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  • / Subpart B8: Closing: Legal Documents
  • / Chapter B8-7: Mortgage Electronic Registration System (MERS)

B8-7-01, Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems (MERS), Inc. (12/13/2023)

Introduction.

The MERS system is an electronic system that assists in the tracking of loans, servicing rights, and security interests. To initiate the electronic tracking, the seller/servicer assigns a special MERS Mortgage Identification Number (MIN) to the loan and registers it in MERS. This topic contains information about MERS, including:

  • Naming MERS as the Nominee for the Beneficiary in the Security Instrument 
  • Requirements for the Use of MERS in Specified Geographic Areas 
  • MERS Registration 
  • Use of the MIN 
  • Mortgage Assignment to MERS 
  • Termination of MERS 

Naming MERS as the Nominee for the Beneficiary in the Security Instrument

A seller/servicer that wants to register a newly originated loan (but not a co-op share loan) with MERS may prefer to designate MERS as the nominee for the beneficiary in the security instrument. Doing so, eliminates the need for a subsequent assignment of the security instrument should the seller/servicer sell (or transfer servicing of) the loan to another seller/servicer that is a member of MERS. In such cases, the applicable security instrument must be modified to:

show MERS as the nominee for the seller/servicer,

define and name the originating seller/servicer, and

obtain the borrower’s acknowledgment of MERS’ role in the mortgage transaction.

If the seller/servicer encounters a situation where Fannie Mae is the owner of record for a loan because the original assignment of the loan to Fannie Mae was recorded in the public records, the seller/servicer must correct the error before it completes the MERS registration by:

preparing an assignment of the loan from Fannie Mae to MERS,

sending the assignment to Fannie Mae for execution, and

recording the assignment in the public records.

Changes that must be made to create a standard MERS security instrument for each jurisdiction may be found in the Instructions document for each state-specific security instrument (see Fannie Mae's Legal Documents  website), with the exception of loans secured by property located in certain geographic areas, as described below.

The seller/servicer is responsible for the accurate and timely preparation and recordation of the security instrument and any MERS-related documents required to be used in specific geographic areas. Sellers/servicers must also take all reasonable steps to ensure that information pertaining to MERS is updated and accurate at all times.

Even when MERS is named as the nominee for the beneficiary in the security instrument, it has no beneficial interest in the mortgage. All actions that MERS takes with respect to a loan are based on the instructions initiated by the originating seller, Fannie Mae, or the servicer. The originating seller remains responsible for all of its Contractual Obligations and any liability that it or Fannie Mae incurs as a result of the MERS registration, any MERS transaction, or the failure of MERS to perform any obligation with respect to a MERS-registered loan. In addition, the seller/servicer is solely responsible for any failure to comply with the provisions of its MERS Member Agreement, Rules, and Procedures.

Requirements for the Use of MERS in Specified Geographic Areas

In the states listed below, sellers/servicers must use the Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. Rider (MERS Rider) ( Form 3158 ) when a newly originated loan will be registered with MERS. Sellers/servicers must also follow the Instructions to the MERS Rider and the applicable security instruments to make changes to the standard security instruments for the following states:

Oregon, and

Washington.

As the MERS Rider must be used in these specified states, post-closing assignments to MERS are prohibited.

MERS Assignment Form - Maine

In the state of Maine, sellers/servicers must use the MERS Mortgage Assignment (Form 3749) to assign loans to MERS at origination or post-closing, as applicable. Loans in which the Maine security instrument has been modified to name MERS as the original mortgagee of record, solely as nominee for the seller/servicer, are ineligible for delivery to Fannie Mae.

MERS Registration

If a seller/servicer registers a loan on the MERS system before delivering it to Fannie Mae, the seller/servicer must ensure that the MIN is registered in MERS and names itself as the investor. Additionally, the seller/servicer must include the MIN in the delivery data. After Fannie Mae purchases or securitizes the mortgage, Fannie Mae notifies MERS to update its records to reflect Fannie Mae’s ownership interest in the loan.

Note : For loans registered in MERS iRegistration where MERS is not named as the nominee for the beneficiary in the security instrument, the MERS MIN should not be reported on the loan schedules, unless the loan is an eMortgage registered on MERS eRegistry.

If a seller/servicer registers a mortgage with MERS after Fannie Mae has purchased or securitized the loan, the seller/servicer must name Fannie Mae as the investor during registration and notify MERS of Fannie Mae’s ownership interest in the loan.

Use of the MIN

For each MERS-registered loan delivered to a document custodian, the seller/servicer must indicate the MIN on the security instrument and related documents. Because the status of a MERS-registered mortgage can change, the seller/servicer is not required to include the MIN on the note. Additionally, the seller/servicer is still responsible for making sure that the document custodian has sufficient information to determine whether a loan that is included in a subsequent transfer of servicing is registered with MERS at the time of the transfer. The seller/servicer must have adequate controls in its processes to enable it to readily identify MERS-registered mortgages.

The seller/servicer can choose from the following options:

place the MIN on the note when the loan is registered with MERS and, if the MERS registration is subsequently terminated for any reason, notify the document custodian to delete the MIN from the note;

wait to advise the custodian of the status of the MERS registration for a loan until a change in status actually occurs; or

notify the custodian about the status of the MERS registration for a loan at the time of a servicing transfer by providing the custodian with a listing of all MERS-registered loans that are included in the transfer and a certification that any and all other loans included in the transfer are not currently registered with MERS. (The listing may be prepared by the seller/servicer or, with the seller/servicer’s authorization, by MERS.) If there are more MERS-registered loans included in the transfer than there are unregistered loans, the listing may instead identify the unregistered loans—and, in that case, the certification should state that any and all other loans included in the transfer are currently registered with MERS.

Mortgage Assignment to MERS

If the originating seller/servicer is the beneficiary for a loan that it registers with MERS, they must prepare an assignment of the mortgage to MERS. Refer to the section above, entitled Requirements for the Use of MERS in Specified Geographic Areas , for additional information about, and restrictions on, assignments of loans to MERS. 

By delivering a MERS-registered loan to Fannie Mae, the seller/servicer:

warrants that MERS is the mortgagee of record (either by being named as an assignee in a recorded assignment of the security instrument or as nominee for the beneficiary in the security instrument); and

warrants that the MIN is valid and properly registered in MERS naming the seller/servicer as the investor.

Sellers/servicers are not required to include a copy of the assignment of the loan to MERS in the delivery package they submit to the applicable document custodian.

Termination of MERS

If the seller/servicer decides to discontinue the use of MERS, they must request from MERS that the loan be “deactivated” in MERS. MERS will notify Fannie Mae about the deactivation of any loan in which it has an interest.

If the seller/servicer’s membership in MERS is terminated, the seller/servicer must promptly notify Fannie Mae’s MERS Program Office (see E-1-02, List of Contacts ).

In the event that either its membership in MERS or the MERS registration for an active loan is terminated for any reason while Fannie Mae has an ownership interest in the loan, the seller/servicer must perform the functions outlined in the following table for each MERS-registered loan that it is servicing for Fannie Mae.

Recent Related Announcements

The table below provides references to recently issued Announcements that are related to this topic.

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Understanding the Assignment of Mortgages: What You Need To Know

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A mortgage is a legally binding agreement between a home buyer and a lender that dictates a borrower's ability to pay off a loan. Every mortgage has an interest rate, a term length, and specific fees attached to it.

Attorney Todd Carney

Written by Attorney Todd Carney .  Updated November 26, 2021

If you’re like most people who want to purchase a home, you’ll start by going to a bank or other lender to get a mortgage loan. Though you can choose your lender, after the mortgage loan is processed, your mortgage may be transferred to a different mortgage servicer . A transfer is also called an assignment of the mortgage. 

No matter what it’s called, this change of hands may also change who you’re supposed to make your house payments to and how the foreclosure process works if you default on your loan. That’s why if you’re a homeowner, it’s important to know how this process works. This article will provide an in-depth look at what an assignment of a mortgage entails and what impact it can have on homeownership.

Assignment of Mortgage – The Basics

When your original lender transfers your mortgage account and their interests in it to a new lender, that’s called an assignment of mortgage. To do this, your lender must use an assignment of mortgage document. This document ensures the loan is legally transferred to the new owner. It’s common for mortgage lenders to sell the mortgages to other lenders. Most lenders assign the mortgages they originate to other lenders or mortgage buyers.

Home Loan Documents

When you get a loan for a home or real estate, there will usually be two mortgage documents. The first is a mortgage or, less commonly, a deed of trust . The other is a promissory note. The mortgage or deed of trust will state that the mortgaged property provides the security interest for the loan. This basically means that your home is serving as collateral for the loan. It also gives the loan servicer the right to foreclose if you don’t make your monthly payments. The promissory note provides proof of the debt and your promise to pay it.

When a lender assigns your mortgage, your interests as the mortgagor are given to another mortgagee or servicer. Mortgages and deeds of trust are usually recorded in the county recorder’s office. This office also keeps a record of any transfers. When a mortgage is transferred so is the promissory note. The note will be endorsed or signed over to the loan’s new owner. In some situations, a note will be endorsed in blank, which turns it into a bearer instrument. This means whoever holds the note is the presumed owner.

Using MERS To Track Transfers

Banks have collectively established the Mortgage Electronic Registration System , Inc. (MERS), which keeps track of who owns which loans. With MERS, lenders are no longer required to do a separate assignment every time a loan is transferred. That’s because MERS keeps track of the transfers. It’s crucial for MERS to maintain a record of assignments and endorsements because these land records can tell who actually owns the debt and has a legal right to start the foreclosure process.

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Assignment of Mortgage Requirements and Effects

The assignment of mortgage needs to include the following:

The original information regarding the mortgage. Alternatively, it can include the county recorder office’s identification numbers. 

The borrower’s name.

The mortgage loan’s original amount.

The date of the mortgage and when it was recorded.

Usually, there will also need to be a legal description of the real property the mortgage secures, but this is determined by state law and differs by state.

Notice Requirements

The original lender doesn’t need to provide notice to or get permission from the homeowner prior to assigning the mortgage. But the new lender (sometimes called the assignee) has to send the homeowner some form of notice of the loan assignment. The document will typically provide a disclaimer about who the new lender is, the lender’s contact information, and information about how to make your mortgage payment. You should make sure you have this information so you can avoid foreclosure.

Mortgage Terms

When an assignment occurs your loan is transferred, but the initial terms of your mortgage will stay the same. This means you’ll have the same interest rate, overall loan amount, monthly payment, and payment due date. If there are changes or adjustments to the escrow account, the new lender must do them under the terms of the original escrow agreement. The new lender can make some changes if you request them and the lender approves. For example, you may request your new lender to provide more payment methods.

Taxes and Insurance

If you have an escrow account and your mortgage is transferred, you may be worried about making sure your property taxes and homeowners insurance get paid. Though you can always verify the information, the original loan servicer is responsible for giving your local tax authority the new loan servicer’s address for tax billing purposes. The original lender is required to do this after the assignment is recorded. The servicer will also reach out to your property insurance company for this reason.  

If you’ve received notice that your mortgage loan has been assigned, it’s a good idea to reach out to your loan servicer and verify this information. Verifying that all your mortgage information is correct, that you know who to contact if you have questions about your mortgage, and that you know how to make payments to the new servicer will help you avoid being scammed or making payments incorrectly.

Let's Summarize…

In a mortgage assignment, your original lender or servicer transfers your mortgage account to another loan servicer. When this occurs, the original mortgagee or lender’s interests go to the next lender. Even if your mortgage gets transferred or assigned, your mortgage’s terms should remain the same. Your interest rate, loan amount, monthly payment, and payment schedule shouldn’t change. 

Your original lender isn’t required to notify you or get your permission prior to assigning your mortgage. But you should receive correspondence from the new lender after the assignment. It’s important to verify any change in assignment with your original loan servicer before you make your next mortgage payment, so you don’t fall victim to a scam.

Attorney Todd Carney

Attorney Todd Carney is a writer and graduate of Harvard Law School. While in law school, Todd worked in a clinic that helped pro-bono clients file for bankruptcy. Todd also studied several aspects of how the law impacts consumers. Todd has written over 40 articles for sites such... read more about Attorney Todd Carney

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Mortgage Assignment Laws and Definition

(This may not be the same place you live)

  What is a Mortgage Assignment?

A mortgage is a legal agreement. Under this agreement, a bank or other lending institution provides a loan to an individual seeking to finance a home purchase. The lender is referred to as a creditor. The person who finances the home owes money to the bank, and is referred to as the debtor.

To make money, the bank charges interest on the loan. To ensure the debtor pays the loan, the bank takes a security interest in what the loan is financing — the home itself. If the buyer fails to pay the loan, the bank can take the property through a foreclosure proceeding.

There are two main documents involved in a mortgage agreement. The document setting the financial terms and conditions of repayment is known as the mortgage note. The bank is the owner of the note. The note is secured by the mortgage. This means if the debtor does not make payment on the note, the bank may foreclose on the home. 

The document describing the mortgaged property is called the mortgage agreement. In the mortgage agreement, the debtor agrees to make payments under the note, and agrees that if payment is not made, the bank may institute foreclosure proceedings and take the home as collateral .

An assignment of a mortgage refers to an assignment of the note and assignment of the mortgage agreement. Both the note and the mortgage can be assigned. To assign the note and mortgage is to transfer ownership of the note and mortgage. Once the note is assigned, the person to whom it is assigned, the assignee, can collect payment under the note. 

Assignment of the mortgage agreement occurs when the mortgagee (the bank or lender) transfers its rights under the agreement to another party. That party is referred to as the assignee, and receives the right to enforce the agreement’s terms against the assignor, or debtor (also called the “mortgagor”). 

What are the Requirements for Executing a Mortgage Assignment?

What are some of the benefits and drawbacks of mortgage assignments, are there any defenses to mortgage assignments, do i need to hire an attorney for help with a mortgage assignment.

For a mortgage to be validly assigned, the assignment document (the document formally assigning ownership from one person to another) must contain:

  • The current assignor name.
  • The name of the assignee.
  • The current borrower or borrowers’ names. 
  • A description of the mortgage, including date of execution of the mortgage agreement, the amount of the loan that remains, and a reference to where the mortgage was initially recorded. A mortgage is recorded in the office of a county clerk, in an index, typically bearing a volume or page number. The reference to where the mortgage was recorded should include the date of recording, volume, page number, and county of recording.
  • A description of the property. The description must be a legal description that unambiguously and completely describes the boundaries of the property.

There are several types of assignments of mortgage. These include a corrective assignment of mortgage, a corporate assignment of mortgage, and a mers assignment of mortgage. A corrective assignment corrects or amends a defect or mistake in the original assignment. A corporate assignment is an assignment of the mortgage from one corporation to another. 

A mers assignment involves the Mortgage Electronic Registration System (MERS). Mortgages often designate MERS as a nominee (agent for) the lender. When the lender assigns a mortgage to MERS, MERS does not actually receive ownership of the note or mortgage agreement. Instead, MERS tracks the mortgage as the mortgage is assigned from bank to bank. 

An advantage of a mortgage assignment is that the assignment permits buyers interested in purchasing a home, to do so without having to obtain a loan from a financial institution. The buyer, through an assignment from the current homeowner, assumes the rights and responsibilities under the mortgage. 

A disadvantage of a mortgage assignment is the consequences of failing to record it. Under most state laws, an entity seeking to institute foreclosure proceedings must record the assignment before it can do so. If a mortgage is not recorded, the judge will dismiss the foreclosure proceeding. 

Failure to observe mortgage assignment procedure can be used as a defense by a homeowner in a foreclosure proceeding. Before a bank can institute a foreclosure proceeding, the bank must record the assignment of the note. The bank must also be in actual possession of the note. 

If the bank fails to “produce the note,” that is, cannot demonstrate that the note was assigned to it, the bank cannot demonstrate it owns the note. Therefore, it lacks legal standing to commence a foreclosure proceeding.

If you need help with preparing an assignment of mortgage, you should contact a mortgage lawyer . An experienced mortgage lawyer near you can assist you with preparing and recording the document.

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assignment of mortgage to mers

MORTGAGE ELECTRONIC REGISTRATION SYSTEMS (MERS) by Christopher J. Beck, ATG Senior Law Clerk

Introduction

Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (MERS) provides a centralized registry for tracking ownership interests and servicing rights of mortgages. As the number of mortgages registered with MERS grows, MERS increasingly will appear in the chain of title. This article will address the following questions when dealing with transactions in which MERS is in the chain of title:

  • How should an assignment to MERS appear in the chain of title?
  • May a mortgage and an assignment to MERS be combined into a single document?
  • How does one obtain a payoff letter and release for a mortgage assignment to MERS, and how does this appear in the chain of title?

MERS - owned by several companies involved in the mortgage finance industry - began in 1995 as a member-owned, non-stock corporation. It was created to address the problems associated with tracking the beneficial interests and servicing rights of mortgages due to the increased number of transactions in secondary markets. The goal was to make the tracking of the secondary mortgage assignments more similar to the stock market. Thus, an electronic registry was created to track such assignments of rights.

For MERS to be effective, mortgages must be properly registered with the MERS system. Each mortgage is assigned an individual Mortgage Identification Number (MIN) that tracks the mortgage for its life. The MERS system depends on MERS being named as the mortgagee of record in the county public records. This may be done in one of two ways. First, MERS can be identified as the nominee for the lender on the mortgage itself (referred to as "MERS as Original Mortgagee" or MOM). If the mortgage does not name MERS as the original mortgagee, then the mortgage can be assigned to MERS. The mortgage would begin as a typical mortgage, and as such it must be recorded in the county recorder's office. The mortgage would then be assigned to MERS, with the assignment being recorded in the public records. At this point, under either method MERS will be the assignee or mortgagee of record for the life of the mortgage. Assignments are not made outside of the MERS system. At this point, the chain of title will stop with MERS. MERS will internally track all subsequent assignments of interests and rights as long as the mortgage interests remain with a MERS member.

Benefit of MERS

The benefit of MERS is to create efficiency in secondary mortgage markets, thereby reducing costs. MERS relies on the current mortgage recording laws and procedures so that it may perform its goals, and is not meant to in any way replace governmental recording functions. MERS members are expected to update the transfers within the system. MERS has acknowledged that it is critical to its success that they accurately keep track of assignments. Interested parties are putting a considerable amount of trust in the accuracy of the MERS system and in its members diligently updating records.

How Should an Assignment to MERS Appear on the Chain of Title?

Signed mortgage documents are recorded in the county land records to make a public record of the security interest (in the form of a mortgage or a deed of trust). If MERS is not identified as the original mortgagee, an assignment must be recorded naming MERS as the mortgagee when the loan is registered on the MERS system. An assignment to MERS should appear like any other assignment. An assignment naming MERS as the assignee of record is prepared and recorded with the county recorder's office. MERS will be the assignee of record for the life of the loan and the chain of title should end with MERS unless the rights are assigned to a non-MERS member, a foreclosure, etc.

May a Mortgage and an Assignment to MERS Be Combined into a Single Document?

Beginning in 1997, it has been possible to name MERS as the original nominal mortgagee (MOM), eliminating the need for a subsequent assignment to MERS. If MERS is named as the nominee for the lender, there is no need for an assignment to MERS and no further recorded or unrecorded assignments are necessary as long as the loan remains on MERS. After the initial step naming MERS as mortgagee of record, the subsequent treatment of the mortgage is the same whether it was initially created through an assignment or through MOM. MERS prefers to be named as the original mortgagee because it eliminates the need for a subsequent assignment.

How Does One Obtain a Payoff Letter and Release for a Mortgage Assignment to MERS, and How Does This Appear in the Chain of Title?

Obtaining a payoff or release should be a simplified process for mortgages registered with MERS. It is the obligation of the MERS member currently servicing a loan to de-activate the loan on the MERS system and to prepare and send a lien release to the county recorder's office. To find out the name of the servicer, non-MERS members will have to call the MERS Voice Response Unit (VRU) and obtain the servicer's name, address, contact person, and phone number. It will be necessary to contact the servicer because the MERS system will not give out payoff information. It is the responsibility of the servicer to give out all payoff information.

The loan servicer will send a lien release to the county recorder's office. The release should contain the MIN and the telephone number to access the MERS VRU, which is the number the general public may call to obtain information about the MERS servicer. The number for the VRU is 1-888-679-MERS (679-6377). To access this service, callers will have to know either the MIN or the social security number of the borrower. If an inquirer lacks this information, he or she will still be able to access this information by calling the MERS Help Desk at 1-888-680-MERS (6377), provided one can provide the mortgagor's name or the property address. If a non-MERS member does not have any of the above information, the MIN should be available at the county clerk's office once the lien release has been recorded. "MERS has made a commitment to provide access to its system to county recorders and to the public generally," and the county recorder should be able to get people the information they need. 1997 Ill. Atty.Op.Gen No. 97-008.

As MERS becomes more prominent in the mortgage industry, title agents and companies may have to adapt some of their methodology and procedures to conform to the MERS system. While this initially may prove to be an inconvenience, the title industry should ultimately benefit from increased mortgage tracking efficiency that MERS will provide.

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Assignment of Mortgage

All Sellers must be MERS members, able to register and transfer loans through MERS. All loans must be registered with MERS at time of delivery to Pennymac and a MERS transfer of beneficial rights and transfer of servicing rights must be initiated by the Seller, to  PennyMac Corp. (#1009313), within 24-hours of purchase .

If a Mortgage is registered with MERS and MERS is not the original mortgagee of record, the lender must ensure that:

  • An assignment to MERS has been prepared, duly executed and recorded, prior to delivery for purchase.
  • The chain of assignments is complete and recorded from the original mortgagee to MERS. Add “Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc, P.O. Box 2026, Flint, MI 48501-2026” as the assignee.
  • The Mortgage Identification Number (MIN) is printed on the bottom center of the Assignment, about one-half inch below the last line of text and one-half inch above the bottom of the page.
  • The MERS phone number (888-679-6377) must be printed at the bottom of the page.

If a mortgage is registered with MERS naming MERS as original mortgagee of record (MOM), no assignments are necessary if:

  • The mortgage is originated naming MERS as the original mortgagee of record, solely as nominee for the lender named in the Security Instrument and the Note, and the lender's successors and assigns.
  • The lender has ensured that the Security Instrument is properly executed, acknowledged, delivered and recorded in all places necessary to perfect a First Lien security interest in the mortgaged premises in favor of MERS, solely as nominee for the lender named in the Security Instrument and the Note, and lender's successors and assigns.
  • The MIN must be placed on the Security Instrument to the right of or below the form title, but NOT within the recording margin of the document.
  • Additional verbiage approved by the agency must be added to the Mortgage/Security Instrument. MERS Corporate Office can provide the correct state specific verbiage.
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  • Personal Finance

What Is the Mortgage Electronic Registration System (MERS)?

Julia Kagan is a financial/consumer journalist and former senior editor, personal finance, of Investopedia.

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Erika Rasure is globally-recognized as a leading consumer economics subject matter expert, researcher, and educator. She is a financial therapist and transformational coach, with a special interest in helping women learn how to invest.

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Pete Rathburn is a copy editor and fact-checker with expertise in economics and personal finance and over twenty years of experience in the classroom.

assignment of mortgage to mers

What Is a Mortgage Electronic Registration System—MERS?

The Mortgage Electronic Registration System (MERS) is a database created by the mortgage banking industry. A confidential electronic registry of mortgages originated in the United States, it keeps track of transfers of and modifications to servicing rights and ownership of the loans. It is used by the real estate finance industry for residential and commercial mortgage loan recording trading.

MERS, which also refers to the privately held company that manages the database, is approved by such government-sponsored enterprises as the Federal National Mortgage Association ( Fannie Mae) , the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ( Freddie Mac) , and the Government National Mortgage Association ( Ginnie Mae) , along wth such government agencies as the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and the Department of Veterans Administration (VA) that are involved in housing loans. The California and Utah Housing Finance Agencies and all major Wall Street rating agencies make use of it as well.

Key Takeaways

  • Mortgage Electronic Registration System (MERS) is a privately owned database that the mortgage banking industry created to simply the registration and transfer of mortgages.
  • By tracking mortgage transfers electronically, MERS eliminates the need of a lender to register the transfer with the county recorder every time the loan is sold from one bank to another.
  • Sometimes MERS itself is designee as the mortgage lender (mortgagee).
  • While MERS can save time and recording costs, it has drawn criticism for making it difficult to see who actually is the current owner of a mortgage.

Understanding the Mortgage Electronic Registration System—MERS

Each time a mortgage is sold from one bank to another, an assignment—a document showing that the mortgage has been transferred—is, theoretically, prepared and recorded in the county land records. The assignment transfers all of the interest the original lender had under the mortgage to the new bank.

By tracking loan transfers electronically, MERS eliminates the long-standing practice that the lender must record an assignment with the county recorder every time the loan is sold from one bank to another.

The MERS system is used by mortgage originators, servicers, warehouse lenders, wholesale lenders, retail lenders, document custodians, settlement agents, title companies, insurers, investors, county recorders, and consumers. County and regulatory officials and homeowners can access MERS free of charge. Homeowners can look up information on their own mortgages that are registered with the system.

In order to use the electronic tracking, the servicer of the mortgage assigns it with a mortgage identification number (MIN) and then registers the loan with the MERS database. Sometimes, MERS itself is designated as the mortgagee, as the original lender is officially called in the mortgage documents; such a loan is known as an original mortgagee (MOM) loan. From there, the seller can originate the mortgage with MERS as a nominee of the lender (also referred to as the beneficiary), and then assign or record the assignment of the loan to MERS in the county land record. This would make MERS the mortgagee of record.

While MERS can act as mortgagee in county land records, it doesn't actually own the mortgage loan.

If the lender sells the loan, MERS will update its information regarding the mortgage. The servicer of a mortgage can have it removed from the MERS database by sending a request to have it deactivated. MERS will, in turn, notify Fannie Mae. If the servicer of a mortgage wants to end their membership with MERS entirely, it must also notify Fannie Mae as soon as possible.

Pros and Cons of the Mortgage Electronic Registration System—MERS

As an electronic, one-stop site for mortgage documents—deeds of trust and promissory notes—MERS greatly simplifies the mortgage process. MERS can act as a cost-saving measure to some degree because, by acting as a mortgagee, it cuts the expense of recording the transfer of a mortgage from one lender to another. Having the loan in MERS’ name (as nominee) in the land records saves time and recording costs because multiple assignments aren't necessary each time the loan changes hands.

The database has drawn some criticism, though. During the 2008 housing crisis , the system made it difficult at times to sort out who actually owned mortgages. That created a challenge for homeowners facing foreclosure or relief from their loans, as they needed to know who held their mortgages in order to work out some form of remedy.

MERS. " About Us Frequently Asked Questions ."

MERS. " Quick Facts ," Page 1.

MERS. " Homeowners ServicerID ."

MERS. " MERS System Frequently Asked Questions ."

Govinfo.gov. " Problems in Mortgage Servicing from Modification to Foreclosure ."

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Promissory Notes, Mortgage Assignments, and MERS’ Role in Real Estate

Promissory Notes, Mortgage Assignments, and MERS’ Role in Real Estate

assignment of mortgage to mers

After the fall out of the subprime mortgage crisis that triggered the Great Recession, the effects still linger when looking at homeownership statistics in the United States. Nearly 10 million homeowners lost their homes to foreclosure between 2006 and 2014. Damaged credit and traumatized psyches paired with stricter lending standards and soaring median home prices mean that some former homeowners will never own another home.

Today, the United States is seeing the highest rates of unemployment since the Great Depression at nearly 15%  due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and of those who still own a home, nearly 4.1 million borrowers are struggling to make their monthly payments. Many are turning to forbearance for momentary relief from their mortgages.

For many homeowners, the question of what happens to their mortgage after closing day might not ever come up. Until the threat of foreclosure or the need for forbearance arises, most borrowers simply send in their monthly payments with no questions asked.

Now is a good time to consider the process after closing, and how it affects their property rights. Here are some of the questions to ask.

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What happens after a real estate closing?

  • At closing, the borrower signs the mortgage, the deed, and the promissory note
  • The mortgage and the deed are recorded in the public record
  • The promissory note is held by the lender while the loan is outstanding
  • Payments are sent to the mortgage servicing company
  • The mortgage may be securitized and sold to investors
  • The mortgage may be transferred to another bank
  • The mortgage servicing rights may change to another company
  • When the mortgage is paid in full, a mortgage lien release or satisfaction with a number referencing the original mortgage loan is recorded in the public record to show the debt is no longer outstanding
  • The promissory note is marked as paid in full and returned to the borrower

Banks often sell and buy mortgages from each other as a way to liquidate assets and improve their credit ratings. When the original lender sells the debt to another bank or an investor, a mortgage assignment is created and recorded in the public record and the promissory note is endorsed.

What are Loan Transfer Documents?

Assignments and endorsements prove who owns the debt and subsequently who has the authority to bring foreclosure action.

Mortgage Assignments

A Mortgage Assignment is a document showing a mortgage loan has been transferred from the originator to a third party.

Note Endorsements

In addition to the assignment, the originator of the loan or the most recent holder of the loan must endorse (or sign over) the promissory note whenever the loan changes hands. Sometimes, the note is endorsed “in blank,” which means that any party that possesses the note has the legal authority to enforce it.

While these documents are supposed to be recorded in the public land records systems, sometimes there’s a “break” in the chain. A missing mortgage satisfaction or assignment can cause a huge headache for homeowners when they go to sell. Without knowing who the official mortgage lienholder of the property is, the home can’t be sold. The title agent in charge of the closing is tasked with fixing the issue so that clear ownership rights can be established and the final mortgage payoff can be sent to the right lender if needed.

What is Mortgage Securitization?

In the last 30 years or so, the buying and selling of mortgage loans between lenders, banks, and investors has grown more complicated. When a mortgage is turned into a security, it’s pooled with similar types of loans and sold on the secondary mortgage market. The purchasers or investors in these securities receive interest in principal payments.

Securitization is good for lenders because it allows them to sell mortgage loans from their books and use that money to make more loans.

Where securitization goes wrong, as we saw during the housing crisis, is when bad or “toxic” assets are pooled together and sold on the secondary market to unsuspecting investors. Subprime mortgage-backed securities had received high ratings from credit agencies and offered a higher interest rate, but they also were the first to hemorrhage losses when borrowers began defaulting on homes with underwater mortgages.

Securitization isn’t an inherently good or bad process, it’s simply a mechanism by which banks liquidize assets, increase their credit and ratings, and clear their balance sheets.

For homeowners, securitization means that the mortgage isn’t owned by a single lender and is instead part of a pool of mortgages owned by investors. A mortgage service company is responsible for collecting the mortgage payments and sending it to the proper investors. Securitization also means that tracking the note and who has the authority to enforce it can get messy.

What is the Mortgage Electronic Registration System, Inc. or MERS?

The MERS system is a private, third-party database system used to track servicing rights and ownership of mortgages in the United States. This system of registering the promissory note and mortgage was created to make transferring these documents easier on the secondary mortgage market.

How does MERS work?

For some real estate transactions, the mortgage originator will designate MERS as the mortgagee at closing. These loans are called MERS as Original Mortgagee (MOM) loans. When buying a home, a borrower should see clear language on the mortgage or deed of trust document granting and conveying legal title of the mortgage to MERS as mortgagee. This gives the company the right to act on behalf of the current and subsequent owners of the loan.

In other transactions, the loan may be assigned to MERS in the public record at a later date after closing.

After MERS is designated as a nominee to act on behalf of the lender, it tracks the transfers of the loans between parties and acts as a nominee for each holder. This eliminates the need to file separate assignments in the public record each time the loan is transferred. If a lender sells the loan, MERS will update this information in their system.

Even though MERS is designated as the mortgagee, it doesn’t own the debt or hold the promissory note. MERS doesn’t service mortgages or collect payments on mortgages.

Benefits of MERS

Some of the benefits of the MERS system include:

  • No document drafting fees
  • Eliminates the need for multiple assignments each time the loan changes hands
  • Reduces recording costs
  • Saves time and administrative costs for lenders and servicers
  • Provides the identification of servicers and investors for free for homeowners and lenders
  • Used by Lenders to find undisclosed liens
  • Used by municipalities to find companies responsible for maintaining vacant and abandoned properties
  • Mortgage Identification Numbers (MIN) are assigned to each loan for easy tracking
  • Selling of loans and servicing transfers are more efficient in the secondary market
  • Obtaining lien releases when a lender goes out of business is simplified
  • Cost savings by the mortgage industry is theoretically passed on to homeowners

Does MERS really save consumers money?

The MERS system is not meant to act as a replacement for public land records. However, some states, including Kentucky, New York, Texas, Alabama, and Delaware have sued the company that controls MERS for lost revenue from missing record filing fees. In the case of Kentucky , the state alleged that MERS did not record mortgage assignments with Kentucky County Clerks as they were transferred between banks. At $12 a recording, all those transfers without corresponding mortgage assignments add up to big bucks.

Despite numerous lawsuits challenging MERS over its mortgage assignment authority, the company that controls MERS usually receives favorable judgments . In 2016, courts in Texas ruled that MERS’ mortgage assignments were valid and dismissed two cases. County recorders in Pennsylvania also brought cases claiming that MERS and MERS System members failed to record mortgage assignments when transferring promissory notes, a violation of Pennsylvania recording laws. MERS emerged as the winner of these lawsuits as well.

Kentucky and other states argue that skipping out on these fees hurt the consumers and taxpayers in their states.

What is MERS role in foreclosures?

Depending on the state, a foreclosure process might be either judicial (reviewed by a judge in court) or nonjudicial. In the past, MERS, acting on behalf of lenders, has been named as the plaintiff in foreclosure proceedings. Sometimes MERS was even listed as the beneficiary in nonjudicial notices.

Whether or not MERS has the authority to file foreclosure as either the plaintiff or beneficiary is hotly contested. Some states have ruled that MERS doesn’t have standing to foreclose since it doesn’t have any financial interest in either the property of the promissory note.

MERS Splits the note and the mortgage

A court case from 1872, Carpenter v. Longan , established that where the promissory note goes, a deed of trust or mortgage must follow and, according to the United State’s Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) , the promissory note must also have a clear chain of title.

Foreclosure proceedings during the Great Recession proved to be complicated by the MERS system. Within the MERS system, a note and mortgage may be transferred multiple times, so to avoid an endorsement each time, the note is “endorsed in blank.” In one foreclosure after the other, borrowers were able to demonstrate that the subsequent assignments of the promissory note had gone unendorsed.

Although the MERS systems has helped the mortgage industry, title agents, and even borrowers better manage and understand who has the servicing rights and holds the authority to foreclose, several borrowers facing foreclosure have argued that the system impermissibly “splits” the note and the mortgage between the note holder and MERS as the beneficiary of the deed of trust or mortgage.

This process of bifurcation, it’s claimed, causes the relationship between the mortgage and note to become defective and subsequently unenforceable.

Homeowners facing foreclosure, especially in the aftermath of the housing bubble burst of 2008, were successful in delaying or avoiding foreclosure by arguing that the authority to foreclose was not satisfactorily established due to breaks in the chain of assignments and endorsements.

However, Article 3 of the UCC establishes anyone who possesses the note has the legal authority to enforce it. So foreclosing parties have countered that possession of the note should be enough.

As a result, some states, like Michigan, have ruled in favor of these borrower’s arguments by requiring reunification through valid assignment before foreclosures may proceed. Others have ruled that reunification is not necessary since MERS would be authorized to foreclose for the note holder on their behalf. In 2015, The Nevada Supreme Court actually clarified previous rulings by stating that the involvement of MERS actually cures the defect. This is because the note holder could potentially or theoretically direct or compel MERS to assign the deed of trust, resulting in reunifying the instruments.

Homebuyers should always ask questions

With the advent of eClosing solutions, eNotes, eVaults, and the MERS eRegistry , the real estate, title, and mortgage industry continues to build systems that improve the homebuying experience.

Despite all the advancements, homebuying can be a confusing and overwhelming process. It’s important to ask questions of the right real estate professionals. Hiring your own attorney to represent your interests in the real estate transaction is always a good idea.

While the pros and cons of MERS is debated, homeowners today will want to keep up with recommendations from the CFPB should they fall behind on their mortgage payments and reach out to their mortgage servicer as soon as possible.

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18.5 Discharges Involving Mortgage Electronic Registration System (MERS)

When MERS is the record holder of a mortgage, the mortgage shall be discharged only by MERS.  A valid discharge may be issued by (1) MERS, or (2) a member of MERS acting through a certifying officer of MERS.

Comment 1.     MERS was created for the purpose of streamlining the mortgage process by eliminating the need to record assignments. When MERS is the mortgagee of record, a discharge is executed by an officer of MERS.  MERS may also act as nominee for the lender and servicer and, if named as nominee, MERS remains as nominee regardless of how often the mortgage is sold.

Comment 2:     MERS serves as mortgagee of record or as nominee for the beneficial owner of the mortgage loan. MERS becomes the mortgagee of record by assignment or in the original security instrument (MERS as Original Mortgagee or “MOM”). Once MERS is the mortgagee of record, subsequent assignments of the mortgage are not necessary upon a transfer of servicing to another MERS member or the sale of the beneficial interest in the note because MERS remains the mortgagee on behalf of the current owner and servicer. The servicer of a MERS-registered loan has the legal authority to discharge the mortgage on behalf of MERS because, as a member of MERS, authority was granted to their officers through a corporate resolution.  The person authorized to sign discharges is sometimes referred to as a “certifying officer” by MERS.

Comment 3:     A title examiner who finds a discharge signed by a member of MERS may presume that the signer was a duly appointed certifying officer.

Example: A Mortgage from “John and Mary Doe to MERS as nominee for ABC Bank” may be discharged by either: (a) a MERS certifying officer from ABC Bank or (b) by a MERS member other than ABC Bank acting through a certifying officer.

Comment 4:     For assistance in obtaining a discharge or getting help from MERS, determining whether a particular lender is a member of MERS, information may be obtained from:

  • MERS website: www.mersinc.org
  • MERS Help Desk: 1.888.680.6377
  • provide the Borrower’s SSN or the Mortgage Identification Number (MIN) on the mortgage and the automated system will provide  the name of the current servicer.

Comment 5.     A title examiner may consider information within the discharge to determine that the discharge was executed on behalf of MERS and is, therefore, a valid discharge of a MERS mortgage.  Such information may include the existence of a MIN (MERS Mortgage Identification Number), a reference in the body or signature line to MERS, or a reference to an assignment to MERS.

September 26, 2008:        This standard was added.

IMAGES

  1. Mortgage Assignment To Mers

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  2. 34+ what is an assignment of mortgage

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  3. Assignment of Mortgage Template

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  5. Mortgage Assignment To Mers

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  6. ASSIGNMENT OF MORTGAGE

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  6. WANTED: MORTGAGE ASSIGNMENTS & AFFIDAVITS, BANK FORECLOSURE MERS LPS DOCx

COMMENTS

  1. B8-7-01, Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems (MERS), Inc. (12/13/2023)

    Mortgage Assignment to MERS Termination of MERS Naming MERS as the Nominee for the Beneficiary in the Security Instrument A seller/servicer that wants to register a newly originated loan (but not a co-op share loan) with MERS may prefer to designate MERS as the nominee for the beneficiary in the security instrument.

  2. Understanding the Assignment of Mortgages: What You Need To Know

    Home Loan Documents Using MERS To Track Transfers Assignment of Mortgage Requirements and Effects Notice Requirements Mortgage Terms Taxes and Insurance Let's Summarize… If you're like most people who want to purchase a home, you'll start by going to a bank or other lender to get a mortgage loan.

  3. Assignment of Mortgage Laws and Definition

    At No Cost! What is a Mortgage Assignment? A mortgage is a legal agreement. Under this agreement, a bank or other lending institution provides a loan to an individual seeking to finance a home purchase. The lender is referred to as a creditor. The person who finances the home owes money to the bank, and is referred to as the debtor.

  4. What Is MERS For Mortgages?

    This assignment is a document that indicates the mortgage has been transferred to a new owner. This can be a labor-intensive process, requiring the owners of a loan to create an assignment with the county recorder every time a loan is sold. The mortgage banking industry created MERS to simplify this process.

  5. Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems (MERS)

    Each mortgage is assigned an individual Mortgage Identification Number (MIN) that tracks the mortgage for its life. The MERS system depends on MERS being named as the mortgagee of record in the county public records. This may be done in one of two ways.

  6. Understanding How Assignments of Mortgage Work

    Mortgages are assigned using a document called an assignment of mortgage. This legally transfers the original lender's interest in the loan to the new company. After doing this, the original lender will no longer receive the payments of principal and interest. However, by assigning the loan company will free up capital.

  7. PDF Sample Assignment from MERS

    MERS Phone: 1-888-679-6377 FOR VALUE RECEIVED Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc., as mortgagee, nominee for __________, its successors and assigns, hereby assigns and transfers _________, whose address is ___________, all of its right, title as to and interest in the below described mortgage.

  8. Delegated Seller Guide: Assignment of Mortgage

    Add "Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc, P.O. Box 2026, Flint, MI 48501-2026" as the assignee. The Mortgage Identification Number (MIN) is printed on the bottom center of the Assignment, about one-half inch below the last line of text and one-half inch above the bottom of the page.

  9. What Is the Mortgage Electronic Registration System (MERS)?

    Mortgage Electronic Registration System - MERS: A process created by the mortgage banking industry that simplifies the mortgage process by using electronic commerce. The Mortgage Electronic ...

  10. Document Updates: Assignment of Mortgage From MERS ...

    The example Assignment language from the MERS Systems Procedures Manual is as follows: Mortgage - Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc., as mortgagee, as nominee for [Lender], its successors and assigns. Deed of Trust - Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc., as beneficiary, as nominee for [Lender], its successors and assigns.

  11. Understanding Secondary Market Assignments and the Mortgage Electronic

    I. Understand the Secondary Market Assignments and Mortgage Electronic Registration System (MERS) A. Secondary Market Assignments. In most loan collection situations, the original lender is no longer the owner of the loan because it assigned its interest in the promissory note and deed of trust to another entity.

  12. Promissory Notes, Mortgage Assignments, and MERS' Role in ...

    A Mortgage Assignment is a document showing a mortgage loan has been transferred from the originator to a third party. Note Endorsements In addition to the assignment, the originator of the loan or the most recent holder of the loan must endorse (or sign over) the promissory note whenever the loan changes hands.

  13. The Legally Invalid Assignment Defense to Foreclosure

    Temporary An invalid assignment defense may only be a temporary solution until the new owner records an assignment in their name. The mortgage industry uses a tool known as the Mortgage Electronic Registration System (MERS) to keep track of assignments. MERS may be a nominee for the lender, or it may receive the mortgage as an assignment.

  14. What Is Mortgage Electronic Registration System, Inc.?

    An "assignment" is the document that is the legal record of this transfer from one entity to another. In a typical transaction, when the mortgagee sells the debt to another company, an assignment is recorded, and the promissory note is endorsed (signed over) to the new owner. MERS' Role in Mortgage Transactions

  15. PDF Assignment to MERS

    MERS Phone: 1-888-679-6377 FOR VALUE RECEIVED, hereby assigns and transfers to Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc., as nominee for , its successors and assigns whose address is P.O. Box 2026, Flint, Ml 48501-2026, all of its right, title and interest in the below described mortgage.

  16. MERS's "Maine" Purpose: Recognizing Key Differences Between MERS Mortgages

    The Saunders court further noted that under the mortgage, the borrowers expressly gave the lender—not MERS—the rights provided for in the mortgage, and that the borrowers did not make any of the mortgage covenants to or in favor of MERS.Saunders, 2010 Me. 79, ¶ 10.Accordingly, the court determined that MERS did not qualify as a mortgagee under Maine's foreclosure statute (discussing 14 ...

  17. PDF ASSIGNMENT OF MORTGAGE

    FOR VALUE RECEIVED , ABC BANK., its successors and assigns, hereby assigns and transfers to Mortgage Electronic Registration System, Inc., its successors and assigns P.O. Box 2026, Flint, Michigan 48501-2026, all its right, title and interest in and to a certain mortgage executed by John J. Doe, Husband and Jane Doe, Wife, to ABC BANK. and bea...

  18. What Is Assignment Of Mortgage?

    An assignment of mortgage is a legal term that refers to the transfer of the security instrument that underlies your mortgage loan − aka your home. When a lender sells the mortgage on, an investor effectively buys the note, and the mortgage is assigned to them at this time. The assignment of mortgage occurs because without a security ...

  19. California Court Affirms the Power of MERS to Assign Promissory Notes

    1 MERS is a national electronic registry that tracks the transfer of ownership interests and servicing rights in mortgage loans. MERS generally serves as an agent for lending banks to facilitate the assignment of the lenders' interests between MERS, lenders, loan servicers, and investors.

  20. MERS Requires No Authorization to Assign Mortgage

    Plaintiffs filed suit to stop the foreclosure proceedings, arguing that: (1) the assignment of the mortgage to BNYM was invalid because the assignment to BNYM occurred after the closing of the trust according to its Pooling and Servicing Agreement (the "PSA"); (2) MERS, as "nominee" for the lender, was not a valid mortgagee; and (3 ...

  21. What's the difference between a mortgage assignment and an ...

    An "assignment" is the document that is the legal record of this transfer from one mortgagee to another. In a typical transaction, when the mortgagee sells the debt to another bank, an assignment is recorded, and the promissory note is endorsed (signed over) to the new bank.

  22. 18.5 Discharges Involving Mortgage Electronic Registration System (MERS)

    When MERS is the record holder of a mortgage, the mortgage shall be discharged only by MERS. A valid discharge may be issued by (1) MERS, or (2) a member of MERS acting through a certifying officer of MERS. Comment 1. MERS was created for the purpose of streamlining the mortgage process by eliminating the need to record assignments.