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How to Cite a Thesis/Dissertation in Chicago/Turabian

Academic theses and dissertations can be a good source of information when writing your own paper. They are usually accessed via a university’s database or a third party database, or found on the web. The main difference between a thesis and a dissertation is the degree type they are submitted for:

• Thesis—A document submitted to earn a degree, such as a master’s degree, at a university.
• Dissertation—A document submitted to earn an advanced degree, such as a doctorate, at a university.

This guide will show you how to create notes-bibliography style citations for theses and dissertations in a variety of formats using the 17th edition of the  Chicago Manual of Style.

Guide Overview

• Citing a thesis or dissertation from a database
• Citing a thesis or dissertation from the web
• Citing an unpublished thesis or dissertation

Citing a Thesis or Dissertation from a Database

Citation structure.

1. First name Last name, “Title” (master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published), page number, Database (Identification Number).

Bibliography:

Last name, First name. “Title.” Master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published. Database (Identification Number).

Citation Example

1. Kimberly Knight,  “Media Epidemics: Viral Structures in Literature and New Media” (PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2011), 17, MLA International Bibliography (2013420395).

Knight, Kimberly.  “Media Epidemics: Viral Structures in Literature and New Media.” PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2011. MLA International Bibliography (2013420395).

Citing a Thesis or Dissertation from the Web

1. First name Last name, “Title” (master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published), page number, URL.

Last name, First name. “Title.” Master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published. URL.

1. Peggy Lynn Wilson, “Pedagogical Practices in the Teaching of English Language in Secondary Public Schools in Parker County” (PhD diss., University of Maryland, College Park, 2011), 25, https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/11801/1/Wilson_umd_0117E_12354.pdf.

Wilson, Peggy Lynn. “Pedagogical Practices in the Teaching of English Language in Secondary Public Schools in Parker County.” PhD diss., University of Maryland, College Park, 2011. https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/11801/1/Wilson_umd_0117E_12354.pdf.

Citing an Unpublished Thesis or Dissertation

In rare cases, you may need to cite a thesis or dissertation that has not yet been published. This is particularly the case if you want to cite your own work or the work of a colleague.

1. First name Last name, “Title” (unpublished manuscript, Month Day, Year last modified), format.

Last name, First name. “Title.” Unpublished manuscript, last modified Month Day, Year. Format.

1. John Doe, “A Study of Generic Topic” (unpublished manuscript, June 19, 2021), Microsoft Word file.

Doe, John. “A Study of Generic Topic.” Unpublished manuscript, last modified June 19, 2021. Microsoft Word file.

Chicago Formatting Guide

Chicago Formatting

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• Musical Recording

Citation Examples

• Thesis or Dissertation
• Encyclopedia
• Sheet Music
• YouTube Video

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• Introduction to Turabian Style | Citations & Formatting

Introduction to Turabian Style | Citations & Formatting

Published on May 28, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on November 1, 2022.

Turabian is a version of Chicago style that’s specifically designed for students and researchers. If you’ve been told to follow Chicago style when writing your academic research paper , thesis , or dissertation , it’s usually the Turabian guidelines that will be most useful to you.

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Table of contents

What is turabian style, how do citations work in turabian style, notes and bibliography style, author-date style, turabian formatting guidelines.

Kate L. Turabian published the first edition of A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations —often called “Turabian” for short—in 1937. The ninth and latest edition was published in 2018.

Where the Chicago Manual of Style is mainly aimed at publishers, Turabian is specifically aimed at students. Turabian is not a separate style from Chicago, but rather presents Chicago guidelines in a way that prioritizes student needs.

As such, Turabian differs from Chicago only in minor ways—formatting advice tailored to student papers, greater detail regarding specific citation formats —and the Turabian guidelines are the ones you should follow in your papers.

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Chicago and Turabian style both offer a choice between two citation styles: notes and bibliography, and author-date:

• In notes and bibliography style , citations appear in footnotes or endnotes, with a bibliography or annotated bibliography at the end listing all your sources in full. This style is popular in the humanities.
• In author-date style , in-text citations appear in parentheses, with a reference list listing all your sources at the end. This style is mainly used in the sciences.

There are two parts to a notes and bibliography citation: a Chicago footnote in the text, and an entry in your bibliography . You add a citation for all sources, whether they are primary or secondary sources , or tertiary sources .

Footnotes and endnotes

Citations in your text appear in footnotes or endnotes; the first citation of each source provides full information, while subsequent citations of the same source are usually shortened to save space.

A note is signaled by a superscript number appearing at the end of the clause or sentence the citation relates to. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, while endnotes appear at the end of the paper. Use one or the other, not a mix of footnotes and endnotes.

Each culture “erects its own musical signposts, melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic devices to represent emotion.” 1

Bibliography

The bibliography lists full information on all the sources cited in your text. It appears at the end of your text. Bibliography entries are alphabetized by authors’ last names, so names are inverted in the bibliography with a comma separating them (e.g. “Smith, John”).

Each source is listed on a new line, with a hanging indent applied when an entry for a single source extends onto additional lines. An example of a properly formatted Turabian bibliography is shown below.

In the tabs below, you can explore examples of various common source types cited in Turabian notes and bibliography style. It’s always important to make sure you use credible sources .

Notes and bibliography citation examples

• Book chapter
• Journal article

Author-date style consists of short parenthetical in-text citations that correspond to entries in your reference list .

In-text citations

Author-date in-text citations consist of the author’s last name, the year of publication, and a page number (or other locator) if relevant. They appear at the end of the relevant clause or sentence, before any closing punctuation .

Each culture “erects its own musical signposts, melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic devices to represent emotion” (Swafford 1992, 518).

Reference list

The reference list provides full information on all the sources cited. It is presented in a similar format to the bibliography, except that the year comes immediately after the author’s name, to allow for easy cross-referencing with the in-text citations.

Explore the tabs below to see examples of author-date citations for various common source types.

Author-date citation examples

Unlike the Chicago Manual itself, Turabian presents guidelines for formatting an academic paper, thesis, or dissertation. The following general format guidelines should be followed unless your university provides different ones:

• Use a standard font like 12 pt. Times New Roman.
• Double-space the text.
• Use 1 inch margins or larger.
• Indent new paragraphs by ½ inch.
• Place page numbers in the top right or bottom center.

The image below shows an example of a page formatted according to Turabian guidelines.

You can also download one of our template documents for Turabian style. Just select the citation style you need to follow; the appropriate formatting is already set up in the document.

Author-date Notes and bibliography

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, November 01). Introduction to Turabian Style | Citations & Formatting. Scribbr. Retrieved March 12, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/chicago-style/turabian/

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Citation Help: Dissertations & Theses

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A quick note:

The following examples follow the Notes-Bibliography style. For Author-Date style, please consult The Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition.

Chicago AND Turabian Citation Examples: Dissertations & Theses

Chicago and Turabian use the exact same format for citing dissertations and theses.

Important Elements:

• Author 
• Title of Dissertation or Thesis
• Type of Document (Dissertation or Thesis)
• Name of Degree Granting Institution

Thesis or dissertation

1. Author First Last, "Title of Dissertation or Theis" (Doctoral diss. or Master's Thesis, Name of Institution, Year), pp.-pp.

1. Dana S. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools" (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2010), 101-2.

Shortened note

2. Author Last, "Shortened Title," pp.

2. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex," 98.

Bibliography Entry

Author Last, First. "Title of Dissertation or Thesis." Doctoral diss. or Master's Thesis, Name of Institution, Year.

Levin, Dana S. "Let's Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools." PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2010.

Examples courtesy of  The Turabian 8th edition .

Chicago/Turabian Examples by Source

•    Articles
•    Audio & Video
•    Books
•    Dictionaries & Encyclopedias
•    Dissertations & Theses
•    Websites, Including Social Media
•    Other Source Types

Ask a Librarian

Librarians are available to help you with your questions. Please don't hesitate to contact us with any questions you might have regarding citation styles, citation management, etc.

Ask a question below or contact your subject specialist librarian for more help!

Useful Resources for Chicago/Turabian

Check out the  Chicago Manual of Style's Shop Talk website  for more great information about using the Chicago Manual of Style through the links below!

• Shop Talk for Students
• Formatting a paper in Chicago Style
• What's the difference between Chicago and Turabian?!?

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• Last Updated: Feb 23, 2024 6:30 PM
• URL: https://guides.lib.uiowa.edu/citationhelp

A MANUAL FOR WRITERS OF RESEARCH PAPERS —also known as “Turabian”—is the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic areas. An introduction to Chicago-style formatting and citation generation, the manual aids students in clear writing, citing, and research practice. At the heart of Turabian is the idea that, no matter the format, the foundations of good research remain the same: to do it carefully, present it clearly and accurately, and follow academic standards for citation, style, and format.

THE NINTH EDITION INCLUDES:

• comprehensive guidelines for formatting papers and preparing them for submission
• authoritative guidance on all matters of style
• updated to reflect The Chicago Manual of  Style , 17th edition
• thorough coverage of Chicago-style formatting and citation
• extensive guidelines on conducting research in digital environments

Writers need a strong research question, an evidence-based argument, to structure their work in a logical way, and to cite their sources. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , remains one of the most popular books for writers because of its timeless focus on achieving these goals. The ninth edition filters decades of expertise into modern standards. Recognizing that most students will be doing their work largely or entirely online and on screens, this new edition builds information literacy by addressing digital forms of both research and writing.

Through eight decades and millions of copies, A Manual for Writers has helped generations shape their ideas into compelling research papers. This new edition continues as the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic disciplines.

Turabian Citation Style Guide 9th Edition: Home

• General Guidelines
• A. One Author
• B. Two or Three Authors
• C. More than Three Authors
• D. Chapter in an Edited Book with Multiple Authors
• E. Volume with a Specific Title in a Multi-Volume Work
• F. Organization Author
• G. No Author
• I. Reference Book
• J. Edition other than the First
• A. Basic Journal Article
• B. Journal Article from Online Periodical
• C. Journal Article from Article Database
• D. Magazine Article
• E. Magazine Article from Online Magazine
• F. Newspaper Article
• G. Newspaper Article from an Online Newspaper
• A. Basic Web Page
• B. Web Page No Author
• C. Blog Entries and Comments
• A. Motion Picture
• B. Television and Radio Programs
• A. Image from Electronic Source
• B. Published Photograph
• A. Interviews & Personal Communications
• B. Lectures
• C. Pamphlets, Brochures, & Reports
• D. Scriptural References
• E. Secondary Sources
• F. Government Publications

Turabian Publication Manual

This guide is based on Kate Turabian's manual (9th edition) and is a reliable and heavily-used shorter guide to Chicago Style.

About Kate Turabian

Kate Turabian (1893-1987) was the dissertation secretary of the University of Chicago's graduate school and every accepted dissertation crossed her desk. She became an expert on the Chicago style and wrote a pamphlet that described the correct style to use when writing dissertations.

This pamphlet eventually became the book,  A Manual for Writers , which students and researchers use today. Click here for more information on Kate Turabian.

Getting Started!

Welcome to the Turabian/Chicago citation style reseach guide. Turabian style of writing and formatting was created by Kate Turabian. This style was adapted from the University of Chicago's 'Chicago' style of citation and was simplified for students and researchers.

Turabian presents two basic systems of documentation: notes-bibliography style (or simply bibliography style) and  author-date style (or reference list style). These styles are basically the same as in the Chicago style. Bibliography style is typically used in literature, history and the arts. The reference list style is typically used in the physical, natural, and social science areas.

The purpose of documentation is to:

• Identify ( cite ) other people’s ideas and information used within your essay or term paper.
• Indicate the authors or sources of these in a Reference or Bibliography list at the end of your paper.

The following sections provide you with information and examples that will help you to cite the sources that you come across during your research. While this guide provides helpful examples, it may not be perfect. For more detailed information, please consult your instructor or see the Manual , which is available at the Ask Here Desk in the Library.

Turabian vs. Chicago

What is the difference between Turabian and Chicago?

The main difference is that the Turabian guide is shorter and contains fewer instructions than the Chicago Manual.  It also does not contain any information about publication. The Chicago Manual of Style is designed for individuals who are publishing so it includes a great deal of information of formatting papers. Turabian is a simplified version that is designed for students writing research papers.

Which style should I use?

Always check with your instructor. However, in general, most of the guidelines that you find in the Turabian manual will also apply to the Chicago style.

Academic Support Center

• MSUB Academic Support Center Lots of handy information on this web page.
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Turabian 9th edition Style Guide

• Formatting Your Paper
• Notes-Bibliography style citations
• Author-Date citations

Turabian 9th edition

Disclaimer :  this guide is designed to provide a brief overview of turabian 9th edition and does not replace the style handbook.  please refer to the style handbook for more details on citing sources.   you can also contact savannah patterson ([email protected]) or make a research coach appointment.  .

The Turabian citation style is a shortened form of Chicago citation style.  Developed by the secretary of the graduate school's dissertation department at the University of Chicago, Kate Turabian, this citation style is used in social sciences, humanities, natural and physical sciences and depending on the class/professor.  

There are two different styles of Turabian that students can follow given their professors' requests (1) notes- bibliography (or notes style) and (2) author-date style. Both styles require in-text citations and formal references in a bibliography or reference, but each style differs regarding the in-text citation.  The notes style require footnotes (indicated by a superscript number after a reference) that are at the bottom of the page or at the end of the text.  The author-date citation style uses parenthetical citations to cite the references in the text.  Make sure to consult your professor if you are not sure which style to use.  

This guide provides brief examples and descriptions of how to cite works in a paper for footnotes, author-date citations, and the bibliography.  Additional information regarding inclusive language is included in the 9th edition handbook which can be found in the library.  

Click the tabs to see examples and descriptions of citations for various types of resources. 

Information on this guide was found from a combination of sources: 

Purdue Online Writing Lab. "General Format."                                                                                         https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cmos_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html   Accessed   12/6/2021. 

Turabian, Kate.  A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations; Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. Edited by   Wayne C. Booth, 

    Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, Joseph Bizup, and William T. Fitzgerald. 9th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. 

Turabian: A Manual for Writers: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. "Turabian Citation Quick Page." Accessed December 6,             

     2021.  https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/turabian/citation-guide.html    

• Next: Formatting Your Paper >>
• Last Updated: Jan 3, 2024 12:49 PM
• URL: https://guides.uu.edu/turabian

Citation Guide: Turabian

• Legal Citation
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Turabian: An Introduction

Named after its author, Kate Turabian, the Turabian citation style is very similar to Chicago with a few slight differences. The 6th edition of A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , the guide for the Turabian style, can be found in the Reference area of the library at all three UT Tyler campuses.

Creating a Research Paper Using Turabian

• Turabian Quick Guide From the University of Chicago Press
• How to Cite References Using the Turabian Style From the University of Wisconsin-Parkside Library
• Formatting the Paper from The University of Richmond's Writing Center .
• Citing Within the Paper and Bibliography Published by the University of Georgia.

Other Web Resources

• Using the Turabian Format published by Texas A&M Libraries.
• Turabian and Chicago Styles Citations Published by UC Berkley, this printable guide citation examples for both Turabian and Chicago Styles.
• A Guide to Chicago or Turabian Documentation Style--University of Wisconsin Madison
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• Next: Legal Citation >>
• Last Updated: Jan 20, 2024 11:40 AM
• URL: https://libguides.uttyler.edu/citations

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Cite It Right

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Turabian Style: A Manual for Writers

Have Questions on Citing?

Turabian Styles

Like Chicago, Turabian includes two types of citations:

• Notes-bibliography style: includes footnotes or endnotes. Usually includes a bibliography.
• Author-date style: sources are included in the text as author's last name and the date of publication in parentheses. The text is followed by a list of references with full citations.

Note Bibliography Style

• Journal Article

1. Author, "Article Title," Journal Title vol,no (Publication Date) : pages, accessed date, DOI.

       2. Author, "Article Title," pages.

Author last name, author first name. "Author Title." Journal Title  vol.no (Publication Date): pages. Accessed date. DOI.

1. Dana Rowland, "Candy Crush Combinatorics," The College Mathematics Journal 46, no.4 (September 2015) : 255, accessed July 16, 2016, http:// 10.4169/college.math.j.46.4.255.

 2. Rowland, "Candy Crush Combinatorics," 259.

Rowland, Dana. "Candy Crush Combinatorics." The College Mathematics Journal 46, no. 4 (September 2015): 250 - 265. Accessed July 16, 2016. http:// 10.4169/college.math.j.46.4.255

1. "Article Title." Website Title, last modified date, accessed date, website address.

          2. Author/Corportate Author, "Article TItle."

Author/Corporate Author. "Article Title." Website Title. Last modified date. Accessed date. Website address.

1. "AHA Speaks Out Against Actions in Turkey." News & Advocacy, last modified July 26, 2016, accessed August 10, 2016, https://www.historians.org/news-and-advocacy.

      2. American Historical Association, "AHA Speaks Out Against Actions in Turkey."

American Historical Association. "AHA Speaks Out Against Actions in Turkey." News & Advocacy. Last modified July 26, 2016. Accessed August 10, 2016. https://www.historians.org/news-and-advocacy.

1. Author, Book Title (Place of publication: Publisher, Publication date), pages.

       2. Author, Book Title, pages.

Author last name, first name. Book Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Publication Date. 

1. Sarah N. Roth, Gender and Race in Antebellum Popular Culture (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 189.

      2. Roth,  Gender and Race, 52.

Roth, Sarah N. Gender and Race in Antebellum Popular Culture . New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.

Author Date Style

Author last name, first name. Year of Publication. "Article Title." Journal Title vol, no (Publication date): pages. Accessed date. DOI.

(Author Publication Year, pages)

Example: 

Rowland, Dana. 2015. "Candy Crush Combinatorics." The College Mathematics Journal 26, no.4 (September): 250 - 265. Accessed July 16, 2016.  http:// 10.4169/college.math.j.46.4.255.

(Rowland 2015, 252)

Author. Publication Year. "Article Title." Website Title . Last modified date. Accessed date. Website.

(Author Publication Year)

American Historical Association. 2016. "AHA Speaks Out Against Actions in Turkey." News & Advocacy. Last modified July 26. Accessed August 10, 2016.  https://www.historians.org/news-and-advocacy.

(American Historical Association 2016)

Author last name, first name. Year of Publication. Book Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.

(Author Year of Publication, pages)

Roth, Sarah N. 2014. Gender and Race in Antebellum Popular Culture . New York: Cambridge University Press.

(Roth 2014, 18-19)

Turabian Style Resources

Turabian Quick Guide

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• Last Updated: Oct 3, 2023 12:40 PM
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Citation Styles

• About This Guide
• In-Text Citations - Basics
• Reference List - Basics
• Examples of APA Style
• Works Cited - Basics
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• Notes-Bibliography System
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• Turabian Style

What is Turabian Citation Style?

Examples of turabian style, turabian style guide and other resources.

• Examples of AMA Style
• Citing Generative AI Models
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• Academic Integrity & Plagiarism
• ASU Graduate Education

Turabian Style is a variation of Chicago Manual of Style that is geared for students and researchers. Like Chicago, Turabian Style is used in some disciplines within the humanities, sciences and social sciences. Additionally, like Chicago Style, Turabian Style shares the same systems: notes-bibliography and author-date.

Unlike Chicago Style's focus on guidelines for publication, Turabian Styles focuses more on the creation, formatting and submission of academic works such as theses, dissertations and research papers.

The 9th edition of Turabian Style corresponds to the 17th edition of Chicago Style, albeit with minor differences geared towards student writing.

Since Turabian Style is nearly identical to Chicago Style, you can view basic guidelines and examples from notes-bibliography or author-date systems by visiting their respective tabs. You can also visit Chapters 16 and 17 of the Turabian Style Manual to see more specific examples not included in this Library Guide. 

ASU Library has one copy of the most recent edition — the 9th edition — available for 2-hour loan at the Music Library.

Additional resources include: 

• Turabian Citation Quick Guide - Sponsored by University of Chicago Press, this online guide offers examples for both notes-bibliography and author-date systems. 
• Turabian Student Paper-Formatting Tip Sheets - Sponsored by University of Chicago Press, this has 14 PDF tip sheets reflecting 9th edition Turabian Style, from margins and page numbers to in-text entries and reference lists. 
• UW-Madison Writer's Handbook on Chicago/Turabian Documentation  - Offers overviews and examples for both note-bibliography and author-date systems, noting the differences between Chicago Style and Turabian Style.
• << Previous: Author-Date System
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• Last updated: Mar 13, 2024 11:31 AM
• URL: https://libguides.asu.edu/citing

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Chicago/Turabian Style Citation Examples

Chicago vs. turabian, what's in this guide, turabian style manual, citation faq, guide/sample papers, author-date format.

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Chicago and Turabian are nearly identical citation styles - the key difference being that Turabian is a somewhat simplified version of Chicago style, and intended for students writing research papers. The Chicago Manual of Style is designed for professionals who are publishing work and thus goes into much greater detail on formatting.

Check with your professord, but usually the citation guidelines in this Turabian guide will also apply to Chicago style.

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• Organizational author, no author, oral histories/interviews, class lectures,  formatting subsequent (shortened) notes

Ask a Librarian  

• Ask for research help at the Library Services Desk, using chat, email, phone
• Email any one of the librarians for a research appointment tailored to your paper/project
• Citation FAQ Find answers to commonly asked questions regarding APA, CSE, MLA, and Turabian styles.
• Turabian Quick Guide
• Chicago Style, notes-bibliography sample paper Credit: Purdue OWL
• Turabian Style Guide: Sample Paper in Turabian

Turabian Style, first created for students by Kate Larimore Turabian , is a simplified version of the Chicago Manual of Style. 

B.D. Owens Library supports Notes-Bibliography style for Turabian, however, a short guide for Author-Date style can be found here:

• Author-Date Sample Citations
• Chicago Style, author-date sample paper Credit: Purdue OWL

The formatting and citation examples in this guide are based upon rules and examples in A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers, 9th edition by Kate Turabian. If you would like additions or would like to report a correction to this guide, please contact Becky Meneely . 

• Next: Articles >>
• Last Updated: Jan 2, 2024 4:00 PM
• URL: https://libguides.nwmissouri.edu/turabian

University of Pittsburgh Library System

• Collections

Course & Subject Guides

Citation styles: apa, mla, chicago, turabian, ieee.

• APA 7th Edition
• Turabian 9th
• Writing & Citing Help
• Understanding Plagiarism

Books on Turabian Citing

What is Turabian Style?

Based on Kate L. Turabian’s Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , Turabian citation style presents two basic documentation systems, notes-bibliography style (or simply bibliography style) and author-date style (previously called parenthetical citations–reference list style). These styles are essentially the same as those presented in The Chicago Manual of Style with slight modifications for the needs of student writers. It is always a good idea to double-check the style guide or official online resources; do not rely on these examples for formatting such as indents.

Notes/Bibliography style is used widely in literature, history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in footnotes or endnotes and, usually, a bibliography.

Author-date style has long been used in the physical, natural, and social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in parentheses in the text by author’s last name and date of publication. The parenthetical citations are amplified in a list of references, where full bibliographic information is provided.

(Sources: Turabian Guide website ;  A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses and Dissertations , 9th ed.)

Online Chicago Citation Resources

• Turabian Citation Guide A quick guide on proper Turabian style citation offered by the Chicago University Press.
• Writer's Handbook An online sample of Chicago/Turabian styles.
• Official Chicago Style Homepage A quick guide with citation examples offered by the Chicago Style manual homepage.
• << Previous: Chicago 17th/Turabian 9th
• Next: IEEE Style >>
• Last Updated: Apr 27, 2023 10:27 AM
• URL: https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp

Chicago Manual of Style - How to Cite Your Sources

• Overview & Citation Guide Portal
• Formatting the Paper
• Author-Date
• Notes and Bibliography
• Citing Electronic Resources
• Citation Builders

What's the Difference?

A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations by kate l. turabian, turabian style guidelines, turabian - basic citations, turabian video tutorial.

Turabian's  Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations is designed to better fit the needs of students using Chicago Manual of Style. It is a bit shorter and has some other differences, such as:

• Turabian requires Date Accessed information for some citations
• Turabian has specific margin rules. (1 inch margins on all sides)
• Turabian has specific Title Page guidelines. ( Sample Title Page Here )

Be sure to, as always, check with your professor and see if they would like the paper in Turabian or Chicago style.

• It is important to note that not all sources need to be cited within the bibliography. Some only need to be cited in the notes. Pay attention to which sources need to be cited and where they should be properly cited.
• Notes must use consecutive superscript numbers and the entire note must be indented. They must be in the same font as the rest of the paper and be in the same size font or one to two font sizes smaller. Notes should be single spaced.
• The first note should be the full note citation, but subsequent notes, as long as they fall directly after the original note citation, may use a shortened citation style that looks as follows: Last Name, Title , Page Numbers. Be sure to check with the resources available as the subsequent shortened citation style may change according to the source type.
• Bibliographic citations should have hanging indents, be in the same font as the rest of the paper and in the same size font. Citations should be single spaced with a double space between each citation.

First M. Last.  Book. (City: Publisher, Year Published), Pages

Bibliography:

Last, First M.  Book . City: Publisher, Year Published.

First M. Last. "Article Title,"  Newspaper,  Month Date, Year Published.

Last, First M. “Article Title.”  Newspaper Title  (City), Month Date, Year Published.

First M. Last. "Article Title,"  Journal Volume, Issue   (Month, Year Published ): Pages, Stable URL (accessed date).

Last, First M., and First M. Last. “Article Title.”  Journal Title , Series, Volume, no. Issue (Month Date, Year Published): Page(s).

Last, First M. “Article Title.” Website Title. Month Date, Year Published. Accessed Month Date, Year. URL.

• << Previous: Books
• Last Updated: Mar 1, 2024 12:33 PM
• URL: https://libguides.regiscollege.edu/chicago

Chicago/Turabian/SBL Style Guide (Notes-Bibliography)

• Format for Paper
• Citation Placement
• Reference (encyclopedias, dictionaries, or lexicons)
• Books / eBooks
• Citing a Thesis or Dissertation
• Format for A Thesis or Dissertation

Margins, Fonts, and Indents - Turabian 9, A.1 General Format Requirements

Spacing - Turabian 9, A.1 General Format Requirements

Title Page Format - Turabian 9, A.2.1.2

Abstract - Turabian 9, A.2.1.4 Abstract

Block Quotations - Turabian 9, 25.2.2 Block Quotations

Page Number Placement - Turabian 9, A.1.4.2 Placement

Levels of Headings - Turabian 9, A.2.2.4 Sections and Subsections

• Government Documents
• Other Resources
• Format of the Reference Page
• Grad Ministry
• Contact the Library

1" margins on all sides.

Exceptions (in instructions by professor)

• 1.5" left margin and .5" right margin - used for binding a document.
• 2" margin on one side - for instructor comments on a rough draft
• An easily readable typeface (Times New Romans or Arial)
• At least ten-point Arial or twelve-point Times New Roman
• Same font and size throughout paper, unless specified by instructor

1/2" indentation used at beginning of paragraph, use <Tab>

Double space. No extra line between paragraphs.

Exceptions are: block quotations, table titles and figure captions, and lists in appendixes

Single space, with one blank line between entries

Single space quotation

Follow any model provided by your department.

In general any title page should include the following. Place the title a third of the way down, centered. If the paper has a main title and subtitle, place main title on one line, followed by a colon, and put the subtitle on a new line. Several lines below the title place your name, along with any information requested by the instructor (often course title, department name and number, and the date).

• Abstracts that summarize the content of the thesis or disseration are often required
• First page of the Abstract should be page iii (i is Title page, II is the Copyright page)
• Leave two blank lines between title and first line of text
• Double-space the abstract
• Five or more lines create a block quotation
• Single-space a block quotation
• leave a blank line before and after quotation
• No quotation marks at either end of the block quotations, but keep any original quotation marks
• indent the entire block the same 1/2 inch as the first line of a paragraph
• If you cite the source in a footnote, place the note as a superscript at the end of the block quotation, after the punctuation

Page numbers are placed in one of four places. The important thing is to be consistent and follow your instructions.

• Centered in the footer
• Flush right in the footer
• Centered in the header
• Flush right in the header

In all cases, at least 1/2 inch from the edge of the page.

Levels of Headings - Levels of Headings - Turabian 9, A.2.2.4 Sections and Subsections

First Level: C entered, Boldface or Italics, Capitalize Each Word (Title Case)

Second Level: Centered, Regular Type, Capitalize Each Word (Title Case)

Third Level: Flush Left, Boldface or Italics, Capitalize Each Word (Title Case)

Fourth Level: Flush left, regular type, sentence-style capitalization

Fifth Level: run in at the beginning of paragraph (no blank line after), boldface or italics, sentence-style capitalization, terminal period [think of this as an intro sentence to the paragraph that just happens to be in boldface or italics].

• << Previous: Citing a Thesis or Dissertation
• Next: Government Documents >>
• Last Updated: Oct 18, 2023 11:09 AM
• URL: https://libguides.hiu.edu/chicago

How to Cite Sources in Turabian 9th ed. and Format Papers: Home

• Citing the Bible
• Commentaries
• Theses, Dissertations, and Projects
• Reference Works (Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, Lexicons, etc.)
• Journal Article
• Motion Pictures/Videos
• Lecture or Live Performance
• Formats for Paper
• Formats for Presentations or Websites

About the Styleguides in this Libguide

Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations has two different types of styles: Notes and Bibliography Style, and Author-Date Style. Notes and Bibliography Style is typically used within the humanities including literature, history, and the arts. The Author-Dates Style is primarily used within the physical, natural, and social sciences.

This guide only deals with the Notes and Bibliography Style.

Citation Style

Turabian style uses footnotes. Footnotes should be handled by your word processor and not something you just try to put in the footer. The footnote should be in the same font, Times New Roman, but in 10 point font, as opposed to the 12 point font of the paper body. The content of the footnote depends on source and if it is the first time the resource is cited. The second, and following citation, the note is shortened greatly.

Here are some helps from out on the internet. I cannot testify to their accuracy, but they may help with some citations and formatting questions.

• OttoBib A generator of citations based on the ISBN of a book. Not for use with journal articles. ** set to Chicago/Turabian to start
• Turabian Online Guide from the publisher The authoritative guide from the publisher.
• Next: Citing the Bible >>
• Last Updated: Sep 26, 2023 9:46 AM
• URL: https://apu.libguides.com/Turabian

• Free Tools for Students
• Turabian Citation Generator

Free Turabian Citation Generator

Generate accurate Turabian citations quickly and easily, with MyBib!

🤔 What is a Turabian Citation Generator?

A Turabian citation generator is a software tool that can automatically create academic citations in the Turabian citation style.

It will usually request key details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official Turabian style guide.

Formatted Turabian citations created by a generator can be used to give credit to others' work that you reference in your own.

🤓 What is the Turabian citation style?

The Turabian citation style is largely based on the Chicago style, but aims to be simpler for students who are not writing for publication. It was created by Kate Turabian, and the rules are published in the Manual for Writers .

The Manual for Writers specifies how to research and compose an academic paper, and includes guidelines to:

• Design a strong research question
• Construct an evidence-based argument
• Structure academic papers in a logical way
• Cite sources (this is the part we can help with!)

Like Chicago, there are two ways to cite sources in Turabian style: 'notes and bibliography', and 'author-date'--your instructor will usually tell you which one to use. More information about the differences between the two can be found in the official Citation Quick Guide .

👩‍🎓 Who uses a Turabian Citation Generator?

Turabian is mostly used by students studying the humanities, literature, history, arts, and also across the sciences. Students in these areas looking to manage and correctly cite their sources will use a Turabian Citation Generator to aid them.

🙌 Why should I use an Turabian Citation Generator?

Every academic field will recommend using a tool to record the sources cited in your writing. A citation generator like MyBib can store this data, and can also automatically create an accurate Turabian style bibliography or reference list from it (including the necessary in-text citations too), which should be appended to your document.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Turabian Citation Generator?

MyBib's Turabian citation generator was designed to be fast and easy to use. Follow these steps:

• Search for the article, website, or document you want to cite using the search box at the top of the page.
• Look through the list of results found and choose the one that you referenced in your work.
• Make sure the details are correct, and fix any that are not. Then click Generate!

The generator will produce a formatted Turabian citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall bibliography or reference list (which can be downloaded fully later!).

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

Citing Special Collections materials in Chicago/Turabian style: Citing Primary Materials in Special Collections

Citing primary sources.

This guide contains the following sections (click to link directly to the section you need)

Citing Primary Sources - Overview

Citing manuscript collections in print and online, citing oral histories in special collections, citing maps, citing photographs, citing previously published magazine and newspaper articles found in manuscript collections.

This page includes citation examples for different kinds of primary sources using the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) , 16th edition, and Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , 8th edition. This guide shows how to create an initial citation, a subsequent note, and a bibliography entry for primary sources.

Materials covered include:

• Manuscript & Document Collections
• Oral Histories
• Maps and Illustrations
• Photographs
• Digitized materials from our website

A word about "Preferred Citation" and "Citation" information in Special Collections' finding aids: 

Nearly all Special Collections finding aids include basic citation information. Sometimes it's labeled "Preferred Citation," and other times it's  labeled "Citation."  This information typically includes the following information:

• the name of the collection (such as "Ernest A. Mills Family Collection")
• the name of the repository - D. H. Ramsey Library Special Collections
• the location of the repository - University of North Carolina at Asheville, Asheville, NC 28804

The other details needed for a citation (such as the name of the item, the author of the item, and the box and folder number) will emerge during your research.

If you have any questions about citing materials from Special Collections, ask one of the Special Collections staff or your professor .

From the finding aid for the Frank Coxe Papers:

Preferred Citation

[Identification of item],Frank Coxe Papers, D.H. Ramsey Library, Special Collections, University of North Carolina at Asheville 28804

From the finding aid for the Carolina Mountain Club Archives:

Carolina Mountain Club Archive , D.H. Ramsey Library, Special Collections, University of North Carolina at Asheville 28804.

Example 1: Citing a document from a manuscript collection

Look at the citation information from the Carolina Mountain Club finding aid above. This has basic information about the collection, repository, and location of repository that you will need for your citation, but you will also add more information as you conduct your research . 

For instance, you might be working with the Carolina Mountain Club Archives, and you want to cite a specific document, the "Certificate of Incorporation of the Carolina Mountain Club" which is dated September 2, 1924. You found this document in Folder 19 in Box 15. There is a corporate author, the Carolina Mountain Club. (For more detailed information on citing manuscript collections, see the "Manuscript Collections" section of the Chicago Manual of Style , 16th edition, sections 14.232-14.242, pp. 749-752.)

So you have your document and you want to cite it. Now what? Let's take a look at how this would work:

Note (First mention, full reference):

        1. Carolina Mountain Club , " Certificate of Incorporation of the Carolina Mountain Club," 2 September 1924, Box 15, Folder 19, Carolina Mountain Club Archives, D. H. Ramsey Library Special Collections, University of North Carolina at Asheville, Asheville, NC.      

• Note that this is a full reference. The first line is indented.
• If the author is an individual, their name should be listed with the first name then last name (Frank Coxe).
• Sometimes you will not have an author. In this case, start the note with the name or title of the item.
• If the item has a specific title, as this one does, then that title is in quotation marks. If the item does not have a title but only a description it does not go in quotation marks.
• If the item does not have a date use the phrase n.d. (for no date) 
• Use a comma after all the elments in the note and a period at the end of the note. 

Note (Subsequent mentions, shortened reference):     

        7. Carolina Mountain Club , " Certificate of Incorporation."

• The shortened reference refers to a work that has already been cited in full form but not in a note immediately preceding it (which takes the ibid form ).
• The first line is indented, but the note only requires the author's name and the title of the document (which is sometimes shortened).

Bibliography:

• The first line is not indented, but the second line and all following lines are indented.
• Use a period after the collection name, after the repository name, and at the end of the bibliography entry.
• While the note included the item or document being cited, the bibliography does not include specific items -- unless only one item from a collection is cited. Then you would list the individual item in addition to the collection, repository, and repository location.
• For instance, if you cited two or more items from this collection, then you would use the bibliography entry as listed above.
• If you cited only one item from this collection then your bibliography entry would look like this:

Example 2: Citing a personal letter from a manuscript collection

Look at the citation information from the Frank Coxe Papers finding aid above. This has basic information about the collection, repository, and location of repository that you will need for your citation, but you will also add more information as you conduct your research . 

Let's say you're working with the Frank Coxe Papers and you find a letter you want to cite. The letter is from A. B. Harris to Frank Coxe, and it was written on March 25, 1889. You found this letter in Folder 6 in Box 2. While this is similar to the Carolina Mountain Club example above it varies in how you cite the names of individuals and how you cite the actual letter. 

        1. A. B. Harris to Frank Coxe,  25 March 1889, Box 2, Folder 6, Frank Coxe Papers, D. H. Ramsey Library Special Collections, University of North Carolina at Asheville, Asheville, NC.      

• Since the author is an individual rather than a corporate author, his name should be listed with the first name then last name (A.B. Harris). The same holds true for the recipient of the letter (Frank Coxe).
• Sometimes you will not have a date. In this case, use the phrase n.d.
• Use a comma after every element of the note and a period at the end of the note. 
• After you’ve listed one full reference, any other footnote/endnote citing this specific source will use a shortened reference or ibid.

  Note (Subsequent mentions, shortened reference):     

       7. A. B. Harris to Frank Coxe , 25 March 1889, Coxe Papers. 

  Bibliography:

Coxe, Frank., Papers .  D. H. Ramsey Library Special Collections. University of North Carolina at Asheville,        Asheville, NC.      

• Because this collection contains the papers of an individual, the collection name is listed with the person's last name first, followed by a comma, then the first name, then a comma, then "Papers," then a period: Coxe, Frank., Papers .
• While the note cites an individual item or document, the bibliography entry does not list specific items -- unless only one item from a collection is cited . In that case the bibliography will include the individual item in addition to the collection, repository, and repository location.
• In other words, if you cited two or more items from the Frank Coxe Paper, then you would use the bibliography entry as listed above.
• If you cited only one item from the Frank Coxe Papers in your paper, then your bibliography entry would look like this:

Harris, A. B., and Frank Coxe. Letter of 25 March 1889. Frank Coxe Papers.  D. H.        Ramsey Library Special Collections. University of North Carolina at Asheville, Asheville, NC.

Example 3: Citing an online document from a manuscript collection

The Chicago Manual of Style states that "It should be noted that citations of collections consulted online... will usually be the same as citations of physical collections, aside from the addition of a URL or DOI." (14.232, p 749)

How does this work?

Let's say you are researching the building of the Battery Park Hotel and using the Frank Coxe Papers. You find this doucment in the Western North Carolina Heritage website (which is part of Special Collections at UNC Asheville):  "Specificiations for Standard Hydraulic Passenger Elevator to be manufactured by Otis Brothers & Co." The document is dated February 24, 1886, and is a digitized document from the Frank Coxe Papers. The corporate author is Otis Brothers & Co. The URL is http://cdm15733.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15733coll5/id/13. 

Here's how you would cite this:

• Use a comma after every element in the note and a period at the end of the note. 

       7. Otis Brothers, Coxe Papers. 

• It does not include the URL.
• Use a period after each element in the bibliography.

Special Collections contains over 600 Oral Histories. Often an oral history may have a tape recording or CD of the actual interview.  Sometimes it may have a transcript of the interview as well.

In Chicago style, the kinds of oral histories we have in Special Collections are treated as unpublished interviews. (For more detailed information, see section 14.218-14.223 of the Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed., pp 744-746)

Citing an oral history

Look at this oral history in Special Collections: Hugh Creasman Oral History.   Looking at the information about the oral history, you'll note that the oral history is with Hugh Creasman, he was interviewed by Louis D. Sliveri on August 16, 1976, and that the oral history is part of the Louis D. Silveri Oral History Collection.

According to the Chicago Manual of Style, "unpublished interviews are best cited in text or in notes, although they may occasionally appear in bibliographies." (14.219, p. 744). Check with your professor about whether you should include a bibliography entry for an oral history.    This example will show both a note and an bibliography entry.

        8. Hugh Creasman ,   interview by Louis Silveri,  16 August 1976, transcript, Louis Silveri Oral History Collection, Ramsey Library Special Collections, University of North Carolina at Asheville, Asheville, NC.

• Use commas after all elements and a period at the end of the note.
• Many oral histories are not part of a collection. If so, omit the collection part of the citation.
• There may either be a transcript or recording. Cite whichever you used.

Note (Subsequent Mentions):

Shortened reference:

        10. Creasman,  interview .

• The first line is indented, and the note only requires the interviewee's last name, the title of the article (sometimes shortened), and a specific page reference.

Bibliography (As noted above, check with your professor before making a biblography entry for an oral history. ) 

Creasman, Hugh .   Interview by Louis Silveri.  16 August 1976 . T ranscript.   Louis Silveri Oral History Collection.       Ramsey Library Special Collections. University of North Carolina at Asheville, Asheville, NC.

• The first line is not indented, but the second line and all following lines are indented. 
• The interviewee's last name is listed first, unlike the note, where it is First Name Last Name.
• Use periods after all parts of the bibliography (except the comma between "University of North Carolina at Asheville" and "Asheville, NC.")

Sometimes your research will involve using maps that you will need to cite. In terms of citations, the library has two different types of maps that require different different citations.

• One type of map is a published map , such as the topographical maps in the map case on the second floor.  
• The second type are unpublished maps that are part of manuscript collections in Special Collections.
• This section will show you how to cite both published and unpublished maps.

Citing a published map

Suppose you are writing a paper about the history of the exploration of Mt. Mitchell and you are using a topographic map from the map case on the second floor of the library.  You look at the map and note that it's a US Geological Survey map that was published by the Tennessee Valley Authority.  Further inspection of the map shows the following information: 

• U.S. Geological Survey (author - who created/authored the map)
• Mt. Mitchell Quadrangle, North Carolina, 200-SE (the title of the map)
• 1946 (the publication date)
• Scale 1:24,000
• Tennessee Valley Authority, Maps and Surveys Division, Knoxville, TN (the publisher and place)

The format for citing published maps and illustrations is the same (see Chicago Manual of Style,16th ed. , 14-165, p. 726) 

        1. U.S. Geological Survey, Mt. Mitchell Quadrangle, North Carolina [map], (Knoxville, TN: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1946)

• Use a comma after the author's name, a comma after the map title, and the format in brackets with a comma after it. The next section is in parentheses, and includes the place of publication followed by a colon, the publisher followed by a comma, and the publication date. 

       7. U.S. Geological Survey ,  Mt. Mitchell Quadrangle. 

• Use period after all elements except the place of publication, which takes a colon between it and the publisher.

Citing a unpublished map from a manuscript collection

Special Collections contains hundreds of unpublished maps that can only be found in manuscript collections. Citing a map is like citing a document in a manuscript collection, and follows the same guidelines as above for "Citing a document in a manuscript collection."  Here's an example:

For instance, you are using the Carolina Mountain Club Archives to research a paper about Linville Gorge. You find a hand-drawn map of a hike to Shortoff Mountain. While this map has no actual title written on it, it is important to describe the item so it can be easily identified. There is no date on it and you found it in Folder 9 in Box 8.  There is a corporate author, the Carolina Mountain Club. Let's take a look at how this would work:

        1. Carolina Mountain Club , Hiking map to Shortoff Mountain,  n.d., Box 8, Folder 9, Carolina Mountain Club Archives, D. H. Ramsey Library Special Collections, University of North Carolina at Asheville, Asheville, NC.      

• Because this is part of the Carolina Mountain Club archives and no specific author is noted on the map, use the "Carolina Mountan
• Note that because Hiking map to Shortoff Mountain is a description of the item rather than a title, is not in quotation marks. If the map actually had the title " Hiking map to Shortoff Mountain" on it, then you would put it in quotation marks as a title.
• The map does not have a date. In this case, use the phrase n.d.
• Use a comma after the author's name, a comma after the document title, and a comma after the date, a comma after the box and file number, a comma after the collection name, a comma after the repository name, and a period at the end of the note. 

       7. Carolina Mountain Club , Hiking map to Shortoff Mountain.

• Use a period after the collection name, after the respository name, and after the author's name, and at the end of the bibliography entry.
• While the note included the item or document being cited, the bibliography does not include specific items -- unless only one item from a collection is cited. Then you would list the individual item in addition to the collection, respository, and repository location. For instance, if you cited two or more items from the Carolina Mountain Club Archives, then you would use the bibliography entry as listed above. If you cited only the one document listed in the bibliography above and no more documents, then your bibliograhy entry would look like this:

Photographs are a bit different in Chicago/Turabian style because they are cited in notes only and not in the bibliography.

You will need to use the following elements in your citation (Turabian, 8th ed., 17.8.1.1)

• Name of the photographer (if known)
• Title of the photograph in italics
• Date of photograph (preceded by ca. [ circa ] in italics if approximate, or n.d. if unknown)
• Name of the repository that houses the photograph

How to cite a photograph

Suppose you are researching the history of Tryon, NC. You find a photograph of a Catholic Church in Tryon, NC, in the R. Henry Scadin Collection that you want to use in your paper. You find this information about the photograph:

The photographer is R. Henry Scadin, and the photograph is labeled "Catholic Church, Tryon, NC," it's photograph number 958, and it's in Box 33. There is no date on the photograph. Here's how you would do the citation:

• The title and photograph number are in italics. If it does not have a title, use "untitled" and describe the photograph in your narrative. 
• The photograph does not have a date. In this case, use the phrase n.d.
• Use a comma after the photographer's name, a comma after the photograph title, a comma after the date, a comma after the box and file number, a comma after the collection name, a comma after the repository name, and a period at the end of the note. 

  7. R. Henry Scadin, Catholic Church. 

• The first line is indented, but the note only requires the photographer's name and the title of the photograph (which is sometimes shortened).

There is no bibliography entry for a photograph.

   How to cite a photograph in an online collection 

Citing a photograph from an online, digitized collection is the same as citing a regular photograph, with the addition of adding the URL and an access date. 

• Name of the online collection
• Date accessed

You are writing a paper about Asheville in the early 20th century, and you want to use a photograph of President Theodore Roosevelt when he spoke at Pack Square in 1902.  You find a photograph of Roosevelt's talk in the Western North Carolina Heritage website, and you have this information:

The photographer is H. W. Pelton, the photograph is titled "Pack Square Crowds greet President Theodore Roosevelt." It's from the E. M. Ball Collection. The date is 1902, and the URL is http://cdm15733.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/Photographs/id/639.  You accessed it on November 5, 2014.

            4. H. W. Pelton, Pack Square Crowds Greet President Theodore Roosevelt , 1902, E. M. Ball Collection, accessed November 5, 2014,  http://cdm15733.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/Photographs/id/639

• The photograph title is in italics. If it does not have a title, use "untitled" and describe the photograph in your narrative. 
• Use a comma after the photographer's name, a comma after the photograph title, a comma after the date, a comma after the accession date, and a period at the end of the note. 

Sometimes you will find newspaper clippings, magazine articles, or academic journal articles in a manuscript collection. How do you cite these? When citing a newspaper, magazine, or journal in a manuscript collection, it's good to also provide information about the article, such as the title of the article, the name of the newspaper, the author of the article, and the date it was published. Sometime you might not have all this information, especially if the article was clipped out of the newspaper, but you can use what information you do have to describe the article as completely as possible. Let's take a look at a few examples of how this would work.

Example 1: Citing a newspaper article or clipping from a manuscript collection

Look at the citation information from the Carolina Mountain Club Archives finding aid above. This has basic information about the collection, repository, and location of repository that you will need for your citation, but you will also add more information about the newspaper article. 

Let's say you're working with the Carolina Mountain Club Archives and you find a newspaper article that you need for your research. You find an article that you want to cite, and you are able to identify a lot of information about it.  The article is "Are Dogwoods Doomed?" by Clarke Morrison. It was published in The Asheville Citizen on September 14, 1990. It was in Box 9, Folder 3 of the Carolina Mountain Club Archives. To cite this, what you end up doing is using the citation style for a newspaper article and adding it to the manuscript citation - thereby providing information about both the original article and the manuscript collection where you found it.

        1. Clarke Morrison , "Are Dogwoods Doomed?,"   The Asheville Citizen , September 14, 1990,   Box 9, Folder 3,   Carolina Mountain Club Archives ,  D. H. Ramsey Library Special Collections, University of North Carolina at Asheville, Asheville, NC.       

• Note that this describes the information about the newspaper article, then describes the collection information.

       7. Morrison ,  "Dogwoods," Carolina Mountain Club Archives .

Carolina Mountain Club Archives. D. H. Ramsey Library Special Collections.        University of North Carolina at Asheville, Asheville, NC.        

• In other words, if you cited two or more items from the Carolina Mountain Club Archives, then you would use the bibliography entry as listed above.
• If you cited only one item from the  Carolina Mountain Club Archives in your paper, then your bibliography entry would look like this:

Morrison, Clarke . "Are Dogwoods Doomed? . "   The Asheville Citizen. September 14, 1990. Carolina Mountain Club        Archives. D. H. Ramsey Library Special Collections.   University of North Carolina at Asheville, Asheville, NC.

Example 2: Citing a newspaper article with missing information

Sometimes you will find a newspaper or magazine article that has been clipped from the original paper or magazine. All you have is an article - you don't have the author, publication date, or even what newspaper published the article. If you add no information at all the reader may wonder who wrote the article, what paper it was in, and when it was published. However, Chicago style allows for comments in footnotes and endnotes (CMOS, 14.32) that you can use to explain this, and the commentary is inserted at the end of the note.

Let's assume you're working with the Carlina Mountain Club Archives. You find a clipping of a newspaper article titled "Hiking the Appalachian Trail" in Box 9, Folder 3, but it does not list an author or publication date, and you can't tell what paper it was published in. Your citation would look like this:     

Note (First mention, full reference) :

        1. "Hiking the Appalachian Trail,"  Box 9, Folder 3,   Carolina Mountain Club Archives,   D. H. Ramsey Library Special Collections, University of North Carolina at Asheville, Asheville, NC.   Newspaper clipping missing author, publication date, and name of newspaper.     

• Note that this describes the information about the newspaper article, then describes the collection information. The additional phrase at the end clarifies why the information about the artilce is incomplete. 
• Use a comma after every element of the note and a period after the repository location. Use a period after the commentary phrase. 

       7 . " Hiking the Appalachian Trail,"  Carolina Mountain Club Archives.

 Bibliography:

Carolina Mountain Club Archives.   D. H. Ramsey Library Special Collections.           University of North Carolina at Asheville, Asheville, NC .        

• If you cited only one item from the Carolina Mountain Club Archives in your paper, then your bibliography entry would look like this: 

"Hiking the Appalachian Trail." Carolina Mountain Club Archives. D. H. Ramsey Library Special Collections.                       University of North Carolina at Asheville, Asheville, NC 

Head of Special Collections & University Archivist

• Last Updated: Apr 19, 2023 10:44 AM
• URL: https://library.unca.edu/CMOSSpecialCollections

Turabian Style Guide: Sample Papers in Turabian

• Turabian (& Chicago)
• Sample Papers in Turabian
• Research Paper Topics
• Research Tools This link opens in a new window

Sample Turabian Papers

• Turabian Style paper (Austin Peay State University) from Austin Peay State University, Academic Support Center
• "Turabian Tutor" (Tennessee Temple University) Tennessee Temple University, Turabian-style paper
• Intro to Chicago-Turabian Style (paper) (University of North Alabama) University of North Alabama, turabian-style paper
• Sample Turabian Bibliography from Carpenter Library, UNF

Turabian formatting in Word

Turabian title page in Word

Simple Formatting Guidelines

• Paper size - 8.5 inch x 11 inch
• 1 inch on all four edges of the page
• Typeface/Font size
• Easily read; preferably serifed, ex. Times New Roman
• 12-point is accepted size
• Spacing/Indentation  
• Double-space text with exceptions that are single-spaced:
• Block quotations
• Table elements, ex. titles and figure captions
• Appendices' lists
• Footnotes/endnotes are single-spaced but separated by a space between each item.
• Items in a bibliography/reference list are single-spaced but each item is separated by a space.
• Do not number the title page.
• Start arabic numbers (at 1) on first page of paper that is not considered front matter (front matter = title page).
• Place page numbers consistently in same location throughout paper: 
• Options for page numbers include: centered in footer OR right-hand of footer OR centered in header OR right-hand of header
•    Title Page elements
• Center all elements
• Use consistent typeface and font size
• font size can increase slightly for title elements
• preferred format is boldface for title
• Employ Headline Capitalization with All Elements  (first letter of each noun/pronoun is capitalized) ( definition of Headline Style Capitalization)
• Title is placed approx. 1/3 down the page. A subtitle follow the main title with a colon and starts on a new line.
• Two-thirds down the page, your name, any title page information provided by your professor, and the date should be included.
• Body of Paper (Text)
• Includes 
• Introduction
• Quotations, including block quotations, should follow Turabian's standard formatting rules.
• Text Formatting
• Be consistent throughout body of paper with typeface, font size, and other formatting elements.
• Make sure text is aligned left.
• Do not add color in the text (hyperlinked text will automatically become blue; this is unavoidable).
• Block quotations should be set apart by blank space above and below and, internally, should be single-spaced. 
• Back Matter elements
• Notes (endnotes section) ( http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocChicago_Notes_Formatting.html )
• Bibliography OR References OR Works Cited (your choice as to heading)
• Center page titles
• Font size can increase slightly for title elements.
• Preferred format is  boldface  for  title
• Leave two blank spaces between heading and first endnote/work referenced.
• Notes section
• Use standard paragraph indentations for each endnote.
• Single-space each endnote and separate each by a blank space.
• Use standard-size numbers with periods to enumerate your endnote list.
• Bibliography/References/Works Cited section
• Use hanging indentations for works referenced (first line is not indented; second and remaining lines are indented standard tab of five spaces)
• This section is typically arranged alphabetically by author, then alphabetically by title if you list multiple works by one author. 

All information comes from 

Turabian, Kate L.  A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations :  Chicago Style for Students & Researchers . 8th ed. Chicago:    University of Chicago Press, 2013. 

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• Next: Research Paper Topics >>
• Last Updated: Mar 6, 2023 10:35 AM
• URL: https://library.cbc.edu/Turabian

Geography Subject Guide

• Library Basics
• Searching Strategies
• Cite Your Research
• Need Research Help?

Meet Your Librarian!

How to Know What Style Guide to Use

For most of your research writing, you will need to document the sources you use.

Your professor will specify the style you should use; each academic area uses a specific style. For example, psychology and other social sciences use the American Psychological Association (APA) style ; humanities disciplines use the Modern Language Association (MLA) style . Ask your professor which one you should use. Online tools are available to help you format your endnotes and bibliographies; see the  Online Resources tab above. Or use the published hard-copy style manual for your discipline--many of them are available in the Libraries' collections; see the Paper Resources tab. Some databases  will also format your citations in various styles for you, or you can use software (e.g., EndNote ) that will manage your citations for you, downloading them directly from the databases you search; see the Formatting Tools tab.

General & Common Citation Generator Applications

• BibMe Download your bibliography in either the MLA, APA, Chicago or Turabian formats. Resource types include books, periodicals, media & online. BibMe includes basic citation guides & examples. Create an account in order to keep lists of resources organized by groups you create and export bibliographies to a word processor (.rtf files only).
• EasyBib Generate citations in MLA, APA & Chicago formats for your bibliography. Resource types include books, periodicals, media and online.
• KnightCite Manual entry only. Styles include MLA, APA & Chicago. Resources types include books, periodicals, media, and online.
• Zotero Includes the ability to store author, title, and publication fields and to export that information as formatted references, and the ability to organize, tag, and search in advanced ways.

Specific Subject-Oriented Guides and Manuals

The following tools will help you with most of the required styles for your assignments. Many of the  Research Guides  on specific topics will provide links and guidelines for citing your research sources in those disciplines.

Specific Styles

• Anthropology: Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed.
• ACS Style Guide (paper copy) American Chemical Society
• AMA Manual of Style American Medical Association Among recent enhancements is the ability to annotate and save sections you find most useful. A video tour of the site is also available.
• American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE refers users to the Chicago Manual of Style .
• APA Formatting and Style Guide Overview of APA style from OWL, Purdue University's Online Writing Lab.
• Chicago Manual of Style The Chicago Manual of Style Online is completely searchable and easy to use, providing quick answers to your style and editing questions. The Q&A content is fully searchable along with the content of The Chicago Manual of Style. The Chicago Manual of Style Online also provides convenient Tools, such as sample forms, letters, and style sheets.
• Chicago Manual of Style (OWL) Overview of Chicago style from OWL, Purdue University's Online Writing Lab.
• International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals
• MLA Formatting and Style Guide OWL, Purdue University's Online Writing Lab, has created an online overview to help writers cite sources using MLA style, including the list of works cited and in-text citations.
• Transactions Style Guide Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME)
• Turabian Citation Style Guide Paper copies of Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations can be located via InfoKat Discovery .

Government Publications

• Citing Government Documents from Columbia University Libraries
• U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual 2016 edition. PDF Guidelines for use IN government publications.
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• Next: Need Research Help? >>

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