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Speech on Chandrayaan 3 in English

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Speech on Chandrayaan 3 in English (2 Minute Speech on Chandrayaan 3)

Good morning respected principal, teachers, and my dear friends. Today I will be speaking on  India’s first lunar exploration mission, Chandrayaan. India is a developing nation that has been progressing in every sector, as we all know. India has always put forth significant effort to highlight its enormous scientific accomplishments and advancements in space research. The historic Chandrayaan project is one of its greatest successes.

It was a significant advancement in India’s audacious plan to advance science and learn more about the moon. People feel a great sense of national pride as a result of this significant accomplishment.The mission objectives of Chandrayaan-3 include in-situ scientific experimentation, a soft and safe lunar surface landing, and lunar rover roving. The Lander is outfitted with a number of cutting-edge technologies, including velocimeters, laser and RF-based altimeters, and a propulsion system, in order to achieve the mission’s objectives. 

Meri Mati Mera Desh Essay in English 10 Lines on Chandrayaan 3 in English Speech on Chandrayaan 3 in Hindi Chandrayaan 3 Essay in English Essay on Chandrayaan 3 in Hindi Chandrayaan-3 Par 10 Lines in Hindi

Chandrayaan 3 Essay in English for School Students (3-Minute Speech on Chandrayaan 3)

Good morning respected principal, teachers, and my dear friends. Today I will be speaking on India’s first lunar exploration mission, Chandrayaan. India’s ambitious Chandrayaan lunar exploration mission has been a stunning success for the nation’s space program. Not only has this mission demonstrated India’s technological prowess, but also its commitment to leading the way in space exploration. The Chandrayaan mission was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Finding water ice on the Moon was one of Chandrayaan’s main objectives.

It also sought to identify the kinds of objects that may be found on the Moon. An important finding in the field of lunar exploration was made possible by Chandrayaan’s instruments, which discovered the existence of water molecules on the Moon’s surface. The initial moon landing mission was called Chandrayaan-1. In October 2008, ISRO launched it. The orbiter’s technical issues started after almost a year. Chandrayaan-1 stopped communicating on August 28, 2009. The ISRO quickly declared the operation to be finished.

The Chandrayaan-2 mission was successfully launched on July 22, 2019.A notable accomplishment for India’s space programme has been Chandrayaan. It has not only advanced space exploration and led to new scientific discoveries, but it has also boosted national pride. Chandrayaan has prepared the way for more exploration of the Moon’s hidden features and future lunar visits.

Chandrayaan 3 Speech in English (5-Minute Speech on Chandrayaan 3)

Very good morning to one and all present over here. Today I have got a golden opportunity to throw some light on India’s first lunar exploration mission, Chandrayaan. India’s third moon mission, Chandrayaan-3, was carried out by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). On July 14, 2023, it was launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre.It is a follow-up mission to Chandrayaan-2, which crashed during touchdown and was unable to make a soft landing. Chandrayaan 3’s primary goals are to conduct on-site lunar surface experiments while also making a soft, safe landing on the moon’s surface.

Only the United States, Russia, and China have accomplished soft landings on the moon so far.India will become the first country to land at the lunar southern pole and the fourth country overall to make a soft landing on the Moon if its mission is successful. A rover, a propulsion module, and a lander module will make up Chandrayaan 3. Pragyan is the name of the rover, and Vikram is the name of the lander. While the PM carries the lander and rover configuration and provides propulsion and attitude control for the entire mission, the Vikram will be in charge of a soft landing on the lunar surface.

The rover will be used to investigate the lunar surface and gather data for research. S. Somanath, Isro Chairman, P. Veeramuthuvel, Chandrayaan-3 Project Director, S. Unnikrishnan Nair, Director, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), A. Rajarajan, Chairman, Launch Authorization Board (LAB), and M. Sankaran, Director, U. R. Rao Satellite Centre (URSC) are the principal figures involved in the planning and development of Chandrayaan 3.

The Chandrayaan-3 mission represents a significant accomplishment for the Indian space programme, to sum up. It shows the country’s commitment to space exploration and discovery and is a notable advancement for India’s space program.

Chandrayaan 3 Par Speech in English

A very good morning to one and all present over here. Today i have got an golden opportunity to throw some light on India’s first lunar exploration mission , Chandrayaan.  “Chandrayaan” means “moon vehicle” in Hindi. The name Chandrayaan refers to India’s first lunar exploration mission. Being the fourth country after the US, Russia, and China to reach the moon was a significant achievement for India. More space exploration will be possible thanks to this mission, which showcased India’s technological prowess in space. The mission was finally completed on August 29, 2009, almost a year after it started.

This was brought on by both technical problems and a breakdown in communication. Chandrayaan only lasted 312 days instead of the two years that were expected, but even so, it was a success because it succeeded in 95% of its goals.  Due to issues that arose during the final leg of the journey, Chandrayaan-2’s lander and rover crashed on the moon’s surface on September 6, 2019. The third lunar exploration mission carried out by ISRO is called Chandrayaan-3. It is a component of India’s expansive space programme to continue investigating the Moon’s mysteries. The Chandrayaan-3 project will be launched into space from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, using the Launch Vehicle Mark-III (LVM-III).A lander, a rover, and a module for forward motion are features of Chandrayaan-3.

The Chandrayaan-3 lander is designed to make a soft landing on the Moon. The Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft weighs 3,900 kg in total. The planned date of August 23 or 24 for the landing could change if the moon rises or sets. Chandrayaan-3, the follow-up mission to Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2, aims to strengthen India’s space exploration efforts even more. ISRO claims that Three primary goals will be the focus of Chandrayaan-3.

One is to show that a safe and straightforward moon landing is possible. The second goal is to use rovers on the moon. The third goal is to explore the moon’s surface for research.Chandrayaan-3 is scheduled to land at the difficult and unexplored South Pole of the moon.The Chandrayaan-3 mission will be the first to carry out the soft landing near the moon’s south pole if everything goes as planned.

Chandrayaan-3 is a significant advancement for India’s space exploration programme. Beyond scientific advancements, Chandrayaan’s success has benefits for the country’s socioeconomic system. Additionally, it will promote and inspire interest in the field among the next generation.

I hope this speech on Chandrayaan will be useful to you in learning more about the Chandrayaan mission.

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Chandrayaan 3 Essay in English for School Students

Essay on chandrayaan 3 for school students: check here 100, 200 words essay on india's latest moon mission chandrayaan 3. students can also use this as a short speech for school assemblies or speech competitions. they, can also check the latest chandrayaan 3 updates to easily edit elements and elongate their essay as per their requirement..

Chandrayaan 3 Essay and Short Speech in English for School Students: Chandrayaan 3 was a gigantic success for India and now its Pragyaan rover has gone to sleep. To commemorate Chandrayaan 3 triumph and the soft landing of Vikram lander on the moon, National Space Day will be celebrated on August 23 every year as announced by PM Modi. Every Indian is proud of the soft landing of Chandrayaan 3 on the moon! In the latest update by ISRO, the propulsion module of Chandrayaan 3 has been brought back into the Earth's orbit.

As per ISRO's other update, t he Rover had completed its assignments and was parked and set into Sleep mode. The Chandrayaan 3 Rover Pragyaan had ramped down from the Lander a while after its landing on August 23rd. Pragyan rover was continuously walking on the moon and sending various details to the ISRO centre.

Related:  Chandrayaan 3: Will Pragyan Rover Wake Up Again? ALL You Need To Know 

In the vast space of our universe, where mythology and science come together so often, Chandrayaan-3 shines brightly as a symbol of India’s astral hope and exploration. It shows India's strong determination to uncover the moon's mysteries. With careful planning and robust designs, Chandrayaan-3 has gotten us closer to landing on the moon and discovering its hidden secrets. In this article, we have provided an essay on Chandrayaan in about 100 and 200 words. Students can easily refer to this essay and come up with their own modifications and tweaks in the essay body. 

Chandrayaan 3 Essay in English

Chandrayaan-3: india's latest lunar mission, chandrayaan 3 details, latest updates and information about chandrayaan 3.

• January 22, 2024

NASA Spacecraft Pings India’s Chandrayaan-3 on the Moon:

• September 22, 2023

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: Efforts have been made to establish communication with the Vikram lander and Pragyan rover to ascertain their wake-up condition. As of now, no signals have been received from them. Efforts to establish contact will continue. — ISRO (@isro) September 22, 2023

• September 5, 2023

. @NASA 's LRO spacecraft recently imaged the Chandrayaan-3 lander on the Moon’s surface. The ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) Chandrayaan-3 touched down on Aug. 23, 2023, about 600 kilometers from the Moon’s South Pole. MORE >> https://t.co/phmOblRlGO pic.twitter.com/CyhFrnvTjT — NASA Marshall (@NASA_Marshall) September 5, 2023

• September 2, 2023

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: The Rover completed its assignments. It is now safely parked and set into Sleep mode. APXS and LIBS payloads are turned off. Data from these payloads is transmitted to the Earth via the Lander. Currently, the battery is fully charged. The solar panel is… — ISRO (@isro) September 2, 2023

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: In-situ scientific experiments continue ..... Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) instrument onboard the Rover unambiguously confirms the presence of Sulphur (S) in the lunar surface near the south pole, through first-ever in-situ measurements.… pic.twitter.com/vDQmByWcSL — ISRO (@isro) August 29, 2023

• August 26, 2023: National Space Day on August 23rd, Announced by PM Modi to mark the success of Chandrayaan 3 on the moon.
• Chandrayaan 3 touchdown point on the moon will now be known as Shivshakti.
• Chandrayaan 2 touchdown point on the moon's surface will now be known as Tiranga Point.

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: Here are the first observations from the ChaSTE payload onboard Vikram Lander. ChaSTE (Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment) measures the temperature profile of the lunar topsoil around the pole, to understand the thermal behaviour of the moon's… pic.twitter.com/VZ1cjWHTnd — ISRO (@isro) August 27, 2023

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: All planned Rover movements have been verified. The Rover has successfully traversed a distance of about 8 meters. Rover payloads LIBS and APXS are turned ON. All payloads on the propulsion module, lander module, and rover are performing nominally.… — ISRO (@isro) August 25, 2023

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: Chandrayaan-3 ROVER: Made in India 🇮🇳 Made for the MOON🌖! The Ch-3 Rover ramped down from the Lander and India took a walk on the moon ! More updates soon. #Chandrayaan_3 #Ch3 — ISRO (@isro) August 24, 2023

• August 23, 2023: India's lunar mission Chandrayaan 3 has successfully landed on the south pole of the moon.
• August 20, 2023: The Lander Module is in 25 km x 134 km orbit. Powered descent is expected to commence on August 23, 2023, around 1745 Hrs. IST
• August 19, 2023: The Lander Module is in 113 km x 157 km orbit around the moon. Second de-boosting is planned for August 20, 2023
• August 17, 2023: Lander Module is successfully separated from the Propulsion Module. Deboosting planned for August 18, 2023
• August 16, 2023: The spacecraft is in an orbit of 153 km x 163 km after the firing on August 16, 2023
• August 14, 2023: The mission is in the orbit circularisation phase. The spacecraft is in 151 km x 179 km orbit
• August 09, 2023: Chandrayaan-3's orbit is reduced to 174 km x 1437 km following a manoeuvre performed on August 9, 2023
• July 06, 2023: The launch is scheduled for July 14, 2023, at 14:35 Hrs. IST from the Second Launch Pad, SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota

Chandrayaan History - Chandrayaan 1, 2 and 3

Is chandrayaan-3 successfully landed on moon.

Yes, Chandrayaan 3 has successfully made a successful landing on the Southern pole of the Moon.

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: 'India🇮🇳, I reached my destination and you too!' : Chandrayaan-3 Chandrayaan-3 has successfully soft-landed on the moon 🌖!. Congratulations, India🇮🇳! #Chandrayaan_3 #Ch3 — ISRO (@isro) August 23, 2023

Chandrayaan 3 Photos and Videos

Chandrayaan-3 Mission: 🔍What's new here? Pragyan rover roams around Shiv Shakti Point in pursuit of lunar secrets at the South Pole 🌗! pic.twitter.com/1g5gQsgrjM — ISRO (@isro) August 26, 2023

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Speech on Chandrayaan 3

Chandrayaan 3 is India’s upcoming moon mission. It’s the third lunar exploration project by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). You might know ISRO for its remarkable work in space science.

This mission aims to land a rover on the moon. It’s a big step for India and a fascinating topic for space enthusiasts like you.

1-minute Speech on Chandrayaan 3

Ladies and Gentlemen,

Chandrayaan 3 indeed marks a memorable day in the history of Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and global lunar exploration. This remarkable mission is an embodiment of India’s technical prowess and an unwavering dedication to understanding the moon deeply.

Simply put, Chandrayaan 3 includes a lander/rover named Vikram and a clever propulsion module. This module not just helps land Vikram on the moon but also stays in the lunar orbit to act as a communication mediator.

The lander and rover together make a firm landing on the moon’s southern pole, a region untouched by any previous study. With scientific tools like the Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE), Vikram and Pragyan set out to learn about the moon’s thermal properties and physical characteristics. A passive laser reflector from NASA aids in carrying out comprehensive lunar studies.

The journey begins on 14th July 2023, when Chandrayaan 3 is sent off. The spacecraft skillfully maneuvers for almost 40 days to reach the moon. Guided by a propulsion system, the module makes sure that the spacecraft stays on the perfect path. Then happens the much-awaited moment, the crown jewel of our mission, when on 23rd August 2023, Chandrayaan 3 lands near the lunar south pole.

In the end, what does Chandrayaan 3 truly mean for us? Undoubtedly, it is a feat of technology, a testament to our space exploration endeavors. But more importantly, it is a stepping stone for future space research, helping boost our understanding about the moon and our celestial neighbors. Through Chandrayaan 3, we are leaving our mark on lunar exploration, opening doors for more such successful missions in the future. Let’s celebrate this victory and look forward to many more to come!

Also check:

• Essay on Chandrayaan 3
• 10-lines on Chandrayaan 3

2-minute Speech on Chandrayaan 3

Ladies and gentlemen, boys and girls, let’s talk about something exciting. Something that shows what we as a nation can achieve when we dream big. I’m talking about Chandrayaan 3, India’s upcoming mission to the moon.

Chandrayaan 3, a symbol of India’s strength in the space race, is a special lunar mission by the Indian Space Research Organization, or ISRO. With this mission, we are shining a bright light on India’s technological progress and stepping up our game in exploring the moon.

Let’s chat about the parts of the mission. Chandrayaan 3 involves two main parts: a lander called Vikram, a rover named Pragyan, and a propulsion module. Vikram has been improved to make sure we can land successfully on the moon’s surface. The propulsion module is like a relay runner, floating in lunar orbit and keeping communication lanes open.

Our lander and rover together weigh about 1749.86 kg and can make up to 738 W of power. These two are carrying many sensors to make sure they land safely and can explore the moon with precision. To move around the moon’s orbit, the propulsion system uses something called a bipropellant, made of MMH and MON3.

Chandrayaan 3 is not just shiny tech—it’s a chest full of scientific secrets too. Inside the lander, we will find instruments with names like the Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE), Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA), and Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive ionosphere and Atmosphere (RAMBHA). These will give scientists lots of valuable data about the moon. NASA also sent a passive laser retroreflector for studying the distance between the Earth and the Moon.

The mission had a special path. On July 14, 2023, the spacecraft was shot into space from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, India. It took a series of special flight moves to move from Earth’s orbit to the moon’s. The key moment came on 23rd August 2023, a day to remember! On this date, Chandrayaan 3 landed in a spot near the lunar South Pole.

Wrapping up, Chandrayaan-3 speaks of India’s readiness for tough space missions. We’ve solved the mystery of landing on the moon and doing unique experiments there. What we learned from Chandrayaan-3 is not just about tech but sets the stage for exploring space in the future. So, let’s keep reaching for the stars, as we’re already leaving footprints on the moon!

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India's successful Chandrayaan-3 moon landing 'belongs to all of humanity,' Prime Minister Modi says

"We can all aspire to the moon and beyond."

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi is over the moon.

That's because his country is now on the moon. India became the fourth nation to make a soft landing on the moon today (Aug. 23) when its Chandrayaan-3 mission successfully touched down near the lunar south pole. India now joins China, the former Soviet Union and the United States on the list of countries who have made a controlled landing on the surface of the moon .

"This success belongs to all of humanity and it will help moon missions by other countries in the future," Modi said in a speech following Chandrayaan-3's successful landing . "I'm confident that all countries in the world, including those from the global south, are capable of capturing success. We can all aspire to the moon and beyond."

Related: India on the moon! Chandrayaan-3 becomes 1st probe to land near lunar south pole

In his speech, Modi also stressed that this milestone reflects on all of humanity, not just India. "Friends, on this joyous occasion, I would like to address all the people of the world. The people of every country and region," Modi said. "India's successful moon mission is not just India's alone.

"Our approach of one Earth, one family, one future is resonating across the globe. This human-centric approach that we present and that we represent has been welcomed universally. Our moon mission is also based on the same essential approach."

ISRO chairman Sreedhara Somanath shared some words as well, praising mission teams that made this landing a success. "It's a great moment of happiness on behalf of the team. It gives me immense satisfaction on achieving this goal as project director of this mission," Somanath said. "The entire mission operations right from launch 'til landing happened flawlessly as per the timeline. And we became the fourth country to land — to demonstrate the soft landing — onto the moon's surface and we became the first country to go near the south pole of the moon."

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Praise from international space agency leadership is already pouring in on social media. In a post on X (formerly known as Twitter), NASA administrator Bill Nelson lauded the landing. "Congratulations ISRO on your successful Chandrayaan-3 lunar South Pole landing!" Nelson wrote in the post. "And congratulations to India on being the 4th country to successfully soft-land a spacecraft on the moon. We’re glad to be your partner on this mission!"

European Space Agency (ESA) Director General Josef Aschbacher stated he was impressed by ISRO's achievement in a post on X . "Incredible! Congratulations to ISRO, Chandrayaan-3, and to all the people of India!!" Aschbacher wrote in the post. "What a way to demonstrate new technologies AND achieve India's first soft landing on another celestial body. Well done, I am thoroughly impressed."

Aschbacher also highlighted ESA's involvement in the mission. The agency provided ground station support from its facilities in French Guiana, Australia and the United Kingdom, according to an ESA statement . 

 —  Missions to the moon: Past, present and future

 — See Artemis 3 landing site near moon's south pole in stunning new NASA photos

—  Latest news about India's space program  

The Chandrayaan-3 mission saw a lander, known as Vikram, make a soft landing near the moon's south pole close to the same location Russia's failed Luna-25 mission was aiming for. If all goes according to plan, Vikram will deploy a solar-powered rover named Pragyan in order to study lunar soil and moon rocks. Vikram, meanwhile, will conduct lunar seismic studies and probe the moon's soil to measure its temperature. 

Both Vikram and Pragyan are expected to last one lunar day, which is about 14 Earth days. When the sun finally sets on the duo, their batteries will slowly deplete, bringing an end to India's historic mission.

Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: [email protected].

Brett is curious about emerging aerospace technologies, alternative launch concepts, military space developments and uncrewed aircraft systems. Brett's work has appeared on Scientific American, The War Zone, Popular Science, the History Channel, Science Discovery and more. Brett has English degrees from Clemson University and the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. In his free time, Brett enjoys skywatching throughout the dark skies of the Appalachian mountains.

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Chandrayaan-3: All you need to know about the mission and what happens after its successful Moon landing

What is a soft landing, why did india send chandrayaan-3 to the moon's south pole and what happened after the landing was accomplished we explain..

India’s Moon mission Chandrayaan-3 scripted history by successfully landing on the lunar surface at 6:04 pm on August 23. With the Lander accomplishing a ‘soft landing’ on the Moon’s south pole, India becomes the only country to have ever done so. A rover, which is a small vehicle that is meant to move around on the Moon’s surface, then came out of the Lander. On August 24, ISRO released a video of how this happened on X.

… … and here is how the Chandrayaan -3 Rover ramped down from the Lander to the Lunar surface. pic.twitter.com/nEU8s1At0W — ISRO (@isro) August 25, 2023

When Chandrayaan-3 took off for the Moon on July 14, we explained the basics of the mission – how a mission launches into Space, what the Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2 missions were, etc. You can click here to read it . Here, we further explain why a ‘soft landing’ was crucial to the mission, what makes landing on the south pole a difficult feat, and what is to happen after the landing.

What is a soft landing, and why did Chandrayaan-3 land on the south pole?

According to ISRO, the mission’s three objectives were to demonstrate a safe and soft landing on the lunar surface, to demonstrate a Rover roving on the Moon and to conduct in-situ scientific experiments.

Soft landing simply means landing at a gentle, controlled speed to not sustain damage to a spacecraft. Amitabha Ghosh, a scientist for NASA’s Rover mission to Mars, explained it in The Indian Express thus : “Imagine a spacecraft hurtling through space, at 10 times the speed of an airplane, having to nearly come to a standstill in order to land gently on the Earth — all in a matter of a few minutes and, more importantly, without any human intervention. This, in a nutshell, is a soft landing.”

Doing so showcases a spacecraft’s technical capabilities. The landing site is near the south pole of the moon at 70 degrees latitude.

All of the previous spacecraft to have landed on the Moon have landed in the region near the Moon’s equator, firstly because it is easier and safer here. The terrain and temperature are more conducive for a long and sustained operation of instruments. Sunlight is also present, offering a regular supply of energy to solar-powered instruments.

The polar regions of the Moon, however, are different. Many parts lie in a completely dark region without sunlight, and temperatures can go below 230 degrees Celsius. This creates difficulty in the operation of instruments. In addition, there are large craters all over the place.

As a result, the polar regions of the Moon have remained unexplored. The extremely cold temperatures could mean that anything trapped in the region would remain frozen in time, without undergoing much change. The rocks and soil in Moon’s north and south poles could therefore provide clues to the early Solar System.

Notably, Chandrayaan-2 also planned to land in this region in 2019, but it was not able to accomplish a soft landing and lost contact after it hit the surface.

Why was Chandrayaan-2 unable to land correctly, and what has changed since then?

Subsequent analyses reported that there were both software and hardware problems in 2019’s Chandrayaan-2. Isro chairperson S Somanath recently said the changes to the current mission were “failure-based.” He said, “Instead of a success-based design in Chandrayaan-2, we are doing a failure-based design in Chandrayaan-3 —we are looking at what can go wrong and how to deal with it.” Some of the changes that have been made are :

*Chandrayaan-2 lost control over its descent around 7.2 km from the surface of the Moon. Its communications system relayed data of the loss of control up to around 400 m above the surface. The Lander had slowed down to about 580 km/hr when it crashed.

A Lander does not have wheels; it has stilts, or legs, which are supposed to touch down on the lunar surface, the legs of Chandrayaan-3 have been strengthened to ensure that it would be able to land, and stabilise, even at a speed of 3 m/sec, or 10.8 km/hour.

*The prospective landing site had its range increased, this time. Instead of trying to reach a specific 500mx500m patch for landing as targeted by Chandrayaan-2, the current mission was given instructions to land safely anywhere in a 4kmx2.4km area.

*The Chandrayaan-3 Lander carried more fuel than Chandrayaan-2. This was done to ensure that the Lander is able to make a last-minute change in its landing site if it needs to.

*The Chandrayaan-3 Lander has solar panels on four sides, instead of only two in Chandrayaan-2. This was to ensure that the Lander continued to draw solar power, even if it landed in a wrong direction, or tumbled over. At least one or two of its sides would always be facing the Sun, and remain active.

What needed to happen for Chandrayaan-3 to land successfully?

The critical technical manoeuvre that the Chandrayaan-3 Lander had to perform on August 23, when it entered the final 15 minutes of its attempt to make a soft landing on the Moon, was to transfer its high-speed horizontal position to a vertical one — in order to facilitate a gentle descent on to the surface.

After Chandrayaan-2 failed in its soft landing mission, K Sivan, then chairman of ISRO, described this process as “15 minutes of terror” for them. It includes four phases:

1. The Rough Braking phase includes reducing the lander’s horizontal velocity from a range of 1.68 km/sec (more than 6,000 km/h) at a height of 30 km from the lunar surface, to almost zero for a soft landing at the designated site. This has to be done with precision, within certain durations. Read this explainer for a more detailed explanation .

2. At a height of 7.42 km from the surface, the lander is to go into an “attitude hold phase” lasting around 10 seconds, during which it should tilt from a horizontal to a vertical position while covering a distance of 3.48 km.

3. The “fine braking phase” lasts around 175 seconds, during which the lander is to move fully into a vertical position. It is to traverse the final 28.52 km to the landing site, the altitude will come down to 800-1,000 m, and it would reach a nominal speed of 0 m/sec. It was between the “attitude hold phase” and the “fine braking phase” that Chandrayaan-2 lost control and crashed.

4. “Terminal descent” is the final stage, when the spacecraft is supposed to descend totally vertically onto the surface.

And finally, what will happen after Chandrayaan-3’s successful landing on the Moon?

Spacecraft are often carrying certain instruments and experiments with them (called payloads) that observe and record what is happening in Space. This information is then relayed to Earth for scientists to analyse and study.

The six payloads on the Vikram lander and rover Pragyan remain the same as the previous mission. There will be four scientific payloads on the lander to study lunar quakes, thermal properties of the lunar surface, changes in the plasma near the surface, and a passive experiment to help accurately measure the distance between Earth and the Moon. The fourth payload comes from NASA.

There are two payloads on the Rover, designed to study the chemical and mineral composition of the lunar surface and to determine the composition of elements such as magnesium, aluminium and iron in the lunar soil and rocks.

For a detailed analysis of these experiments, and how they build on findings of the previous Chandrayaan missions (Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2), read our explainer here. 

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10 Lines on Chandrayaan-3 for Children and Students

10 Lines on Chandrayaan-3 : An important development for India’s space exploration program is Chandrayan-3. It consists of a lander named Vikram and a rover named Pragyan.

Chandrayan-1 was the first mission to the moon. It was launched by ISRO on October 2008. On 22 July 2019 the chandrayaan-2 mission was launched successfully and chandrayan-3 is India’s third moon mission.

Chandrayan-3 is the next step after chandrayan-2. Which failed in its final stage. It is a proud moment for India its space program.

Table of Contents

10 Lines on Chandrayaan-3 for Kids

Pattern 1  – This  10 Lines  is very helpful for classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, to College Students.

• Chandanayan- 3 is India’s third moon mission.
• It was launched on July 14, 2023.
• Chandrayaan means ‘moon craft’ in Sanskrit.
• It is a very important space mission in India.
• Chandrayan- 3 is the next project after chandrayan 2 and chandrayan 1.
• It represents a remarkable step forward for the India’s space program.
• It will demonstrate how safe it is to land and navigate on the moon.
• Chandrayan- 3 was successfully launched from spsc SHAR, sriharikata.
• ISRO plans to send chandrayan 3 on its 3rd journey to the moon.
• Chandrayan- 3 is a proud moment for India it’s space program.

10 Lines on Chandrayaan-3 for Students

Pattern 2  – This  10 Lines  is very helpful for classes 8, 9, 10, 11, 12th and Higher Class Students.

• The lunch of chandrayan 3 took place on July 2023, at 2.35 p.m. IST.
• The chandrayan 3 has launched almost four years after the chandrayan 2 failure.
• Only three countries the USA Russia and China have successfully soft-landed on the moon.
• ISRO is responsible for launching chandrayaan mission.
• The Indian space research organisation launched chandrayan in 2008.
• Chandrayan 3 is likely to land around August 23 or August 24.
• Chandrayan 3 is objectives include studying the moons geology, mineralology and exosphere.
• According to reports chandrayan 3 has cost about 77 millions USD.
• The chandrayaan 3 mission is a significant achievement for the Indians space program.
• The chandrayan 3 mission is a stepping stone towards ISRO’s future interplanetary missions.

Read other related post–  Short Essay  /  10 Lines .

Feel free to leave any related questions or suggestions in the comments section below. Your feedback is valuable to us! If you find this information interesting, don’t hesitate to share it with your friends who might also enjoy reading it. Sharing is caring!

References Links:

• https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-3
• https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/chandrayaan-3

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Cabinet Resolution on celebrating the historic success of the Chandrayaan-3 Mission

The Union Cabinet joins the Nation in celebrating the historic success of the Chandrayaan-3 Mission to the Moon. The Cabinet also appreciates the monumental achievement of our scientists. This is not just a victory for our space agency but is a bright symbol of India’s progress and ascent on the global stage. The Cabinet welcomes that 23rd August would be celebrated as the “National Space Day”.

The Cabinet congratulates the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for its efforts. Thanks to our scientists, India is the first country to land near the Moon’s south pole. Landing on the moon, with predicted accuracy, in itself is a momentous achievement. Landing near the South Pole of the Moon, overcoming the arduous conditions, is a testament to the spirit of our scientists, who since centuries have sought to push the boundaries of human knowledge.  The wealth of information being sent by ‘Pragyan’ rover from the Moon will advance knowledge and pave the way for ground-breaking discoveries and insights into the mysteries of the moon and beyond.

The Cabinet firmly believes that in an era defined by rapid technological advancements and the quest for innovation, India’s scientists stand as shining beacons of knowledge, dedication and expertise. Their analytical prowess, combined with a fervent commitment to inquiry and exploration, has constantly propelled the nation into the forefront of global scientific achievements. Their relentless pursuit of excellence, unyielding curiosity, and indomitable spirit to overcome challenges have not only cemented their reputation on the international stage but have also inspired countless others to dream big and contribute to the vast tapestry of global knowledge.

The Cabinet is proud to see that a large number of women scientists have contributed to the success of Chandrayaan-3 and India’s space programme in general. This will motivate several aspiring women scientists in the years to come.

The Cabinet also congratulates Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi for his visionary and exemplary leadership, and his unwavering commitment to India’s space programme for human welfare and scientific progress. His faith in the capabilities of our scientists and his constant encouragement have always fortified their spirit.

In his 22 long years as the head of a Government, first in the state of Gujarat and later as Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has an emotional attachment with all Chandrayaan Missions. He was serving as Chief Minister when the idea of such a mission was announced by former Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ji. When Chandrayaan-1 was successfully launched in 2008, he went to ISRO and personally congratulated the scientists. In the case of Chandrayaan-2 in 2019, when India was just a hair breadth’s distance, in Space terms, from the moon’s surface, Prime Minister’s sagacious leadership and human touch lifted the scientists’ spirits, steeled their resolve and inspired them to pursue the mission with greater purpose.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has always encouraged science and innovation. In the last 9 years, a series of reforms have been ushered which have made research and innovation easier. For the space sector, Prime Minister Modi ensured that the private sector and our StartUps got more opportunities in India. The establishment of IN-SPACe as an autonomous body under Department of Space, to create an eco-system of industry, academia and start-ups and to attract major share in the global space economy was launched in June 2020. It has become an instrument for enhancing India’s strides in the world of space. The emphasis on Hackathons has opened up many opportunities for young Indians.

The Cabinet welcomes the naming of two points on the moon as Tiranga Point (footprint of Chandrayaan-2) and ShivShakti Point (Chandrayaan-3’s landing spot). These names beautifully capture the essence of our past while embracing the spirit of modernity. These names are more than just titles. They establish a thread that intricately links our millennia-old heritage with our scientific ambitions.

The success of Chandrayaan-3 is one of the greatest testimonies to Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi’s clarion call of “ Jai Vigyan, Jai Anusandhan .” The space sector will now further open up to Indian home-grown start-ups and MSMEs and generate lakhs of job and give scope for new inventions. It will open up a world of possibilities for the youth of India.

By unequivocally stating that the knowledge that will come from the success of the Chandrayaan-3 mission will be used for the benefit and progress of humanity, especially the countries of the global south, Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has once more manifested the spirit of our timeless belief in Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam. The flame of progress in India will always seek to light up the lives of people elsewhere.

The Cabinet believes that India’s advancements in the space sector are more than just monumental scientific achievements. They represent a vision of progress, self-reliance, and global leadership. This is also a symbol of rising New India. We urge our fellow citizens to leverage these strides to create more opportunities across industries, from satellite communication and meteorology to agriculture and disaster management. We should work to ensure that our innovations have direct applications on the ground, enhancing our infrastructure, boosting our digital economy, and providing critical data to various sectors.

In this era of science, technology and innovation, the Cabinet specially appeals to those associated with the world of education to inspire more youngsters towards science. The success of Chandrayaan-3 has given a monumental chance to ignite the spark of interest in these fields and also leverage the window of opportunities in our nation.

This Cabinet commends and appreciates every individual who has contributed to this landmark mission, acknowledging that Chandrayaan-3 is a glowing testament to what India can achieve with passion, perseverance and unwavering dedication. The Cabinet also expresses its confidence that the people of the country, their hearts brimming with joy and pride, shall rededicate themselves to build Bharat into a Developed Nation by 2047.

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GS-III: Science & Technology

• What is the Chandrayaan-3 Mission?

Parts of the Chandrayaan 3 Mission

Timeline of the chandrayaan 3 mission.

• What differentiates Chandrayaan-3 from Chandrayaan-2?
• Chandrayaan-3 vs. Luna-25
• Significance of the Chandrayaan-3 Mission

Way Forward

• FAQs on Chandrayaan-3

Prelims: General Science

Mains:   Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenisation of technology and developing new technology

Chandrayaan-3 Mission is the second attempt of the Indian Space Research Organisation after the Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate the capability of India in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface. The Lander Module of Chandrayaan-3 carrying the Lander, Vikram and Rover, Pragyan,  made the historic soft landing on the surface of the Lunar South Pole on August 23, 2023 . Thus, India became the first nation to soft-land on the surface of the Lunar south pole and overall the fourth to do a soft landing anywhere on the Earth’s natural satellite. Indian Space Research Organisation launched the Chandrayaan-3 Mission by using the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (LVM3) on 14th July 2023 from Sriharikota.

With the objective to demonstrate the ability to soft landing and roving as well as to carry out experiments on the lunar surface, the Chandrayaan 3 Mission aims to strengthen India's prowess in space discovery and innovation. Continuing the success of its predecessors (Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2), the Mission has brought India into the exclusive elite space club.

What is the Chandrayaan 3 Mission?

The Chandrayaan 3 Mission was launched using the LVM3 rocket system. LVM3 is the new launch vehicle of ISRO with the capability to place the modules into the GTO (Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit) in a cost-effective manner. It is a three-stage launch vehicle with two solid strap stages and one core liquid stage. The Launcher, LVM3 M4, placed the integrated Modules in an Elliptic Parking Orbit of size approx. 170 x 36500 km (a GTO).

Objectives of Chandrayaan 3 Mission

One of the many goals of the Mission is to look for water ice that could support future human life on the Moon and also for supplying propellants for spacecraft in future interplanetary missions. The objectives of the Chandrayaan-3 mission are:

• Safe and Soft Landing on the Lunar Surface by the Lander
• Roving on the Moon by the Rover
• In-situ scientific experiments by the Rover

The Chandrayaan-3 Mission consists of two modules - The propulsion module (PM) and the Lander module (LM). The total mass of both the modules is 3900 kg (Propulsion Module-2148 kg, and Lander Module-1752 kg, including Rover-26 kg).

Propulsion Module

The propulsion module carried the lander and rover configuration till the 100 km lunar orbit. Other than carrying the Lander Module, it also has a scientific payload called Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE).

• The SHAPE payload will conduct novel spectro-polarimetric studies of Earth from lunar orbit. It will look for smaller planets that could be habitable in the reflected light.

Lander Module

The Lander Module consists of a Lander (Vikram) and a Rover (Pragyan). The Lander Module made the soft landing using the Automatic Landing Sequence (ALS), where the Lander started its engine (thrusters) and maneuvered the speed and direction of the Module as well as the position of the landing site.

After the historic touchdown, the Rover inside it ramped down on the lunar surface to carry out in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface during its mission life.

• The total lifespan of the Mission (Lander and Rover) is lunar day (14 Earth days).
• Both the Lander and the Rover have scientific payloads to carry out experiments on the lunar surface.
• The objectives of scientific payloads planned on the Chandrayaan-3 Lander Module and Rover are provided below:
• Launched: July 14, 2023
• Inserted into Lunar Orbit: August 05
• Separation of the Lander Module from the Propulsion Module: August 17
• Deboosting is the slowing down of the spacecraft in an orbit where the Perilune (closest point to the Moon) is 30 km, and the farthest point (the Apolune) is 100 km from the landing site in the South Polar Region.
• It is required for the proper landing as the speed needed to land is much less than the lander.
• Second Deboosting on August 20
• The targeted site on the Moon was around 70 degrees South near the Southern pole of the Moon.
• If the Lander had missed the target of the commencement of the soft landing, It would have to wait for 1 month.
• It landed at around 69.36°S and 32.34°E (between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters).
• Rover started its exploration on August 24

What differentiates Chandrayaan 3 from Chandrayaan 2?

Chandrayaan-2 failed in the final phase of its mission in 2019 because it could not achieve a soft landing. The main issue for the crash was that the five thrusters on the lander developed a higher velocity than expected. Also, the lander had to take pictures to fix the landing site. All of this made the accumulated errors. Learning from previous experiences, the ISRO had incorporated some advancements to achieve success this time, which are as follows:

“Failure-based design” instead of the "Success-based design":

• The failure-based design means that if everything, including sensors and electronics, had failed, Vikram would still have made the soft landing.
•  This was done by identifying and rectifying all the probable scenarios that could go wrong.
• These included failure of electronics, engine failure, unable to reach the landing spot, sensor failure, algorithm failure, velocity higher than required, etc.

Increase in the landing area:

• The target area of Chandrayaan-3 was kept at 4km x 2.4km area instead of 500m x 500m targeted by Chandrayaan-2 so that the Lander had more options to choose the best target site on its own.

More fuel to Lander:

• It was kept to facilitate the Lander to travel longer distances to the landing site and, if needed, to the alternate landing site.

Help from Chandrayaan-2 orbiter:

• The Chandrayaan-3 mission does not carry an orbiter; it is using the high-resolution images from the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter.

More robust integrated craft:

• The weight of the payload of Chandrayaan-3 had been kept more than the Chandrayaan-2, with the Lander having most of the extra weight for successful landing.
• The number of thrusters had decreased from five to four with no central thrusters.
• The legs of the Lander were made sturdier to ensure that they could land even at a higher velocity.
• Use of additional solar panels to ensure power generation after a soft landing regardless of the weather on the Moon.

Chandrayaan-3 vs Luna-25

Luna-25, Russia's first lunar mission since 1976, has recently crashed in an attempt to get into the landing orbit. It was targeted to land at the South Pole of the Moon, of particular interest to researchers believing that the polar craters might contain frozen water in their rocks. There are some differences between the Chandrayaan-3 and the Luna-25, which are as follows:

Chandrayaan - 3 [Latest Updates for UPSC]

India’s third lunar mission, Chandrayaan – 3 made history on August 23, 2023, by successfully achieving a soft landing on the south pole of the moon. With this, India became the first nation to land on the moon’s south pole and the fourth (after Russia, the US and China) to land successfully on Earth’s only natural satellite. In this article, you will learn all you need to know about the Chandrayaan III mission for the UPSC exam . This topic is important for the science and technology segment of the UPSC syllabus.

Chandrayaan-3 Mission

The Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) had undertaken two previous missions to the moon, namely, the Chandrayaan I and the Chandrayaan II. Chandrayaan-1 was launched in 2008 and lasted till 2009 after communications to it were lost. The mission, among other things, tested a crash landing on the lunar surface. Chandrayaan-2 , launched in 2019 attempted a soft landing on the moon but failed. The third mission, Chandrayaan-3 took into account the drawbacks and lessons learnt from the second mission and successfully achieved soft landing.

Objectives of Chandrayaan 3 Mission

• To demonstrate a safe and soft landing on the lunar surface
• To demonstrate rover roving on the moon
• To conduct in-situ scientific experiments

Chandrayaan III Features

Chandrayaan 3 mission’s lander is named Vikram and the rover Pragyan, like those of the second mission.

• The mission consists of a lander module, a propulsion module, and a rover.
• SHAPE has the objective of exploring exo-planets for habitability by studying reflected light. 
• Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) to measure the thermal conductivity and temperature
• Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) for measuring the seismicity around the landing site
• Langmuir Probe (LP) to estimate the plasma density and its variations
• A passive Laser Retroreflector Array from NASA for lunar laser ranging studies
• Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS)
• Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS)
• The advanced technologies present in the payloads help in conducting scientific experiments on the moon.
• The mission’s life is one lunar day or 14 earth days.
• The budget of the Chandrayaan-3 mission is Rs 615 crore.

Chandrayaan 3 Mission Timeline

• Chandrayaan-3 mission took off on July 14, 2023 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota, A.P.
• On August 5, the mission entered the lunar orbit.
• On August 17, the lander module separated from the propulsion module.
• Deboosting is the slowing down of the spacecraft in an orbit where the Perilune (closest point to the Moon) is 30 km, and the farthest point (the Apolune) is 100 km from the landing site. 
• This process is necessary for the proper landing of the spacecraft.
• On August 23, the lander landed at around 69.36°S and 32.34°E (between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters) on the south pole of the moon.
• On August 24, the rover Pragyan started its exploration.
• Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a scientific method using intense laser pulses to analyse material composition.

How is Chandrayaan 3 Different from Chandrayaan 2?

Many changes and improvements were made to the third lunar mission taking into account the lessons learnt from the failed soft landing mission of Chandrayaan-II. Major changes included strengthening the legs of the lander, enhancing fuel reserves and expanding the landing site. Previously, the Vikram lander of Chandrayaan-2 had lost control and communication during descent, which caused it to crash on the moon’s surface. Chandrayaan 3 focused on a failure-based design approach to foresee and prevent potential mishaps.

• The landing area was expanded giving flexibility to soft-land safely within a larger designated region on the surface of the moon.
• Vikram was equipped with more fuel enabling it to travel more towards the landing site.
• Chandrayaan 2 had only two solar panels while Chandrayaan-3 has four.
• The lander’s speed was continuously monitored by an instrument called Laser Doppler Velocimeter onboard the mission that sent laser beams to the lunar surface to calculate the Lander’s speed.

Significance of Lunar South Pole

Previous lunar missions have focused on the equatorial region of the moon owing to its favourable terrain. The south pole region is more challenging compared to the equatorial region. The lack of enough sunlight and extreme cold conditions (up to -230 degrees C) lead to difficulties in instrument operation and sustainability. The polar regions may contain water according to scientists. Also, experts think that the craters in these regions contain fossil records of the early planetary system.

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India PM Modi speaks after Chandrayaan-3's historic landing

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The Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi speaks after Chandrayaan-3's historic landing.

• Subsection India
• Published 23 August 2023

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Speech on the chandrayaan 3.

Distinguished instructors, respectable students, and ladies and gentlemen,

I’m here today to commemorate a wonderful accomplishment that exemplifies the spirit of innovation and exploration that makes our country great. The Indian Space Research Organisation, or ISRO as it is more often known, has once again proven its genius in space exploration. ISRO has been at the forefront of extending our understanding of everything from the vastness of space to the nuances of satellite technology.

Since its foundation, ISRO has set out on a journey that not only expands the boundaries of technology but also inspires pride in our country. It has played a key role in making India a great superpower in the field of space exploration. In addition to bringing us closer to the heavens, the scientists and engineers of ISRO have inspired generations of young minds to dream big and reach for the stars through their devotion, hard work, and unwavering pursuit of greatness.

The successful landing of the Chandrayaan 3 Vikram lander on the south pole of the moon is a recent accomplishment that has made us feel proud. Another significant turning point in India’s space exploration adventure was marked by this momentous occasion. Our imaginations were captured by the first image the Vikram lander sent out, which is a testament to the care and accuracy that went into this mission’s execution.

We can see a portion of the Chandrayaan-3 landing site when we look at the image produced by the landing imager camera. In addition to displaying the lunar landscape, the picture also focuses on a lander’s leg and its shadow. This is evidence of the careful consideration and planning that went into selecting a somewhat level landing site on the lunar surface.

The fact that a communication link has been established between the Vikram lander and MOX, Bengaluru, is certainly cause for celebration. This accomplishment highlights ISRO’s technological proficiency and its capacity to overcome difficulties encountered during space missions. The photos of the moon taken during the Vikram lander’s descent are evidence of the amazing strides ISRO has achieved in obtaining and transmitting images from such a faraway celestial body.

Let’s take a moment to acknowledge the commitment, effort, and passion that the scientists and engineers of ISRO bring to their work in closing. In addition to pushing the limits of science and technology, their endeavours inspire all of us. Let this accomplishment serve as a reminder to us that the sky is indeed the limit and that we are only just beginning our quest to discover the uncharted.

I’m grateful.

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Biden Praises Aid Package for Ukraine and Israel as a ‘Good Day for World Peace’

The $95.3 billion measure passed Congress after months of gridlock that jeopardized the centerpiece of President Biden’s foreign policy.

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Zolan Kanno-Youngs

Here’s the latest on the foreign aid.

Biden says aid bill for ukraine and israel will ‘make the world safer’, president biden signed an aid package for ukraine, israel and taiwan after it received bipartisan support in congress..

It’s a good day for America, it’s a good day for Europe and it’s a good day for world peace. For real, this is consequential. I just signed into law the national security package that was passed by the House of Representatives this weekend and by the Senate yesterday. It’s going to make America safer. It’s going to make the world safer, and it continues America’s leadership in the world, and everyone knows it. It was a difficult path. It should have been easier and it should have gotten there sooner. But in the end, we did what America always does. We rose to the moment. In the next few hours, literally the few hours, we are going to begin sending in equipment to Ukraine for air defense munitions, for artillery, for rocket systems and armored vehicles. My commitment to Israel, I want to make clear again, is ironclad. The security of Israel is critical. I will always make sure that Israel has what it needs to defend itself against Iran and terrorists it supports. This bill includes $1 billion for additional humanitarian aid in Gaza. And Israel must make sure all this aid reaches the Palestinians in Gaza without delay.

President Biden said on Wednesday that weapons would begin to flow to Ukraine “within hours” as he signed a $95.3 billion package of aid to Ukraine, Israel and Taiwan, reaffirming U.S. support for Kyiv after months of congressional gridlock put the centerpiece of the White House’s foreign policy in jeopardy.

In remarks from the White House, Mr. Biden said the foreign aid package would strengthen national security.

“It’s going to make the world safer,” he said. “And it continues America’s leadership in the world, and everyone knows it.”

The Senate voted overwhelmingly to approve the package on Tuesday night after increasingly divisive politics raised questions on Capitol Hill and among U.S. allies about whether the United States would continue to back Kyiv against Russia’s military assault. The 79-to-18 vote provided Mr. Biden with another legislative accomplishment to point to, even in the face of an obstructionist House.

The Pentagon said it would rush the first $1 billion in aid to Ukraine, including shoulder-fired Stinger surface-to-air missiles and other air defense munitions, 155-millimeter shells, Javelin anti-tank guided missiles and cluster munitions.

“In the next few hours — literally, the few hours — we’re going to begin sending in equipment to Ukraine,” Mr. Biden said.

But even as he praised the infusion of funding on Wednesday, Mr. Biden said the process should have “been easier, and should have gotten there sooner.”

“It was a difficult path,” he said. “But in the end we did what America always does. We rose to the moment.”

The measure comes as Mr. Biden faces backlash in the United States over his support for Israel in the war in Gaza. The Israeli government’s campaign in Gaza has killed tens of thousands of people and created a hunger crisis there.

“My commitment to Israel,” Mr. Biden said, “is ironclad.”

Mr. Biden’s critics on the left are angry about his willingness to provide more weapons to Israel, though the legislation also includes $1 billion for humanitarian aid that the president said would be sent quickly to Gaza.

“Israel must make sure this aid reaches all of the Palestinians in Gaza, without delay,” Mr. Biden said.

The president’s signature capped a long road for the White House, one of careful political maneuvering with a new House speaker who faced vehement opposition from the far right of the Republican Party over helping Ukraine.

“Imagine if instead we had failed,” Mr. Biden said as he admonished “MAGA Republicans” for allowing Ukrainian officials to run low on artillery.

“It’s a good day for world peace,” he said.

The White House first sent a request for the security package in October, but Republicans — many of them egged on by former President Donald J. Trump — said the United States was bearing too much of the burden. Mr. Trump, who has long expressed admiration for President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia, has made clear that he would not back Ukraine if he wins in November.

U.S. officials have acknowledged that the six-month delay put Ukraine at a disadvantage in its fight against Russia.

“The Russians have slowly but successfully taken more ground from the Ukrainians and pushed them back against their first, second and, in some places, their third line of defense,” John F. Kirby, a spokesman for Mr. Biden’s National Security Council, said on Tuesday on Air Force One. “The short answer is: Yes, there absolutely has been damage in the last several months.”

The White House strategy in recent months involved impressing upon members of Congress — and the American people — that Ukraine could lose the war without the desperately needed aid.

Mr. Biden instructed his top aides to avoid publicly criticizing Speaker Mike Johnson but instead to provide him with regular security briefings on the risks of not sending aid, according to senior administration officials. The officials asked for anonymity to discuss internal deliberations.

Jake Sullivan, the national security adviser, assured Mr. Johnson in one call last October that the United States would track all the aid after the speaker called for more accountability over the security assistance.

Mr. Biden’s aides even went as far to ask President Volodymyr Zelensky of Ukraine and retired American generals to call Mr. Johnson directly to make their case.

Still, for months Mr. Johnson and right-wing Republicans refused to consider aid to Ukraine unless Mr. Biden agreed to measures that would crack down on immigration at the southern border of the United States.

Officials in the White House grew hopeful when Senate Democrats agreed to legislation that would pair border security with the Ukraine aid in February. But Republicans took a cue from Mr. Trump, who wanted to deny Mr. Biden an election year victory, and rejected the proposal.

Last month, as the aid remained stuck in gridlock, Mr. Sullivan made a secret mission to Kyiv , keeping the issue in the headlines.

With prospects for the aid looking increasingly grim, Mr. Biden directed his staff to ensure that intelligence briefings were made available to the Republicans.

Mr. Johnson has said that those briefings, led by William J. Burns, the C.I.A. director, were a crucial factor in winning over his support.

The aid is broken up into four pieces : a measure for each of the three U.S. allies and another meant to sweeten the deal for conservatives that includes a provision that could result in a nationwide ban on TikTok.

The bill includes $60.8 billion for Ukraine; $26.4 billion for Israel and humanitarian aid for civilians in conflict zones, including Gaza; and $8.1 billion for the Indo-Pacific region. It also includes sanctions against Iranian and Russian officials.

The House also added a provision that would require the president to seek repayment from the Ukrainian government of $10 billion. The idea to give some of the aid to Ukraine in the form of a loan was another example of the influence Mr. Trump has over Congress .

Mr. Trump has called to make any future aid to Ukraine a loan. In the private conversations with Mr. Johnson, White House officials told the speaker they supported the added provisions if it meant passing the foreign aid.

Biden instructed his officials in recent months, including his chief of staff, Jeff Zients; Steve Ricchetti; Shuwanza Goff, the director of legislative affairs; and the national security adviser, Jake Sullivan; to stay in constant dialogue with Speaker Johnson and other members. Biden also told officials to not publicly criticize Johnson, well aware he needed to overcome a far-right flank, according to officials who requested anonymity to discuss internal strategy.

This caps a long-winding road for the White House, one of careful political maneuvering with a new House speaker fighting off a far-right revolt and an all-out blitz by federal officials to prove to members of Congress — and the American people — that Ukraine could lose the war without the foreign aid.

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Katie Rogers

The funding bill includes $1 billion for humanitarian aid that the president says will be rushed to Gaza. “Israel must make sure this aid reaches all of the Palestinians in Gaza, without delay.”

Reid J. Epstein

“My commitment to Israel,” Biden said, “is ironclad.” That is a statement that won’t go over well with the portion of his party furious with Biden’s alliance with the Israeli government during the war in Gaza.

Michael D. Shear

Political danger also lurks in the funding package. Along with the Ukraine funding, there is also about $25 billion for Israel and Gaza. Biden's critics on the left are angry about his willingness to provide more weapons to Israel, even though there will also be more money for humanitarian assistance for Palestinians.

Biden just promoted the aid legislation as a victory for American workers who produce the military equipment heading to Ukraine, and he name-checked battleground states of Arizona and Pennsylvania, where some of the factories are located.

As important for Biden as the aid funding is, it’s not necessarily clear that it will become a big part of his campaign for re-election, which is likely to be more focused on domestic issues like the economy and abortion — and about Donald Trump.

This speech is a chance for Biden to take a victory lap on a foreign policy win, but it is so far also pretty heavy on political admonishments for hard-right Republicans.

Biden, speaking in the State Dining Room of the White House, hails the supplemental funding package as a success, but even as he does this, he says that the process to get the spending bill done should have “been easier, and should have gotten there sooner.” He also admonishes “MAGA Republicans” for allowing Ukrainian forces to run low on artillery while Russian forces continue their assault.

Signing this bill makes Biden look like a president in charge, but it comes with risks. There is a lot of trepidation among Democrats about sending more funds and military equipment to Israel in the midst of its war in Gaza.

President Biden’s signing of the funding bill — which he is about to do at the White House — is a big deal for his foreign policy. It puts U.S. allies on notice that his long-time pledge to support Ukraine “for as long as it takes” is something he can back up. It’s also a message to adversaries like China, Russia and Iran that America is willing to back its allies with money and arms.

Lara Jakes writes about weapons and military aid for Ukraine.

Aid to Ukraine is on the way. Here’s how it might help.

Now that the Senate has approved a nearly $61 billion aid package to Ukraine, and President Biden has signed it, desperately needed American weapons could be arriving on the battlefield within days.

The weapons package — which has been delayed over political wrangling by House Republicans since last fall — is “a lifeline” for Kyiv’s military, said Yehor Cherniev, the deputy chairman of the Ukrainian Parliament’s national security committee. Shortly after approving the funding on Wednesday, Mr. Biden said that the weapons shipments would begin in “a few hours.”

But it will not include everything that President Volodymyr Zelensky of Ukraine has asked for as his military struggles to hold firm after two years of war against invading Russian forces.

Here is a look at what Ukraine says it needs, what it is expected to get in the American aid package and whether it will be enough to make an immediate difference.

What Ukraine wants.

Above all, Mr. Zelensky says Ukraine needs artillery ammunition and long-range missiles to strike Russian forces, along with air defenses to protect cities and key infrastructure like military bases, power plants and weapons factories.

“We need to inflict maximum damage on everything that Russia uses as a base for terror and for its military logistics,” Mr. Zelensky said in his nightly address to Ukrainians on Monday.

To do so, he has said, Ukraine needs more long-range Army Tactical Missile Systems — known as ATACMS and pronounced “attack'ems” — to hit behind enemy lines and deep into Russian-held territory. The United States did send a small number of ATACMS, with a range of roughly 100 miles, to Ukraine last year, and they were used to strike two Russian air bases in October .

Ukraine had been asking for a longer-range ATACMS that can strike targets about 190 miles away, and on Wednesday a senior American official confirmed that the Pentagon had already secretly shipped some that were used to strike a Russian military airfield in Crimea last week and Russian troops in the country’s southeast overnight on Tuesday.

Artillery ammunition, like the 155-millimeter caliber shells that fit NATO-standard launchers donated by the West, has been in short supply in Ukraine for more than a year, as Russian forces are firing 10 times as many rounds on the battlefield as outgunned Ukrainian troops, Mr. Zelensky said last week .

Mr. Zelensky has also described air defenses — and specifically the American-made surface-to-air antiballistic Patriot missiles system — as “crucial.” And he has been pushing for more than a year for F-16 fighter jets to provide another layer of air defense over Ukraine’s ground war.

What Ukraine will get.

The Pentagon said on Wednesday it would rush a $1 billion military aid package to Ukraine, including shoulder-fired Stinger surface-to-air missiles and other air defense munitions, 155-millimeter shells, Javelin anti-tank guided missiles, cluster munitions and battlefield vehicles.

It also contains ammunition for the so-called High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems, or HIMARS, which can launch ATACMS missiles. A U.S. official would not confirm whether ATACMS specifically would be part of the aid, and the Pentagon generally has resisted discussing the missiles’ use in Ukraine, in part out of concern that it could inflame Russia by admitting it was sending long-range weapons to the war.

But in a statement Wednesday, Mr. Zelensky confirmed that ATACMS were part of the package that he described as “exactly the kind of weapons that our soldiers need.”

It did not, however, include another Patriot air-defense system, or specify that it contained additional missiles for the ones Ukraine is already fielding. It is not clear if that could come in future shipments, as Germany and other allies are reportedly demanding. The systems are scarce and expensive, and giving one more to Ukraine could mean pulling it from protecting American assets, either domestically or internationally.

And though Jens Stoltenberg, NATO’s secretary general, repeated on Tuesday that NATO allies were working to deliver F-16 jets to Ukraine, the United States has so far declined to donate any of its warplanes. (The U.S. Air Force, however, has helped train some of the several dozen Ukrainian pilots who so far are learning to fly them.) Officials have said about 12 pilots should be ready to fly the F-16s in combat by July, but as few as six of the jets will have been delivered to Ukraine by then.

Will it be enough?

Although the $61 billion aid package is designated as support for Ukraine, Pentagon officials have said that as much as $48 billion will go to American weapons manufacturers either to replenish U.S. stockpiles that have been nearly emptied over the past two years of war or to build additional arms for Ukraine.

The $1 billion infusion from the Pentagon will come from the remaining funds, and Senator Mark Warner, Democrat of Virginia, who is chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee, said it could be “in transit by the end of the week.” That could immediately help shore up Ukraine’s front line, where forces need to quickly halt Russian drones, jets and light bombers, and prevent Ukraine from losing ground, although another U.S. official cautioned on Wednesday it could take more than a week for the weapons to reach the front lines.

But Ukrainian officials seem skeptical that enough weapons will be delivered quickly or consistently over the coming months to keep up the momentum.

“When we get it, when we have it in our arms, then we do have the chance to take this initiative and to move ahead to protect Ukraine,” Mr. Zelensky told NBC News’ “Meet the Press” on Sunday. But, he said, “it depends on how soon we get this aid.”

Weapons and ammunition sent to Ukraine are often drawn from Pentagon assets in Europe, with shipments coordinated from a staff of up to 500 people based in Germany .

Yet for months, American and other allies have repeatedly warned that they had few weapons to give Ukraine until weapons production could catch up with the war’s voracious demand. That led Ukraine’s ambassador to the United States, Oksana Markarova, to question in an interview published on Tuesday where the new package of weapons would be coming from.

“Is this equipment available?” Ms. Markarova told the Ukrainian daily Ukrainska Pravda . “Will we find, and produce, enough equipment quickly enough to get it?”

The funding helps, she said, but questioned whether all the weapons and equipment that it would pay for “is ready for delivery.”

“Unfortunately, no,” Ms. Markarova said.