reading involves analyzing the text beyond its literal meaning, examining its structure, underlying themes, and the author’s intent. A vital strategy for developing critical thinking is to regularly engage in reflective reading.

Reflective reading involves not just absorbing the information on the page, but continuously questioning and evaluating it, fostering an active rather than passive reading experience. This practice can facilitate a deeper understanding of the material and enhance overall reading comprehension.

Asking Critical Questions

A key component of critical thinking is the ability to ask probing questions about the text. These questions can include: What is the author’s purpose? How does this information relate to what I already know? Are there any biases present in the text? Does the argument presented in the text have any flaws? Asking such questions encourages an in-depth exploration of the text, enabling readers to discern the value and relevance of the information presented.

Analyzing and Evaluating Information

Analyzing and evaluating information is a two-step process that is integral to critical thinking. Analyzing involves breaking down the text into smaller parts and studying how these parts work together to form the overall message or theme.

Evaluating, on the other hand, involves making judgments about the text, such as assessing the validity of the arguments, the reliability of the data, or the effectiveness of the author’s communication style.

This process doesn’t just help in understanding the text better but also in developing a well-informed perspective on it. By continuously analyzing and evaluating information, readers can significantly enhance their critical thinking skills and subsequently improve their reading comprehension.

Reading Speed and Comprehension

Balancing speed and comprehension.

Striking a balance between speed and comprehension is paramount in mastering reading comprehension. While speed reading can save time, it may lead to missing out on critical details, reducing comprehension. Conversely, reading too slowly can hinder the ability to grasp the overall message or theme of the text. The ideal reading speed is therefore one that allows for an understanding of both the individual parts as well as the overall context of the text.

Techniques to Improve Reading Speed Without Sacrificing Comprehension

Various strategies can be employed to enhance reading speed without sacrificing comprehension.

Previewing:

Before delving into the text, a quick preview – glancing through headings, subheadings, and important markers – can provide a structural roadmap and set the tone for what to expect. This can help in faster ingestion of the material when reading.

Instead of reading word by word, try to read groups of words together, or “chunks”. This technique enables faster reading while still maintaining comprehension as our brains are capable of processing multiple words at a time.

Minimizing Sub-vocalization:

Sub-vocalization is the habit of silently pronouncing each word in your head as you read, which can greatly slow down your reading speed. By minimizing this, you can significantly increase your reading pace.

Practicing Regularly:

Like any other skill, improving reading speed and comprehension takes practice. Regular reading exercises with a focus on speed can help develop this skill over time.

By incorporating these strategies into your reading routine, you can efficiently improve your reading speed while ensuring comprehension is not compromised.

Overcoming Reading Challenges

Strategies for dealing with difficult texts.

Encountering challenging texts can be daunting, but with a few strategies, it can be made manageable.

• Simplify: Break the text into smaller sections and try to understand each section individually. Once you grasp the gist of each part, combine them to understand the whole text.
• Annotate: Make notes, underline key points, and jot down your understanding of the text. Annotations can serve as a quick reference when reviewing the text later.
• Use a Dictionary : Don’t hesitate to look up words you don’t understand. Increasing your vocabulary can significantly aid in understanding difficult texts.
• Discuss: Engage in group discussions about the text. Different perspectives can help in better understanding.

Reading Comprehension Strategies for Learners with Special Needs

Differentiated instruction is key when teaching learners with special needs. Here are some strategies to boost their reading comprehension:

• Graphic Organizers: These can help in visually mapping out the structure of a text, making it easier for learners to understand.
• Multisensory Learning: Incorporate auditory and tactile elements into the reading process to enhance engagement and understanding.
• Reading Aloud: This can help auditory learners to comprehend better.
• Individualized Instruction: Tailoring strategies to suit the individual’s needs can significantly improve their reading comprehension.

15 Surprising Benefits of Multisensory Learning

Strategies for Non-native English Speakers

For non-native English speakers, mastering reading comprehension can be a challenge. Here are some strategies tailored for them:

• Translation Tools: These can help bridge the gap between native language and English.
• Cultural Context: Understanding the culture can significantly aid in understanding the context of a text.
• English Classes: Enrolling in English language classes can help in improving grammar and vocabulary.
• Reading Practice: Regular reading practice with texts of increasing complexity can gradually improve comprehension skills.

In conclusion, one cannot overstate the importance of continuous practice in mastering reading comprehension. Much like mastering a musical instrument or a sport, the key to improving reading comprehension lies in consistent and focused practice. 

Over time, consistent exposure to texts of varying complexity and genres will improve a reader’s ability to understand and interpret the content effectively. This pursuit of knowledge is a journey, and these strategies for reading comprehension are tools to help navigate it. 

Always remember, there is no ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach. What works best for each reader can vary based on individual abilities and circumstances. It is crucial to explore different methods and strategies, adopting those that prove most effective for your unique learning style. 

The goal is not just to read, but to understand and engage with the text in a meaningful way. So, keep practicing, keep exploring, and keep growing!

You might also like:

• 7 Useful Tips for a Productive Study Space
• 15 Tips for Effective Exam Preparation

• Enroll & Pay
• Prospective Students
• Current Students
• Degree Programs

The Paraphrasing Strategy

The Paraphrasing Strategy is designed to help students focus on the most important information in a passage and to improve students' recall of main ideas and specific facts. Students read short passages of materials, identify the main idea and details, and rephrase the content in their own words.

In research studies, students showed average gains of 35 percentage points in reading comprehension of grade-level materials after mastering the strategy.

This product is available through Edge Enterprises, Inc.

Please note that professional development, coaching, and infrastructure support are essential components to effective implementation of SIM instructional tools and interventions. It is highly recommended that you work with a SIM professional developer. See the SIM Event list for sessions or email [email protected] to learn more.

Author(s): Jean B. Schumaker, Pegi H. Denton, and Donald D. Deshler

Publication Info: University of Kansas, 1984

• Research on the Paraphrasing Strategy (.pdf)
• Strategram Vol. 3, No. 1 : Teaching the Paraphrasing Strategy to Younger Students (.pdf)
• Strategram Vol. 8, No. 4: Using Persuasion to Present the Paraphrasing Strategy - and A Sentence to help remember the Paraphrasing Mnemonic, Emmett Murray (.pdf)
• Strategram Vol. 8, No. 5: Strategy Sticker Reminder for the Generalization Stage of Paraphrasing and Sentence Writing (.pdf)
• Strategram Vol. 10, No. 1: Study shows benefits of Paraphrasing Strategy in general ed middle school classrooms (.pdf)
• Strategram Vol. 12, No. 5, May, 2000: Tips for teaching paraphrasing, Gwen Berry (.pdf)
• Strategram Vol. 13, No.1: An Activity to introduce Main Idea and Details, Margaret Carmean (.pdf)
• Strategram Vol. 14, No. 3: Recommended reading: Passages for Paraphrasing and Word ID (.pdf)
• Strategram Vol. 17, No. 5: Active Reading to support Paraphrasing Strategy instruction (.pdf)

RESEARCH ARTICLES

• Schumaker, J.B., Deshler, D.D., Woodruff, S.K., Hock, M.F., Bulgren, J.A., & Lenz, B.K. (2006). Reading strategy interventions: Can literacy outcomes be enhanced for at-risk adolescents? Teaching Exceptional Children, 38 (3), 64-68. In two studies, students who learned reading strategies outperformed students who did not.
• Oas, B.K., Schumaker, J.B., & Deshler, D.D. (1995). Learning strategies: Tools for learning to learn in middle and high schools. Secondary education and beyond: Providing opportunities for students with learning disabilities. Pittsburgh, PA: Learning Disabilities Association of America. This article uses student case descriptions to illustrate how a variety of learning strategies--including the Self-Advocacy Strategy, Sentence Writing Strategy, and Paraphrasing Strategy --might be implemented with students who experience an array of learning disabilities characteristics.

An accessible version of the documents on this site will be made available upon request. Please contact the KU CRL Professional Development Research Institute, at [email protected] to request the document be made available in an accessible format.

SIM Events (website)

SIM Informational Brochures (SIM Overview, CER, LS, Writing, Math, HOTR)

SIM Micro-credentials (website )

Printable KUCRL Order Forms (link)

Request Professional Learning (online form)

Shop the KU CRL Online Store (link)

Technology-Enhanced SIM Learning

At the CRL, we wish to support teachers instructing in varied teaching and learning environments. 

Find more resources at:

Integrating SIM with Other Programs, Strategies, and Initiatives

Technology-Enhanced SIM™ Learning Strategy Instructional Delivery

Technology-Enhanced SIM™ Content Enhancement Routine Instructional Delivery

How to Teach Reading Comprehension Strategies to Kids

What’s the point of learning to read?

Comprehension!

Reading Comprehension

Reading allows us to be informed, enlightened, and educated, but only if we comprehend what we are reading! Without comprehension, those squiggles on the page are only sounds with no meaning. So, how do we help our children have reading comprehension? First, we have to look at the elements of reading that are required for comprehension.  

The “Simple View” of Reading

Every reading specialist, and hopefully every elementary school teacher, is very aware of what is called the “simple view” of reading. Researchers Gough and Tunmer came up with this model of reading in 1986, so it’s hardly new. Basically, it’s a formula for reading comprehension that says that:

Decoding x Language Comprehension =  Reading Comprehension

Decoding: one side of the formula

This formula means that in order to understand what they are reading, a child needs to be able to decode the word and also understand the meaning of the word. Without both skills, there is no reading comprehension. The vast majority of the students I work with have good language comprehension, but struggle with decoding. As soon as they decode a word they know immediately what it means. Decoding is crucial. “There is no comprehension strategy powerful enough to compensate for the fact you can’t read the words,” said reading researcher Anita Archer in 2008. The first step to make sure your child has good reading comprehension, is to make sure they’re getting good decoding skills instruction!

Language Comprehension: the other side!

But language comprehension is the other piece of the formula. When children have limited vocabulary or speech and language delays, often their language comprehension is impacted. I have my own experience with this. I taught English in Russia for a year and studied the Russian language. I was great at decoding words in Russian, but often had no clue what they meant! I was missing the language comprehension piece of reading comprehension.  

So, how can I help my child have good language comprehension?

The answer is… build their vocabulary! Without a strong vocabulary, children are much less able to self-monitor and self-check their reading. They might successfully sound out a complex word, but without having heard it before, they won’t have that “ah ha!” moment of comprehension. And what’s the best way to build their vocabulary? Read to them! Read aloud books that help build their auditory vocabulary. Reading aloud also helps build another area that is so important to reading comprehension: background knowledge. 

Background knowledge is key!

As a teacher, I know that taking a moment to make sure that my students have some background knowledge about the text we’re about to read will pay off exponentially in their comprehension. It could be a quick discussion about holiday traditions that they have before we start to read a text about the holidays. It could be a quick video about the water cycle before we start to read a science text. Building background knowledge levels the playing field for those who don’t have it, and boosts language comprehension.

And Finally, the Goal: READING COMPREHENSION !

Even with excellent decoding and language comprehension, every child benefits from having a “toolbox” of strategies to help with their reading comprehension.

Reading Comprehension Strategies

Here’s a list of the best strategies to teach your child to support their reading comprehension:

Visualizing

As you read, pause to visualize a concept, character, or scene. This can be done through mental imagery and talking, “ What do you picture the dog to look like? Why? What does the room look like? ” Or, take a moment to draw a picture.

Self-monitoring

This is such a crucial skill! Teach your child to pause and monitor their reading. Does what I just read make sense? Do I need to re-read it? This ability to self-check and self-monitor their reading is so important! Otherwise a child will just plow through their reading without actually pausing to ask… “ wait… what did I just read? ”

Making connections

What connections can be made with their own experiences? How can they relate what they are reading to their own background knowledge? Does a character remind them of a family member? Does a scene remind them of something that happened to them?

Summarizing/retelling

Ask your child to retell in his or her own words what just happened. I remember doing this during a difficult reading of The Hobbit with a group of seventh graders. Every paragraph we would stop and I would say, “ Wait… what? ” Use post-its as a way to keep these summarizing notes handy.

Asking questions and making predictions

What do you wonder about? What do you want to know more about? What do you need clarification on? And, what predictions can you make? 

It’s tempting to think that you can only apply these strategies to complex texts with older children. But, these strategies can be done with very young children using very simple texts!

I was reading a very simple book about a little boy who really wanted to get cookies from the top shelf of the cupboard with my kindergarten reading group. We were visualizing, self-monitoring, retelling, making connections with our own cookie experiences, and making lots of predictions!  

And that’s the final piece of advice about comprehension.   Don’t treat it like a separate skill from reading. Embed it in your daily reading experiences with your child. Teach them to use these strategies as part of being a skillful reader from an early age, and it will pay off for years to come! 

KEEP READING

Reading Games

Morphology and Why It’s Important

Book Series

3rd Grade Books

4th Grade Books

Books Like Harry Potter

The post How to Teach Reading Comprehension Strategies to Kids appeared first on Imagination Soup .