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How To Write the Operations Plan Section of the Business Plan

Susan Ward wrote about small businesses for The Balance for 18 years. She has run an IT consulting firm and designed and presented courses on how to promote small businesses.

Stage of Development Section

Production process section, the bottom line, frequently asked questions (faqs).

The operations plan is the section of your business plan that gives an overview of your workflow, supply chains, and similar aspects of your business. Any key details of how your business physically produces goods or services will be included in this section.

You need an operations plan to help others understand how you'll deliver on your promise to turn a profit. Keep reading to learn what to include in your operations plan.

Key Takeaways

• The operations plan section should include general operational details that help investors understand the physical details of your vision.
• Details in the operations plan include information about any physical plants, equipment, assets, and more.
• The operations plan can also serve as a checklist for startups; it includes a list of everything that must be done to start turning a profit.

In your business plan , the operations plan section describes the physical necessities of your business's operation, such as your physical location, facilities, and equipment. Depending on what kind of business you'll be operating, it may also include information about inventory requirements, suppliers, and a description of the manufacturing process.

Keeping focused on the bottom line will help you organize this part of the business plan.

Think of the operating plan as an outline of the capital and expense requirements your business will need to operate from day to day.

You need to do two things for the reader of your business plan in the operations section: show what you've done so far to get your business off the ground and demonstrate that you understand the manufacturing or delivery process of producing your product or service.

When you're writing this section of the operations plan, start by explaining what you've done to date to get the business operational, then follow up with an explanation of what still needs to be done. The following should be included:

Production Workflow

A high-level, step-by-step description of how your product or service will be made, identifying the problems that may occur in the production process. Follow this with a subsection titled "Risks," which outlines the potential problems that may interfere with the production process and what you're going to do to negate these risks. If any part of the production process can expose employees to hazards, describe how employees will be trained in dealing with safety issues. If hazardous materials will be used, describe how these will be safely stored, handled, and disposed.

Industry Association Memberships

Show your awareness of your industry's local, regional, or national standards and regulations by telling which industry organizations you are already a member of and which ones you plan to join. This is also an opportunity to outline what steps you've taken to comply with the laws and regulations that apply to your industry. 

Supply Chains

An explanation of who your suppliers are and their prices, terms, and conditions. Describe what alternative arrangements you have made or will make if these suppliers let you down.

Quality Control

An explanation of the quality control measures that you've set up or are going to establish. For example, if you intend to pursue some form of quality control certification such as ISO 9000, describe how you will accomplish this.

While you can think of the stage of the development part of the operations plan as an overview, the production process section lays out the details of your business's day-to-day operations. Remember, your goal for writing this business plan section is to demonstrate your understanding of your product or service's manufacturing or delivery process.

When writing this section, you can use the headings below as subheadings and then provide the details in paragraph format. Leave out any topic that does not apply to your particular business.

Do an outline of your business's day-to-day operations, including your hours of operation and the days the business will be open. If the business is seasonal, be sure to say so.

The Physical Plant

Describe the type, site, and location of premises for your business. If applicable, include drawings of the building, copies of lease agreements, and recent real estate appraisals. You need to show how much the land or buildings required for your business operations are worth and tell why they're important to your proposed business.

The same goes for equipment. Besides describing the equipment necessary and how much of it you need, you also need to include its worth and cost and explain any financing arrangements.

Make a list of your assets , such as land, buildings, inventory, furniture, equipment, and vehicles. Include legal descriptions and the worth of each asset.

Special Requirements

If your business has any special requirements, such as water or power needs, ventilation, drainage, etc., provide the details in your operating plan, as well as what you've done to secure the necessary permissions.

State where you're going to get the materials you need to produce your product or service and explain what terms you've negotiated with suppliers.

Explain how long it takes to produce a unit and when you'll be able to start producing your product or service. Include factors that may affect the time frame of production and describe how you'll deal with potential challenges such as rush orders.

Explain how you'll keep  track of inventory .

Feasibility

Describe any product testing, price testing, or prototype testing that you've done on your product or service.

Give details of product cost estimates.

Once you've worked through this business plan section, you'll not only have a detailed operations plan to show your readers, but you'll also have a convenient list of what needs to be done next to make your business a reality. Writing this document gives you a chance to crystalize your business ideas into a clear checklist that you can reference. As you check items off the list, use it to explain your vision to investors, partners, and others within your organization.

What is an operations plan?

An operations plan is one section of a company's business plan. This section conveys the physical requirements for your business's operations, including supply chains, workflow , and quality control processes.

What is the main difference between the operations plan and the financial plan?

The operations plan and financial plan tackle similar issues, in that they seek to explain how the business will turn a profit. The operations plan approaches this issue from a physical perspective, such as property, routes, and locations. The financial plan explains how revenue and expenses will ultimately lead to the business's success.

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How to Write an Operations Plan Section of your Business Plan

Free Operations Plan Template

Ayush Jalan

• December 14, 2023

Your business plan is an elaborate set of instructions stating how to run your business to achieve objectives and goals. Each section describes a part of the process of reaching your desired goal. Similarly, the operations plan section of your business plan explains the production and supply of your product.

An operations plan is formed to turn plans into actions. It uses the information you gathered from the analysis of the market , customers, and competitors mentioned in the previous parts of your business plan and allows for the execution of relevant strategies to achieve desired results.

What Is an Operations Plan?

An operations plan is an in-depth description of your daily business activities centered on achieving the goals and objectives described in the previous sections of your business plan. It outlines the processes, activities, responsibilities of various departments and the timeframe of the execution.

The operations section of your business plan explains in detail the role of a team or department in the collective accomplishment of your goals. In other words, it’s a strategic allocation of physical, financial, and human resources toward reaching milestones within a specific timeframe.

A well-defined operational plan section of your business plan should be able to answer the following questions:

• Who is responsible for a specific task or department?
• What are the tasks that need to be completed?
• Where will these operations take place?
• When should the tasks be completed? What are the deadlines?
• How will the tasks be performed? Is there a standard procedure?
• How much is it going to cost to complete these tasks?

How to Write an Operations Plan Section?

Creating an operational plan has two major stages, both addressing different aspects of your company. The first stage includes the work that has been done so far, whereas the second stage describes it in detail.

1. Development Phase

In this stage, you mention what you’ve done to get your business operations up and running. Explain what you aim to change and improvise in the processes. These are the elements your development section will contain:

Production workflow

: Explain all the steps involved in creating your product. This should be a highly informative, elaborate description of the steps. Here, you also mention any inefficiencies that exist and talk about the actions that need to be taken to tackle them.

Supply chains

Quality control, 2. manufacturing phase.

The development stage acquaints the reader with the functioning of your business, while the manufacturing stage describes the day-to-day operation.

This includes the following elements:

Outline of daily activities:

Tools and equipment:, special requirements:, raw materials:, productions:, feasibility:, why do you need an operations plan.

An operations plan is essentially an instruction manual about the workings of your business. It offers insight into your business operations. It helps investors assess your credibility and understand the structure of your operations and predict your financial requirements.

An operations plan reflects the real-time application of a business plan.

Internally, an operations plan works as a guide, which helps your employees and managers to know their responsibilities. It also helps them understand how to execute their tasks in the desired manner—all whilst keeping account of deadlines.

The operations plan helps identify and cut the variances between planned and actual performance and makes necessary changes. It helps you visualize how your operations affect revenue and gives you an idea of how and when you need to implement new strategies to maximize profits.

Advantages of Preparing an Operations Plan:

• Offers Clarity: Operational planning, among other things, makes sure that everyone in the audience and team are aware of the daily, weekly, and monthly work. It improves concentration and productivity.
• Contains A Roadmap: Operational planning makes it much easier to reach long-term objectives. When members have a clear strategy to follow: productivity rises, and accountability is maintained.
• Sets A Benchmark: It sets a clear goal for everyone about what is the destination of the company and how to reach there.

Operations Plan Essentials

Now that you have understood the contents of an operations plan and how it should be written, you can continue drafting one for your business plan. But before doing so, take a look at these key components you need to remember while creating your operational plan.

• Your operations plan is fundamentally a medium for implementing your strategic plan. Hence, it’s crucial to have a solid strategic plan to write an effective operations plan.
• Focus on setting SMART goals and prioritizing the most important ones. This helps you create a clear and crisp operations plan. Focusing on multiple goals will make your plan complicated and hard to implement.
• To measure your goals, use leading indicators instead of lagging indicators. Leading indicators is a metric that helps you track your progress and predict when you will reach a goal. On the other hand, lagging indicators can only confirm a trend by taking the past as input but cannot predict the accomplishment of a goal.
• It is essential to choose the right Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) . It is a good practice to involve all your teams while you decide your KPIs.
• An operations plan should effectively communicate your goals, metrics, deadlines, and all the processes.

Now you’re all set to write an operations plan section for your business plan . To give you a headstart, we have created an operations plan example.

Operations Plan Example

Operations plan by a book publishing house

Track and Accomplish Goals With an Operations Plan

Drafting the operations plan section of your business plan can be tricky due to the uncertainties of the business environment and the risks associated with it. Depending on variables like your market analysis, product development, supply chain, etc., the complexity of writing an operations plan will vary.

The core purpose here is to put all the pieces together to create a synergy effect and get the engine of your business running. Create an effective operations plan to convey competence to investors and clarity to employees.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What role does the operations plan play in securing funding for a business.

The operations plan defines the clear goals of your business and what actions will be taken on a daily basis to reach them. So, investors need to know where your business stands, and it will prove the viability of the goals helping you in getting funded.

What are the factors affecting the operations plan?

• The mission of the company
• Goals to be achieved
• Finance and resources your company will need

Can an operations plan be created for both start-up and established businesses?

Yes, both a startup and a small business needs an operations plan to get a better idea of the roadmap they want for their business.

About the Author

Ayush is a writer with an academic background in business and marketing. Being a tech-enthusiast, he likes to keep a sharp eye on the latest tech gadgets and innovations. When he's not working, you can find him writing poetry, gaming, playing the ukulele, catching up with friends, and indulging in creative philosophies.

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Expertly Writing the Operations Plan Section of Your Business Plan

Written by Dave Lavinsky

Operational plans are important for any effective business plan . They provide a roadmap for how the company will operate on a day-to-day basis. The operational strategic plan should outline the company’s goals and objectives, as well as the strategies and actions that will be taken to achieve them.

Business Operations Section of a Business Plan

The operational plan or operations section of a business plan is where you describe how your business will function on a day-to-day basis. This includes everything from the resources you’ll need to run your business, to the people who will be responsible for carrying out various tasks, to the processes and procedures you’ll use to get work done.

Purpose of the Operational Plan Section of a Business Plan

An operational plan is essential for any business because it provides a roadmap for how it will function. It ensures that everyone involved in the business is on the same page and knows what their roles and responsibilities are. Having an operational plan also makes it easier to track and accomplish goals, while driving cost reduction and improving overall results. Finally, your operations plan section helps show readers that you can turn your vision and goals into reality.

Benefits of an Operations Plan Include:

• Identifying the key processes your company must perform to achieve its goals
• Mapping out short-term and long-term milestones so you have specific goals and a roadmap for achieving them
• Understanding the human and other resources required to execute your vision

Writing an Operations Section of a Business Plan

When writing the operations section of a business plan, there are a few things you’ll want to keep in mind. First, be sure to describe the resources that will be required to run your business. This includes everything from office space and equipment to human resources. Next, detail the processes and procedures that will be used to get work done. Be as specific as possible so that there is no confusion about how things should be done. Finally, identify the people who will be responsible for carrying out various tasks. This includes both employees and contractors.

Tracking Key Performance Indicators with Operational Planning

As a business owner, it’s important to track your progress against your company goals. This is where KPIs come in. KPIs are performance indicators and an important part of creating a strategic plan that can help you track your progress and identify areas of improvement. You should document your KPIs in the operation plan of your business plan

There are a few things to keep in mind when choosing KPIs for your business:

• Make sure that the KPIs you choose are relevant to your company’s goals.
• Choose KPIs that can be easily measured.
• Avoid choosing too many KPIs, as this can be overwhelming. Stick to a few key ones that will give you the most insights into your business’s progress.
• Set realistic targets for each KPI. This will help you track your progress and identify areas of improvement.
• Review your KPIs on a regular basis to ensure that they are still relevant and accurate, while also being in line with strategic plans.

Some Examples of KPIs that You Could Track with an Operational Plan

When creating an operations plan, it’s important to track key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure your progress against your company goals. Some examples of KPIs that you could track are:

• Sales growth
• Delivery times
• Customer satisfaction ratings
• Product Quality
• Production Process
• Employee retention
• Operational costs

Creating an operational plan with KPIs will help you track your progress, identify areas of improvement, improve strategic planning and make necessary changes to reach your company’s strategic objective.

Example of an Operations Section of a Business Plan

Here is what an operations plan example might look like:

The XYZ Company will require the following resources to operate:

• 1,000 square feet of office space
• $10,000 for office furniture and equipment
• 3 full-time employees
• 2 part-time employees
• 1 contractor

The XYZ Company will use the following processes and procedures to get work done:

• All new clients will be contacted within 24 hours of the initial inquiry
• Initial consultations will be scheduled within 48 hours of contact
• Proposals will be presented within 10 days of the initial consultation
• Work will begin within 2 weeks of proposal acceptance

The following people will be responsible for carrying out these tasks:

• John Smith, full-time employee, will contact new clients
• Jane Doe, full-time employee, will schedule initial consultations
• John Smith and Jane Doe will conduct initial consultations
• John Smith and Jane Doe will prepare proposals
• John Smith and Jane Doe will manage projects
• Joe Johnson, contractor, will provide support as needed

An operations plan is a critical part of any business planning work. It provides a roadmap for how the business will function on a day-to-day basis. This includes everything from the resources you’ll need to run your business, to the people who will be responsible for carrying out various tasks, to the processes and procedures you’ll use to get work done. Having operational plans in place will ensure that everyone involved in the business is on the same page and knows what their roles and responsibilities are. It will also make it easier to track and accomplish goals.

Key Takeaways

A few key things to remember when writing your operations plan:

• Describe the resources that will be required to run your business
• Detail the processes and procedures that will be used to get work done
• Identify the people who will be responsible for carrying out various tasks

Following these tips will help you create a comprehensive and effective operations plan for your business.

A strategic plan is one of the critical components of any successful company. The operations plan outlines the roadmap for your business, outlining the steps you need to take to achieve your goals. If you’re not sure where to start, we can help. Our team of experts has created a comprehensive business plan template that will guide you through the process of creating an operational plan tailored to your specific business needs. Ready to get started? Download our template today and get access to all the tools and information you need to create a thriving business.

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How to Write the Operations Section of the Business Plan

Back to Business Plans

Written by: Carolyn Young

Carolyn Young is a business writer who focuses on entrepreneurial concepts and the business formation. She has over 25 years of experience in business roles, and has authored several entrepreneurship textbooks.

Edited by: David Lepeska

David has been writing and learning about business, finance and globalization for a quarter-century, starting with a small New York consulting firm in the 1990s.

Published on February 20, 2023 Updated on December 12, 2023

Among the countless tasks involved in starting a business is writing a business plan . Many entrepreneurs who don’t need funding view this as a step they can skip, but that’s never a good idea. 

A sharp and detailed business plan is essentially a business owner’s commitment to and preparation for the road ahead, detailing the operations, strategies, and potential growth.

The operations section is the real heart of a business plan, detailing how your venture will operate on a day-to-day basis. Researching and writing this section will prepare you to run your business, structure your operations, and deal with any hurdles.  

This guide delivers all the insight you need to whip up a fantastic operations section of your plan.

• What Are Operations?

Operations are the assets, processes, and people necessary to keep the business running and making money on a day-to-day basis. They include how the product or service is developed or sourced, what needs to be done for that to occur, and the resources required. 

You’ll also detail the activities that need to occur to attract customers, make sales, and deliver the product or service. 

Keep in mind that operations are different for every company. If you’re running an online shoe store , for instance, you won’t learn much by examining the operations of a cement manufacturer. 

• Elements of the Operations Section

The operations section of the business plan has several key elements. 

1. Assets Required

Your business’s required assets may include a physical space, such as a shop or office, as well as equipment, vehicles, computers, and other physical assets needed to develop your product and operate the business. List all these assets, the expected cost, and how you’ll acquire them. 

2. Product Development or Sourcing

Detail all the steps necessary to produce or acquire your product or service. Include details of your suppliers, how you will acquire products and raw materials, and the estimated cost. If you’re manufacturing products, detail the processes and production oversight plan, as well as costs. 

If your product involves technology, detail the stages of development and how you’ll maintain and advance the product on an ongoing basis.

Your goal should be to paint a picture of exactly what will happen on a day-to-day basis to produce a product or service that’s ready to sell, who will be involved, and how much it will cost. 

3. Technical Processes

If you expect to use any technical processes, explain them and who will be involved. These could be anything from business process automation and workflow management systems to project management or AI analytics for marketing. 

Detail the initial and ongoing costs for any software and hardware used.

4. Marketing and Sales Activities

To clarify, this section will not explain your business’s marketing and sales strategies. Rather, here you detail how marketing and sales will be conducted, who’ll be responsible, and the expected cost. For example, you might have your own internal team or outsource to a marketing agency.  

If you plan to hire marketing staff, detail what roles you’ll fill, what they’ll do, and how they’ll be paid. For example, your salespeople may receive a base salary and commissions.

5. Product or Service Delivery Activities

Detail how you will get the product or service to the customer. If you’re selling a product online, describe how products will be shipped and who is involved in packaging products and getting them to the delivery provider. 

If you’re delivering a service, detail how this is done and who is responsible for performing the service. 

6. Operational Objectives

Finally, you’ll include your operational objectives. These could include:

• Acquiring equipment by a certain date
• Hiring employees
• Short-term production goals
• Engaging with a supplier

It’s important to illustrate that you have specific operational plans and goals that will enable you to meet your overall business objectives.

Every business is different, so you may need to include all of the elements described above, or just a few of them. What’s important is that the reader is able to grasp how your company will function on a day-to-day basis. 

By writing the operations section, you’ll learn exactly what it will take to keep your business chugging along and bringing in revenue – and that knowledge will likely be invaluable down the road.  

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How to structure the operations section of your business plan

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Introduction

Writing a comprehensive business plan is an essential part of preparing your business for success. The business plan is a roadmap that outlines your vision, helps prioritize goals, and defines objectives to ensure the success of your business. In order to ensure you have included all the information necessary for success, it is important to include certain key components, such as an operations section.

The operations section outlines the day-to-day operations of the business and sets forth the details about each of the functional areas within the company. When it comes to structuring the operations section of the business plan, there are a few key goals to keep in mind.

Outline Typical Content of an Operations Section

Operations are one of the most important elements in any business plan. An effective business plan should include a thorough assessment of operational requirements and strategies. The operations section should cover a range of topics such as key personnel roles and responsibilities, resources, costs and policies.

Responsibilities of Holders of Key Positions in the Business

A key component of the business plan operations section is to outline the responsibilities of each key position holder. This should describe both their individual and collective responsibilities. Holders of key positions should also consider how they can work together to oversee the performance and growth of the organization.

Identifying Resources Such as Capital, Personnel, and Technology

The operations section should also include a thorough assessment of the resources available to the organization. This should include an evaluation of the following elements:

• Capital - this should consider sources of capital such as investments, loans, and personal capital.
• Personnel - the number of staff, their roles, and the hiring process.
• Technology – the technological requirements for running the business and the services it provides.

Projected Costs of Operations

A crucial component of writing a business plan is to project the costs associated with operations. This should consider factors such as the cost of personnel, supplies, and any other materials related to running the business. Additionally, projected costs should also account for any external costs, such as taxes or insurance.

Outlining General Work Policies

The operations section of a business plan should include a detailed list of the organization’s general work policies. This should include policies on working hours, holiday entitlements, sick leave, and any other relevant policies. This should be tailored to each business and its operational needs and requirements.

Assessing Quality of Operational Procedures

Crafting a successful operations procedure is key to running a successful business. Establishing this procedure, and assessing its quality, can be a challenging task, and essential for generating meaningful results. There are a few key considerations to bear in mind when assessing the quality of operational procedures.

What Sets Aside a Successful Operational Strategy from an Unsuccessful One

When developing an operations procedure, the aim should be to create an efficient and effective system that covers all aspects of the business. A successful procedure should have a logical sequence, enabling the company to effectively manage all of its operations. It should also be able to track progress and record performance data, as well as generating reports that provide insight into key performance metrics.

Other important criteria include developing streamlined processes that are cost-effective and that can maintain quality across all processes. Assessing the quality of your operation's procedures should involve the following steps:

• Assessing the complexity and scalability of the operational procedures. Does the operational procedure handle complexity efficiently? Is it scalable to accommodate changes within the business?
• Reviewing the operational efficiency. How efficient are the current processes? Are there any opportunities to streamline or automate them?
• Assessing the effectiveness of the operations procedures. Are they able to meet the goals of the business? Are there any areas of improvement?
• Analyzing the cost of implementing the operations procedures. Are there any additional costs that need to be considered?

Developing Metrics to Monitor Operational Performance and Quality

To ensure that your operational procedures are effective and consistent, it is important to develop and implement metrics to track performance. These metrics should be based on the goals and objectives of the business and should be able to measure success accurately. A few key metrics that you should consider include:

• An assessment of the speed of operations. Are tasks being completed in a timely manner? Are there any opportunities to improve speed?
• The accuracy of data. Is data being accurately reported and tracked? Are key performance indicators (KPIs) being monitored?
• An analysis of customer satisfaction. Are customers satisfied with the services they receive? Are there any areas of improvement?
• A review of cost savings. Are operations costs being kept in line with expectations? Are there any areas where additional expense could be reduced?

By regularly monitoring these metrics, businesses will be able to ensure that their operational procedures are effective and efficient, and can adjust where necessary to ensure desired results.

Defining the Management Structure

Having a well-structured management system is critical for any business, regardless of size or industry. From clearing defining decision-making processes to developing team building and communication strategies, the operations section of a business plan should clearly outline the management structure of the business in scrupulous detail.

Decision-making processes

Whether it's a small start-up or an established organization, company decisions should be made in accordance with a abide to a set of rules laid by the founders. Establishing these protocols is essential, as it ensures that all decisions are considered carefully. Different types of decisions tend to fall into a base-level hierarchy, and each decision must fit within this structure.

Roles & responsibilities of all key roles

Naturally, a business must have key personnel that are responsible for managing the business. Taking into account the size of the company, the business plan should clearly outline the roles and responsibilities of all key roles. This includes the chief executive officers, the board of directors, the financial officers, and any other important personnel, as well as the strict lines of demarcation for each role.

Team building and communication interworking between all roles

Successful businesses are built upon strong team building, and clear communication is a pillar of that. When writing the operations section of a business plan, it is important to consider the strategies that will be employed by the business to ensure that all roles and personnel are able to interact with one another effectively. These could include the incorporation of company meetings or online collaboration tools, as well as specifying the lines of communication that should be maintained between team members.

Training & development opportunities for employees and management

Finally, businesses should strive to provide employees and management with quality training and development opportunities. Outlining the potential initiatives that the company could undertake will ensure that employees have the opportunity to learn new skills and stay up-to-date with the changing industry. These can include the provision of internal and external training opportunities, as well as strategies for monitoring the performance of each employee.

Formulating Legal Forms and Other Requirements

Before finalizing your business plan, it is essential to ensure that your business adheres to all of the relevant laws, regulations, and requirements as stated by your local, state, and/or national government. To ensure these are properly addressed, the operations section of your business plan should include chapters for the following:

Ensuring adherence to local, state and national laws

Once you have identified the laws, rules, and regulations you must follow, you must figure out the ways in which your business must comply. This may include obtaining licenses and permits from relevant government bodies, as well as, setting up any additional paperwork required to keep your business compliant. It is important to take the time to research and understand all the legal and regulatory requirements applicable to your line of business.

Compiling &developing terms & conditions of operation

Terms and conditions are legal documents that outline the expectations and set out the responsibilities between both parties – your business and the other party. By carefully outlining these terms and conditions of operation, you protect your business in case of dispute or breach of contract. Make sure to include details such as payment terms, cancellation policies and warranties.

Required licenses & permits

Depending on the nature of your business, you may need to obtain various licenses and/or permits applicable in your area. For example, if you are offering a service, you will require a business license. If you are serving liquor or food, you may need to obtain a separate permit. It is essential to familiarize yourself with the laws and regulations necessary to start and operate a business in your jurisdiction and should be included in your business plan.

Analyzing & Mitigating Risk Factors

The Operations section of the business plan should include an in-depth look at risk factors and the steps necessary to mitigate them. Risk can be mitigated in a number of ways and include:

Establishing safeguards against risks and scenarios

The first step in mitigating risk is to properly identify what the risks are and establish safeguards. This includes developing policies and procedures for safe operation and for “what-if” situations. It is also important to develop systems to monitor and evaluate performance and output. This is important for not only diagnosis of issues, but identification of areas of risk.

Developing Contingency Plans to Prepare for and Respond to Risks

In addition to establishing safeguards, it is wise to develop contingency plans. This will ensure your business is prepared should a risk materialize. Contingency plans should include proactive plans such as training and retreats to ensure the team is prepared to handle situations. It should also include reactive plans to quickly respond – such as emergency response teams, data backup procedures, and communication protocols.

Reviewing Insurance Policy Needs

Finally, it is important to review the insurance policy needs of your business. This should include general liability, worker’s compensation, property and product liability, professional and errors & omissions, and cyber liability coverage. It is important to understand the scope of your risk and to secure the appropriate insurance policies to not only protect your business, but also your customers.

The operations section of your business plan is one of the most important components, as it forms the basis of your future growth strategies. In this blog post, we have briefly discussed the different elements that you should include in your operations plan, along with tips on how to structure your document effectively and efficiently.

Summary of key points of a business plan operations section

Below are some of the key points that should be considered when creating an operations section for your business plan:

• Identify your operational processes, including raw material procurement and inventory management.
• Analyze and document your operational processes, from order processing to delivery.
• Set operational goals, such as cost savings or improved efficiency.
• Outline personnel resources, such as staffing and training.
• Consider legal issues, such as protection of intellectual property and insurance requirements.
• Create an operational budget and plan.

Benefits of taking the time to accurately plan your operations section

By considering all aspects of your operations plan and analyzing each element in detail, you can ensure that everything from the management of resources to the cost of labor is covered. This carefully planned approach can help you to develop realistic strategies for future growth and success.

Encouragement to further research topics particular to business industry and region

It is important to remember that every business is unique and has different requirements, so it is essential to research the relevant laws and regulations, customs and standards that apply to your particular industry and region. Additionally, you may need to consider the type of workforce you will need, the job market, and the costs involved in hiring, training, and retaining personnel.

As with any business plan, exploring the operations section in detail will help to ensure the success of your venture. By taking the time to plan and analyze your operational processes effectively, you can take the first step towards a successful and prosperous future for your company.

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• Grasshopper

Operations Plan

• Lesson Materials Operations Plan Worksheet
• Completion time About 40 minutes

The operations section of your business plan is where you explain – in detail – you company's objectives, goals, procedures, and timeline. An operations plan is helpful for investors, but it's also helpful for you and employees because it pushes you to think about tactics and deadlines.

In the previous course, you outlined your company's strategic plan, which answers questions about your business mission. An operational plan outlines the steps you'll take to complete your business mission.

Your operations plan should be able to answer the following:

• Who – The personnel or departments who are in charge of completing specific tasks.
• What – A description of what each department is responsible for.
• Where – The information on where daily operations will be taking place.
• When –The deadlines for when the tasks and goals are to be completed.
• How much – The cost amount each department needs to complete their tasks.

In this session, we explain each item to include in your operations plan.

Goals and Objectives

The key to an operations plan is having a clear objective and goal everyone is focused on completing. In this section of your plan, you'll clearly state what your company's operational objective is.

Your operational objective is different than your company's overall objective. In Course One , you fleshed out what your strategic objective was. Your operational objective explains how you intend to complete your strategic objective.

In order to create an efficient operational objective, think SMART:

• Specific – Be clear on what you want employees to achieve.
• Measurable – Be able to quantify the goal in order to track progress.
• Attainable & Realistic – It's great to be ambitious but make sure you aren't setting your team up for failure. Create a goal that everyone is motivated to complete with the resources available.
• Timely – Provide a deadline so everyone has a date they are working towards.

Different departments will have different operational objectives. However, each department objective should help the company reach the main objective. In addition, operational objectives change; the objectives aren't intended to be permanents or long term. The timeline should be scheduled with your company's long-term goals in mind.

Let's look at the following example for a local pizza business objective:

• Strategic objective : To deliver pizza all over Eastern Massachusetts.
• Technology department operational objective : To create a mobile app by January 2017 to offer a better user experience.
• Marketing department operational objective : To increase website visitors by 50% by January 2017 by advertising on radio, top local food websites, and print ads.
• Sales department operational objective : To increase delivery sales by 30%, by targeting 3 of Massachusetts's largest counties.

Sales department operational objective: To increase delivery sales by 30%, by targeting 3 of Massachusetts's largest counties.

Production Process

After you create your objectives, you have to think strategically on how you're going to meet them. In order to do this, each department (or team) needs to have all the necessary resources for the production process.

Resources you should think about include the following:

• Suppliers – do you have a supplier (or more) to help you produce your product?
• Technology team: app developing software
• Marketing team: software licenses for website analytical tools
• Sales team: headsets, phone systems or virtual phone system technology
• Cost – what is the budget for each department?

In addition to the production process, you'll also need to describe in detail your operating process. This will demonstrate to investors that you know exactly how you want your business to run on a day-to-day basis.

Items to address include:

• Location – where are employees working? Will you need additional facilities?
• Work hours – will employees have a set schedule or flexible work schedule?
• Personnel – who is in charge of making sure department tasks are completed?

Creating a timeline with milestones is important for your new business. It keeps everyone focused and is a good tracking method for efficiency. For instance, if milestones aren’t being met, you'll know that it's time to re-evaluate your production process or consider new hires.

Below are common milestones new businesses should plan for.

When you completed your Management Plan Worksheet in the previous course, you jotted down which key hires you needed right away and which could wait. Make sure you have a good idea on when you would like those key hires to happen; whether it’s after your company hits a certain revenue amount or once a certain project takes off.

Production Milestones

Production milestones keep business on track. These milestones act as "checkpoints" for your overall department objectives. For instance, if you want to create a new app by the end of the year, product milestones you outline might include a beta roll out, testing, and various version releases.

Other product milestones to keep in mind:

• Design phase
• Product prototype phase
• Product launch
• Version release

Market Milestones

Market milestones are important for tracking efficiency and understanding whether your operations plan is working. For instance, a possible market milestone could be reaching a certain amount of clients or customers after a new product or service is released.

A few other market milestones to consider:

• Gain a certain amount of users/clients by a certain time
• Signing partnerships
• Running a competitive analysis
• Performing a price change evaluation

Financial Milestones

Financial milestones are important for tracking business performance. It's likely that a board of directors or investors will work with you on creating financial milestones. In addition, in startups, it's common that financial milestones are calculated for 12 months.

Typical financial milestones include:

• Funding events
• Revenue and profit goals
• Transaction goals

In summary, your operations plan gives you the chance to show investors you know how you want your business to run. You know who you want to hire, where you want to work, and when you expect projects to be completed.

Download the attached worksheet and start putting your timelines and milestones together on paper.

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Writing A Business Plan: Operations And Management

Feb 1, 1997

Generally, there are seven major components that make up a business plan. They are:

1. Executive summary

2. Business description

3. Market strategies

4. Competitive analysis

5. Design and development plans

6. Operations and management plans

7. Financial factors

The operations and management plan is designed to describe just how the business functions on a continuing basis. The operations plan will highlight the logistics of the organization such as the various responsibilities of the management team, the tasks assigned to each division within the company, and capital and expense requirements related to the operations of the business. In fact, within the operations plan you'll develop the next set of financial tables that will supply the foundation for the "Financial Components" section. The financial tables that you'll develop within the operations plan include:

*The operating expense table

*The capital requirements table

*The cost of goods table

There are two areas that need to be accounted for when planning the operations of your company. The first area is the organizational structure of the company, and the second is the expense and capital requirements associated with its operation.

Organizational Structure

The organizational structure of the company is an essential element within a business plan because it provides a basis from which to project operating expenses. This is critical to the formation of financial statements, which are heavily scrutinized by investors; therefore, the organizational structure has to be well-defined and based within a realistic framework given the parameters of the business.

Although every company will differ in its organizational structure, most can be divided into several broad areas that include:

*Marketing and sales (includes customer relations and service)

*Production (including quality assurance)

*Research and development

*Administration

These are very broad classifications and it is important to keep in mind that not every business can be divided in this manner. In fact, every business is different, and each one must be structured according to its own requirements and goals.

Terence P. McGarty in his book, Business Plans That Win Venture Capital , lists four stages for organizing a business:

1. Establish a list of the tasks using the broadest of classifications possible.

2. Organize these tasks into departments that produce an efficient line of communications between staff and management.

3. Determine the type of personnel required to perform each task.

4. Establish the function of each task and how it will relate to the generation of revenue within the company.

Once you have structured your business, however, you need to consider your overall goals and the number of personnel required to reach those goals.

In order to determine the number of employees you'll need to meet the goals you've set for your business, you'll need to apply the following equation to each department listed in your organizational structure:

In this equation, C represents the total number of customers, S represents the total number of customers that can be served by each employee, and P represents the personnel requirements. For instance, if the number of customers for first year sales is projected at 10,110 and one marketing employee is required for every 200 customers, you would need 51 employees within the marketing department.

10,110 ÷ 200 = 51

Once you calculate the number of employees that you'll need for your organization, you'll need to determine the labor expense. The factors that need to be considered when calculating labor expense (LE) are the personnel requirements (P) for each department multiplied by the employee salary level (SL). Therefore, the equation would be:

P × SL = LE

Using the marketing example from above, the labor expense for that department would be:

51 × $40,000 = $2,040,000

Once the organization's operations have been planned, the expenses associated with the operation of the business can be developed. These are usually referred to as overhead expenses. Overhead expenses refer to all non-labor expenses required to operate the business. Expenses can be divided into fixed -- those that must be paid, usually at the same rate, regardless of the volume of business -- and variable (or semivariable) -- those which change according to the amount of business.

Overhead expenses usually include the following:

*Maintenance and repair

*Equipment leases

*Advertising & promotion

*Packaging & shipping

*Payroll taxes and benefits

*Uncollectible receivables

*Professional services

*Loan payments

*Depreciation

In order to develop the overhead expenses for the expense table used in this portion of the business plan, you need to multiply the number of employees by the expenses associated with each employee. Therefore, if NE represents the number of employees and EE is the expense per employee, the following equation can be used to calculate the sum of each overhead (OH) expense:

OH = NE × EE

In addition to the expense table, you'll also need to develop a capital requirements table that depicts the amount of money necessary to purchase equipment you will use to establish and continue operations. It also illustrates the amount of depreciation your company will incur based on all equipment elements purchased with a lifetime of more than one year.

In order to generate the capital requirements table, you first have to establish the various elements within the business that will require capital investment. For service businesses, capital is usually tied to the various pieces of equipment used to service customers.

Capital for manufacturing companies, on the other hand, is based on the equipment required in order to produce the product. Manufacturing equipment usually falls into three categories: testing equipment, assembly equipment, and packaging equipment.

With these capital elements in mind, you need to determine the number of units or customers, in terms of sales, that each equipment item can adequately handle. This is important because capital requirements are a product of income, which is produced through unit sales. In order to meet sales projections, a business usually has to invest money to increase production or supply better service. In the business plan, capital requirements are tied to projected sales as illustrated in the revenue model shown earlier in this chapter.

For instance, if the capital equipment required is capable of handling the needs of 10,000 customers at an average sale of $10 each, that would be $100,000 in sales, at which point additional capital will be required in order to purchase more equipment should the company grow beyond this point. This leads us to another factor within the capital requirements equation, and that is equipment cost. If you multiply the cost of equipment by the number of customers it can support in terms of sales, it would result in the capital requirements for that particular equipment element. Therefore, you can use an equation in which capital requirements (CR) equals sales (S) divided by number of customers (NC) supported by each equipment element, multiplied by the average sale (AS), which is then multiplied by the capital cost (CC) of the equipment element. Given these parameters, your equation would look like the following:

CR = [(S &3247; NC) × AS] × CC

The capital requirements table is formed by adding all your equipment elements to generate the total new capital for that year. During the first year, total new capital is also the total capital required. For each successive year thereafter, total capital (TC) required is the sum of total new capital (NC) plus total capital (PC) from the previous year, less depreciation (D), once again, from the previous year. Therefore, your equation to arrive at total capital for each year portrayed in the capital requirements model would be:

TC = NC + PC - D

Keep in mind that depreciation is an expense that shows the decrease in value of the equipment throughout its effective lifetime. For many businesses, depreciation is based upon schedules that are tied to the lifetime of the equipment. Be careful when choosing the schedule that best fits your business. Depreciation is also the basis for a tax deduction as well as the flow of money for new capital. You may need to seek consultation from an expert in this area.

The last table that needs to be generated in the operations and management section of your business plan is the cost of goods table. This table is used only for businesses where the product is placed into inventory. For a retail or wholesale business, cost of goods sold , or cost of sales , refers to the purchase of products for resale -- the inventory. The products that are sold are logged into cost of goods as an expense of the sale, while those that aren't sold remain in inventory.

For a manufacturing firm, cost of goods is the cost incurred by the company to manufacture its product. This usually consists of three elements:

1. Material

3. Overhead

As in retail, the merchandise that is sold is expensed as a cost of goods, while merchandise that isn't sold is placed in inventory. Cost of goods has to be accounted for in the operations of a business. It is an important yardstick for measuring the firm's profitability for the cash-flow statement and income statement.

In the income statement, the last stage of the manufacturing process is the item expensed as cost of goods, but it is important to document the inventory still in various stages of the manufacturing process because it represents assets to the company. This is important to determining cash flow and to generating the balance sheet.

That is what the cost of goods table does. It is one of the most complicated tables you'll have to develop for your business plan, but it is an integral part of portraying the flow of inventory through your operations, the placement of assets within the company, and the rate at which your inventory turns.

In order to generate the cost of goods table, you need a little more information in addition to what your labor and material cost is per unit. You also need to know the total number of units sold for the year, the percentage of units which will be fully assembled, the percentage which will be partially assembled, and the percentage which will be in unassembled inventory. Much of these figures will depend on the capacity of your equipment as well as on the inventory control system you develop. Along with these factors, you also need to know at what stage the majority of labor is performed.

Part six of seven. Tomorrow, we'll cover the financial factors that go into your plan. Tips are updated daily at 8:30am PST or 11:30 EDT.

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How to Write a Business Plan: Step-by-Step Guide + Examples

Noah Parsons

24 min. read

Updated March 18, 2024

Writing a business plan doesn’t have to be complicated. 

In this step-by-step guide, you’ll learn how to write a business plan that’s detailed enough to impress bankers and potential investors, while giving you the tools to start, run, and grow a successful business.

• The basics of business planning

If you’re reading this guide, then you already know why you need a business plan . 

You understand that planning helps you: 

• Raise money
• Grow strategically
• Keep your business on the right track 

As you start to write your plan, it’s useful to zoom out and remember what a business plan is .

At its core, a business plan is an overview of the products and services you sell, and the customers that you sell to. It explains your business strategy: how you’re going to build and grow your business, what your marketing strategy is, and who your competitors are.

Most business plans also include financial forecasts for the future. These set sales goals, budget for expenses, and predict profits and cash flow. 

A good business plan is much more than just a document that you write once and forget about. It’s also a guide that helps you outline and achieve your goals. 

After completing your plan, you can use it as a management tool to track your progress toward your goals. Updating and adjusting your forecasts and budgets as you go is one of the most important steps you can take to run a healthier, smarter business. 

We’ll dive into how to use your plan later in this article.

There are many different types of plans , but we’ll go over the most common type here, which includes everything you need for an investor-ready plan. However, if you’re just starting out and are looking for something simpler—I recommend starting with a one-page business plan . It’s faster and easier to create. 

It’s also the perfect place to start if you’re just figuring out your idea, or need a simple strategic plan to use inside your business.

Dig deeper : How to write a one-page business plan

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• What to include in your business plan

Executive summary

The executive summary is an overview of your business and your plans. It comes first in your plan and is ideally just one to two pages. Most people write it last because it’s a summary of the complete business plan.

Ideally, the executive summary can act as a stand-alone document that covers the highlights of your detailed plan. 

In fact, it’s common for investors to ask only for the executive summary when evaluating your business. If they like what they see in the executive summary, they’ll often follow up with a request for a complete plan, a pitch presentation , or more in-depth financial forecasts .

Your executive summary should include:

• A summary of the problem you are solving
• A description of your product or service
• An overview of your target market
• A brief description of your team
• A summary of your financials
• Your funding requirements (if you are raising money)

Dig Deeper: How to write an effective executive summary

Products and services description

This is where you describe exactly what you’re selling, and how it solves a problem for your target market. The best way to organize this part of your plan is to start by describing the problem that exists for your customers. After that, you can describe how you plan to solve that problem with your product or service. 

This is usually called a problem and solution statement .

To truly showcase the value of your products and services, you need to craft a compelling narrative around your offerings. How will your product or service transform your customers’ lives or jobs? A strong narrative will draw in your readers.

This is also the part of the business plan to discuss any competitive advantages you may have, like specific intellectual property or patents that protect your product. If you have any initial sales, contracts, or other evidence that your product or service is likely to sell, include that information as well. It will show that your idea has traction , which can help convince readers that your plan has a high chance of success.

Market analysis

Your target market is a description of the type of people that you plan to sell to. You might even have multiple target markets, depending on your business. 

A market analysis is the part of your plan where you bring together all of the information you know about your target market. Basically, it’s a thorough description of who your customers are and why they need what you’re selling. You’ll also include information about the growth of your market and your industry .

Try to be as specific as possible when you describe your market. 

Include information such as age, income level, and location—these are what’s called “demographics.” If you can, also describe your market’s interests and habits as they relate to your business—these are “psychographics.” 

Related: Target market examples

Essentially, you want to include any knowledge you have about your customers that is relevant to how your product or service is right for them. With a solid target market, it will be easier to create a sales and marketing plan that will reach your customers. That’s because you know who they are, what they like to do, and the best ways to reach them.

Next, provide any additional information you have about your market. 

What is the size of your market ? Is the market growing or shrinking? Ideally, you’ll want to demonstrate that your market is growing over time, and also explain how your business is positioned to take advantage of any expected changes in your industry.

Dig Deeper: Learn how to write a market analysis

Competitive analysis

Part of defining your business opportunity is determining what your competitive advantage is. To do this effectively, you need to know as much about your competitors as your target customers. 

Every business has some form of competition. If you don’t think you have competitors, then explore what alternatives there are in the market for your product or service. 

For example: In the early years of cars, their main competition was horses. For social media, the early competition was reading books, watching TV, and talking on the phone.

A good competitive analysis fully lays out the competitive landscape and then explains how your business is different. Maybe your products are better made, or cheaper, or your customer service is superior. Maybe your competitive advantage is your location – a wide variety of factors can ultimately give you an advantage.

Dig Deeper: How to write a competitive analysis for your business plan

Marketing and sales plan

The marketing and sales plan covers how you will position your product or service in the market, the marketing channels and messaging you will use, and your sales tactics. 

The best place to start with a marketing plan is with a positioning statement . 

This explains how your business fits into the overall market, and how you will explain the advantages of your product or service to customers. You’ll use the information from your competitive analysis to help you with your positioning. 

For example: You might position your company as the premium, most expensive but the highest quality option in the market. Or your positioning might focus on being locally owned and that shoppers support the local economy by buying your products.

Once you understand your positioning, you’ll bring this together with the information about your target market to create your marketing strategy . 

This is how you plan to communicate your message to potential customers. Depending on who your customers are and how they purchase products like yours, you might use many different strategies, from social media advertising to creating a podcast. Your marketing plan is all about how your customers discover who you are and why they should consider your products and services. 

While your marketing plan is about reaching your customers—your sales plan will describe the actual sales process once a customer has decided that they’re interested in what you have to offer. 

If your business requires salespeople and a long sales process, describe that in this section. If your customers can “self-serve” and just make purchases quickly on your website, describe that process. 

A good sales plan picks up where your marketing plan leaves off. The marketing plan brings customers in the door and the sales plan is how you close the deal.

Together, these specific plans paint a picture of how you will connect with your target audience, and how you will turn them into paying customers.

Dig deeper: What to include in your sales and marketing plan

Business operations

The operations section describes the necessary requirements for your business to run smoothly. It’s where you talk about how your business works and what day-to-day operations look like. 

Depending on how your business is structured, your operations plan may include elements of the business like:

• Supply chain management
• Manufacturing processes
• Equipment and technology
• Distribution

Some businesses distribute their products and reach their customers through large retailers like Amazon.com, Walmart, Target, and grocery store chains. 

These businesses should review how this part of their business works. The plan should discuss the logistics and costs of getting products onto store shelves and any potential hurdles the business may have to overcome.

If your business is much simpler than this, that’s OK. This section of your business plan can be either extremely short or more detailed, depending on the type of business you are building.

For businesses selling services, such as physical therapy or online software, you can use this section to describe the technology you’ll leverage, what goes into your service, and who you will partner with to deliver your services.

Dig Deeper: Learn how to write the operations chapter of your plan

Key milestones and metrics

Although it’s not required to complete your business plan, mapping out key business milestones and the metrics can be incredibly useful for measuring your success.

Good milestones clearly lay out the parameters of the task and set expectations for their execution. You’ll want to include:

• A description of each task
• The proposed due date
• Who is responsible for each task

If you have a budget, you can include projected costs to hit each milestone. You don’t need extensive project planning in this section—just list key milestones you want to hit and when you plan to hit them. This is your overall business roadmap. 

Possible milestones might be:

• Website launch date
• Store or office opening date
• First significant sales
• Break even date
• Business licenses and approvals

You should also discuss the key numbers you will track to determine your success. Some common metrics worth tracking include:

• Conversion rates
• Customer acquisition costs
• Profit per customer
• Repeat purchases

It’s perfectly fine to start with just a few metrics and grow the number you are tracking over time. You also may find that some metrics simply aren’t relevant to your business and can narrow down what you’re tracking.

Dig Deeper: How to use milestones in your business plan

Organization and management team

Investors don’t just look for great ideas—they want to find great teams. Use this chapter to describe your current team and who you need to hire . You should also provide a quick overview of your location and history if you’re already up and running.

Briefly highlight the relevant experiences of each key team member in the company. It’s important to make the case for why yours is the right team to turn an idea into a reality. 

Do they have the right industry experience and background? Have members of the team had entrepreneurial successes before? 

If you still need to hire key team members, that’s OK. Just note those gaps in this section.

Your company overview should also include a summary of your company’s current business structure . The most common business structures include:

• Sole proprietor
• Partnership

Be sure to provide an overview of how the business is owned as well. Does each business partner own an equal portion of the business? How is ownership divided? 

Potential lenders and investors will want to know the structure of the business before they will consider a loan or investment.

Dig Deeper: How to write about your company structure and team

Financial plan

Last, but certainly not least, is your financial plan chapter. 

Entrepreneurs often find this section the most daunting. But, business financials for most startups are less complicated than you think, and a business degree is certainly not required to build a solid financial forecast. 

A typical financial forecast in a business plan includes the following:

• Sales forecast : An estimate of the sales expected over a given period. You’ll break down your forecast into the key revenue streams that you expect to have.
• Expense budget : Your planned spending such as personnel costs , marketing expenses, and taxes.
• Profit & Loss : Brings together your sales and expenses and helps you calculate planned profits.
• Cash Flow : Shows how cash moves into and out of your business. It can predict how much cash you’ll have on hand at any given point in the future.
• Balance Sheet : A list of the assets, liabilities, and equity in your company. In short, it provides an overview of the financial health of your business. 

A strong business plan will include a description of assumptions about the future, and potential risks that could impact the financial plan. Including those will be especially important if you’re writing a business plan to pursue a loan or other investment.

Dig Deeper: How to create financial forecasts and budgets

This is the place for additional data, charts, or other information that supports your plan.

Including an appendix can significantly enhance the credibility of your plan by showing readers that you’ve thoroughly considered the details of your business idea, and are backing your ideas up with solid data.

Just remember that the information in the appendix is meant to be supplementary. Your business plan should stand on its own, even if the reader skips this section.

Dig Deeper : What to include in your business plan appendix

Optional: Business plan cover page

Adding a business plan cover page can make your plan, and by extension your business, seem more professional in the eyes of potential investors, lenders, and partners. It serves as the introduction to your document and provides necessary contact information for stakeholders to reference.

Your cover page should be simple and include:

• Company logo
• Business name
• Value proposition (optional)
• Business plan title
• Completion and/or update date
• Address and contact information
• Confidentiality statement

Just remember, the cover page is optional. If you decide to include it, keep it very simple and only spend a short amount of time putting it together.

Dig Deeper: How to create a business plan cover page

How to use AI to help write your business plan

Generative AI tools such as ChatGPT can speed up the business plan writing process and help you think through concepts like market segmentation and competition. These tools are especially useful for taking ideas that you provide and converting them into polished text for your business plan.

The best way to use AI for your business plan is to leverage it as a collaborator , not a replacement for human creative thinking and ingenuity. 

AI can come up with lots of ideas and act as a brainstorming partner. It’s up to you to filter through those ideas and figure out which ones are realistic enough to resonate with your customers. 

There are pros and cons of using AI to help with your business plan . So, spend some time understanding how it can be most helpful before just outsourcing the job to AI.

Learn more: 10 AI prompts you need to write a business plan

• Writing tips and strategies

To help streamline the business plan writing process, here are a few tips and key questions to answer to make sure you get the most out of your plan and avoid common mistakes .  

Determine why you are writing a business plan

Knowing why you are writing a business plan will determine your approach to your planning project. 

For example: If you are writing a business plan for yourself, or just to use inside your own business , you can probably skip the section about your team and organizational structure. 

If you’re raising money, you’ll want to spend more time explaining why you’re looking to raise the funds and exactly how you will use them.

Regardless of how you intend to use your business plan , think about why you are writing and what you’re trying to get out of the process before you begin.

Keep things concise

Probably the most important tip is to keep your business plan short and simple. There are no prizes for long business plans . The longer your plan is, the less likely people are to read it. 

So focus on trimming things down to the essentials your readers need to know. Skip the extended, wordy descriptions and instead focus on creating a plan that is easy to read —using bullets and short sentences whenever possible.

Have someone review your business plan

Writing a business plan in a vacuum is never a good idea. Sometimes it’s helpful to zoom out and check if your plan makes sense to someone else. You also want to make sure that it’s easy to read and understand.

Don’t wait until your plan is “done” to get a second look. Start sharing your plan early, and find out from readers what questions your plan leaves unanswered. This early review cycle will help you spot shortcomings in your plan and address them quickly, rather than finding out about them right before you present your plan to a lender or investor.

If you need a more detailed review, you may want to explore hiring a professional plan writer to thoroughly examine it.

Use a free business plan template and business plan examples to get started

Knowing what information you need to cover in a business plan sometimes isn’t quite enough. If you’re struggling to get started or need additional guidance, it may be worth using a business plan template. 

If you’re looking for a free downloadable business plan template to get you started, download the template used by more than 1 million businesses. 

Or, if you just want to see what a completed business plan looks like, check out our library of over 550 free business plan examples . 

We even have a growing list of industry business planning guides with tips for what to focus on depending on your business type.

Common pitfalls and how to avoid them

It’s easy to make mistakes when you’re writing your business plan. Some entrepreneurs get sucked into the writing and research process, and don’t focus enough on actually getting their business started. 

Here are a few common mistakes and how to avoid them:

Not talking to your customers : This is one of the most common mistakes. It’s easy to assume that your product or service is something that people want. Before you invest too much in your business and too much in the planning process, make sure you talk to your prospective customers and have a good understanding of their needs.

• Overly optimistic sales and profit forecasts: By nature, entrepreneurs are optimistic about the future. But it’s good to temper that optimism a little when you’re planning, and make sure your forecasts are grounded in reality. 
• Spending too much time planning: Yes, planning is crucial. But you also need to get out and talk to customers, build prototypes of your product and figure out if there’s a market for your idea. Make sure to balance planning with building.
• Not revising the plan: Planning is useful, but nothing ever goes exactly as planned. As you learn more about what’s working and what’s not—revise your plan, your budgets, and your revenue forecast. Doing so will provide a more realistic picture of where your business is going, and what your financial needs will be moving forward.
• Not using the plan to manage your business: A good business plan is a management tool. Don’t just write it and put it on the shelf to collect dust – use it to track your progress and help you reach your goals.
• Presenting your business plan

The planning process forces you to think through every aspect of your business and answer questions that you may not have thought of. That’s the real benefit of writing a business plan – the knowledge you gain about your business that you may not have been able to discover otherwise.

With all of this knowledge, you’re well prepared to convert your business plan into a pitch presentation to present your ideas. 

A pitch presentation is a summary of your plan, just hitting the highlights and key points. It’s the best way to present your business plan to investors and team members.

Dig Deeper: Learn what key slides should be included in your pitch deck

Use your business plan to manage your business

One of the biggest benefits of planning is that it gives you a tool to manage your business better. With a revenue forecast, expense budget, and projected cash flow, you know your targets and where you are headed.

And yet, nothing ever goes exactly as planned – it’s the nature of business.

That’s where using your plan as a management tool comes in. The key to leveraging it for your business is to review it periodically and compare your forecasts and projections to your actual results.

Start by setting up a regular time to review the plan – a monthly review is a good starting point. During this review, answer questions like:

• Did you meet your sales goals?
• Is spending following your budget?
• Has anything gone differently than what you expected?

Now that you see whether you’re meeting your goals or are off track, you can make adjustments and set new targets. 

Maybe you’re exceeding your sales goals and should set new, more aggressive goals. In that case, maybe you should also explore more spending or hiring more employees. 

Or maybe expenses are rising faster than you projected. If that’s the case, you would need to look at where you can cut costs.

A plan, and a method for comparing your plan to your actual results , is the tool you need to steer your business toward success.

Learn More: How to run a regular plan review

Free business plan templates and examples

Kickstart your business plan writing with one of our free business plan templates or recommended tools.

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How to write a business plan FAQ

What is a business plan?

A document that describes your business , the products and services you sell, and the customers that you sell to. It explains your business strategy, how you’re going to build and grow your business, what your marketing strategy is, and who your competitors are.

What are the benefits of a business plan?

A business plan helps you understand where you want to go with your business and what it will take to get there. It reduces your overall risk, helps you uncover your business’s potential, attracts investors, and identifies areas for growth.

Having a business plan ultimately makes you more confident as a business owner and more likely to succeed for a longer period of time.

What are the 7 steps of a business plan?

The seven steps to writing a business plan include:

• Write a brief executive summary
• Describe your products and services.
• Conduct market research and compile data into a cohesive market analysis.
• Describe your marketing and sales strategy.
• Outline your organizational structure and management team.
• Develop financial projections for sales, revenue, and cash flow.
• Add any additional documents to your appendix.

What are the 5 most common business plan mistakes?

There are plenty of mistakes that can be made when writing a business plan. However, these are the 5 most common that you should do your best to avoid:

• 1. Not taking the planning process seriously.
• Having unrealistic financial projections or incomplete financial information.
• Inconsistent information or simple mistakes.
• Failing to establish a sound business model.
• Not having a defined purpose for your business plan.

What questions should be answered in a business plan?

Writing a business plan is all about asking yourself questions about your business and being able to answer them through the planning process. You’ll likely be asking dozens and dozens of questions for each section of your plan.

However, these are the key questions you should ask and answer with your business plan:

• How will your business make money?
• Is there a need for your product or service?
• Who are your customers?
• How are you different from the competition?
• How will you reach your customers?
• How will you measure success?

How long should a business plan be?

The length of your business plan fully depends on what you intend to do with it. From the SBA and traditional lender point of view, a business plan needs to be whatever length necessary to fully explain your business. This means that you prove the viability of your business, show that you understand the market, and have a detailed strategy in place.

If you intend to use your business plan for internal management purposes, you don’t necessarily need a full 25-50 page business plan. Instead, you can start with a one-page plan to get all of the necessary information in place.

What are the different types of business plans?

While all business plans cover similar categories, the style and function fully depend on how you intend to use your plan. Here are a few common business plan types worth considering.

Traditional business plan: The tried-and-true traditional business plan is a formal document meant to be used when applying for funding or pitching to investors. This type of business plan follows the outline above and can be anywhere from 10-50 pages depending on the amount of detail included, the complexity of your business, and what you include in your appendix.

Business model canvas: The business model canvas is a one-page template designed to demystify the business planning process. It removes the need for a traditional, copy-heavy business plan, in favor of a single-page outline that can help you and outside parties better explore your business idea.

One-page business plan: This format is a simplified version of the traditional plan that focuses on the core aspects of your business. You’ll typically stick with bullet points and single sentences. It’s most useful for those exploring ideas, needing to validate their business model, or who need an internal plan to help them run and manage their business.

Lean Plan: The Lean Plan is less of a specific document type and more of a methodology. It takes the simplicity and styling of the one-page business plan and turns it into a process for you to continuously plan, test, review, refine, and take action based on performance. It’s faster, keeps your plan concise, and ensures that your plan is always up-to-date.

What’s the difference between a business plan and a strategic plan?

A business plan covers the “who” and “what” of your business. It explains what your business is doing right now and how it functions. The strategic plan explores long-term goals and explains “how” the business will get there. It encourages you to look more intently toward the future and how you will achieve your vision.

However, when approached correctly, your business plan can actually function as a strategic plan as well. If kept lean, you can define your business, outline strategic steps, and track ongoing operations all with a single plan.

See why 1.2 million entrepreneurs have written their business plans with LivePlan

Noah is the COO at Palo Alto Software, makers of the online business plan app LivePlan. He started his career at Yahoo! and then helped start the user review site Epinions.com. From there he started a software distribution business in the UK before coming to Palo Alto Software to run the marketing and product teams.

Table of Contents

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• Common planning mistakes
• Manage with your business plan
• Templates and examples

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Ini Patrick Notes

Writing the Operations Plan of your Business Plan

Operations are concerned with how you will run your business and deliver value to your customers.

Operations are defined as the processes used to produce your products/services and deliver them to the marketplace.

This can include manufacturing, sourcing raw materials, transportation, logistics, hiring labor, travel, printing, consulting, after-sales service, and so on.

It’s different depending on whether you’re a manufacturer, a retailer or a service firm.

In all likelihood, about 80% of your expenses will be for operations, 80% of your employees will be working in operations, and 80% of your time will be spent worrying about operating problems and opportunities.

Be sure that you carefully link the design of your operations to your marketing plan.

For example, if high quality will be one of your comparative advantages in the marketplace, then design your operations to deliver high quality, not low costs.

Remember that you will probably have to make trade-offs with your operations.

It is impossible to have the lowest costs, highest quality, and best on-time performance in your industry all at the same time.

Often, high quality means higher costs, low costs means less variety and less flexibility.

Be careful how you make these trade-offs so that you can deliver products to the market in accordance with your marketing plan .

It is advisable just to cover only the major areas when writing your operations section of your business plan .

This includes; labor, materials, facilities, equipment, and processes and provides the major details of pertinent things that are critical to operations or that give you the competitive advantage.

Completing this will give answers to your operations questions without making it overwhelming.

Operations checklist include:

How will you produce and deliver your product/service?

What will you do in-house, and what will you purchase (make vs. buy), how will you use your operations to compete cost quality timeliness flexibility, what comparative advantages do you have with your operational design, what will be your relationship with vendors, suppliers, partners, and associates.

The simplest way to treat operations is to think of it as a linear process that can be broken down into a sequence of tasks.

Once the initial task listing is complete, turn your attention to who’s needed to do which tasks. Keep this very simple and concentrate on major tasks such as producing a product or delivering a service.

Major sections to look at for when writing your operation section include;

Table of Contents

Operations Strategy

In this subsection, describe how you will fulfill your marketing strategy using operations:

How will you use operations to add value for customers in your target market?

How will you win in the marketplace on the dimensions of cost, quality, timeliness, customer service, and flexibility, which dimensions will you stress and which ones will be less significant, scope of operations.

Describe the scope of your operations. Include details in an appendix, as necessary.

What will you do in-house and what will we buy (make vs. buy)? Why does this make sense for your business?

What kind of people will you need to hire.

The right mix of staff will be the most valuable asset any business has. Employees and staff will play an important role in the overall operation of your business.

It is very important to know what skills you have and the ones you lack since you will have to hire staff to supply the skills you lack.

Furthermore, it is essential that you know how to manage and treat your employees.

Make them feel as part of the team. Keep them informed of changes and be sure to get their opinion.

Employees can often be a great source of excellent ideas, of innovations to existing products/services, and inspiration for new product lines and markets to enter.

So be sure to take the time to listen to your employees as they may offer you the new competitive edge you have looked for.

Production Plan (Manufacturing Businesses)

The production plan demonstrates your ability to produce products. this section may not apply to service businesses., production flow chart (manufacturing businesses), provide a flow chart/process diagram showing the entire production process from start to finish., list and budget production equipment required for the business. procurement (businesses that manufacture or sell products), sources of supply and order lead time., terms and conditions of sale., alternate sources of supply (this addresses procurement risk)., inventory control systems., physical space requirements (unless covered in location sections)., sub-contractors (both goods and services), provide a list of sub-contractors., show exactly what these sub-contractors do and where they fit into the production of the business., show alternative sub-contractors (this addresses sub-contract risk)..

Other things include to consider in writing your operations section include;

Operations Expenses

Legal environment, credit policies, managing your accounts receivable, managing your accounts payable, now, your turn.

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What Is the Operational Plan Section of the Business Plan?

Learning what an operation plan is and learning how to make it is something critical to any business. 3 min read updated on February 01, 2023

An operation plan section of the business plan is an essential part of any business. Learning what an operation plan is and learning how to make it is something critical to any business. Here are the main things you need to know about an operation plan.

Definition of an Operation Plan

An operation plan is a guiding path for the business to follow in order to achieve all of its goals and objectives described in the general business plan.

The operation plan mainly includes details about the people responsible for completing the required actions, and all the costs and KPIs (key performance indicators) for these actions to be accomplished.

In order for any business to be stable in the long run, the operation plan must be updated regularly in order to ensure the stability of the business.

What Is the Operations Plan Section and How to Properly Make It

The section of the operations plan which is included in the business plan mainly specifies all the physical requirements for the operation of the business. These physical requirements mainly include equipment, facilities, and location.

In order to make a complete business plan , three things need to be clarified to the reader:

• Everything was done for the business from the start to reach its current position
• Acknowledgment that you know exactly what should be done for any business to get off the ground
• Full awareness and understanding of the delivering and manufacturing processes of the service or the product you offer.

Operating Section of the Business Plan: Stage of Development Section

While you're developing the stage of development section, you should begin with the previous procedures that have been taken so far, along with mentioning what is best to be done in the future, it should be as follows:

• Production workflow : In this, you will describe in detail the exact steps of how your service or your product will be made, along with the acknowledgment of any possible problem that could be faced during the process.
• In addition, you will include details about how to train the employees to solve any upcoming problem and avoid any risks as much as possible. Along with mentioning any dangerous equipment that will be used, and the proper ways of using and storing these pieces of equipment.
• Supply chains: In this section you clarify the identity of the suppliers, the prices they offer, and their terms and conditions, In addition to providing the possible alternatives in case it doesn't work out with the current suppliers
• As an example, in case you are willing to have a specific quality control certificate, like the ISO 9000, you should identify and explain the required procedures.

What Are the Key Components to Include in an Operational Plan Regarding the Business Organization?

Here are the main components to be included in the operational plan:

• Most of the tasks in the operation plan are carried out by the company's managers and the employees under them, so it is essential that to clarify their identity, describe their qualifications, and describe the jobs and tasks which they will be responsible for.
• Providing an organizational chart to describe the structural hierarchy of the business.
• The philosophy and tactics of the company, and the role they play in the development and stability of the business.
• A statistical measurement of the performance of the employees and managers, and the ways of reward and punishment.
• Explain the methods that you will use to find the right employees, putting into consideration the required qualifications needed, the job description of each one, and the compensation rates that you will offer.
• In case the business will need any outside consultants it should be noted, along with the specific functions required from any outsider consultant or employee.

In the end, one could conclude that the success or a failure of a business depends heavily on the quality of the business and operation plan put forward.

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Business Plan - Operations Section

Operations Section of the Business Plan

Written by Jason Gordon

Updated at August 5th, 2023

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What goes into developing an operational Plan?

All of the components that allow your business to create value.

The operations portion of the business plan serves two purposes:

• Allow you to take a holistic approach to your business, and
• Provide interested third parties with a description of your business.

The operational plan outlines the particular components that allow your business to create value.Below, we discuss the primary components of the business operations plan, including: a description of the product produced, the business location, personnel, inventory, suppliers, payment processing (credit policies and accounts receivable/payable). You will describe each of these sections in detail to the extent that it is relevant or applicable to your business. You will need to outline where are you in the creation of your business. Specifically, what steps have you taken to put your business in motion? Now, what do you have left to accomplish?  

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What is Product or Service Development?

How do you plan to make your product or carry out your service? Start with an outline of the process for delivering value to your customers. You will need to account for the necessary production activity at each stage. Outline the day-to-day activity necessary to carry out your business.

• Production Process/How Services Carried Out:  Here you should outline the process of manufacturing your product. If you provide a service, you should outline all of the moving parts and individuals necessary to carry out the service. Provide a generally checklist or flowchart for delivering value.
• Production Timeline : Explain how long it takes to produce a unit, and when you'll be able to start producing your product or service. Include factors that may affect the time frame of production and how you'll deal with potential problems, such as rush orders.
• Production Feasibility : You will want to give an overview of any research or testing you have done to prove the feasibility of producing your product in accordance with your operational plans. This could include Market Research, Questionnaires, Competitor Process Analysis, Beta Testing, etc.
• Vulnerability : You should identify any potential problems that could arise in the production process. How will you handle any such issues? What would be the effect on the business?
• Quality Control : How will you maintain oversight of the production or service provision process? Develop a plan for supervision of the process.
• Customer Service : What is your plan for customer service? This includes sales communication, return products, and customer follow-up.

Equipment and Other Assets

• Necessary Equipment : What equipment do you need to carry out the basic operations?
• Current Assets : You may already have some of the necessary equipment to carry out operations. Identify these assets and explain what asset requirements they fulfill.
• Equipment Priority : Some equipment is may be desirable but not a necessity. Ascribe a level of priority to obtaining it. The priority should be higher depending upon the likelihood of the equipment to increase production or efficiency.It may also be helpful to outline the equipment output, required maintenance/repair, and expected life.
• Equipment Pricing : Outline a projected cost for purchasing (new or used) and renting the necessary equipment. You need to explain your rationale for your decision.
• Equipment Financing : Explain any financing arrangements. Make a list of your assets, such as land, buildings, inventory, furniture, equipment, and vehicles. Include legal descriptions and the worth of each asset.

Special Requirements

Are there any special requirements or situational factors necessary for carrying on your business? In this section, you will list any requirements that are unique to your business and would fall outside general expect ions. This could include special assets, economic conditions, legal conditions, etc.  

What qualities do you need in a location?

• Drawings of the building, copies of lease agreements, and/or recent real estate appraisals.
• What is the expected value of the land or buildings required for your business operations?
• Explain the significance of each physical location to your business.
• Amount of Space : Explain the use of space. Have a plan for space demands with the expected growth.
• Type of Building : Justify your decision to rent vs. buy, and a class of facility.
• Zoning : Make certain the anticipated activity meets the applicable zoning requirements. If not, explain a plan to request a variance or petition the municipality for re-zoning.
• Power and other utilities : What will be your specific power needs. Have estimates for the cost of power and the resources/regulatory approvals necessary to obtain such funding. A strong plan will discuss preliminary data and on-going discussions with the available utility providers.
• Access : What type of access do you need for your location? Detail how customers, employees, logistics personnel, etc., will access your business. Ex. Do you need easy walkin access? Is it convenient for customers and suppliers?
• Construction : Will you build or rent a building? You should explain the benefits of one over the other. This justification should include a cost/benefit analysis of each option.
• Costs : Determine a preliminary figure for costs associated with building/occupying the intended location. Examples of expenses include: rent/mortgage, maintenance, utilities, property taxes, insurance, construction/remodeling, etc. These numbers will become part of your financial plan.
• Hours of Operation : Indicate and give a justification for your intended hours of operation. Does your location support these hours of operation? Does it conflict with other local or resident businesses?

In this section, you provide an overview of the key personnel involved in the business and the types of positions that will be necessary. Basically, you are going to tell who will do what. Describe whether you intend to hire new personnel or contract with independent contractors to carry out business functions. You will need to account for the personnel requirements as the business grows.

• Startup Team : Who is part of your startup team? What will be their primary area of responsibility? Describe what you understand their role and duties to be and explain how they are qualified or competent for these duties.
• Types of Personnel : Give a general description of the main employees or positions that you will need to fill. This includes skilled, unskilled, and professionals. As part of this process, your will outline who performs the specific tasks at each stage of operations. Some of these positions may be filled by independent contractors who render services on a fee basis. If so, document the nature of these anticipated relationships. At first, there will only be a few positions. Try to determine the types of personnel that will be needed as the business grows.
• Number of employees : Construct a timeline depicting the growth in personnel in accordance with the projected business growth.
• Procedural Protocol : Begin by describing the procedures necessary to effectively carry out each position or function of the business. This is necessary to maintain operational stability as well as consistency in operations. This could include procedural steps or written manuals for carrying out individual stages of the operations.
• Methods for Recruiting Employees : This is most important for professional service or high-tech companies. You will need to have a plan for recruiting new service providers and skilled professionals. This will first require establishing job descriptions and desired employee skills. Note: A good place to start is documented any established relationship with local universities with technical programs and professional schools.
• Personnel Training : How will you conduct the training? What will be your plan for preparing new employees? Do you have a continuation plan in the event you lose a key employee? Be careful not to place too much operational importance on any single individual without developing a training plan for replacements.
• Compensation : Along with the description of personnel and timeline for employment, you will want to associate an estimated cost at each period in time. As such, you will need to devise a projected compensation structure for employees. It is important to develop a realistic plan that fits the companies revenue projections and incentivizes the employee to perform and remain with the business. The startup team or key leadership compensation (including benefits and equity options) is often the most difficult to structure.

Inventory & Materials

In this section, you explain where you are going to receive your inventory or the materials necessary to produce your product or carry out your service. You should indicate your suppliers or manufacturers and outline the nature or terms of your agreement.

• Inventory : What type of inventory (finished product, supplies, raw materials, etc.) will you keep on hand and where will you get it?
• Cost/Value of Inventory : You will need to use the projections for the cost of inventory in your financial projections. A key provision in the pre-money valuation (pre-equity funding) of your business will be an accurate assessment of the value of assets, including inventory.
• Inventory Turn-Over : At what rate will you need to restock your inventory? This is an important figure used in assessing the sales strength of the business. You will want to make a special note about how the inventory turn-over compares to industry averages.
• Special Inventory Requirements : You will also want to outline a plan for dealing with inventory requirements seasonally. This includes a plan for lead-time ordering.
• Inventory Control : You will have to establish a plan for monitoring and controlling inventory. This should be incorporated into an employee/personnel description.

Production Costs

All of the above information will be combined as an estimate of production costs to include in your financials. You may want to maintain separate figures regarding the cost of goods and the cost of labor. You may also want to create a third category of production costs for non-recurring, incidental costs associated with operations.  

Now is the place to provide detailed information about the companies/individuals who will supply you with the inventory/materials outlined above.

• Supplier Background : You should include background information on the supplier. This lends credibility to the stability/dependability of their service.
• Inventory Details : Attribute the type, amount, and cost of inventory supplied by each supplier. This should include a description of any anticipated fluctuations in the requirements or costs of the inventory. For example, you will want to outline the spikes in seasonal cost.
• Payment Terms : Outline the terms of performance of the supplier-purchaser relationship. What are the terms of payment? What are the terms of delivery?
• Back-Up Plan :It is important to have a back-up plan in the event you lose a supplier or the supplier is unable to meet for operational needs. This could include options of alternative suppliers. This avoids placing too much operational importance on third parties.

Payment Policies

In this section, you will outline how you will be compensated for the goods you sell or services you provide.

• Issuing Credit : Are you planning on accepting in-house credit? You will want to look at industry standards and the payment policies of your competitors. Don't forget, your payment policies can be a point of differentiation between you and those competitors. What will be the terms of payment for customers who purchase on account?
• Determining Who Can Purchase on Credit : You will have to have some established policies in place to determine who can purchase on credit and under what terms. Remember, you will have to comply with applicable laws prior to carrying out a background check. Also, extending credit could implicate fairness or anti-discrimination in lending laws.
• Terms of Credit : What will be the term of payment? If you extend credit you will need to decide on the terms of repayment and the interest, if any, attributable to giving the credit. What will be the rate of interest charged and penalties for late payment? Will there be a discount for early payment?
• Security Interests : Will you take a security interest in the goods sold? If so, do you have a standard documenting these transactions?
• Slow-Paying or Non-Paying Customers :You will need a policy for dealing with slowpaying customers. What process will you establish for reminding, urging, and possibly threatening customers to render payment? You should outline an escalating plan for requesting payment, such as making a phone call, sending a letter, using a collection agency, and hiring a collection attorney.
• Credit Cards : If you accept commercial credit, doyou have a service provider to process the payment?
• Costs of Extending Credit : Any time that you extend credit there will be a cost involved. The cost could be the risk of the purchaser not paying or it could be the cost of capital over the credit period. Regardless, you will need to build these costs into your financials. For example, there always needs to be some allowance for bad accounts.

Managing Your Accounts Payable

As part of the operations process, you may be in the role of a creditor to a servicer or supplier. You should develop a plan for payment of accounts owed. The key considerations in developing a payment plan include: maintaining positive relations with the supplier/servicer, optimizing the use of available cash. If the supplier/servicer offers a discount for early payment then you should consider whether this option is in your best interest. If your business would greatly benefit from making a payment toward the end of the available period, then it may be worth extending the payment obligation out.  

Legal Environment

Establishing and maintaining operations will require the crossing of numerous legal hurdles. You should describe the anticipated legal issues in advance and outline a plan for addressing them. Below are some sample, but common, legal issues.

• Entity Selection and Formation : Outline your justification for choosing a given entity structure. Explanations should include: taxation, equity funding, and ownership and control.
• Business License, Professional Licenses, Inspections, and Zoning Requirements : Identify all of the licensing requirements for carrying on your business. This includes the licensing of your business, personnel, property, etc.
• Insurance and Bonding Requirements : Outline the requirement for bonding of professional insurance. You should indicate the plan for obtaining coverage, as well as the cost of such coverage.
• Permits : Certain business activities in specific places require special permits. You must conduct the necessary background research on the legal requirements and provide a synopsis of how you will handle those requirements.
• Workplace and Environmental Regulations : Outline a plan for the necessary workplace inspections and standards. These standards can drastically affect your construction plans and applicable costs. Environmental regulations include proper documentation and accountability for waste, waste and environmental surveys of the location, etc.
• Employment Laws : Develop a plan for legal compliance with all employment laws. This includes hiring/firing procedures, employee benefits (Health Insurance, etc.), worker's compensation, affirmative action (if accept federal contracts), etc.
• Taxation : Federal tax registration, state tax registration, estimated tax payments, employee payroll withholdings, sales tax registration and withholding, property tax, etc.
• Protecting Intellectual Property : You will need to develop a plan for protecting and maintaining all applicable forms of intellectual property, including: trade secrets, trademarks, copyrights, and patents. In some cases, protecting your intellectual property can be very costly (such as patent filings). Account for these costs within the financials.

After working through this business plan section you will have a detailed operating plan and a comprehensive outline of what actions need to be taken next in developing the business.

Related Topics

• Business Plan, Part 1 (Outline Overview)
• Business Plan, Part 2 (The Executive Summary)
• What is a Mission Statement?
• What is a Values Statement?
• Setting Company Goals
• Business Plan, Part 4 (Market Analysis)
• Business Plan, Part 5 (Competitive Analysis)
• Business Plan, Part 6 (Marketing Plan)
• Business Plan, Part 7 (Operations)
• Business Plan, Part 8  (Management and Organization)
• Business Plan, Part 9 (Financial Projections)
• Business Plan, Part 10 (Appendices)
• Business Plan , (Final Modifications)

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• Basic Types of Brainstorming - Explained
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• Cottage Industry - Explained

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What is an Operations Plan and Why Your Business Needs One

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Most businesses devote significant time and money to developing strategic plans, doing their best to lay out a roadmap that establishes a strong long-term vision. Although developing a strategic plan is important, a significant number of companies fail to provide a key strategy component: an operations plan.

What Is An Operations Plan, And Why Do You Need One?

The operations section of your business plan is where you outline the priorities, goals, processes, and timetable for your organisation. An operations plan is beneficial to have not only to investors, but also to you and your staff because it allows you to consider strategies and deadlines. It can also provide information about inventory specifications, vendors, and an overview of the manufacturing process, depending on the type of company you operate.

It sets out the day-to-day responsibilities of running a company. When properly developed, an operations plan ensures that each manager and employee are aware of their particular responsibilities as well as how they should be carried out within a set timeframe. It’s important to plan out the day-to-day activities that will insure a consistent path to your company and organisational objectives.

Your operations plan should address the following questions on a regular basis:

• What are the tasks and methods that must be done or accomplished?
• Who are the people in charge of those activities and strategies?
• When do you think each strategy should be finished?
• How far would it set you back?

Your strategic plan is a manual that ensures that your organisation and all of its staff carry out day-to-day activities in a consistent and efficient manner.

The Steps Of A Successful Operations Business Plan

Since operational plans are created with the goal of allocating money, resources, and personnel for each 1-3 year span, all of the measures that an operational plan would include should essentially serve that goal.

Visualise your operations plan and create your strategic plan first

Since an operating plan is a necessary tool for achieving the objectives set out in a strategy, you must first insure that the strategic plan is in place. It’s best to start with the vision, as with every project plan. Tasks to meet specific, clearly established targets, as well as management of the staff to insure they’re performing at their best, are the key features of an operations plan. Once you’ve identified your vision for certain stages, you can move on to the research process.

Set essential goals and objectives

As we mentioned above, the key to a successful operations plan is to have a clear vision and target that everyone is working towards. You’ll explicitly state your company’s organisational goal in this section of your strategy.

All good operating plan examples follow one rule: emphasis on the most critical targets. It’s difficult to execute a complicated strategy with several targets that aren’t clear and simple. In order to create an efficient operational objective, think SMART:

Specific – Be clear on what you want employees to achieve.

Measurable – Be able to quantify the goal in order to track progress.

Attainable & Realistic – It’s great to be ambitious but make sure you aren’t setting your team up for failure. Create a goal that everyone is motivated to complete with the resources available.

Timely – Provide a deadline so everyone has a date they are working towards.

Operational priorities can vary depending on the department. However, each department’s goal should contribute to the company’s overall goal. Furthermore, organisational priorities shift; they aren’t meant to be permanent or long-term. The timetable should be planned around your company’s long-term objectives.

Have a look at the following example for a local pizza delivery business goals:

• The strategic goal is to deliver pizza in Eastern Sydney suburbs.
• To have a better user experience, the technology department’s organisational goal is to build a mobile app by October 2021.
• The marketing department’s organisational target is to raise website visits by 50% by October 2021 by advertising on social media and in the top local food publications.
• The sales department’s operations goal is to raise distribution sales by 30% by concentrating on three of Eastern Sydney’s largest suburbs.

Establish routine processes and resources

Once you’ve created your goals, you’ll need to analyse how you’ll accomplish them strategically. To do so, each department (or team) must have all of the resources available for the production process.

The following are some useful resources to consider:

• Suppliers – Do you have one (or more) suppliers that help you make your product?
• Equipment and Technology – Does each department have the required equipment, technology, and software to achieve their goals? For example, in order to achieve the above-mentioned pizza delivery business target, required resources might include: – App development software is handled by the technology team . – Computer licences for website analytical tools for the marketing team – Headsets, phone devices, or technology for a virtual phone system for the sales team
• Expense – What is the cost of each department’s budget?

You’ll need to explain the operating process in detail in addition to the development process. This will show investors that you know exactly how you want your company to operate on a daily basis.

Among the items to include in your operations plan are:

• Location: where do workers work? Would you need any extra services?
• Work hours: will workers have a fixed schedule or will they be able to work on a flexible basis?
• Staff: who is responsible for ensuring that department activities are completed?

Set timelines

For your new company, developing a timeline with milestones is crucial. It helps to keep everyone centred and is a good way to monitor production. If milestones aren’t being reached, for example, you’ll know it’s time to reconsider the development process or accept new hires.

Report on the operations plan

Create a framework and report on all of it as the plan progresses until you’ve set out the operating plan—which should include specific targets with deliverables, priorities, timetables, and staff required to accomplish the plan. Stakeholders, other department heads, and leadership will want to check in on the progress of the organisational plan at each milestone, whether it’s monthly, quarterly, or project-based.

Your KPIs will have a major impact on the success of your operations plan, so choosing the right ones is crucial. Leading indicators are the most powerful metrics because they forecast what to expect in the future and allow you to change your strategies accordingly. Lagging metrics, on the other hand, just show you how far you’ve come after it’s too late.

Sales meetings or calls per week, for example, may be a good leading indicator if the target is to hit a certain sales level. You may be able to predict how many calls it takes to close a transaction based on your previous experience. This will encourage you to use phone calls to see if you’re on track to meet your sales targets. However, if you only measured revenue, you wouldn’t know where you were in relation to your targets and forecasts unless you were already there.

Adjust the operations plan as needed

You must always be ready to change, as with any well-planned project. Have you ever reached a benchmark that yielded less-than-desirable results? The tasks in an operating plan are so detailed that you can now tell and understand precisely which parts of the plan aren’t working at their best. Adjust as needed, include team members as needed, gain stakeholder buy-in, and move on to the next benchmark with your newly-adjusted operations plan.

If you had the foresight to use business planning software like Planium Pro   to create your plan, such changes are simple to make. If you have to make changes to a static Excel sheet or Word document, it can take hours to update anything.

Business planning software, on the other hand, is a versatile tool that helps you to quickly establish processes, delegate tasks, monitor progress, and make adjustments. To learn more about how business planning software can assist you with your operations plan, get your 14-day free trial  with Planium Pro.

Note, you can visit our blog  for more helpful business advice like this!

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Operations and Management Business Plan (+Sample in PDF)

AUG.03, 2023

1. What Is a Management and Operations Plan?

RephraseA manageme­nt and operations plan is a crucial document that outlines the­ direction and management of an organization or e­nterprise. Typically create­d with a specific objective in mind, such as achie­ving company growth, expanding operations, or launching new products, this plan de­tails the organization’s goals and objectives. It provide­s a roadmap for achieving these goals, se­rves as a refere­nce for monitoring progress, and allows for nece­ssary adjustments along the way.

The plan provide­s a comprehensive outline­ of the roles and responsibilitie­s of every manager and staff me­mber within the organization. This crucial information ensure­s effective coordination among the­ management team and he­lps facilitate goal attainment. Additionally, a well-de­veloped manageme­nt and operations plan plays a significant role in attracting and retaining inve­stors and customers.

2. Management and operations business plan Sample

The following management and operations business plan will be based on the successful startup of a new facility management business. Professional Busine­ss Planning service is focused on cre­ating a sustainable facility management busine­ss that prioritizes delivering a unique­ customer experie­nce through comprehensive­ services and cost-effe­ctive solutions.

Facility Management

The main focus will be on providing tailore­d Facility Management service­s to our clients. These se­rvices may include facilities mainte­nance, energy manage­ment, environmental compliance­, landscaping, housekeeping, and se­curity. We also offer after-hours support and mainte­nance to ensure all clie­nt needs are me­t professionally and in a timely manner.

The strategic and business plan operations management will maintain a comprehensive inventory of facility management supplies, crisis management, and equipment, including tools, cleaning and janitorial supplies, and appliance parts. The busine­ss will also keep inventory of safe­ty supplies, including non-slip mats, fire extinguishe­rs, and first-aid kits.

Objectives and Goals

The best business plans to launch its facility management services no later than six months after beginning operations. Initially, the business plan management operation and organization will focus on acquiring new clients and establishing a quality service process. After this initial stage­, the business will aim to grow its service­s and customer reach by targeting ne­arby communities and neighboring businesse­s.

Employees and Organizational Structure

The management and operations in the business plan will employ a full-time staff of three and three part-time employees. The staff will have­ several key re­sponsibilities, including scheduling service­s, addressing customer inquiries, managing facilitie­s, and keeping track of inventory. The­y will also undergo comprehensive­ training to ensure exce­llent customer service­. The business will also have a de­dicated service te­chnician available on-call and an administrative assistant to handle custome­r inquiries and scheduling.

3. Operations and management business plan examples

When de­veloping a business plan for operations and manage­ment, it’s crucial to carefully consider the­ unique goals and objectives of the­ business. For instance, if you’re starting a re­staurant, you need to give care­ful thought to aspects such as menu options, operating hours, staffing re­quirements, and other factors that are­ vital for ensuring the success of your e­stablishment. The same consideration must be given when starting a salon, home care business, or law firm. Running differe­nt types of establishments re­quires a tailored approach, including specific staffing and policie­s. Creating a successful operations and manage­ment business plan involves taking a holistic vie­w of the business while ke­eping the customer front and ce­nter.

For a restaurant, an operations and management business plan examples should include key elements like the types of foods they will serve, pricing, and a detailed schedule for opening and closing by Professional Business Plan Writers . The Restaurant Business Plan should also include plans for hiring and managing staff and the necessary systems and procedures to ensure the restaurant runs smoothly. A salon will also have to consider how they will attract customers, manage services, and care for client safety and satisfaction. Home care and law firms should include detailed plans for recruiting, selecting, and training staff; organization policies; service offerings; and customer service processes.

Overall, management and operations in a business plan for service should outline all operational processes, personnel management, customer service, and marketing tactics for the business to succeed. From food offerings to staff selection, business owners should clearly outline their plan of action and adhere to their operations and management business plan for success.

4. Unlock the Path to Growth and Profit with OGS Capital: The ‘Go-To’ Management Plan Experts

At OGS Capital, we are­ experts in operations and manage­ment business plan consulting. With over 15 ye­ars of experience­, our team of skilled business and ope­rations strategists is dedicated to he­lping businesses like yours achie­ve growth and profitability. We have a de­ep understanding of the intricacie­s involved in developing e­ffective operations and manage­ment business plans and specialize­ in creating personalized strate­gies that address each clie­nt’s unique needs.

We provide­ Professional Business Planning Services, starting with our thorough business assessment se­rvices. Our consultants offer personalize­d guidance based on their e­xtensive industry expe­rtise.

At our company, we prioritize­ strategic customer targeting in our ope­rations and management business plan de­velopment service­s. Our expertise lie­s in creating accurate customer se­gmentation models and impactful market positioning plans. The­se plans enable you to e­ffectively identify the­ most suitable customers for your products and service­s, maximizing your chances of capturing your target market.

With OGS Capital by your side every step of the way, you can be confident that your plan will be completed to the highest quality and efficacy standards. Contact us today to unlock your path to success.

Q.How do you write management and operations in a business plan?

In the manage­ment and operations section of a busine­ss plan, it is crucial to provide details about the various tasks re­quired to run your business and the role­s and responsibilities of each te­am member. This section should addre­ss important questions such as who makes decisions, who handle­s daily operations, and how the staff hierarchy is structure­d. Additionally, you should include information on how the business acquire­s resources and manages finance­s.

Q.What is an example of an operation management plan?

An example­ of an operational management plan is a compre­hensive blueprint that outline­s strategies and steps to e­nhance the efficie­ncy and effectivene­ss of producing and delivering goods and service­s. This plan includes specific details about proce­dures for improving processes, se­lecting equipment, allocating labor re­sources, managing inventory, and ensuring quality control. It also e­ncompasses provisions for monitoring, evaluating, and making adjustments to ope­rational changes. Furthermore, the­ plan identifies potential risks and provide­s strategies to mitigate the­m effectively.

Download Operations and Management Business Plan in PDF

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Operational Planning: How to Make an Operations Plan

The operations of your business can be defined as the sum of all the daily activities that you and your team execute to create products or services and engage with your customers, among other critical business functions. While organizing these moving parts might sound difficult, it can be easily done by writing a business operational plan. But before we learn how to make one, let’s first understand what’s the relationship between strategic and operational planning.

Operational Planning vs. Strategic Planning

Operational planning and strategic planning are complementary to each other. This is because strategic plans define the business strategy and the long-term goals for your organization, while operational plans define the steps required to achieve them.

What Is a Strategic Plan?

A strategic plan is a business document that describes the business goals of a company as well as the high-level actions that will be taken to achieve them over a time period of 1-3 years.

What Is an Operational Plan?

Operational plans map the daily, weekly or monthly business operations that’ll be executed by the department to complete the goals you’ve previously defined in your strategic plan. Operational plans go deeper into explaining your business operations as they explain roles and responsibilities, timelines and the scope of work.

Operational plans work best when an entire department buys in, assigning due dates for tasks, measuring goals for success, reporting on issues and collaborating effectively. They work even better when there’s a platform like ProjectManager , which facilitates communication across departments to ensure that the machine is running smoothly as each team reaches its benchmark. Get started with ProjectManager for free today.

What Is Operational Planning?

Operational planning is the process of turning strategic plans into action plans, which simply means breaking down high-level strategic goals and activities into smaller, actionable steps. The main goal of operational planning is to coordinate different departments and layers of management to ensure the whole organization works towards the same objective, which is achieving the goals set forth in the strategic plan .

How to Make an Operational Plan

There’s no single approach to follow when making an operation plan for your business. However, there’s one golden rule in operations management : your strategic and operational plans must be aligned. Based on that principle, here are seven steps to make an operational plan.

• Map business processes and workflows: What steps need to be taken at the operations level to accomplish long-term strategic goals?
• Set operational-level goals: Describe what operational-level goals contribute to the achievement of larger strategic goals.
• Determine the operational timeline: Is there any time frame for the achievement of the operational plan?
• Define your resource requirements: Estimate what resources are needed for the execution of the operational plan.
• Estimate the operational budget: Based on your resource requirements, estimate costs and define an operational budget.
• Set a hiring plan: Are there any skills gaps that need to be filled in your organization?
• Set key performance indicators: Define metrics and performance tracking procedures to measure your team’s performance.

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Operational Plan Template

Use this free Operational Plan Template for Word to manage your projects better.

What Should be Included in an Operational Plan?

Your operational plan should describe your business operations as accurately as possible so that internal teams know how the company works and how they can help achieve the larger strategic objectives. Here’s a list of some of the key elements that you’ll need to consider when writing an operational plan.

Executive Summary

An executive summary is a brief document that summarizes the content of larger documents like business plans, strategic plans or operation plans. Their main purpose is to provide a quick overview for busy stakeholders.

Operational Budget

An operational budget is an estimation of the expected operating costs and revenues for a given time period. As with other types of budget, the operational budget defines the amount of money that’s available to acquire raw materials, equipment or anything else that’s needed for business operations.

It’s important to limit your spending to stay below your operational budget, otherwise, your company could run out of resources to execute its normal activities. You can use our free operating budget template for Excel to track your operating costs.

Operational Objectives

It’s essential to align your operational objectives with your strategic objectives. For example, if one of your strategic objectives is to increase sales by 25 percent over the next three years, one possible operational objective would be to hire new sales employees. You should always grab your strategic plan objectives and turn them into one or multiple action items .

Processes & Workflows

Explain the various business processes, workflows and tasks that need to be executed to achieve your operational objectives. Make sure to explain what resources are needed, such as raw materials, equipment or human resources.

Operational Timeline

It’s important to establish a timeline for your operational plan. In most cases, your operational plan will have the same length as your strategic plan, but in some scenarios, you might create multiple operational plans for specific purposes. Not all operational plans are equal, so the length of your operational timeline will depend on the duration of your projects , workflows and processes.

Hiring Plan

Find any skills gap there might be in your team. You might need to hire a couple of individuals or even create new departments in order to execute your business processes .

Quality Assurance and Control

Most companies implement quality assurance and control procedures for a variety of reasons such as customer safety and regulatory compliance. In addition, quality assurance issues can cost your business millions, so establishing quality management protocols is a key step in operational planning.

Key Performance Indicators

It’s important to establish key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure the productivity of your business operations. You can define as many KPIs as needed for all your business processes. For example, you can define KPIs for marketing, sales, product development and other key departments in your company. This can include product launch deadlines, number of manufactured goods, number of customer service cases closed, number of 5-star reviews received, number of customers acquired, revenue increased by a certain percentage and so on.

Risks, Assumptions and Constraints

Note any potential risks, assumptions and time or resource constraints that might affect your business operations.

Free Operational Plan Template

Leverage everything you’ve learned today with our template. This free operational plan template for Word will help you define your budget, timeline, KPIs and more. It’s the perfect first step in organizing and improving your operations. Download it today.

What Are the Benefits of Operational Planning?

Every plan has a massive effect on all team members involved, and those can be to your company’s benefit or to their detriment. If it’s to their detriment, it’s best to find out as soon as possible so you can modify your operational plan and pivot with ease.

But that’s the whole point of operational planning: you get to see the effect of your operations on the business’s bottom line in real time, or at every benchmark, so you know exactly when to pivot. And with a plan that’s as custom to each department as an operational plan, you know exactly where things go wrong and why.

How ProjectManager Can Help with Operational Planning

Creating and implementing a high-quality operational plan is the best way to ensure that your organization starts out a project on the right foot. ProjectManager has award-winning project management tools to help you craft and execute such a plan.

Gantt charts are essential to create and monitor operational plans effectively. ProjectManager helps you access your Gantt chart online so you can add benchmarks for operational performance reviews. You can also create tasks along with dependencies to make the operation a surefire success.

Whether you’re a team of IT system administrators, marketing experts, or engineers, ProjectManager includes robust planning and reporting tools. Plan in sprints, assign due dates, collaborate with team members and track everything with just the click of a button. Plus, we have numerous ready-made project reports that can be generated instantly, including status reports, variance reports, timesheet reports and more.

Related Operations Management Content

• Operational Strategy: A Quick Guide
• Operations Management: Key Functions, Roles and Skills
• Operational Efficiency: A Quick Guide
• Using Operational Excellence to Be More Productive

Operational planning isn’t done in a silo, and it doesn’t work without the full weight of the team backing it up. Ensure that your department is successful at each benchmark. ProjectManager is an award-winning pm software dedicated to helping businesses smooth out their operational plans for a better year ahead. Sign up for our free 30-day trial today.

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Business Information Guide

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Introduction

I. the company, concept, and product(s) or service(s), ii. the industry analysis, iii. market research & analysis, iv. economics of the business, v. the marketing plan, vi. design & development plan, vii. operations plan, viii. management team, ix. overall schedule, x. critical risks, problems and assumptions, xi. financial plan, xii. proposed company offering.

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The recommendations and resources on this page complement the Whitman School of Management's Nuts and Bolts of Great Business Plans , which was written by Department of Entrepreneurship and Emerging Enterprises . The sections on this page correspond to the Nuts and Bolts of Great Business Plan sections.

Nearly every part of your business plan will require some type of research. Since gathering and analyzing the amount of information and data this assignment requires can be time consuming, be sure to plan your time accordingly. These recommendations and resources are just starting points. Be prepared to gather information and data from many different sources as you research and put together your business plan.

The following video tutorials were developed to provide a refresher on general research and business research strategies. The four business research video tutorials, in particular, were developed by Business, Management and Entrepreneurship Librarian Stephanie JH McReynolds to support EEE 457 students in the development of Capstone business plans.

• Video Tutorials for General and Business Research General Research Video Tutorials Include: "Research Starting Points," "Searching with Summon," "Finding Journal Articles." Business Research Video Tutorials Include: "Industry Research Part 1: Identifying Industry Codes," "Industry Research Part 2: Discovering Industry Research Reports and Data," "Company Research," "Market Research Resources."

First outline the nature of the entity you plan to create and where you are in that process, then capture the essence of your business concept and explain that concept, then detail the products and services you anticipate selling, and then talk about your entry approach and your vision for growth over the next five years.

As you draft your idea, use the resources on the Article and News page of the Business Information Guide to explore trends and relevant company, industry, and product news and analysis. Refer to the resources on the Company Research page of the Business Information Guide to become familiar with other companies offering similar products or services.

The "industry" refers to the larger landscape, as in the "computer hardware wholesale trade industry" or the "card and gift industry" or the "architectural services industry." The focus here is on what is happening in the industry and on the relative attractiveness of the industry as a whole.

Refer to the Industry Research page of the Business Information Guide for recommendations and guidance.

This section should convince the reader or investor that you truly know your customers. It should convince the reader that your product or service a) solves a customer need that customers want solved; b) will have a substantial market in a growing industry; and c) can achieve sales in the face of competition. For example, the predicted sales levels directly influence such factors as the size of the manufacturing operation, the marketing plan, and the amount of debt and equity capital you will require. Yet most entrepreneurs seem to have great difficulty preparing and presenting market research and analyses that show that their ventures' sales estimates are sound and attainable. Consult industry publications, articles in trade magazines and trade associations to understand how the industry defines, identifies and segments its customers. Then apply yourself creatively by integrating the information in a unique way.

Explore resources on the Business Information Guide for Market Research , Data & Demographics , and Articles and News .

The economics of the business is the section addressing the basic logic of how profits are earned in your business as well as the sales level required to breakeven. Two companies in the same industry might make profit in very different ways. Will this be a high margin, low volume business with low fixed costs? Will it be a low margin, high volume business where the cost structure is predominantly variable? The story begins by identifying your sources of revenue and how much margin you make on each of them.

Explore  Company Research resources on the Business Information Guide to find revenue and expenses of similar companies. Find industry ratios (such as profit/loss ratio by sales class) in Industry Research resources, such as Bizminer.

The Marketing Plan describes how your projected sales will actually be attained. How will you make sales actually happen? A great idea is meaningless if you cannot find customers. Thus, this section builds on the Market Section, where you defined your market and outlined your targeted segments and their buyer behavior. The marketing plan needs to provide detail on the overall marketing strategy that will exploit the opportunity and your competitive advantages. Include a discussion of sales and service policies, pricing, distribution, promotion and advertising strategies, and sales projections. The marketing plan needs to describe what is to be done, how it will be done, when it will be done, and who will do it.

Explore resources on the Business Information Guide for Market Research , Data & Demographics , and Articles and News . Find books on marketing strategy via Summon and the Classic Catalog .

Articles and News Search Tips:

Pay close attention to the words and terms in this section from The Nuts and Bolts of Great Business Plans. These words can be useful search terms. For example, sales and service policies, pricing, distribution, promotion, advertising strategies, and sales projections. As you review your search results, pay particular attention to the words and phrases in the keywords and subject terms of the article records, as these can yield additional search terms.

A basic search for marketing and strategy and (your product or concept term) can also yield relevant results. The databases will also suggest additional terms to use in your search, such as market research AND strategy, advertising agencies, advertising campaigns, marketing management, market research, marketing agreements for you to explore.

This is a very important section for those teams developing a non-existent product, doing research and development, having technical obstacles to overcome, or seeking patent or copyright protection. However, if you are in a business where research and development is not a major issue (e.g., retailing, many consumer services), then you can leave this section out and just address and technologies you plan to employ in the OPERATIONS section.

The nature and extent of any design and development work, and the time and money required before the product or service is marketable, need to be considered in detail. (Note that design and development costs are often underestimated.) Design and development might be the engineering work necessary to convert a laboratory prototype to a finished product; the design of special tooling; the work of an industrial designer to make a product more attractive and saleable; or the identification and organization of employees, equipment, and special techniques, such as the equipment, new computer software, and skills required for computerized credit checking, to implement a service business.

Refer to the Patents & Intellectual Property guide for resources and research tips.

The operations section outlines how you will run your business and deliver value to your customers. Operations is defined as the processes that deliver your products/services to a customer or user and can include the production process for delivering your service to a given customer, manufacturing process if you are a manufacturer, transportation, logistics, travel, printing, consulting, and after-sales service. It also includes such factors as plant location, the type of facilities needed, space requirements, internal processes, capital equipment requirements, and labor force (both full- and part-time) requirements.

Explore resources on the Business Information Guide for Market Research , Data & Demographics , and Articles and News . For the geographic subsection, the mapping features of some Company Research databases (such as Data Axle Reference Solutions) and the mapping feature, or geographic limiters, available in certain Market Research resources (such as SimplyAnalytics) may be especially useful. To help identify suppliers, explore Thomasnet.com .

This section of the business plan includes a description of the functions that will need to be filled, a description of the key management personnel and their primary duties, an outline of the organizational structure for the venture, a description of the board of directors and key advisors, a description of the ownership position of any other investors, and so forth. You need to present indications of commitment, such as the willingness of team members to initially accept modest salaries, and of the existence of the proper balance of technical, managerial, and business skills and experience in doing what is proposed.

Find articles on building your management team and board of directors with databases on the Articles and News page of the Business Information Guide. Explore the Career Research Guide for relevant information, such as salary research resources.

A graphical schedule that shows the timing and interrelationship of the major events necessary to launch the venture and realize its objectives is an essential part of a business plan. The underlying cash conversion and operating cycle of the business will provide key inputs for the schedule. In addition to being a planning aid by showing deadlines critical to a venture's success, a well-presented schedule can be extremely valuable in convincing potential investors that the management team is able to plan for venture growth in a way that recognizes obstacles and minimizes investor risk. Since the time necessary to do things tends to be underestimated in most business plans, it is important to demonstrate that you have correctly estimated these amounts in determining the schedule.

• Gantt Charts as Planning Tools Part of Project Management Tools tutorial from Boston University.
• How to Use a PERT Chart for Project Planning Project planning overview from the Motley Fool.

The development of a business has risks and problems, and the business plan invariably contains some implicit assumptions about these issues. You need to include a description of the risks and the consequences of adverse outcomes relating to your industry, your company and its personnel, your product's market appeal, and the timing and financing of your startup. Be sure to discuss assumptions concerning sales projections, customer orders, and so forth. If the venture has anything that could be considered a fatal flaw, discuss why you do not see it as a problem or how you intend to overcome it. The discovery of any unstated negative factors by potential investors can undermine the credibility of the venture and endanger its financing. Be aware that most investors will read the section describing the management team first and then this section.

To inform this section, explore resources on the Business Information Guide for  Market Research ,  Data & Demographics , Company Research ,  Industry Research ,and  Articles and News .

This section lays out a picture of the financial performance of the firm as it is started, stabilizes and grows. The financial plan is basic to the evaluation of an investment opportunity and needs to represent your best estimates of financial requirements. The purpose of the financial plan is to indicate the venture’s potential and to present a timetable for financial viability. It also can serve as an operating plan for financial management using financial benchmarks. In preparing the financial plan, look creatively at the venture and think about bootstrapping techniques, especially in the early days.

Explore  Company Research  resources (such as PrivCo, which includes venture capital financial data, and Mergent Online, which includes 10-K reports) on the Business Information Guide to find revenue and expenses of similar companies. Find industry ratios (such as profit/loss ratio by sales class) in  Industry Research  resources, such as Bizminer.

• Beginners' Guide to Financial Statements Guide to financial statements from the SEC.
• Business Startup Financing Startup financing guidance from BizFilings, part of Wolters Kluwer.
• Financial Statement Analysis: The Basics for Non-Accountants Guide to financial statement analysis from Harvard Business School.
• Preparing Financial Business Statements Guide to preparing financial statements from BizFilings, part of Wolters Kluwer.

The purpose of this section of the plan is to indicate the amount of any money that is being sought, the nature and amount of the securities offered to the investor, a brief description of the uses that will be made of the capital revised, and a summary of how the investor is expected to achieve its targeted rate of return. It is important to realize the terms for financing your company that you propose here are only the first step in the negotiation process with those interested in investing, and it is very possible that your financing will involve different kinds of securities than originally proposed.

Discover relevant articles with the resources on the  Article and News  page of the   Business Information Guide.

• A Beginner’s Guide to Startup Valuation Overview of startup valuation
• Business Calculators Business Calculators recommended by the Motley Fool.
• How Much Is Your Slice of That Unicorn Really Worth? Stanford Business article on how to determine startup shares value. Includes link to free online calculator to help estimate the worth of startup shares.
• How to Value Private Companies Overview from Investopedia on how private companies are valued.
• “Valuing the Business” Chapter from eBook Creating Services and Products Overview of business valuation methods for entrepreneurs.
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How any startup can set a strong sustainability foundation.

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Liat Lachish Levy, CEO of ChickP , Pioneering 90% pure chickpea protein isolate for sustainable, quality food.

Despite warnings of a backlash against sustainability over the last couple of years, the environmental, social and governance issues that underpin the buzzword are clearly hardening into business imperatives.

Investors , regulators and consumers are still hungry for information about the impact businesses have beyond the products and services they sell. They want to know: Do businesses contribute to climate change? Do they take care of their employees? Are they ethically run?

Beyond outside pressure, the increasingly apparent link between sustainability and business performance is making the integration of ESG priorities into every company the obvious thing to do. Analyses show that sustainability strategies can ultimately lead to cost savings , higher productivity, stronger competitiveness, lower risks and increased resilience.

Compared to established businesses, startups—especially those in the earlier stages—have the advantage of being able to build sustainability into their business operations from the ground up. This may seem daunting for startup leaders who might be new to sustainability, overwhelmed by complex regulatory requirements and focused on many other major tasks, from raising funds to attracting customers and building a team. But even small acts can set a strong and enduring sustainability foundation that is worth it in the long run.

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Here are six steps any startup can take to get started:

1. Set a strong business foundation.

From day one, startups should define their vision, values and guiding principles and map them to clear policies, processes and quality controls. These foundational steps are fundamental to any sustainability efforts, which should align with their corporate vision and be rooted in strong governance and business practices.

2. Pick your focus areas.

Sustainability covers a broad range of topics. To choose focus areas, companies should:

• Engage with customers early to learn about their expectations.

• Consider the sustainability benefits your product inherently brings to the market. Is it a lighter footprint alternative to a more traditional offering? Does it fulfill consumer demand for a more ethically produced product? Lean into those qualities.

• Familiarize yourself with regulations that mandate the disclosure of certain sustainability information (like the E.U. Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive , which will soon require even small and medium-sized listed companies to disclose detailed sustainability-related information).

• Look at the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals and Global Compact Principles , which provide easily digestible guidance on what topics the international body has determined to be most important for businesses to focus on.

• Out of these issues, teams should determine what is relevant to the core of their business and prioritize them.

3. Define your goals and plan to achieve them.

Begin to set short-, medium- and long-term goals around those priority areas. I believe it’s better to focus on fewer goals of greater importance.

Once goals are set, begin discussing strategies to achieve them. This includes developing processes to ensure that subcontractors, co-manufacturers and others involved in your supply chain can meet your sustainability criteria. This is important to many investors, some of whom make supplier sustainability standards a criteria for investment.

For us in the food industry, that means ensuring our co-manufacturers have the infrastructure needed to support low-footprint production (renewable or low-footprint energy sources, policies to purchase their supplies locally, etc.). Make these priorities clear to subcontractors you work with in advance.

4. Appoint a sustainability point person from day one.

Appoint one or two team members to “own” sustainability. A communications or marketing person working in tandem with the CEO and quality assurance or regulatory team members would be strongly equipped to take this on. Their main objections should be to:

• Keep sustainability plans on course by tracking progress toward goals and keeping the leadership team up to date.

• Integrate sustainability priorities into internal messaging so that colleagues across the business understand that they each have a role to play in supporting them. (A team can’t advance goals they are not aware of!) As data rolls in, team members should be updated on how the company is doing in meeting its goals.

• Communicate with stakeholders. Sustainability is ultimately about answering questions: telling investors, customers, community members and government regulators what impact your business has on the wider world. So sustainability leads should make sure those answers are widely accessible and that everyone can easily find out where the business is on its sustainability journey—even if it’s just the beginning.

5. Measure and document everything.

My motto is that what you do not measure does not exist. This is especially true in sustainability where stakeholders will want to know what businesses are doing to advance their sustainability goals.

To avoid a major headache later down the line, businesses should develop a system of measuring and recording everything relevant to ESG priority areas from the beginning. When it comes time to disclose information, whether through a report or response to an individual query, businesses with a strong internal measuring and recording system will have a much easier time doing so.

Beyond this, data is fundamental to help businesses understand how their performance stacks up against their peers and where they need to improve.

6. Evolve as you go.

Strategies can and should be adapted as the business grows. In the early days, it is helpful to remember that sustainability is a never-ending process of small steps that begins with a first step, which will put any startup on a path to meaningful impact.

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Ohio News | Emergency operations plan ensures ‘a great…

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Ohio News | Emergency operations plan ensures ‘a great day’ for Monday’s eclipse, Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine says

By JULIE CARR SMYTH (Associated Press)

COLUMBUS— Ohio is pulling out all the stops for Monday’s total solar eclipse, as it braces for potentially hundreds of thousands of visitors.

“I have to say, we don’t always get a lot of time leading up to events,” Ohio Emergency Management Agency Director Sima Merick said at a news conference Friday. “Right? So having 200 years in the making has been very beneficial.”

At the event, Republican Gov. Mike DeWine said it was 1806, just three years into Ohio’s statehood, when a total eclipse last crossed the state’s path. The world’s next total solar eclipse will grace the northern fringes of Greenland, Iceland and Spain in 2026 — but the next time for Ohio won’t be until 2099.

DeWine said he has activated the Ohio Emergency Operations Center beginning Sunday, so that it will be up and running before, during and after Monday’s celestial event to help communities navigate any issues that arise.

Adding somewhere between 100,000 and 500,000 tourists to the state’s existing population could stress government agencies. He will have the National Guard on standby throughout the weekend, but has stopped short of activating soldiers in advance, he said.

“Again, this is simply a precaution. We think it’s smart to be ready,” he said. “We’re hoping that the planning for the eclipse will ensure that everyone has a great day.”

A host of other state agencies — the state departments of Transportation, Public Safety, Health and Natural Resources, the Ohio State Highway Patrol and the Ohio National Guard — will all be present at the emergency operations centers, and most are also surging resources toward the event.

If emergency officials are viewing the eclipse as they would a major weather event, the Department of Natural Resources is looking at it as if a major fireworks display were taking place in each of its 23 state parks and five wildlife areas all at the same time, director Mary Mertz said. All 300 of the state’s commissioned wildlife officers will be on duty this weekend. Extensive park programming around the eclipse, including hundreds of activities and viewing events, begins Saturday.

Ohio is curtailing highway construction projects headed into Monday, so that maximum lanes are available to accommodate heavy traffic, Transportation Director Jack Marchbanks said. Officials encouraged travelers to pack extra snacks and water, for both themselves and any pets they have along; phone chargers; and paper road maps in case of cell service disruptions.

Besides traffic, eye damage is the other major risk associated with the eclipse. Marchbanks also noted that people should not drive in their eclipse glasses.

Col. Charles Jones of the Ohio State Highway Patrol advised “planning, preparation and patience” in relation to the eclipse. Stopping along the highway to view the eclipse is both illegal and dangerous, he said.

Travelers might consider delaying their trips home for several hours after the eclipse, to allow crowds and traffic to dissipate, if not staying overnight, DeWine said.

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A total solar eclipse is expected in parts of the country, while here in D.C. a partial eclipse is expected Monday.

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Vatican declares sex change operations and surrogacy as threats to human dignity

by NICOLE WINFIELD Associated Press

VATICAN CITY (AP) — The Vatican on Monday declared sex change operations and surrogacy as grave threats to human dignity, putting them on par with abortion and euthanasia as practices that violate God's plan for human life.

The Vatican's doctrine office issued "Infinite Dignity," a 20-page declaration that has been in the works for five years. After substantial revision in recent months, it was approved March 25 by Pope Francis, who ordered its publication.

In its most eagerly anticipated section, the Vatican repeated its rejection of "gender theory" or the idea that one's gender can be changed. It said God created man and woman as biologically different, separate beings, and said they must not tinker with that plan or try to "make oneself God."

It follows that any sex-change intervention, as a rule, risks threatening the unique dignity the person has received from the moment of conception," the document said.

It distinguished between transitioning surgeries , which it rejected, and "genital abnormalities" that are present at birth or that develop later. Those abnormalities can be "resolved" with the help of health care professionals, it said.

The document's existence, rumored since 2019, was confirmed in recent weeks by the new prefect of the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, Argentine Cardinal Víctor Manuel Fernández, a close Pope Francis confidante.

He had cast it as something of a nod to conservatives after he authored a more explosive document approving blessings for same-sex couples that sparked criticism from conservative bishops around the world, especially in Africa.

And while rejecting gender theory, the document takes pointed aim at countries — including many in Africa — that criminalize homosexuality. It echoed Francis' assertion in a 2023 interview with The Associated Press that "being homosexual is not a crime" making the assertion now part of the Vatican's doctrinal teaching.

The new document denounces "as contrary to human dignity the fact that, in some places, not a few people are imprisoned, tortured, and even deprived of the good of life solely because of their sexual orientation.

The document is something of a repackaging of previously articulated Vatican positions. It restates the well-known Catholic doctrine opposing abortion and euthanasia and adds to the list some of Francis' main concerns as pope: the threats to human dignity posed by poverty, war, human trafficking and forced migration.

In a newly articulated position, it says surrogacy violates both the dignity of the surrogate mother and the child. While much attention about surrogacy has focused on possible exploitation of poor women as surrogates, the Vatican document focuses almost more on the resulting child.

The child has the right to have a fully human (and not artificially induced) origin and to receive the gift of a life that manifests both the dignity of the giver and that of the receiver," the document said. "Considering this, the legitimate desire to have a child cannot be transformed into a 'right to a child' that fails to respect the dignity of that child as the recipient of the gift of life.

The Vatican published its most articulated position on gender in 2019, when the Congregation for Catholic Education rejected the idea that people can choose or change their genders and insisted on the complementarity of biologically male and female sex organs to create new life.

It called gender fluidity a symptom of the "confused concept of freedom" and "momentary desires" that characterize post-modern culture.

The new document from the more authoritative Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith quotes from that 2019 education document, but tempers the tone. Significantly, it doesn't repurpose the 1986 language of a previous doctrinal document saying that homosexual people deserve to be treated with dignity and respect but that homosexual actions are "intrinsically disordered."

Francis has made reaching out to LGBTQ+ people a hallmark of his papacy, ministering to trans-Catholics and insisting that the Catholic Church must welcome all children of God.

But he has also denounced "gender theory" as the "worst danger" facing humanity today, an "ugly ideology" that threatens to cancel out God-given differences between man and woman. He has blasted in particular what he calls the "ideological colonization" of the West in the developing world, where development aid is sometimes conditioned on adopting Western ideas about gender and reproductive health.

It needs to be emphasized that biological sex and the sociocultural role of sex (gender) can be distinguished but not separated,'" the new document said.

The document comes at a time of some backlash against transgender people, including in the United States where Republican-led state legislatures are considering a new round of bills restricting medical care for transgender youths — and in some cases, adults. In addition, bills to govern youths' pronouns, sports teams and bathrooms at school are also under consideration, as well as some books and school curriculums.

99 Cents Only to close all 371 stores and wind down its business

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99 Cents Only Stores will close all 371 of its stores and wind down its business operations after more than four decades, the City of Commerce discount chain announced Thursday.

“This was an extremely difficult decision and is not the outcome we expected or hoped to achieve,” interim Chief Executive Mike Simoncic said in a statement. “Unfortunately, the last several years have presented significant and lasting challenges in the retail environment.”

He cited multiple factors, including the “unprecedented impact” of the COVID-19 pandemic, shifting consumer demand, persistent inflationary pressures and rising levels of shrink — an industry term that refers to loss of inventory attributed to reasons such as shoplifting, employee theft and administrative errors.

Combined, those issues “have greatly hindered the company’s ability to operate,” Simoncic said.

99 Cents Only has stores in California, Arizona, Nevada and Texas and has about 14,000 employees. The privately held company said it had reached an agreement with Hilco Global to liquidate all of its merchandise and dispose of fixtures, furnishings and equipment at its stores. Sales are expected to begin Friday.

Hilco Real Estate is managing the sale of the company’s real estate assets, which are owned or leased.

99 Cents Only may turn into 99 cents mostly

Chain is expected to announce some items won’t stay under $1.

Sept. 5, 2008

The announcement by 99 Cents Only reflects a larger weakness in the dollar-store category, said Brad Thomas, equity research analyst at KeyBanc Capital Markets.

Dollar Tree, a Chesapeake, Va., retailer, announced last month that it was closing 600 of its Family Dollar stores this year and an additional 370 in the next few years, he noted.

“It’s been trying times for many, many retailers,” he said. “What’s interesting is that what started out as a boon to retailers in the pandemic, with all those stimulus checks, quickly turned into a very troublesome time.”

Rising wages, inflation and higher losses due to shrinkage have reduced profits for retailers in a deep-discount sector where margins are already extremely low.

99 Cents Only, with its large base of California stores, has been under particular wage pressure, he said. And it’s at a disadvantage compared with larger chains such as market leader Dollar General, which has a store count close to 20,000 — “a sales base and a store base that is multiple times larger than 99 Cents,” Thomas said.

Last week, Bloomberg reported that 99 Cents Only was considering a bankruptcy filing as it contended with a liquidity shortfall.

Founded in Los Angeles in 1982 by David Gold , 99 Cents Only popularized the single-price retail concept. At the time, dollar stores were seen as dumping grounds for undesirable products, but the Gold family made the stores bright and well-organized, with good-quality merchandise including groceries and household supplies.

“It was an instant success,” Howard Gold, one of David Gold’s sons, recalled Friday; he and his three siblings all worked at 99 Cents Only. “People thought it was government-subsidized because they couldn’t believe the prices.”

For years, it remained one of the few true “dollar” stores, with items priced at 99 cents or less or grouped to sell for a total of 99 cents.

That changed in 2008 when, faced with fast-rising inflation, soaring food and fuel prices, and a higher minimum wage, 99 Cents Only announced that it was straying from its long-standing price strategy.

Three years later, the company announced that it had agreed to be sold in a deal valued at about $1.6 billion, as investors eyed dollar stores that had grown in popularity during the Great Recession. In 2013, Howard Gold and the rest of the family management team departed the company.

Today, with stores scattered around Los Angeles County — among them in Hollywood, Silver Lake, Mid-Wilshire, Santa Monica, Thai Town, North Hollywood and Glendale — the closure of 99 Cents Only will leave a number of large vacant properties in prime locations.

“It’s very sad on many levels, and I’ll just leave it at that,” Gold, now retired and living in Studio City, said of the decision to close the chain his father built.

Other major retailers have also announced store closures in the region lately, including REI in Santa Monica , Macy’s in Simi Valley and several Rite Aid locations .

99 Cents Only did not respond to requests for comment.

Nicolas Kolesnikow, a retired teacher who lives in Westchester, said he was shocked to hear the chain was going out of business. He shops at a 99 Cents Only about four blocks from his house several times a week.

“It’s almost like a corner store for me,” said Kolesnikow, 82.

He might stop by and pick up milk if he runs out, and for longer trips will buy household items and produce such as tomatoes, cucumbers and cilantro before visiting a traditional supermarket with a larger selection.

Kolesnikow said he noticed that some products had become much more expensive in the last year, though there were still bargains.

“I found their prices were working their way up to regular prices,” he said, “and there were fewer shoppers.”

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Andrea Chang is a wealth reporter for the Los Angeles Times. She was previously a Column One editor, the deputy Food editor and an assistant Business editor, and has covered beats including technology and retail. Chang joined the paper in 2007 after graduating from the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University. She grew up in Cupertino, Calif.

Laurence Darmiento covers wealth and dealmakers in Southern California for the Los Angeles Times. He joined the paper in 2015 as an assistant business editor and has overseen finance, real estate and Washington business coverage. Darmiento previously had been the managing editor of the Los Angeles Business Journal and was a reporter for the Los Angeles Daily News and other outlets. A New York native, he is an alumnus of Cornell University.

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