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6 Pros and Cons of Globalization in Business to Consider

• 01 Apr 2021

Throughout history, commerce and business have been limited by certain geographic constraints. In its earliest days, trade happened between neighboring tribes and city-states. As humans domesticated the horse and other animals, the distances they could travel to trade increased. These distances increased further with the development of seafaring capabilities.

Although humans have been using ships for centuries to transport goods, cargo, people, and ideas around the world, it wasn’t until the development of the airplane that the blueprint of a “globalized economy” was laid. This was for a simple reason: You can travel greater distances faster than ever before.

The development of the internet accelerated this process even more, making it easier to communicate and collaborate with others. Today, your international co-worker, business partner, customer, or friend is only a few taps or clicks away.

Globalization has had numerous effects—both positive and negative—on business and society at large. Here’s an overview of the pros and cons of globalization in business.

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What Is Globalization?

Globalization is the increased flow of goods, services, capital, people, and ideas across international boundaries according to the online course Global Business , taught by Harvard Business School Professor Forest Reinhardt.

“We live in an age of globalization,” Reinhardt says in Global Business . “That is, national economies are even more tightly connected with one another than ever before.”

How Globalization Affects Daily Life

Globalization has had a significant impact on various aspects of daily life.

For example, it’s changed the way consumers shop for products and services. Today, 70 percent of Americans shop online. In 2022, there were 268 million digital buyers in the US and by 2025, this number is predicted to reach 285 million.

In addition, the globalized economy has opened up new job markets by making it more feasible to hire overseas workers. This has created a wide range of career opportunities for both job seekers and employers.

The emergence of remote work post-pandemic was also made possible by globalization. According to a survey from WFH Research , only seven percent of paid workdays in the US were remote in 2019. However, this number climbed to 29 percent by January 2024.

Check out the video below to learn more about globalization, and subscribe to our YouTube channel for more explainer content!

Advantages of Globalization

1. economic growth.

It’s widely believed that one of the benefits of globalization is greater economic growth for all parties. There are several reasons why this might be the case, including:

• Access to labor: Globalization gives all nations access to a wider labor pool. Developing nations with a shortage of knowledge workers might, for example, “import” labor to kickstart industry. Wealthier nations, on the other hand, might outsource low-skill work to developing nations with a lower cost of living to reduce the cost of goods sold and pass those savings on to the customer.
• Access to jobs: This point is directly related to labor. Through globalization, developing nations often gain access to jobs in the form of work that’s been outsourced by wealthier nations. While there are potential pitfalls to this (see “Disproportionate Growth” below), this work can significantly contribute to the local economy.
• Access to resources: One of the primary reasons nations trade is to gain access to resources they otherwise wouldn’t have. Without this flow of resources across borders, many modern luxuries would be impossible to manufacture or produce. Smartphones, for example, are dependent on rare earth metals found in limited areas around the world.
• The ability for nations to “specialize”: Global and regional cooperation allow nations to heavily lean into their economic strengths, knowing they can trade products for other resources. An example is a tropical nation that specializes in exporting a certain fruit. It’s been shown that when nations specialize in the production of goods or services in which they have an advantage, trade benefits both parties.

2. Increased Global Cooperation

For a globalized economy to exist, nations must be willing to put their differences aside and work together. Therefore, increased globalization has been linked to a reduction—though not an elimination—of conflict.

“Of course, as long as there have been nations, they've been connected with each other through the exchange of lethal force—through war and conquest—and this threat has never gone away,” Reinhardt says in Global Business . “The conventional wisdom has been that the increased intensity of these other flows—goods, services, capital, people, and so on—have reduced the probability that the world's nations will fall back into the catastrophe of war.”

3. Increased Cross-Border Investment

According to the course Global Business , globalization has led to an increase in cross-border investment. At the macroeconomic level, this international investment has been shown to enhance welfare on both sides of the equation.

The country that’s the source of the capital benefits because it can often earn a higher return abroad than domestically. The country that receives the inflow of capital benefits because that capital contributes to investment and, therefore, to productivity. Foreign investment also often comes with, or in the form of, technology, know-how, or access to distribution channels that can help the recipient nation.

Disadvantages of Globalization

1. increased competition.

When viewed as a whole, global free trade is beneficial to the entire system. Individual companies, organizations, and workers can be disadvantaged, however, by global competition. This is similar to how these parties might be disadvantaged by domestic competition: The pool has simply widened.

With this in mind, some firms, industries, and citizens may elect governments to pursue protectionist policies designed to buffer domestic firms or workers from foreign competition. Protectionism often takes the form of tariffs, quotas, or non-tariff barriers, such as quality or sanitation requirements that make it more difficult for a competing nation or business to justify doing business in the country. These efforts can often be detrimental to the overall economic performance of both parties.

“Although we live in an age of globalization, we also seem to be living in an age of anti-globalization,” Reinhardt says in Global Business . “Dissatisfaction with the results of freer trade, concern about foreign investment, and polarized views about immigration all seem to be playing important roles in rich-country politics in the United States and Europe. The threats in Western democracy to the post-war globalist consensus have never been stronger.”

2. Disproportionate Growth

Another issue of globalization is that it can introduce disproportionate growth both between and within nations. These effects must be carefully managed economically and morally.

Within countries, globalization often has the effect of increasing immigration. Macroeconomically, immigration increases gross domestic product (GDP), which can be an economic boon to the recipient nation. Immigration may, however, reduce GDP per capita in the short run if immigrants’ income is lower than the average income of those already living in the country.

Additionally, as with competition, immigration can benefit the country as a whole while imposing costs on people who may want their government to restrict immigration to protect them from those costs. These sentiments are often tied to and motivated—at least in part—by racism and xenophobia.

“Meanwhile, outside the rich world, hundreds of millions of people remain mired in poverty,” Reinhardt says in Global Business. “We don't seem to be able to agree about whether this is because of too much globalization or not enough.”

3. Environmental Concerns

Increased globalization has been linked to various environmental challenges, many of which are serious, including:

• Deforestation and loss of biodiversity caused by economic specialization and infrastructure development
• Greenhouse gas emissions and other forms of pollution caused by increased transportation of goods
• The introduction of potentially invasive species into new environments

While such issues are governed by existing or proposed laws and regulations, businesses have made climate change concerns and sustainability a priority by, for example, embracing the tenets of the triple bottom line and the idea of corporate social responsibility .

Managing the Risks of Globalization

The world is never going to abandon globalization. While it’s true that individual countries and regions put policies and practices in place that limit globalization, such as tariffs, it’s here to stay. The good news is that businesses and professionals willing to prepare for globalization’s challenges by developing strong social impact skills have the potential to benefit immensely.

Whether you’re a business owner, member of executive leadership, or an employee, understanding the impacts of globalization and how to identify its opportunities and risks can help you become more effective in your role and drive value for your organization.

Taking a course like Global Business is one path toward developing international business skills and gaining an understanding of the macroeconomic, political , and social conditions that continue to impact globalization.

Are you interested in breaking into a global market? Sharpen your knowledge of the international business world with Global Business , one of our online business in society courses . If you aren't sure which course is the right fit, download our free course flowchart .

This post was updated on February 26, 2024. It was originally published on April 15, 2021.

About the Author

An economist explains the pros and cons of globalization

Piling up: Global trade has increased, but has it been a positive or negative force? Image:  REUTERS/Tyrone Siu

.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo{-webkit-transition:all 0.15s ease-out;transition:all 0.15s ease-out;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:none;color:inherit;}.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo:hover,.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo:focus,.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo[data-focus]{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(168,203,251,0.5);} Gita Gopinath

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Every industrial revolution has driven a wave of globalization. The first wave was driven by innovations such as the steam engine and the industrial weaving machine; the second by the assembly line, the car and the plane; and the third by the digital revolution.

As we enter the fourth wave of globalization, driven by the digital revolution, there is renewed debate over whether it is a beneficial force: powering economic growth, and allowing the spread of ideas to improve people’s lives; or whether it erodes communities, and widens the gap between the elites and the rest of the world.

Globalization results in increased trade and lower prices. It heightens competition within domestic product, capital, and labour markets, as well as among countries adopting different trade and investment strategies.

But how do these impacts net out? What are the positive and negative effects of globalization? The below is an edited transcript of a conversation with Gita Gopinath, Chief Economist of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Overall, what are the advantages of globalization?

The advantages of globalization are actually much like the advantages of technological improvement. They have very similar effects: they raise output in countries, raise productivity, create more jobs, raise wages, and lower prices of products in the world economy.

What might be the advantages of globalization that someone would feel in their day-to-day life?

I think something that's not sufficiently appreciated about, for instance, international trade is that it reduces the prices of goods that they consume. So if you look at day-to-day things that you purchase, in terms of washing machines, or cars, or even clothing, because of international trade we've had a decline in prices of these goods, so they have become far more affordable for a lot of people in the world.

How have the benefits played out in advanced economies versus poorer ones over the last three decades?

Both advanced economies and developing economies have benefited overall in terms of having higher productivity, more job creation, and higher wages. As we've always known, and this is true again with technology, there are always some winners and losers. So there are communities and there are workers who lose out when there is more trade integration. That is what we're seeing right now in terms of discontent with international trade.

Who have been the biggest losers?

The biggest losers from international trade are always those whose skills have a cheaper competitor in a different market. So, in the case of the US, it's been those who work in the manufacturing sector because jobs in the manufacturing sector have been outsourced to countries where labour is far cheaper.

On the other hand, in developing countries, more capital-intensive goods get imported more cheaply from the outside. So if you're a manufacturer of a capital-intensive good in a developing country you tend to lose because of that competition.

This is how it is with international trade: production goes to wherever it is most efficient to produce. So, when people in any country are exposed to this kind of competition, some win and some lose.

Is it possible as an economist to come up with a verdict? Has this wave of globalized trade been a net positive or a net negative?

If you say, I'm going to look at it from a measure of overall effect on a country's income, on its purchasing power, on the prices that its people pay, overall I think the evidence that we have all points to it being a net positive.

Now, if you frame the question as, has international trade been good for the manufacturing worker in the US? Then the answer to that would be “not fully”; it's been very costly in terms of jobs and wages for them.

How optimistic are you that this next wave of globalization offers a better future?

I would make a couple of points. First, the previous waves of globalization have been quite successful in lifting a large number of people out of poverty and so we should appreciate that.

The second thing is that any form of globalization will generate winners and losers. So even if you have the perfect, most optimal international trade agreements, there will always be those who lose out because of competition, in the exact same way that people lose out whenever there's a new technology being developed.

And so if we want to make sure that the next wave of globalization is even more successful, it has to be complemented with good, sound domestic policies that help those who are getting left out.

How optimistic are you that the trade war between the US and China will be swiftly resolved?

It's absolutely essential that it be resolved, and it gets resolved in a way that's long lasting. The world economy has lived with the uncertainty about trade tensions for a while now and if there is any solution and there is a sense that the solution is only transitory and something can again get triggered in the future, I think that's very costly.

I'd say I'm mildly optimistic because I think leaders in the world are recognizing that these trade tensions are having a negative effect on their economies and so it would make sense to sit down and resolve it.

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What Is Globalization?

Understanding globalization, the history of globalization.

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The Bottom Line

• Macroeconomics

Globalization in Business With History and Pros and Cons

Globalization refers to the spread of the flow of financial products, goods, technology, information, and jobs across national borders and cultures. In economic terms, it describes an interdependence of nations around the globe fostered through free trade .

Key Takeaways

• Globalization is the spread of products, technology, information, and jobs across nations.
• Corporations in developed nations can gain a competitive edge through globalization.
• Developing countries also benefit through globalization as they tend to be more cost-effective and therefore attract jobs.
• The benefits of globalization have been questioned as the positive effects are not necessarily distributed equally.
• One clear result of globalization is that an economic downturn in one country can create a domino effect through its trade partners.

Alex Dos Diaz / Investopedia

Corporations gain a competitive advantage on multiple fronts through globalization. They can reduce operating costs by manufacturing abroad, buy raw materials more cheaply because of the reduction or removal of tariffs , and most of all, they gain access to millions of new consumers.

Globalization is a social, cultural, political, and legal phenomenon. 

• Socially, it leads to greater interaction among various populations.
• Culturally, globalization represents the exchange of ideas, values, and artistic expression among cultures.
• Globalization also represents a trend toward the development of a single world culture. 
• Politically, globalization has shifted attention to intergovernmental organizations like the United Nations (UN) and the World Trade Organization (WTO).
• Legally, globalization has altered how international law is created and enforced.

On one hand, globalization has created new jobs and economic growth through the cross-border flow of goods, capital, and labor. On the other hand, this growth and job creation are not distributed evenly across industries or countries.

Specific industries in certain countries, such as textile manufacturing in the U.S. or corn farming in Mexico, have suffered severe disruption or outright collapse as a result of increased international competition.

Globalization's motives are idealistic, as well as opportunistic, but the development of a global free market has benefited large corporations based in the Western world. Its impact remains mixed for workers, cultures, and small businesses around the globe, in both developed and emerging nations .

Globalization is not a new concept. Traders traveled vast distances in ancient times to buy commodities that were rare and expensive for sale in their homelands. The Industrial Revolution brought advances in transportation and communication in the 19th century that eased trade across borders.

The think tank Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE) states globalization stalled after World War I, and nations moved toward protectionism as they launched import taxes to more closely guard their industries in the aftermath of the conflict. This trend continued through the Great Depression and World War II until the U.S. took on an instrumental role in reviving international trade .

Globalization has sped up at an unprecedented pace, with public policy changes and communications technology innovations cited as the two main driving factors.

One of the critical steps in the path to globalization came with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), signed in 1993. One of NAFTA's many effects was to give American auto manufacturers the incentive to relocate a portion of their manufacturing to Mexico where they could save on the costs of labor. NAFTA was replaced in 2020 by the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMC) .

Governments worldwide have integrated a free market economic system through  fiscal policies  and trade agreements in the 20th century. The core of most trade agreements is the removal or reduction of tariffs.

This evolution of economic systems has increased industrialization and financial opportunities in many nations. Governments now focus on removing barriers to trade and promoting international commerce.

Pros and Cons of Globalization

A larger market for goods and services

Cheaper consumer prices

Outsourcing can benefit both domestic firms and foreign labor

Increased standard of living

Concentrates wealth in richer countries

Some poorer countries can be left behind

Poorer countries can be exploited of their labor and physical & intellectual resources

Cultures and the products consumed around the world can become homogenized

Proponents of globalization believe it allows developing countries to catch up to industrialized nations through increased manufacturing, diversification, economic expansion, and improvements in standards of living .

Outsourcing by companies brings jobs and technology to developing countries, which helps them to grow their economies. Trade initiatives increase cross-border trading by removing supply-side and trade-related constraints.

Globalization has advanced  social justice  on an international scale as well, and advocates report that it has focused attention on human rights worldwide that might have otherwise been ignored on a large scale.

One clear result of globalization is that an economic downturn in one country can create a domino effect through its trade partners. For example, the 2008 financial crisis had a severe impact on Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, and Spain. All these countries were members of the European Union , which had to step in to bail out debt-laden nations, which were thereafter known by the acronym PIIGS .

Globalization detractors argue that it has created a concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a small corporate elite that can gobble up smaller competitors around the globe.

Globalization has become a polarizing issue in the U.S. with the disappearance of entire industries to new locations abroad. It's seen as a major factor in the economic squeeze on the middle class .

For better and worse, globalization has also increased homogenization. Starbucks, Nike, and Gap dominate commercial space in many nations. The sheer size and reach of the U.S. have made the cultural exchange among nations largely a one-sided affair.

What Is Globalization and Why Is it Important?

In essence, globalization is about the world becoming increasingly interconnected . Countries today are more connected than ever before, due to factors such as air travel, containerized sea shipping, international trade agreements and legal treaties, and the Internet. In the world of business, globalization is associated with trends such as outsourcing, free trade, and international supply chains. Globalization is important as it increases the size of the global market, and allows more and different goods to be produced and sold for cheaper prices.

Globalization is also important because it is one of the most powerful forces affecting the modern world, so much so that it can be difficult to make sense of the world without understanding globalization. For example, many of the largest and most successful corporations in the world are in effect truly multinational organizations, with offices and supply chains stretched right across the world. These companies would not be able to exist if not for the complex network of trade routes, international legal agreements, and telecommunications infrastructure that were made possible through globalization. Important political developments, such as the ongoing trade conflict between the United States and China, are also directly related to globalization.

Is Globalization Good or Bad?

It depends. Proponents of globalization will point to the dramatic decline in poverty throughout the world for more than two decades after around year 2000, which many economists attribute in part to increased trade and investment between nations. Similarly, they will argue that globalization has allowed products and services such as cellphones, airplanes, and information technology to be spread far more widely throughout the world. On the other hand, critics of globalization will point to the negative impact it has had on specific nations’ industries, which might face increased competition from international firms. Globalization can also have negative environmental impacts due to economic development, industrialization, and international travel.

How Does Globalization Impact Society?

Globalization has had a large impact on societies around the world, leading to massive migrations from rural to industrial or urban areas, leading to the rapid growth of cities and trade hubs. While this has led to an overall increase in incomes and a higher standard of living in general, it has also led to problems of urbanization including crime, domestic violence, homelessness, and poverty. Concepts of national identity, culture, and consumption patterns also change as goods from around the world become increasingly available and at low prices. The competitiveness of global capitalism may also lead to more individualistic ideals that contradict the cultural orientations of certain, more collectivist societies.

What Is an Example of Globalization?

A simple example of globalization would be a car manufactured in the U.S. that sources parts from China, Japan, South Korea, Sri Lanka, and South Africa. The car is then exported to Europe, where it is sold to a driver who fills the car's gas tank with gasoline refined from Saudi oil.

Globalization refers to the ongoing trend of increased interconnectivity across the globe, as enabled by advancements in transportation and information technology, among others. Globalization is economically facilitated by free trade agreements, which permit barrier-free imports and exports across borders. While globalization brings many advantages—including lower prices and higher standards of living—it also has drawbacks, including wealth concentration and cultural homogenization.

Peterson Institute for International Economics. " What Is Globalization? "

Congressional Research Service. " The North American Free Trade Agreement ," Page 1.

Congressional Research Service. " The North American Free Trade Agreement ." Pages 16-17.

Office of the United States Trade Representative. " United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement ."

FasterCapital. “ Financial Bailout: PIIGS and Financial Bailouts: Lessons From the Crisis .”

Macrotrends. “ World Poverty Rate 1981-2024 .”

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Pros and Cons of Globalization

Some praise globalization for opening borders and connecting cultures and politics. Others blame it for disrupting local economies and eliminating jobs. The fact is that globalization has been around since ancient times, and it is fully integrated into different aspects of modern life. As a consumer, your clothing, foods and electronic gadgets are often produced by multinational companies located around the world. And as an investor, a financial advisor could help you diversify your portfolio with emerging market funds and other foreign investments.

What Is Globalization?

Globalization is defined as a process that moves businesses, organizations, workers, technology, products, ideas and information beyond national borders and cultures. Supporters say that this is making countries more interdependent on free trade. But critics maintain that it is also concentrating wealth in the corporate elite, disrupting industries and making local economies more vulnerable.

This process has roots in ancient civilizations that traded for valuable commodities that were unavailable in their homelands. But today, you can also see how large corporations similarly thrive as multinational businesses with offices and supply chains stretching around the globe.

In the recent economy, trade agreements have become the cornerstones of globalization, creating and expanding networks for trade and infrastructure. This is the case with NAFTA, which was renegotiated by the Trump administration in 2020 as the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) . Initially, NAFTA incentivized U.S. businesses to relocate partially to take advantage of low-cost labor in Mexico. However, the USMCA has added protections for U.S. workers against this type of competition.

Globalization has also come under scrutiny with President Joe Biden’s recent $2.3 trillion infrastructure and jobs plan . Many large multinational companies like Amazon were singled out by Biden for taking advantage of tax loopholes to avoid paying  federal income taxes . The President said that he would raise corporate taxes and eliminate these loopholes and foreign tax credits to fund his plan.

While governments focus on removing national barriers to promote global trade, they are also working on protecting local economies that could easily get disrupted. Let’s break down the advantages and disadvantages of globalization.

Advantages of Globalization

Globalization can provide greater access to goods to countries all around the world. It also provides some economic benefits that financially benefit people that otherwise wouldn’t have enough opportunity where they live.  Here are the four largest advantages to globalization:

1. Globalization Broadens Access to Goods and Services 

It’s hard to argue with the point that globalization makes more goods and services available to more people, often at lower prices. If you have disposable income and you’re buying a product that comes from abroad, you’re benefiting from globalization to some extent. Business owners also benefit by having access to a bigger market for their goods and services.

2. Globalization Can Lift People Out of Poverty

The argument that globalization has lifted people in developing countries out of poverty is somewhat controversial because opinions differ as to the quantity – and quality – of the jobs created by globalization. But the general wisdom is that globalization has increased job opportunities in capital-scarce, labor-rich countries, i.e. developing countries.

3. Globalization Increases Cultural Awareness

Globalization’s defenders say it has increased cross-cultural understanding and sharing. A globalized society boosts the rate at which people are exposed to the culture, attitudes and values of people in other countries. That exposure can inspire artists, strengthen ties between nations and dampen xenophobia.

4. Information and Technology Spread More Easily With Globalization

Art and culture aren’t the only things that spread more easily in a globalized society. The same goes for information and technology. For example, see the rise of mobile banking in Kenya or the practice of micro-lending. Civil society groups can look to other countries for inspiration and good ideas can spread more easily.

Drawbacks of Globalization

Globalization may benefit many but it also has some large drawbacks to consider. From negatively impacting some economies to benefiting only the largest corporations, it isn’t a perfect solution. Here are the four largest drawbacks of globalization:

1. Workers Can Lose Jobs to Countries With Low-Cost Labor

This first argument against globalization is the one that surfaces most frequently in U.S. political discussions about NAFTA  and other trade deals. When the U.S. competes with less-developed countries, its big advantage is its access to capital, whereas less-developed countries’ big advantage is their cheap labor.

Generally speaking, globalization increases the returns to capital in rich countries like the U.S. and decreases the returns to labor in those same countries. That’s a fancy way of saying that low-skill jobs in the U.S. can disappear as a result of globalization (though technology plays a big role in this change, too). The result may be a decrease in the inequality between countries but an increase in the inequality within countries.

2. Globalization Hasn’t Protected Labor, Environmental or Human Rights

In theory, globalization can be an opportunity to spread values and practices like environmentalism and labor rights throughout the world. In practice, that spread has been slow and imperfect. For example, rather than exporting the labor protections that a company might have to abide by in the U.S., it might follow lower standards in another country where labor is not protected.

Some argue that globalization has caused a “race to the bottom” in which companies actively seek the countries with the weakest labor and environmental protections and the lowest wages. And while globalization has increased the flow of goods, services and capital, there are still plenty of tax havens, meaning that much of the value added by globalization is not captured and redistributed by governments.

3. Globalization Can Contribute to Cultural Homogeneity

Globalization might lead to more cultural homogeneity as people’s preferences converge and products cannot compete with cheaper multinational ones. If everyone wears jeans, learns English and watches Hollywood movies we may lose precious cultural practices and languages. Some critics of globalization worry that it’s creating a mainstream monoculture while driving other diverse cultures underground.

4. Globalization Empowers Multinational Corporations

Another criticism leveled at globalization is that it has empowered multinational corporations at the expense of governments and citizens. This reduces state sovereignty and citizens’ ability to hold their leaders accountable for conditions in their countries. It’s another reason that labor and environmental protections are harder to enforce than many critics of globalization would like. Multinational corporations may also lobby for favorable provisions in trade agreements (this was an argument invoked against the TPP ).

Bottom Line

Supporters and opponents of globalization generally agree that the phenomenon has come with great benefits and several negative impacts. Supporters argue that the benefits outweigh the drawbacks, while critics want to either improve the conditions of global trade or, in some cases, roll back globalization. Regardless, globalization is here to stay in many industries and countries so it’s important to understand how it could impact you and your company.

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Political Globalization – Pros and Cons (with Examples)

Political globalization is one of 8 types of globalization . This type of globalization focuses on how the leaders of nations have integrated their laws and built alliances for their mutual benefit.

Some features of political globalization include:

• The rise of International Bodies like the WMF and WTO.
• The rise of Free Trade.
• The rise of Multinational Agreements to develop Shared Norms.
• The emergence of the Concept of the Global Citizen.

Aspects of political globalization has been around in some form or another for a long time (e.g. the complex political relationships in the Roman Empire). But generally when talking about political globalization, we’re referring to the increasing political integration of nation-states since the 2 nd World War.

The most widespread definition of political globalization comes from William R. Thompson who defined it as:

“The expansion of a global political system, and its institutions, in which inter-regional transactions (including, but certainly not limited to trade) are managed.”

Primarily, it has involved the blurring of the boundaries between nation-states to decrease friction between nations. This can reach all areas of political and social life, including:

• Lowering barriers to migration.
• Lowering barriers to the movement of goods and services.
• Agreeing on common standards for labor, intellectual property and environmental protection.

Some have argued that it has also led to a declining role of nation-states, which have ceded some power and responsibility to international bodies. For example, many nations agree to accept the rulings of the international court of arbitration even if they disagree with them.

Read Also: The 5 Scapes of Globalization

Examples of Political Globalization

1. European Union

The European Union is a trade and treaty bloc comprising of 27 nation-states on the continent of Europe. It is the successor of several other political agreements established after World War 2 to help integrate the European continent after the war.

Supporters of the EU say that the union has made Europe a safer and more harmonious place. Each nation’s economic success is more dependent on others in the bloc than ever before. This interdependence makes resorting to wars to solve disputes less likely.

The bloc also has the goal of spreading freedom and human rights across the continent. Here, you can see that there are both economic and political goals built into this union.

The North American Treaty Organization is another multi-national political treaty established after World War 2.

NATO’s primary goal is to contain Russian aggression by creating a military pact. If one NATO nation is attacked, then the rest will (supposedly) come to their defence. This deters potential Russian aggression.

3. Belt and Road Initiative

The Belt and Road Initiative is a trade initiative established by China designed to spread China’s sphere of influence across Asia and the Middle East.

The initiative creates trade routes through over 70 nations and is the centerpiece of China’s foreign policy. Critics say China’s foreign affairs strategy often puts small nations in debt to China so China can leverage political power and favors in the future.

4. War Games

Many allied nations engage in yearly war games in a bid to strengthen military ties and protect their interests.

The United States and South Korea do this regularly, for example, as a sign of strength against potential North Korean aggression. This sort of political diplomacy is designed to strengthen allied blocs of nations and deter foreign attacks.

NAFTA was a flashpoint of anti-globalization sentiment in the 1990s because it was seen to decrease labor standards and would lead to the exodus of blue-collar jobs from the United States.

The trade deal between the United States, Canada and Mexico was eventually replaced by protectionist-leaning president Donald Trump and replaced by the USMCA agreement which had reinstated some provisions to strengthen the power of nation-states to protect their industries.

Read Also:  Political Socialization Examples

Advantages of Political Globalization

1. Establishment of International Norms

When nation-states sign treaties with international bodies, it’s an agreement to operate within a set of norms and standards that all signatories will adhere to.

This rule-based order can help prevent a race to the bottom in regards to labor standards, intellectual property theft, and environmental standards.

An example of this is the establishment of war crimes standards that are policed by the international criminal court in Brussels.

2. Ease of Movement

Often, political agreements between nations lead to relaxing of the movement of labor across boundaries. This can lead to immigration and emigration opportunities for millions of people.

The most dramatic example of this is the freedom of movement of people around the 27 European Union nation-states, leading to the development of a transnational European identity .

However, in many other cases, this ease of movement is often limited to highly educated professionals and locks out working-class people from the benefits of globalization .

3. Ease of Trade

One of the key goals of political globalization is to create better trade routes around the world (in effect, to support and promote economic globalization ).

The premise here is that free trade creates more efficient economies of scale.

In a free trade situation, nations that are excellent at producing a certain product or service will become global ‘hubs’, producing their product of expertise with great efficiency and at scale. This can free up other nations to produce other products more efficiently also because they will be able to re-allocate resources to industries they’re more efficient at working within.

Political agreements that create free trade agreements can help increase participatory nations’ prosperity significantly, although this often comes at the cost of jobs in vulnerable sectors.

4. Establishment of Blocs of Influence

Multinational political agreements are often designed to create a bloc of allies that are stronger than the sum of their parts. One example of this is when small African and Pacific nations gather together to vote as blocs in the United Nations.

Similarly, the West spent the 2 nd half of the 20 th Century holding significant leverage over multinational organizations such as the United Nations and World Trade Organizations because they effectively created a strong trans-Atlantic alliance.

5. Solve Global Problems like Climate Change

As the 21 st Century progresses, the problem of climate change becomes more and more pressing to solve.

Many nations claim that they alone can do very little to solve climate change. They will often cite that they’re only responsible for a tiny percentage of global carbon emissions (this is very common to hear in Australian politics).

In this context, an effective way to solve climate change is to create a global pact where all nations (which each account for only a small amount of carbon emissions) come together and agree to targets and standards for reducing emissions.

Attempts have been made to address this – such as in the Copenhagen and Paris climate accords, although it’s widely believed that these accords fall far too short and will not prevent catastrophic climate change.

Nonetheless, if this problem will be solved, it’s likely to only occur at a global multinational level.

Disadvantages of Political Globalization

1. Loss of Power at the Nation-State Level

When nation-states make multinational agreements, they often make concessions in order to reach a middle ground that’s satisfactory to all parties. They also sign-off on certain norms and standards that restrict their abilities to unilaterally take action.

One of the many reasons Britain chose to leave the European Union was that they were unhappy that they were tied to European rules around – among other things – fishing quotas in UK waters. While within the trade block, the UK had to stick to requirements that they felt restricted their fishing industry.

Nevertheless, most European nations make the calculation that this loss of power is outweighed by the great rewards that come from being in an enormous free trade bloc.

Related Concept: McDonaldization Examples

2. Levels of Bureaucracy

Multinational political agreements can add extra layers of bureaucracy to everyday activities of businesses and citizens. For example, many global political agreements put in place standards that you need to ‘tick off’ before sending a product to market.

Another way they increase bureaucracy is through the very fact the running and administration of multinational agreements is a burden. For example, the European Union’s budget is €157.9 billion, which needs to be paid into by each nation-state.

While I don’t support many of the claims made in this documentary, it covers many compelling arguments about the problems with unelected bureaucrats:

3. Decreased Political Accountability

One of the biggest critiques of bodies like the WTO, the EU and United Nations is that they are full of unelected bureaucrats.

The administrators who make decisions and recommendations, and administer programs, are not directly accountable to the people who their decisions impact.

Similarly, the decisions made in multinational agreements are (by their very nature) made not only by citizens of your nation but also leaders of competitor nations. These foreign leaders are in no way accountable to you or your fellow citizens.

Related: Cultural Globalization Examples

Political globalization describes the ways political decisions are increasingly made at a global rather than national level. While it has enabled some significant advancements in human rights and growing prosperity thanks to free trade, many people have been displaced and harmed by multinational agreements, also.

There will always be a pull-and-push as political globalization displaces and upsets people and causes backlash. There are legitimate and genuine arguments on both sides of the advantages and disadvantages of political globalization arguments.

Cuterela, S. (2012). Globalization: Definition, processes and concepts.  Romanian Statistical Review .

Lechner, F. J., & Boli, J. (Eds.). (2020).  The globalization reader . New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Luard, E. (2016) .  The globalization of politics: the changed focus of political action in the modern world . London: Springer.

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 5 Top Tips for Succeeding at University
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 50 Durable Goods Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 100 Consumer Goods Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 30 Globalization Pros and Cons

2 thoughts on “Political Globalization – Pros and Cons (with Examples)”

It was very Good but it needs other types of globalization

Political globalization in one of 8 types of globalization. To see the others, visit this article: https://helpfulprofessor.com/types-of-globalization/

Thanks! Chris

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Globalization: the pros and cons, & the future of an interconnected (or disconnected) world

Global trade in online services and goods is booming, despite globalization being under fire in many nations .

Brexit, COVID-19, Trump’s trade war with China, and the war in Ukraine, have left many wondering if we’re entering a phase of deglobalization – a world destined to become less connected, with countries looking inwards instead of outwards.

Some welcome this movement, citing vulnerabilities of global supply chains exposed during the pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Others believe the positive outcomes of globalization far outweigh the negatives. And those on the bench believe globalization should be redefined. 

To help you understand why there’s so much debate over globalization, we’ll go over both the positives and negatives later on in this article. First, let’s go over the definition of globalization. 

What is globalization?

Globalization describes how the world’s cultures and economies are connected and dependent on each other. Through trade agreements between countries, globalization allows businesses to buy and sell across borders with lower tariffs and no or fewer limits on imports and exports. Overall, the goal of governments in favor of globalization is to make it easier to do business worldwide. 

Did you know? The opposite of globalization is protectionism, which restricts international trade and forces companies and consumers to buy home-grown goods and services.

Fun fact about glocalization

Nope, not a typo! Glocalization should not be mistaken for globalization. It’s a combination of globalization and localization . While globalization is the process of expanding business operations on a worldwide scale, localization is the process of adapting products, services, and marketing to meet the specific needs of local markets.

When you merge the two, you get glocalization. The concept represents a global and local approach with companies maintaining a global brand identity that’s more universally accepted, while also adapting products or services to suit local markets.

What are the advantages of globalization?

International trade is a key driver of globalization, and so we often focus on the trade benefits of globalization. But globalization also brings with it social, political, legal, and cultural benefits. Let’s go over some of these below.

Expansion into other markets 

Great ideas and products are no longer confined to local markets. Businesses can expand freely to new regions, offering their products and services to a larger audience. They can also set up operations in regions where the cost of production and employment is lower, allowing them to lower manufacturing and labor costs and be more competitive. 

Globalization not only benefits companies, but also customers who have access to a larger variety of products, leading to more choices, better quality (because companies need to compete), and more affordable products. 

The language gap gets smaller

With more and more companies going global, the language gap is getting smaller. Companies are communicating with customers in their native language to better connect with them and create fairer and more personal experiences.

Twenty years ago, there was no way of knowing which brand was doing the best job at going global from a website perspective , as global researcher John Yunker, explains it. Communicating in other languages wasn’t something that everyone was doing back then, and so there was no blueprint to follow. This is why John created the Web Globalization Report Card (below) to measure who was doing the best job at going global.

The W eb Globalization Report Card scores global websites based on:

• Internationalization (i18n) – the flexibility of global website architecture 
• Localization – the level that content has been adapted for local audiences
• Global navigation – can the user find their locale or localized site?
• Global reach – how many languages are available?

During John’s research, Google emerged as the best global website. It was the most multilingual website on the internet with 67 languages, and has become a benchmark for the rest of the world.

I n 2024, the two most linguistically fluent websites on the internet are not-for-profit organizations: The Jehovah’s Witnesses (over 1000 languages!) and Wikipedia (339 languages).

Going global? Learn how to successfully translate your website

Access to a diverse pool of talent

More and more companies operate remotely and hire globally. The big benefit is that they can tap into a vast pool of talent, bringing diverse perspectives and skills to the table. Some countries are making it even easier for so-called digital nomads to work remotely by offering temporary visas, which is reshaping local economies and becoming yet another symbol of globalization.

Transfer of technology and knowledge-sharing

Opening up borders can lead to greater innovation, breakthroughs, and growth. Though most of us want to leave COVID-19 well behind us, we need only look at the response from countries who came together to create the first vaccines in less than a year. Vaccines normally take around 5 to 10 years to create , but the deadliness, rapid spread, and disruptiveness of COVID-19 led to a new global approach to vaccine development, manufacturing, and distribution.

Access to new cultures

Globalization has made it easier to explore, learn, and be inspired by new cultures. Without the freedom to work abroad, travel across borders, and do business internationally, we wouldn’t be exposed to new ideas, products, and services. Our choices would be limited to what’s available in the countries we live in. Imagine not having access to music, food, and movies from other parts of the world! 

What are the disadvantages of globalization?

Globalization doesn’t have all the answers. Where the scales tip in favor of economic growth and technological advancements, they weigh heavily with concerns over economic inequality and environmental issues. Let’s go over some of these downsides in more detail.

Cultural homogenization

Dominant cultures from other countries often influence local culture, leading to a more uniform global culture. This raises concerns about losing unique local identities, traditions, brands, languages, and cultures as locals adapt to global markets. 

Financial crises and inequality

While globalization has been shown to decrease poverty overall, it’s often at the expense of local businesses and populations. Lower-priced foreign competition has led to job losses in developed nations, especially in domestic manufacturing, and exploitative labor practices in the developing world.  

Globalization can also widen the inequality gap, with the rich becoming richer and the poor becoming poorer. Let’s take the modern-day example of globalization as an example: digital nomadism. This phenomenon has been blamed for rising house prices in some countries. Digital nomads are drawn to countries where living costs are low, allowing them to afford better lifestyles and save more. But this in turn sees prices in the region soar, and prices locals out of property, food, and more.

Environmental toll 

Environmental degradation is common in countries where regulations are more relaxed. Projects like the construction of hydropower dams and deforestation in the name of globalization have caused environmental harm and habitat destruction. Meanwhile, global integration has led to a decrease in biodiversity and the spread of invasive species, impacting agriculture, wildlife, and ecosystems worldwide. 

Supply chain vulnerabilities

Stretched supply chains make the world more susceptible to disruptions. Highlighted by the pandemic, US and China trade disputes, and more recently Russia’s war against Ukraine. The latter caused global disruptions to natural gas supplies and saw a spike in energy prices, while the ongoing spat between China and the US continues to see sanctions on exports and imports from both sides, which is disrupting global supply chains for companies.

Disruptions are not just man-made, however. Natural disasters can also be huge disruptors. Taiwan, for example, the largest manufacturer of semiconductors for large tech firms like Apple , is prone to typhoons and earthquakes. 

Examples of globalization

Now that you understand the positives and negatives of globalization, let’s take a look at some examples of how globalization can show up in many different ways.

Brand and product globalization

Brands that sell their products and services in multiple countries often influence cultures and even economies on a global scale. Companies like, Coca-Cola, Nike, and McDonald’s have become ubiquitous symbols of American culture worldwide. Car companies, like Toyota – the world’s largest motor vehicle manufacturer – creates jobs and spur technological growth. Barbie, the most iconic toy doll, has influenced popular culture around the world. She’s inspired fashion, beauty standards, career choices, and trends.

These are examples of globalized brands that have universal appeal. Their brand, messaging, and products need to be consistent across markets and localized to make sure they resonate with consumers in individual markets. 

Fun fact: you won’t find a McDonald’s in Iceland, where locals boycotted the hamburger chain in favor of their local burger joint.

Website globalization

As the number of brands going global continues to rise, we’ll continue to see an increase in website globalization – websites that are designed for a wider spectrum of markets . The average number of languages supported by global brands in 2024 is 34 . But there’s still a language gap.

The Website Globalization Report Card revealed that to communicate with over 90% of internet users, websites will need to support 50 or more languages. To make it easier to adapt websites for different markets, developers will need to internationalize their product’s code base. Think of internationalization as the globalization of digital products . You need to lay the foundations so your website is global-ready.

Cultural globalization

The economic interdependence of countries leads to cultural exports and exchange. Hollywood movies are a classic example, of bringing American culture to international audiences. Another more recent example is K-pop, a music genre popular in South Korea in the 90s, which has become a global cultural phenomenon. 

Digital globalization

The internet is arguably the most significant technological example of digital globalization. That includes digital content and platforms, like websites, apps, and social media. It allows for real-time communication and access to information, regardless of geographical location. 

Platforms like Facebook and Twitter have created virtual communities, where people from across the globe can connect, share, and unite people to support causes and movements. It brings people together more than ever and breaks down barriers of communication.

The future of globalization : finding the right balance

Right now, many people are on the fence about globalization.

The good news is that nations and corporations are reexamining their globalization strategies rather than reversing or ramping up their efforts. They’re finding new ways to adapt to the changing geopolitical landscape, including: 

• Diversifying their manufacturing bases – a strategic move to strengthen supply chains. Some companies are even turning to locally sourced and manufactured solutions to help reduce environmental impact and support local economies.
• There’s talk about a Global Currency Reset , a theory investigating a new global currency
• Shifting from manufacturing to services, which play an increasingly important role in globalization
• Looking at sustainable supply chains with the need and demand for greener alternatives.

It seems more likely that globalization will evolve than reverse. By 2030, China and India are predicted to overtake the US as the world’s biggest economy, which will see a significant shift in the global economic landscape.

One thing is certain: recent and ongoing debates around globalization have highlighted how important it is to find the right balance of globalization for different regions.

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